Long-term fire retardant with corrosion inhibitors and methods for making and using same

Abstract

A forest fire retardant composition contains a retardant compound that includes an organic compound and a salt. The organic compound may include at least one of urea (CH4N2O) or melamine (C3H6N6). The salt may be a potassium salt, a sulfate salt, a halide salt, a non-halide salt, an ammonium salt, and / or a phosphate salt. The composition may be in the form of a dry concentrate, a liquid concentrate, or a final diluted product. The final diluted product is effective in suppressing, retarding, and controlling forest fires while exhibiting corrosion resistance and low toxicity.

Description

LONG-TERM FIRE RETARDANT WITH CORROSION INHIBITORS AND METHODS FOR MAKING AND USING SAMECROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority from U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 660,824, filed June 17, 2024; from U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 18 / 908,107, filed on October 7, 2024, a continuation of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 18 / 061,542, filed on December 5, 2022, now U.S. Patent No. 12,109,446, which claimed priority from U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 325,876, filed on March 31, 2022; from U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 18 / 425,075, filed on January 29, 2024, a continuation of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 18 / 182,198, now U.S. Patent No. 11,883,703, filed on March 10, 2023, a continuation of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 17845,569, filed on June 21, 2022, now U.S. Patent No. 11,602,658, a continuation of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 17 / 458,002, filed on August 26, 2021 , now U.S. Patent No. 11 ,395,934, claiming priority from U.S. Patent Application Serial Nos 63 / 140,657, filed January 22, 2021 and 63 / 125,693, filed December 15, 2020; and from U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 18 / 990,647, filed on December 20, 2024, a continuation of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 18 / 404,387, filed on January 4, 2024, now U.S. Patent No. 12,214,237, a continuation of 18 / 404,027, filed on January 4, 2024, now U.S. Patent No. 12,214,236, a continuation of 18 / 299,525, filed on April 12, 2023, now U.S. Patent No. 11,865,392, a continuation of 18 / 060,946, filed on December 1, 2022, now U.S. Patent No. 11,865,391, a continuation of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 17 / 821,060, filed on August 19, 2022, now U.S. Patent No. 11,628,324, a continuation of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 17 / 552,196, filed on December 15, 2021, now U.S. Patent No. 11,420,084, and claiming priority to U.S. Patent Application Serial Nos. 63 / 140,657, filed on January 22, 2021 and 63 / 125,693, filed on December 15, 2020, all of the foregoing being incorporated herein by reference.BACKGROUND

[0002] Long-term retardants contain retardant salts that alter the way a forest fire bums, decrease the fire intensity, and slow the advance of the forest fire. Long-term retardants may be available as wet or dry concentrates that are mixed with water thereby improving water’seffectiveness and ability to cling to fuels, over a long period of time. Long-term retardants may be colored with iron oxide, fugitive pigments, or remain uncolored.

[0003] In the “Ecological Risk Assessment of Wildland Fire-Fighting Chemicals: Long-Term Fire Retardants” (September 2017), hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, the United States Forest Service (“USFS”) has established a chemical toxicity risk assessment for fire-fighting chemicals currently approved for use by the USFS. The USFS uses a variety of fire-fighting chemicals to aid in the suppression of fire in wildlands. These products can be categorized as long-term retardants, foams, and water enhancers. This chemical toxicity risk assessment of the long-term retardants examines their potential impacts on terrestrial wildlife, plant, and aquatic species.

[0004] Further, in Specification 5100-304d (January 7, 2020), Superseding Specification 5100-304c (June 2007), Superseding Specification 5100-304b (July 1999), Superseding Specification 5100-00304a (February 1986), entitled “Specification for Long Term Retardant, Wildland Fire, Aircraft or Ground Application,” hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, the United States Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) Forest Service has established the maximum allowable corrosion rates for 2024T3 aluminum, 4130 steel, yellow brass and Az-31-B magnesium. The corrosivity of forest fire retardants, in concentrate, to aluminum, steel, yellow brass and magnesium must not exceed 5.0 milli-inches (“mils”) per year as determined by the “Uniform Corrosion” test set forth in Section 4.3.5.1 of the USDA Forest Service Specifications. The Forest Service Specifications identity the maximum amount of corrosion acceptable when both the retardant concentrate and its diluted solutions are exposed to each metal indicated above at temperatures of 70° Fahrenheit (“F”) and 120° F. in both totally and partially immersed configurations. The maximum allowable corrosivity of aerially applied fire-retardant diluted solutions to aluminum is 2.0 mils per year (“mpy”) and the maximum corrosivity to brass and steel is 2.0 mpy when partially immersed and 5.0 when tested in the partially immersed condition. In the partially immersed configurations, one-half of the coupon is within the solution and one-half is exposed to the vapors in the air space over the solution.

[0005] Urea has been used in fire-retardant-treated wood products (U.S. Patent Publication No. 2017 / 0120473) and fabric protection (Davis, F. V. et al., "52 — the urea-phosphoric acid method of flameproofing textiles." Journal of the Textile Institute Transactions 40.12 (1949): T839-T854.). However, these references do not teach or suggest that urea and other organic retardants would be suitable as a long-term fire retardant capable of aerial and / or groundapplication, after being mixed with water from a concentrate, and meeting various of the requirements specified by the Forest Service for long-term fire retardants.SUMMARY

[0006] The invention relates generally to fire retardant compositions and more particularly to long-term fire retardants suitable for use in direct or indirect attack of forest fires.

[0007] In one embodiment, the techniques described herein relate to a forest fire retardant composition, including: a retardant compound including (a) urea and (b) a phosphate salt; a corrosion inhibitor for at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.03% to about 10.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and a thickening agent, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; wherein: the retardant compound is present in the composition in a weight percent of about 60% to about 99.5% relative to the total weight of the composition.

[0008] In another embodiment, the techniques described herein relate to a method of combating a forest fire, the method including: depositing, via aerial or ground-based application, a final diluted product including: a retardant compound including (a) urea and (b) at least one of disodium phosphate, disodium phosphate hydrate, sodium tripolyphosphate, trisodium phosphate, monosodium phosphate, sodium ammonium phosphate, or sodium ammonium phosphate hydrate; a corrosion inhibitor for at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium, present in the final diluted product in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.03% to about 10.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and a thickening agent, present in the final diluted product in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and water; wherein: the retardant compound is present in the final diluted product in a weight percent of about 4% to about 30% relative to the total weight of the final diluted product; and the step of depositing includes at least one of (a) a direct attack on the forest fire or (b) an indirect attack before the forest fire.

[0009] In another embodiment, the techniques described herein relate to a method of manufacture, the method including: combining the following components to form a forest fire retardant composition: (i) a retardant compound including (a) urea and (b) at least one ofdisodium phosphate, disodium phosphate hydrate, sodium tripolyphosphate, trisodium phosphate, monosodium phosphate, sodium ammonium phosphate, or sodium ammonium phosphate hydrate; (ii) a corrosion inhibitor for at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.03% to about 10.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and (iii) a thickening agent, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; wherein: the retardant compound is present in the composition in a weight percent of about 60% to about 99.5% relative to the total weight of the composition; and the components are batch mixed or continuously mixed in a tumbler.

[0010] In another embodiment, the techniques described herein relate to a forest fire retardant composition, including: a retardant compound including (a) urea and (b) at least one of diammonium phosphate, diammonium orthophosphate, monoammonium phosphate or monoammonium orthophosphate; a corrosion inhibitor for at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.03% to about 10.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and a thickening agent, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; wherein: the retardant compound is present in the composition in a weight percent of about 60% to about 99.5% relative to the total weight of the composition.

[0011] In another embodiment, the techniques described herein relate to a method of combating a forest fire, the method including: depositing, via aerial or ground-based application, a final diluted product including: a retardant compound including (a) urea and (b) at least one of diammonium phosphate, diammonium orthophosphate, monoammonium phosphate or monoammonium orthophosphate; a corrosion inhibitor for at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium, present in the final diluted product in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.03% to about 10.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and a thickening agent, present in the final diluted product in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and water; wherein: the retardant compound is present in the final diluted product in a weight percent of about 4% to about 30% relative to the total weight of the final diluted product; and the step of depositing includes at least one of (a) a direct attack on the forest fire or (b) an indirect attack before the forest fire.

[0012] In another embodiment, the techniques described herein relate to a method of manufacture, the method including: combining the following components to form a forest fire retardant composition: (i) a retardant compound including (a) urea and (b) at least one of diammonium phosphate, diammonium orthophosphate, monoammonium phosphate or monoammonium orthophosphate; (ii) a corrosion inhibitor for at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.03% to about 10.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and (iii) a thickening agent, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; wherein: the retardant compound is present in the composition in a weight percent of about 60% to about 99.5% relative to the total weight of the composition; and the components are batch mixed or continuously mixed in a tumbler.

[0013] In another embodiment, the techniques described herein relate to a forest fire retardant composition, including: a retardant compound including (a) urea and (b) magnesium sulfate hydrate MgSO4(H2O)xwherein x is at least one of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 or 11; a corrosion inhibitor for at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.03% to about 10.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and a thickening agent, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; wherein: the retardant compound is present in the composition in a weight percent of about 60% to about 99.5% relative to the total weight of the composition.

[0014] In another embodiment, the techniques described herein relate to a method of combating a forest fire, the method including: depositing, via aerial or ground-based application, a final diluted product including: a retardant compound including (a) urea and (b) magnesium sulfate hydrate MgSO4(H2O)xwherein x is at least one of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 or 11; a corrosion inhibitor for at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium, present in the final diluted product in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.03% to about 10.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and a thickening agent, present in the final diluted product in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and water; wherein: the retardant compound is present in the final diluted product in a weight percent of about 4% to about 30% relative to the total weight of the final diluted product; and the step of depositingincludes at least one of (a) a direct attack on the forest fire or (b) an indirect attack before the forest fire.

[0015] In another embodiment, the techniques described herein relate to a method of manufacture, the method including: combining the following components to form a forest fire retardant composition: (i) a retardant compound including (a) urea and (b) magnesium sulfate hydrate MgSO4(H2O)xwherein x is at least one of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 or 11; (ii) a corrosion inhibitor for at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.03% to about 10.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and (iii) a thickening agent, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; wherein: the retardant compound is present in the composition in a weight percent of about 60% to about 99.5% relative to the total weight of the composition; and the components are batch mixed or continuously mixed in a tumbler.

[0016] In another embodiment, the techniques described herein relate to a forest fire retardant composition, including: a retardant compound including (a) urea and (b) at least one of potassium acetate (CH3COOK), potassium formate (HCO2K), potassium acetate hydrate (CH3COOK(H2O)x), where x is about 1 to about 3, potassium propanoate (C3H5KO2), potassium butanoate (C4H7KO2), potassium lactate (KC3H5O3), potassium oxalate (C2K2O4), potassium oxalate monohydrate (C2K2O4(H2O)1), monopotassium malate (C4H5KO5), potassium glutamate (C5H8KNO4), potassium glutamate monohydrate (C5H8KNO4(H2O)1), potassium L-glutamate monohydrate (KOOCCH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH(H2O)1), monopotassium tartrate (C4H5KO6), potassium urate (C5H3KN4O3), dipotassium malate (C4H4K2O5), dipotassium tartrate (C4H4K2O6), monopotassium citrate (KH2C6H5O7), potassium gluconate (C6H11KO7), dipotassium citrate (C6H6K2O7), tripotassium citrate (K3C6H5O7), tripotassium citrate monohydrate (K3C6H5O7(H2O)1), potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4), potassium ammonium phosphate (K2NH4PO4), dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4), dipotassium phosphate hydrate (K2HPO4(H2O)x), where x is about 3 to about 6, tripotassium phosphate (K3PO4), tripotassium phosphate hydrate (K3PO4(H2O)x), where x = 3, 7, or 9, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (K4P2O7), potassium bisulfate (KHSO4), potassium ammonium sulfate (H4KNO4S), or potassium sulfate (K2SO4); a corrosion inhibitor for at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.03% to about 10.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and athickening agent, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; wherein: the retardant compound is present in the composition in a weight percent of about 60% to about 99.5% relative to the total weight of the composition.

[0017] In another embodiment, the techniques described herein relate to a method of combating a forest fire, the method including: depositing, via aerial or ground-based application, a final diluted product including: a retardant compound including (a) urea and (b) at least one of potassium acetate (CH3COOK), potassium formate (HCO2K), potassium acetate hydrate (CH3COOK(H2O)x), where x is about 1 to about 3, potassium propanoate (C3H5KO2), potassium butanoate (C4H7KO2), potassium lactate (KC3H5O3), potassium oxalate (C2K2O4), potassium oxalate monohydrate (C2K2O4(H2O)1), monopotassium malate (C4H5KO5), potassium glutamate (C5H8KNO4), potassium glutamate monohydrate (C5H8KNO4(H2O)1), potassium L-glutamate monohydrate(KOOCCH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH(H2O)1), monopotassium tartrate (C4H5KO6), potassium urate (C5H3KN4O3), dipotassium malate (C4H4K2O5), dipotassium tartrate (C4H4K2O6), monopotassium citrate (KH2C6H5O7), potassium gluconate (C6H11KO7), dipotassium citrate (C6H6K2O7), tripotassium citrate (K3C6H5O7), tripotassium citrate monohydrate (K3C6H5O7(H2O)1), potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4), potassium ammonium phosphate (K2NH4PO4), dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4), dipotassium phosphate hydrate (K2HPO4(H2O)x), where x is about 3 to about 6, tripotassium phosphate (K3PO4), tripotassium phosphate hydrate (K3PO4(H2O)x), where x = 3, 7, or 9, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (K4P2O7), potassium bisulfate (KHSO4), potassium ammonium sulfate (H4KNO4S), or potassium sulfate (K2SO4); a corrosion inhibitor for at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium, present in the final diluted product in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.03% to about 10.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and a thickening agent, present in the final diluted product in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and water; wherein: the retardant compound is present in the final diluted product in a weight percent of about 4% to about 30% relative to the total weight of the final diluted product; and the step of depositing includes at least one of (a) a direct attack on the forest fire or (b) an indirect attack before the forest fire.

[0018] In another embodiment, the techniques described herein relate to a method of manufacture, the method including: combining the following components to form a forest fire retardant composition: (i) a retardant compound including (a) urea and (b) at least one of potassium acetate (CH3COOK), potassium formate (HCO2K), potassium acetate hydrate (CH3COOK(H2O)x), where x is about 1 to about 3, potassium propanoate (C3H5KO2), potassium butanoate (C4H7KO2), potassium lactate (KC3H5O3), potassium oxalate (C2K2O4), potassium oxalate monohydrate (C2K2O4(H2O)1), monopotassium malate (C4H5KO5), potassium glutamate (C5H8KNO4), potassium glutamate monohydrate (C5H8KNO4(H2O)1), potassium L-glutamate monohydrate (KOOCCH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH(H2O)1), monopotassium tartrate (C4H5KO6), potassium urate (C5H3KN4O3), dipotassium malate (C4H4K2O5), dipotassium tartrate (C4H4K2O6), monopotassium citrate (KH2C6H5O7), potassium gluconate (C6H11KO7), dipotassium citrate (C6HsK2O7), tripotassium citrate (K3C6H5O7), tripotassium citrate monohydrate (K3C6H5O7(H2O)1), potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4), potassium ammonium phosphate (K2NH4PO4), dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4), dipotassium phosphate hydrate (K2HPO4(H2O)x), where x is about 3 to about 6, tripotassium phosphate (K3PO4), tripotassium phosphate hydrate (K3PO4(H2O)x), where x = 3, 7, or 9, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (K4P2O7), potassium bisulfate (KHSO4), potassium ammonium sulfate (H4KNO4S), or potassium sulfate (K2SO4); (ii) a corrosion inhibitor for at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.03% to about 10.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and (iii) a thickening agent, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; wherein: the retardant compound is present in the composition in a weight percent of about 60% to about 99.5% relative to the total weight of the composition; and the components are batch mixed or continuously mixed in a tumbler.

[0019] In another embodiment, the techniques described herein relate to a forest fire retardant composition, including: a retardant compound including (a) a nitrogen source and (b) an ammonium free salt; a corrosion inhibitor for at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.03% to about 10.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and a thickening agent, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; wherein: the retardantcompound is present in the concentrate in a weight percent of about 60% to about 99.5% relative to the total weight of the concentrate.

[0020] In another embodiment, the techniques described herein relate to a forest fire retardant composition including: a retardant compound including (a) urea present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 2% to about 99.5% relative to the total weight of the composition and (b) a phosphate salt present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 3% to about 99% relative to the total weight of the composition; one or more azoles; a gum present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and a fluorescent pigment present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.01% to about 12.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound.

[0021] In another embodiment, the techniques described herein relate to a forest fire retardant composition, including: a retardant compound including (a) urea present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 2% to about 99.5% relative to the total weight of the composition and (b) a potassium salt present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 3% to about 99% relative to the total weight of the composition; one or more azoles; a gum present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and a fluorescent pigment present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.01 % to about 12.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound.BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022] The skilled artisan will understand that the drawings primarily are for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventive subject matter described herein. The drawings are not necessarily to scale; in some instances, various aspects of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein may be shown exaggerated or enlarged in the drawings to facilitate an understanding of different features. In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to like features (e.g., functionally similar and / or structurally similar elements).

[0023] FIG. 1 is a flow chart diagram showing the process of making a forest fire retardant composition from a dry concentrate.

[0024] FIG. 2 is a flow chart diagram showing the process of making a forest fire retardant composition from a liquid concentrate.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] In General

[0026] Referring to FIG. 1, a forest fire retardant composition 100 can be provided in various forms. The composition 100 can be provided as a dry concentrate 101 substantially free of water. Alternatively, the composition 100 can be provided as a liquid concentrate 102. The liquid concentrate 102 can be formed by adding water or other solvents) to the dry concentrate 101. Alternatively, liquid concentrate 102 is formed when the dry concentrate 101 is deliquescent, hygroscopic, and absorbs moisture from the air or other moisture source. The composition 100 can also be provided as a final diluted product 103 in a form suitable to fight forest fires via aerial or ground-based application. The final diluted product 103 is formed either by diluting the dry concentrate 101 with water or by diluting the liquid concentrate 102 with water.

[0027] Referring to FIG. 2, a forest fire retardant composition 200 can be provided in various liquid forms. The composition 200 can be provided as a liquid concentrate 201. The composition 200 can also be provided as a final diluted product 202 in a form suitable to fight forest fires via aerial- or ground-based application. The final diluted product 202 is formed by diluting the liquid concentrate 201 with water in one or more diluting steps.

[0028] Components of the Compositions 100 and 200

[0029] The forest fire retardant compositions 100 and 200 include one or more retardant compounds. The retardant compounds preferably include an inorganic compound(s). Instead of (or in addition to) an inorganic compound(s), the retardant compounds may include an organic compound(s). Table 1 below illustrates exemplary compounds, any one or more of which may be used, alone or in combination, as a retardant compound in the compositions 100 and 200.

[0030] The retardant compound may include an organic compound. The organic compound may include nitrogen. For example, the organic compound may include at least one of urea(CH4N2O) or melamine (C3H6N6). When the organic compound includes nitrogen, the organic compound may act as a nitrogen source. Preferably the organic compound does not contain any ammonium.

[0031] Instead of (or in addition to) the organic compound, the retardant compound may further include a salt. The salt may be a salt of an inorganic acid. Alternatively, the salt may be a salt of an organic acid. The salt may an ammonium free salt. Alternatively, the salt may be an ammonium containing salt. The salt may include any of the retardant compounds listed in Table 1. For example, the salt may be a potassium salt, a sulfate salt, a halide salt, a nonhalide salt, an ammonium salt, and / or a phosphate salt. The organic compound may also be used in combination with any of the retardant compounds listed in Table 1. For example, the organic compound may also be used in combination with any of the retardant compounds disclosed in U.S. non-provisional application numbers: 16 / 894,231 filed June 5, 2020, 16 / 894,214 filed June 5, 2020, 17 / 031,024 filed September 24, 2020, 17 / 214,266 filed March 26, 2021, 17 / 458,002 filed August 26, 2021, 17 / 552,196 filed December 15, 2021, or 18 / 061,542 filed December 5, 2022, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200, the weight percent of organic compound : salt (including both anhydrous and hydrate) may be about 0%: 100% to about 100%:0%, including about 5%:95%, 10%:90%, 15%:85%, 20%:80%, 25%:75%, 30%:70%, 35%:65%, 40%:60%, 45%:55%, 50%:50%, 55%:45%, 60%:40%, 65%:35%, 70%:30%, 75%:25%, 80%:20%, 85%: 15%, 90%: 10%, 95%: 5%, and any range between any two such ratios.

[0032] Instead of (or in addition to) the organic compound, the retardant compound may further include a potassium salt. The potassium salt may be a potassium salt of an organic acid. The organic acid may include formic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, gluconic acid, tartaric acid, uric acid, malic acid, or citric acid. The potassium salt of an organic acid in the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200 may include one or more of the following: potassium formate (HCO2K), potassium acetate (CH3COOK), potassium acetate hydrate (CH3COOK(H2O)x, where x is about 1 to about 3), potassium propanoate (C3H5KO2), potassium butanoate (C4H7KO2), potassium lactate (KC3H5O3), potassium oxalate (C2K2O4), potassium oxalate monohydrate (C2K2O4(H2O)1), monopotassium malate (C4H5KO5), potassium glutamate (C5H8KNO4), potassium glutamate monohydrate (C5H8KNO4(H2O)1), potassium L-glutamate monohydrate (KOOCCH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH(H2O)1), monopotassium tartrate (C4H5KO6), potassiumurate (C5H3KN4O3), dipotassium malate (C4H4K2O5), dipotassium tartrate (C4H4K2O6), monopotassium citrate (KH2C6H5O7), potassium gluconate (C6H11KO7), dipotassium citrate (C6H6K2O7), tripotassium citrate (K3C6H5O7), tripotassium citrate monohydrate (K3C6H5O7(H2O)1), and mixtures thereof. The potassium acetate can be anhydrous, substantially free of any hydrate. Alternatively, or in combination with the anhydrous potassium acetate, the potassium acetate can be a hydrate, substantially free of any anhydrous. The hydrate may have the formula CH3COOK(H2O)x, where x is about 1 to about 3. For example, x may be equal to at least one of 1 or 3. The potassium acetate may contain a mixture of multiple different hydrates CH3COOK(H2O)y, such that when measured, y constitutes an average weighted number of hydrates in the mixture, and thus y is not necessarily a whole number. For example, the average weighted value of y may be about 1.0 to about 3.0, preferably about 1.1 to about 2.9, more preferably about 1.2 to about 2.8, and more preferably about 1.5 to about 2.5. The potassium acetate anhydrous and the potassium acetate hydrate may be present in the forest fire retardant composition 100 in a weight ratio (anhydrous :hydrate) from about 0%:100% to about 100%:0%, including about 5%:95%, 10%:90%, 15%:85%, 20%:80%, 25%:75%, 30%:70%, 35%:65%, 40%:60%, 45%:55%, 50%:50%, 55%:45%, 60%:40%, 65%:35%, 70%:30%, 75%:25%, 80%:20%, 85%: 15%, 90%: 10%, 95%:5%, and any range between any two such ratios. For example, in one embodiment, the organic compound may include urea and the potassium salt may include potassium formate (HCO2K). In the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200, the weight percent of urea: potassium formate (HCO2K) may be about 0%:100% to about 100%:0%, including about 5%:95%, 10%:90%, 15%:85%, 20%:80%, 25%:75%, 30%:70%, 35%:65%, 40%:60%, 45%:55%, 50%:50%, 55%:45%, 60%:40%, 65%:35%, 70%:30%, 75%:25%, 80%:20%, 85%: 15%, 90%: 10%, 95%: 5%, and any range between any two such ratios. In another embodiment, the organic compound may include urea and the potassium salt may include potassium acetate (CH3COOK). In the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200, the weight percent of urea: potassium acetate (CH3COOK) may be about 0%:100% to about 100%:0%, including about 5%:95%, 10%:90%, 15%:85%, 20%:80%, 25%:75%, 30%:70%, 35%:65%, 40%:60%, 45%:55%, 50%:50%, 55%:45%, 60%:40%, 65%:35%, 70%:30%, 75%:25%, 80%:20%, 85%: 15%, 90%: 10%, 95%:5%, and any range between any two such ratios.

[0033] Instead of (or in addition to) potassium salts of an organic acid, the potassium salt may be a potassium salt of an inorganic acid. The inorganic acid may include sulfuric acid,phosphoric acid, carbonic acid, or hydrochloric acid. The potassium salt of an inorganic acid in the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200 may include one or more of the following: potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), monopotassium phosphate (MKP) (KH2PO4), potassium ammonium phosphate (K2NH4PO4), dipotassium phosphate (DKP) (K2HPO4), dipotassium phosphate hydrate (K2HPO4(H2O)x, where x is about 3 to about 6), tripotassium phosphate (K3PO4), tripotassium phosphate hydrate (K3PO4(H2O)x, where x = 3, 7, or 9), tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (K4P2O7), potassium bisulfate (KHSO4), potassium ammonium sulfate (H4KNO4S), potassium sulfate (K2SO4), and mixtures thereof. The dipotassium phosphate can be anhydrous, substantially free of any hydrate. Alternatively, or in combination with the anhydrous dipotassium phosphate, the dipotassium phosphate can be a hydrate, substantially free of any anhydrous. The hydrate may have the formula K2HPO4(H2O)x, where x is about 3 to about 6. For example, x may be equal to at least one of 3 or 6. The dipotassium phosphate may contain a mixture of multiple different hydrates K2HPO4(H2O)y, such that when measured, y constitutes an average weighted number of hydrates in the mixture, and thus y is not necessarily a whole number. For example, the average weighted value of y may be about 3.0 to about 6.0, preferably about 3.2 to about 5.8, more preferably about 3.5 to about 5.5, and more preferably about 4.0 to about 5.0. The dipotassium phosphate anhydrous and the dipotassium phosphate hydrate may be present in the forest fire retardant composition 100 in a weight ratio (anhydrous hydrate) from about 0%:100% to about 100%:0%, including about 5%:95%, 10%:90%, 15%:85%, 20%:80%, 25%:75%, 30%:70%, 35%:65%, 40%:60%, 45%:55%, 50%:50%, 55%:45%, 60%:40%, 65%:35%, 70%:30%, 75%:25%, 80%:20%, 85%: 15%, 90%: 10%, 95%:5%, and any range between any two such ratios. The tripotassium phosphate can be anhydrous, substantially free of any hydrate. Alternatively, or in combination with the anhydrous tripotassium phosphate, the tripotassium phosphate can be a hydrate, substantially free of any anhydrous. The hydrate may have the formula K3PO4(H2O)x, where x is about 3 to about 9). For example, x may be equal to at least one of 3, 7, or 9. The tripotassium phosphate may contain a mixture of multiple different hydrates K3PO4(H2O)y, such that when measured, y constitutes an average weighted number of hydrates in the mixture, and thus y is not necessarily a whole number. For example, the average weighted value of y may be about 3.0 to about 9.0, preferably about 3.5 to about 8.5, more preferably about 4.0 to about 8.0, and more preferably about 4.5 to about 7.5. The tripotassium phosphate anhydrous and the tripotassium phosphate hydrate may be present in the forest fire retardant composition 100 in a weight ratio (anhydrous:hydrate) from about 0%:100% to about 100%:0%, including about5%:95%, 10%:90%, 15%:85%, 20%:80%, 25%:75%, 30%:70%, 35%:65%, 40%:60%, 45%:55%, 50%:50%, 55%:45%, 60%:40%, 65%:35%, 70%:30%, 75%:25%, 80%:20%, 85%: 15%, 90%: 10%, 95%:5%, and any range between any two such ratios. The organic compound may also be used in combination with a potassium salt(s). In the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200, the weight percent of organic compound : potassium salt (including both anhydrous and hydrate) may be about 0%:100% to about 100%:0%, including about 5%:95%, 10%:90%, 15%:85%, 20%:80%, 25%:75%, 30%:70%, 35%:65%, 40%:60%, 45%:55%, 50%:50%, 55%:45%, 60%:40%, 65%:35%, 70%:30%, 75%:25%, 80%:20%, 85%: 15%, 90%: 10%, 95%:5%, and any range between any two such ratios. For example, in one embodiment, the organic compound may include urea and the potassium salt may include potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3). In the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200, the weight percent of urea: potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) may be about 0%:100% to about 100%:0%, including about 5%:95%, 10%:90%, 15%:85%, 20%:80%, 25%:75%, 30%:70%, 35%:65%, 40%:60%, 45%:55%, 50%:50%, 55%:45%, 60%:40%, 65%:35%, 70%:30%, 75%:25%, 80%:20%, 85%: 15%, 90%: 10%, 95%:5%, and any range between any two such ratios.

[0034] Instead of (or in addition to) the organic compound and / or potassium salts, the retardant compound may further include a non-halide salt. The non-halide salt may include ammonium salts of ortho, pyro, tripoly, or tetrapoly phosphoric acid. The ammonium salts of ortho, pyro, tripoly, or tetrapoly phosphoric acid in the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200 may include one or more of the following: ammonium orthophosphates, ammonium pyrophosphates, ammonium polyphosphates having an average chain length of less than 20 phosphorus atoms. For example, the phosphate salt may include al least one of diammonium phosphate (DAP), diammonium orthophosphate (DAP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), monoammonium orthophosphate (MAP), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and mixtures thereof. A mixture of ammonium phosphates in the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200 may include MAP containing from about 10% to about 12% ammoniacal nitrogen by weight and from about 40% to about 61 % phosphorus pentoxide by weight, and DAP containing from about 16% to about 21% ammoniacal nitrogen by weight and from about 40% to about 54% phosphorus pentoxide by weight. A mixture of MAP and DAP in the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200 may have a weight ratio of the total ammonium phosphate (MAP: DAP) from about 5%:95% to about 60%:40%, preferably about 40%:60% to about 60%:40%, for example about 50%:50% to about 60%:40%. Theorganic compound may also be used in combination with ammonium salts of ortho, pyro, tripoly, or tetrapoly phosphoric acid. In the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200, the weight percent of organic compound : ammonium salt(s) may be about 0%: 100% to about 100%:0%, including about 5%:95%, 10%:90%, 15%:85%, 20%:80%, 25%:75%, 30%:70%, 35%:65%, 40%:60%, 45%:55%, 50%:50%, 55%:45%, 60%:40%, 65%:35%, 70%:30%, 75%:25%, 80%:20%, 85%: 15%, 90%: 10%, 95%: 5%, and any range between any two such ratios. For example, in one embodiment, the organic compound may include urea and the ammonium salt may include monoammonium phosphate. In the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200, the weight percent of urea: monoammonium phosphate may be about 0%: 100% to about 100%:0%, including about 5%:95%, 10%:90%, 15%:85%, 20%:80%, 25%:75%, 30%:70%, 35%:65%, 40%:60%, 45%:55%, 50%:50%, 55%:45%, 60%:40%, 65%:35%, 70%:30%, 75%:25%, 80%:20%, 85%: 15%, 90%: 10%, 95%:5%, and any range between any two such ratios. In another embodiment, the organic compound may include urea and monoammonium phosphate and disodium phosphate. In the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200, the weight percent of urea: monoammonium phosphate: disodium phosphate may be about 0%:100%:0% to about 100%:0%:0% to about 0%:0%:100%, including about 1%:98%: 1%, 2%:96%:2%, 4%:92%:4%, 5%:90%:5%, 10%:80%:10%, 15%:70%:15%, 20%:60%:20%, 25%:50%:25%, 30%:40%:30%.35%:30%:35%, 40%:20%:40%, 45%:10%:45%, 50%:5%:45%, 50%:0%:50%, 55%:5%:40%, 60%: 10%:30%, 65%: 15%:20%, 70%:20%: I0%, 75%:25%:0%, 40%:5%:55%, 30%:20%:60%, 20%:15%:65%, 10%:20%:70%, 0%:25%:75%, 96%:2%:2%, 92%:4%:4%, 90%:5%:5%, 80%:10%:10%, 70%:15%:15%, 60%:20%:20%, 50%:40%:40%, and any range between any two such ratios.

[0035] Instead of (or in addition to) ammonium salts of ortho, pyro, tripoly, or tetrapoly phosphoric acid, the non-halide salt may include a sodium phosphate salt. The sodium phosphate salt may include sodium salts of mono-, di-, tri-, tetra, and polyphosphates. The sodium phosphate salt in the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200 may include one or more of the following: monosodium phosphate (MSP), disodium phosphate (DSP), disodium phosphate hydrate, sodium ammonium phosphate (SAP), sodium ammonium phosphate hydrate (SAP-H), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), trisodium phosphate (TSP), and mixtures thereof. The disodium phosphate can be anhydrous, substantially free of any hydrate. Alternatively, or in combination with the anhydrous disodium phosphate, the disodium phosphate can be a hydrate, substantially free of any anhydrous. The hydrate mayhave the formula Na2HPO4(H2O)x, where x is about 1 to about 12. For example, x may be equal to at least one of 2, 7, 8, or 12. The disodium phosphate may contain a mixture of multiple different hydrates Na2HPO4(H2O)y, such that when measured, y constitutes an average weighted number of hydrates in the mixture, and thus y is not necessarily a whole number. For example, the average weighted value of y may be about 2.0 to about 12.0, preferably about 1.5 to about 11.5, more preferably about 2.5 to about 10.5, and more preferably about 3.5 to about 9.5. The sodium ammonium phosphate can be anhydrous, substantially free of any hydrate. Alternatively, or in combination with the anhydrous sodium ammonium phosphate, the sodium ammonium phosphate can be a hydrate. The hydrate may have the formula NaPO4HNH4(H2O)x, where x is about 1 to about 4. For example, x may be equal to at least one of 1, 2, 3, or 4. The disodium phosphate may also contain a mixture of multiple different hydrates NaPO4HNH4(H2O)y, such that when measured, y constitutes an average weighted number of hydrates in the mixture, and thus y is not necessarily a whole number. For example, the average weighted value of y may be about 1.0 to about 4.0, preferably about 1.2 to about 3.9, more preferably about 1.4 to about 3.8, and more preferably about 1.6 to about 3.6. The sodium ammonium phosphate hydrate is preferably sodium ammonium phosphate tetrahydrate (SAP-TH) having the formula NaPO4HNH4(H2O)4. The organic compound may also be used in combination with a sodium phosphate salt(s). In the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200, the weight percent of organic compound : sodium phosphate salt (including both anhydrous and hydrate) may be about 0%: 100% to about 100%:0%, including about 5%:95%, 10%:90%, 15%:85%, 20%:80%, 25%:75%, 30%:70%, 35%:65%, 40%:60%, 45%:55%, 50%:50%, 55%:45%, 60%:40%, 65%:35%, 70%:30%, 75%:25%, 80%:20%, 85%: 15%, 90%: 10%, 95%:5%, and any range between any two such ratios. For example, in one embodiment, the organic compound may include urea and the sodium phosphate salt may include monosodium phosphate. In the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200, the weight percent of urea: monosodium phosphate may be about 0%:100% to about 100%:0%, including about 5%:95%, 10%:90%, 15%:85%, 20%:80%, 25%:75%, 30%:70%, 35%:65%, 40%:60%, 45%:55%, 50%:50%, 55%:45%, 60%:40%, 65%:35%, 70%:30%, 75%:25%, 80%:20%, 85%: 15%, 90%: 10%, 95%:5%, and any range between any two such ratios. In another embodiment, the organic compound may include urea and the sodium phosphate salt may include monosodium phosphate and disodium phosphate. In the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200, the weight percent of urea: monosodium phosphate: disodium phosphate may be about 0%:100%:0% to about 100%:0%:0% to about 0%:0%:100%, including about 1%:98%:1%, 2%:96%:2%,4%:92%:4%, 5%:90%:5%, 10%:80%:10%, 15%:70%:15%, 20%:60%:20%, 25%:50%:25%, 30%:40%:30%. 35%:30%:35%, 40%:20%:40%, 45%:10%:45%, 50%:5%:45%, 50%:0%:50%, 55%:5%:40%, 60%:10%:30%, 65%:15%:20%, 70%:20%:10%, 75%:25%:0%, 40%:5%:55%, 30%:20%:60%, 20%:15%:65%, 10%:20%:70%, 0%:25%:75%, 96%:2%:2%, 92%:4%:4%, 90%:5%:5%, 80%: 10%: 10%, 70%: 15%: 15%, 60%:20%:20%, 50%:40%:40%, and any range between any two such ratios, and any range between any two such ratios. In another embodiment, the organic compound may include melamine and the sodium phosphate salt may include monosodium phosphate. In the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200, the weight percent of melamine: monosodium phosphate may be about 0%:100% to about 100%:0%, including about 5%:95%, 10%:90%, 15%:85%, 20%:80%, 25%:75%, 30%:70%, 35%:65%, 40%:60%, 45%:55%, 50%:50%, 55%:45%, 60%:40%, 65%:35%, 70%:30%, 75%:25%, 80%:20%, 85%: 15%, 90%: 10%, 95%:5%, and any range between any two such ratios. In another embodiment, the organic compound may include melamine and the sodium phosphate salt may include monosodium phosphate and disodium phosphate. In the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200, the weight percent of melamine: monosodium phosphate: disodium phosphate may be about 0%: 100%:0% to about 100%:0%:0% to about 0%:0%:I00%, including about 1%:98%:1%, 2%:96%:2%, 4%:92%:4%, 5%:90%:5%, 10%:80%:10%, 15%:70%:15%, 20%:60%:20%, 25%:50%:25%, 30%:40%:30%. 35%:30%:35%, 40%:20%:40%, 45%:10%:45%, 50%:5%:45%, 50%:0%:50%, 55%:5%:40%, 60%: 10%:30%, 65%:15%:20%, 70%:20%:10%, 75%:25%:0%, 40%:5%:55%, 30%:20%:60%, 20%:15%:65%, 10%:20%:70%, 0%:25%:75%, 96%:2%:2%, 92%:4%:4%, 90%:5%:5%, 80%: 10%: 10%, 70%: 15%: 15%, 60%:20%:20%, 50%:40%:40%, and any range between any two such ratios.

[0036] Instead of (or in addition to) ammonium salts of ortho, pyro, tripoly, or tetrapoly phosphoric acid and / or sodium phosphate salt(s), the non-halide salt may be a calcium phosphate salt. The calcium phosphate salt may include calcium salts of orthophosphates, di- and monohydrogen phosphates, and / or di- and polyphosphates. The calcium phosphate salt in the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200 may include one or more of the following: monocalcium phosphate (MCP), dicalcium phosphate (DCP), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), octacalcium phosphate (OCP), dicalcium diphosphate, calcium triphosphate, hydroxyapatite, Apatite, or tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP). The organic compound may also be used in combination with a calcium phosphate salt(s). In the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200, the weight percent of organic compound : calciumphosphate salt (including both anhydrous and hydrate) may be about 0%: 100% to about 100%:0%, including about 5%:95%, 10%:90%, 15%:85%, 20%:80%, 25%:75%, 30%:70%, 35%:65%, 40%:60%, 45%:55%, 50%:50%, 55%:45%, 60%:40%, 65%:35%, 70%:30%, 75%:25%, 80%:20%, 85%: 15%, 90%: 10%, 95%: 5%, and any range between any two such ratios.Instead of (or in addition to) the organic compound and / or potassium salt(s), ammonium salt(s), and / or phosphate salt(s), the salt may further include a sulfate salt. The sulfate salt may include magnesium sulfate. The magnesium sulfate can be anhydrous, substantially free of any hydrate. Alternatively, or in combination with the anhydrous magnesium sulfate, the magnesium sulfate can be a hydrate, substantially free of any anhydrous. The magnesium sulfate may have the formula MgSO4(H2O)x, where x is about 0 to about 11. For example, x may be equal to at least one of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 or 11. The magnesium sulfate may contain a mixture of multiple different hydrates MgSO4(H2O)y, such that when measured, y constitutes an average weighted number of hydrates in the mixture, and thus y is not necessarily a whole number. For example, the average weighted value ofy may be about 1.0 to about 11.0, preferably about 1.5 to about 10.5, more preferably about 2.5 to about 9.5, and more preferably about 3.5 to about 8.5. The magnesium sulfate hydrate is preferably magnesium sulfate monohydrate having the formula MgSO4(H2O)1. The magnesium sulfate may also include one or more different phases, including but not limited to, Kieserite (MgSO4(H2O)1), Hexahydrite (MgSO4(H2O)6), and / or Epsomite (MgSO4(H2O)7). The sulfate salt may also include potassium sulfate (K2SO4), leonite (K2Mg(SO4)2(H2O)4), or picromerite (K2Mg(SO4)2(H2O)6). The organic compound may also be used in combination with a sulfate salt(s). In the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200, the weight percent of organic compound : sulfate salt(s) (including both anhydrous and hydrate) may be about 0%:100% to about 100%:0%, including about 5%:95%, 10%:90%, 15%:85%, 20%:80%, 25%:75%, 30%:70%, 35%:65%, 40%:60%, 45%:55%, 50%:50%, 55%:45%, 60%:40%, 65%:35%, 70%:30%, 75%:25%, 80%:20%, 85%: 15%, 90%: 10%, 95%:5%, and any range between any two such ratios. For example, in one embodiment, the organic compound may include urea and the sulfate salt may include magnesium sulfate monohydrate MgSO4(H2O)1. In the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200, the weight percent of urea: magnesium sulfate monohydrate MgSO4(H2O)1may be about 0%:100% to about 100%:0%, including about 5%:95%, 10%:90%, 15%:85%, 20%:80%, 25%:75%, 30%:70%, 35%:65%, 40%:60%, 45%:55%, 50%:50%, 55%:45%, 60%:40%, 65%:35%, 70%:30%, 75%:25%, 80%:20%, 85%: 15%, 90%: 10%, 95%:5%, and any range between any two such ratios.

[0037] Referring to FIG. 1, the composition 100 may begin as a dry concentrate 101 substantially free of water. As used herein, “substantially free of water,” when referring to the dry concentrate 101, does not refer to the water of crystallization or water of hydration of the salt (i.e. , a hydrate salt). Additionally, as used herein, “substantially free of water,” when referring to the dry concentrate 101, does not prohibit the addition of minimal amounts of water (e.g., less than 2% weight percent relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100) to the dry concentrate 101 to assist with mixing the components. In one embodiment, the dry concentrate may have no more than about 3% by weight of water relative to the total weight of the dry concentrate.

[0038] In the dry concentrate 101, the weight percent of the retardant compound (including any organic retardant and / or any salt) relative to the total weight of the dry concentrate 101 is about 60% to about 99.5%, preferably about 62% to about 99%, more preferably about 64% to about 98.5%, and particularly about 66% to about 98%.

[0039] In the dry concentrate 101, the weight percent of the organic compound relative to the total weight of the dry concentrate 101 is about 2% to about 99.5%, preferably about 3% to about 99%, more preferably about 4% to about 98.5%, and particularly about 5% to about 98%. In one embodiment, the weight percent of the organic compound relative to the total weight of the dry concentrate 101 is about 4% to about 60%, preferably about 6% to about 55%, more preferably about 10% to about 50%, more preferably about 12% to about 48%, more preferably about 15% to about 45%, more preferably about 20% to about 40%, more preferably about 25% to about 35%. In another embodiment, the weight percent of the organic compound relative to the total weight of the dry concentrate 101 is about 60% to about 98%, preferably about 62% to about 94%, more preferably about 64% to about 92%, more preferably about 66% to about 90%, more preferably about 70% to about 88%, more preferably about 72% to about 86%, more preferably about 75% to about 85%.

[0040] In the dry concentrate 101, the weight percent of the salt relative to the total weight of the dry concentrate 101 is about 0% to about 99.5%, preferably about 3% to about 99%, more preferably about 4% to about 98.5%, and particularly about 5% to about 98%. In one embodiment, the weight percent of the salt relative to the total weight of the dry concentrate 101 is about 2% to about 40%, preferably about 4% to about 38%, more preferably about 6% to about 36%, more preferably about 10% to about 34%, more preferably about 12% to about 30%, more preferably about 14% to about 28%, more preferably about 15% to about 25%. In another embodiment, the weight percent of the salt relative to the total weight of the dryconcentrate 101, is about 40% to about 96%, preferably about 45% to about 94%, more preferably about 50% to about 90%, more preferably about 52% to about 88%, more preferably about to about 55% to about 85%, more preferably about 60% to about 80%, more preferably about 65% to about 75%.

[0041] In the final diluted product 103, the weight percent of the retardant compound (including any organic retardant and / or any salt) relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 103 is about 4% to about 30%, preferably about 5% to about 25%, more preferably about 6% to about 23%, and particularly about 7% to about 20%.

[0042] In the final diluted product 103, the weight percent of the organic compound relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to about 30%, preferably about 0.5% to about 25%, more preferably about 0.75% to about 20%, and particularly about 1% to about 15%. In one embodiment, the weight percent of the organic compound relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 103 is about 0.5% to about 6.0%, preferably about 0.75% to about 5.5%, more preferably about 1.0% to about 5.0%, more preferably about 1.5% to about 4.5%. In another embodiment, the weight percent of the organic compound relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 103 is about 6.0% to about 15%, preferably about 6.5% to about 14%, more preferably about 7.0% to about 12%, and more preferably about 7.5% to about 10.0%.

[0043] In the final diluted product 103, the weight percent of the salt relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to about 30%, preferably about 0.5% to about 25%, more preferably about 0.75% to about 20%, and particularly about 1% to about 15%. In one embodiment, the weight percent of the salt relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 103 is about 0.05% to about 6.0%, preferably about 0.075% to about 5.5%, more preferably about 0.1% to about 5.2%, more preferably about 0.2% to about 5.0%, more preferably about 0.3% to about 4.8%. In another embodiment, the weight percent of the salt relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 103 is about 6.0% to about 15%, preferably about 6.5% to about 14%, more preferably about 7.0% to about 13%, and more preferably about 7.5% to about 12.0%.

[0044] In one embodiment, the potassium salt may be present in the composition 200 in an aqueous solution including a potassium salt and water. The water may be tap water, sea water, or water from other convenient water sources. Prior to the addition of any water used to make the potassium salt solution, the potassium salt may be an anhydrous potassium saltand / or a potassium salt hydrate. For example, the aqueous solution including a potassium salt and water may include but is not limited to an aqueous solution of potassium formate (HCO2K), potassium acetate (CH3COOK), potassium acetate hydrate (CH3COOK(H2O)x, where x is about 1 to about 3), potassium lactate (KC3H5O3), monopotassium citrate (KH2C6H5O7), dipotassium citrate (C6H6K2O7), tripotassium citrate (K3C6H5O7), and / or tripotassium citrate monohydrate (K3C6H5O7(H2O)1). Alternatively, the aqueous potassium salt solution may include any of the potassium salts disclosed herein and water. The aqueous potassium salt solution may be formed by the addition of water or other solvent to one of the potassium salts disclosed herein. In the liquid concentrate 201, the aqueous potassium salt solution is about 10% to about 90% potassium salt by weight, more preferably 15% to 85%, and particularly about 20% to about 80%. For example, the aqueous potassium salt solution in the liquid concentrate 201 is about 25% to about 75% by weight.

[0045] In another embodiment, the magnesium sulfate is present in the composition 200 in an aqueous solution including magnesium sulfate and water. The water may be tap water, sea water, or water from other convenient water sources. Prior to the addition of any water used to make the magnesium sulfate solution, the magnesium sulfate may be magnesium sulfate anhydrous and / or magnesium sulfate hydrate. In the liquid concentrate 201, the magnesium sulfate solution is about 15% to about 45% MgSO4by weight, more preferably 20% to 45%, and particularly about 25% to about 35%. For example, the magnesium sulfate solution in the liquid concentrate 201 is about 28% to about 32% by weight, and specifically about 30% MgSO4by weight. The magnesium sulfate solution may be formed by the addition of water or other solvent to Epsom salt (MgSO4(H2O)7). Alternatively, the magnesium sulfate can be extracted from brine or sea water and may also contain small amounts of other salts and impurities. The magnesium sulfate may exist in a byproduct salt mixture with other salts that result from the extraction of magnesium chloride from brine or sea water. The salts in the byproduct salt mixture may include, but are not limited to, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), magnesium sulfate hydrate MgSO4(H2O)xwhere x is about 1 to about 11, potassium sulfate (K2SO4), leonite (K2Mg(SO4)2(H2O)4), or picromerite (K2Mg(SO4)2(H2O)6), magnesium chloride anhydrous (MgCl2), magnesium sulfate hydrate (MgSO4(H2O)x) where x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 or 11, sodium chloride (NaCl). The salts in the byproduct salt mixture may be in one or more phases, including but not limited to, kieserite (MgSO4(H2O)1), dipotassium Sulfate (VI) (K2SO4), bischofite (MgCl2(H2O)6), magnesium chloride anhydrous (MgCl2), hexahydrite (MgSO4(H2O)6), and / or Epsomite (MgSO4(H2O)7).

[0046] In the liquid concentrate 201, the weight percent of the retardant compound (including any organic retardant and / or any salt) relative to the total weight of the liquid concentrate 201is about 60% to about 99.5%, preferably about 62% to about 99%, more preferably about 64% to about 98.5%, and particularly about 66% to about 98%.

[0047] In the liquid concentrate 201, the weight percent of the organic compound relative to the total weight of the liquid concentrate 201 is about 2% to about 99.5%, preferably about 3% to about 99%, more preferably about 4% to about 98.5%, and particularly about 5% to about 98%. In one embodiment, the weight percent of the organic compound relative to the total weight of the liquid concentrate 201 is about 4% to about 60%, preferably about 6% to about 55%, more preferably about 10% to about 50%, more preferably about 12% to about 48%, more preferably about 15% to about 45%, more preferably about 20% to about 40%, more preferably about 25% to about 35%. In another embodiment, the weight percent of the organic compound relative to the total weight of the liquid concentrate 201 is about 60% to about 98%, preferably about 62% to about 94%, more preferably about 64% to about 92%, more preferably about 66% to about 90%, more preferably about 70% to about 88%, more preferably about 72% to about 86%, more preferably about 75% to about 85%.

[0048] In the liquid concentrate 201, the weight percent of the salt relative to the total weight of the liquid concentrate 201 is about 0% to about 99.5%, preferably about 3% to about 99%, more preferably about 4% to about 98.5%, and particularly about 5% to about 98%. In one embodiment, the weight percent of the salt relative to the total weight of the liquid concentrate 201 is about 2% to about 40%, preferably about 4% to about 38%, more preferably about 6% to about 36%, more preferably about 10% to about 34%, more preferably about 12% to about 30%, more preferably about 14% to about 28%, more preferably about 15% to about 25%. In another embodiment, the weight percent of the salt relative to the total weight of the liquid concentrate 201, is about 40% to about 96%, preferably about 45% to about 94%, more preferably about 50% to about 90%, more preferably about 52% to about 88%, more preferably about to about 55% to about 85%, more preferably about 60% to about 80%, more preferably about 65% to about 75%.

[0049] In one embodiment, in the liquid concentrate 201, the salt may be hydrated. In the liquid concentrate 201, the weight percent of liquid salt solution (including any hydrate(s)) is about 75% to about 100%, preferably about 80% to about 99.5%, more preferably about 85% to about 99%, and particularly about 90% to about 98.5%. For example, the weight percent of the liquid salt solution (including both anhydrous and hydrate) in the liquid concentrate201 is about 92% to about 98%. In the liquid concentrate 201, the weight percent of the retardant compound (including any organic retardant and / or any liquid salt solution) relative to the total weight of the liquid concentrate 201is about 60% to about 99.5%, preferably about 62% to about 99%, more preferably about 64% to about 98.5%, and more preferably about 66% to about 98%.

[0050] In the final diluted product 202, the weight percent of the retardant compound (including any organic retardant and / or any salt) relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202 is about 4% to about 30%, preferably about 5% to about 25%, more preferably about 6% to about 23%, and particularly about 7% to about 20%.

[0051] In the final diluted product 202, the weight percent of the organic compound relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202 is about 0.25% to about 30%, preferably about 0.5% to about 25%, more preferably about 0.75% to about 20%, and particularly about 1% to about 15%. In one embodiment, the weight percent of the organic compound relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202 is about 0.5% to about 6.0%, preferably about 0.75% to about 5.5%, more preferably about 1.0% to about 5.0%, more preferably about 1.5% to about 4.5%. In another embodiment, the weight percent of the organic compound relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202 is about 6.0% to about 15%, preferably about 6.5% to about 14%, more preferably about 7.0% to about 12%, and more preferably about 7.5% to about 10.0%.

[0052] In the final diluted product 202, the weight percent of the salt relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202 is about 0.25% to about 30%, preferably about 0.5% to about 25%, more preferably about 0.75% to about 20%, and particularly about 1% to about 15%. In one embodiment, the weight percent of the salt relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202 is about 0.05% to about 6.0%, preferably about 0.075% to about 5.5%, more preferably about 0.1% to about 5.2%, more preferably about 0.2% to about 5.0%, more preferably about 0.3% to about 4.8%. In another embodiment, the weight percent of the salt relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202 is about 6.0% to about 15%, preferably about 6.5% to about 14%, more preferably about 7.0% to about 13%, and more preferably about 7.5% to about 12.0%.

[0053] The forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200 may further include a corrosion inhibitor. The corrosion inhibitor may include an inhibitor for brass, iron, aluminum, steel, copper, and / or magnesium. The corrosion inhibitor may also include an inhibitor for any ofthe compounds listed in Table 1. The corrosion inhibitor for magnesium may include any corrosion inhibitors disclosed in Lamaka, S. V., et al. “Comprehensive screening of Mg corrosion inhibitors.” Corrosion Science 128 (2017), hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The corrosion inhibitor may include an alkyl (such as an alkyl amine) and / or one or more azoles. The corrosion inhibitor may include COBRATEC 928, Denatonium benzoate, benzoic acid, diammonium phosphate, monoammonium phosphate, Wintrol SB 25Na, or a combination of the above. The corrosion inhibitor may include one or more azoles. The corrosion inhibitor may be a Wintrol® Super Azole Mix (Wintrol® SAM-H90 from Wincom, Inc). The Wintrol® SAM-H90 is designed for aqueous application. Wintrol® SAM-H90 provides corrosion resistance in highly corrosive environments caused by halogens, such chloride. Optionally, Wintrol® SAM-H38Namay be used as the corrosion inhibitor, alone or in combination with Wintrol® SAM-H90. The corrosion inhibitor may include but is not limited to, sodium selenite, sodium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, stearic acid, sodium benzoate, sodium fluoride, sodium phosphate, monosodium phosphate (MSP), disodium phosphate (DSP), disodium phosphate hydrate(s) (Na2HPO4(H2O)x, where x is about 1 to about 12), trisodium phosphate (TSP), monopotassium phosphate (MKP), dipotassium phosphate (DKP), dipotassium phosphate hydrate(s) (K2HPO4(H2O)x, where x is about 3 to about 6), tripotassium phosphate, tripotassium phosphate hydrate(s) (K3PO4(H2O)x, where x is about 3 to about 9), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), triammonium phosphate, triammonium phosphate hydrate(s), iron pyrophosphate, sodium fumarate dibasic, sodium fumarate, magnesium phosphate, benzotriazole derivatives, sodium salts of benzotriazole and derivatives, aqueous mixtures of benzotriazole and derivatives, benzotriazole-5-carboxcylic acid, benzotriazole, butyl benzotriazole, sodium butyl benzotriazole, tolytriazole derivatives, sodium salts of tolytriazole and derivatives, aqueous mixtures of tolytriazole and derivatives, tetrathydro tolytriazole, tolytriazole, hydrogenated tolyltriazole and mixtures thereof, sodium tolytriazole, sodium tolytriazole (50% solution), 3-hydroxyphenyl-4-phenyl-5-mercapto-l,2,4-triazole (HPMT), 3- aminophenyl-4-phenyl-5-mercapto- 1,2,4-triazole (APMT), 3 ,4-dipheny 1-5 -mercapto- 1,2,4- triazole (DPMT), 3 -cinnamyl-4-phenyl-5 -mercapto- 1,2,4-triazole (CPMT), 1,8- napthalaldehydic acid, octadecylphosphonic acid, sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDBS), Wintrol® BBT-25Na, Wintrol® BBT, Wintrol® THT-T, Wintrol® THT-35PG, Wintrol® THT-50K, Wintrol® SAM-H90, Wintrol SB 25Na, Wintrol® SAM-H38Na, Wintrol® SAM- H40(OS), Wintrol® SAM-B90, berberine, pyrrolidine benzylic, catechin, lysergic acid, carmine, fast green, aniline, vanillin, triethanolamine, low freeze grade triethanolamine (85%TEA and 15% water), N,N,N',N'-Tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS), Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (TRIS-HC1), p-chloroaniline, p-nitroaniline, p-methoxyaniline, p- methylaniline, p-cumate Na, sodium silicate, sodium molybdate, sodium molybdate dihydrate, disodium molbdate, disodium molybdate dihydrate, a biopolymer (such as rhamsan gum, xanthan gum, diutan gum, or welan gum), sodium silicofluoride (SSF), and dimercaptothiadiazole (DMTD), or a combination of the above.

[0054] The weight percent of the corrosion inhibitor, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, is about 0.001% to about 25.0%, for example about 0.003% to about 22.0%, or about 0.005% to about 12.0%, preferably about 0.007% to about 18.0%, and specifically about 0.015% to about 12.0%. For example, the weight percent of the corrosion inhibitor, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, is about 0.03% to about 12.0%.

[0055] The weight percent of the corrosion inhibitor, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 200, is about 0.001% to about 25.0%, for example about 0.003% to about 22.0%, or about 0.005% to about 12.0%, preferably about 0.007% to about 18.0%, and specifically about 0.015% to about 12.0%. For example, the weight percent of the corrosion inhibitor, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 200, is about 0.03% to about 12.0%.

[0056] To control the viscosity of the composition 100 and / or 200, the composition 100 and / or 200 may also include at least one thickening agent. The thickening agent may be a polyurethane, a polyvinyl alcohol, an acrylic polymer, a gum, a cellulosic, a sulfonate, a saccharide, a clay, an organosilicone, or a protein, including but not limited to latex, styrene, butadiene, polyvinyl alcohol, attapulgite, bentonite, montmorillonite, algin, collagen, casein, albumin, castor oil, cornstarch, arrowroot, yuca starch, carrageenan, pullulan, konjac, alginate, gelatin, agar, pectin, carrageenan, chitosan, xanthan gum, food grade xanthan gum, guar gum, rhamsan gum, diutan gum, welan gum, cellulose gum, acacia guar gum, locust bean gum, acacia gum, gum tragacanth, glucomannan polysaccharide gum, alginic acid, sodium alginate, potassium alginate, ammonium alginate, calcium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), methyl cellulose, hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxymethyl cellulose (HMC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), ethylhydroxymethyl cellulose, hypromellose (INN), cetyl alcohol, cetearyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol (PEG), monoethylene glycol, acrylic microgel, acrylic amide wax, a crystalline silica clay (i.e.,Optigel-WX from BYK), or a sepiolite clay (i.e., Pangel S9 from Tolsa group). A combination of thickeners may provide a similar viscosity profile of the composition 100 and / or 200 with a varying weight percent of the thickening agent(s). For example, two or more of the above viscosity modifiers may be combined to provide a low viscosity (e.g., 150- 400 cP), or a medium viscosity (e.g., 401-800 cP), or a high viscosity (e.g., 801-1500 cP).

[0057] The weight percent of the thickening agent(s), relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, is about 0.0125% to about 35.0%, preferably about 0.025% to about 30.0%, preferably about 0.05% to about 28.0%, more preferably about 0.1% to about 25.0%, and specifically about 0.15% to about 22.0%. For example, the weight percent of the thickening agent(s), relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, is about 0.2% to about 20.0%.

[0058] The weight percent of the thickening agent(s), relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 200, is about 0.0125% to about 35.0%, preferably about 0.025% to about 30.0%, preferably about 0.05% to about 28.0%, more preferably about 0.1% to about 25.0%, and specifically about 0.15% to about 22.0%. For example, the weight percent of the thickening agent(s), relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 200, is about 0.2% to about 20.0%.

[0059] To control the pH of the composition 100 and / or 200, the composition 100 and / or 200 may also include buffering agents such as organic amines including but not limited to triethanolamine (C6H15NO3), low freeze grade triethanolamine (85% TEA and 15% water), diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, N,N,N',N'- Tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS), Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (TRIS-HCl), ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, ethylene diamine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, DABCO, N-methyl pyrrolidine, N- methylpyrrolidone, quinuclidine, diisoropryopylamine, diisopropylmethylamine, methyl piperidine, N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]glycine, 3-dimethylamino-1 -propanol, or 3- (diethylamino)-1,2, propanediol. The buffering agent may include one or more of the phosphate, potassium, sodium, and / or ammonium salts disclosed in Table 1. For example, the buffering agent may include salts of potassium, sodium, ammonium, phosphate, or citric acid disclosed herein, including but not limited to, monosodium phosphate (MSP), disodium phosphate (DSP), disodium phosphate hydrate(s), trisodium phosphate (TSP), monopotassium phosphate (MKP), dipotassium phosphate (DKP), dipotassium phosphate hydrate(s), tripotassium phosphate, tripotassium phosphate hydrate(s), monoammoniumphosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), triammonium phosphate, triammonium phosphate hydrate(s) ((NH4)3PO4(H2O)xwhere x is about 3), sodium ammonium phosphate (SAP), sodium ammonium phosphate hydrate (SAP-H), monopotassium citrate (KH2C6H5O7), potassium gluconate (C6H11KO7), dipotassium citrate (C6H6K2O7), tripotassium citrate (K3C6H5O7), or tripotassium citrate monohydrate (K3C6H5O7(H2O)1). The buffering agent may also be a strong acid, a weak acid, a strong base, or a weak base.

[0060] The weight percent of the buffering agent(s), relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, is about 0.0008% to about 30.0%, preferably about 0.0016% to about 25.0%, more preferably about 0.0032% to about 20.0%, and specifically about 0.0064% to about 18.0%. For example, the weight percent of the buffering agent(s), relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, is about 0.012% to about 15.0%.

[0061] The weight percent of the buffering agent (s), relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 200, about 0.0008% to about 30.0%, preferably about 0.0016% to about 25.0%, more preferably about 0.0032% to about 20.0%, and specifically about 0.0064% to about 18.0%. For example, the weight percent of the buffering agent(s), relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 200, is about 0.012% to about 15.0%.

[0062] The strong acid and / or weak acid may include but is not limited to monosodium phosphate (MSP), sodium bicarbonate, sodium bisulfate, monosodium dihydrogen orthophosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium bisulfite, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, sulfurous acid, sulfuric acid, hyposulfurous acid, persulfuric acid, pyrosulfuric acid, disulfurous acid, dithionous acid, tetrathionic acid, thiosulfurous acid, hydrosulfuric acid, peroxydisulfuric acid, perchloric acid, hydrochloric acid, hypochlorous acid, chlorous acid, chloric acid, hyponitrous acid, nitrous acid, nitric acid, pemitric acid, carbonous acid, carbonic acid, hypocarbonous acid, percarbonic acid, oxalic acid, acetic acid, pyrophosphoric acid, hydrophosphoric acid, hydrobromic acid, bromous acid, bromic acid, hypobromous acid, hypoiodous acid, iodous acid, iodic acid, periodic acid, hydroiodic acid, hydroselenic acid, selenic acid, selenous acid, hydronitric acid, boric acid, molybdic acid, perxenic acid, silicofluoric acid, telluric acid, tellurous acid, tungstic acid, xenic acid, citric acid, formic acid, pyroantimonic acid, antimonic acid, antimonous acid, silicic acid, titanic acid, arsenic acid, pertechnetic acid, hydroarsenic acid, tetraboric acid, metastannic acid, hypooxalous acid, silicous acid, uranic acid, diuranic acid, malonic acid, tartartic acid,glutamic acid, phthalic acid, azelaic acid, barbituric acid, benzilic acid, cinnamic acid, fumaric acid, glutaric acid, gluconic acid, hexanoic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, oleic acid, folic acid, propiolic acid, propionic acid, rosolic acid, stearic acid, tannic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, uric acid, ascorbic acid, gallic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, acetic acid, or an acidic organic amine.

[0063] The weight percent of the strong acid and / or weak acid, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, is about 0.0008% to about 15.0%, preferably about 0.0016% to about 12.0%, more preferably about 0.0032% to about 10.0%, and specifically about 0.0064% to about 8.0%. For example, the weight percent of the buffering agent(s), relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, is about 0.012% to about 5.0%.

[0064] The weight percent of the strong acid and / or weak acid, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 200, is about 0.0008% to about 15.0%, preferably about 0.0016% to about 12.0%, more preferably about 0.0032% to about 10.0%, and specifically about 0.0064% to about 8.0%. For example, the weight percent of the buffering agent(s), relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 200, is about 0.012% to about 5.0%.

[0065] The strong base and / or weak base may include but is not limited to disodium phosphate (DSP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), disodium phosphate hydrate, dipotassium phosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, trisodium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate, sodium acetate, trisodium citrate, trisodium phosphate, tripotassium phosphate, diammonium citrate, sodium borate, sodium N-Cyclohexyl-2- aminoethanesulfonate, sodium 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-l -piperazineethanesulfonate, sodium N- (2-Acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonate, sodium N-cyclohexyl-3-aminopropanesulfonate, sodium 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonate, sodium 3-[4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazin-l- yl]propane-l -sulfonate, sodium sulfide, zinc chloride hydroxide, magnesium oxychloride, aluminum hydroxide, bismuth oxychloride, beryllium hydroxide, boron hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, cobalt(III) hydroxide, copper(II) hydroxide, gallium(III) hydroxide, gold(III) hydroxide, indium(II) hydroxide, iridium(III) hydroxide, iron(III) hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, molybdenum hydroxide, nickel oxo-hydroxide, nickel(III) hydroxide, osmium(IV) hydroxide, silver hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, technetium(II) hydroxide, thorium hydroxide, tin(IV) hydroxide, titanium(III) hydroxide, tungsten(II)hydroxide, yttrium hydroxide, zirconium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, bismuth(III) hydroxide, cerium(III) hydroxide, chromium(II) hydroxide, cobalt(II) hydroxide, copper(T) hydroxide, gallium(II) hydroxide, gold(T) hydroxide, indium(I) hydroxide, indium(III) hydroxide, iron(II) hydroxide, lanthanum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, neodymium hydroxide, nickel(II) hydroxide, niobium hydroxide, palladium(II) hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, tantalum(V) hydroxide, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, thallium(III) hydroxide, tin(II) hydroxide, titanium(II) hydroxide, titanium(lV) hydroxide, uranyl hydroxide, vanadium(lll) hydroxide, ytterbium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, or a basic organic amine.

[0066] The weight percent of the strong base and / or weak base, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, is about 0.0025% to about 20.0%, preferably about 0.005% to about 18.0%, more preferably about 0.01% to about 15.0%, and specifically about 0.02% to about 12.0%. For example, the weight percent of the strong base and / or weak base, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, is about 0.04% to about 10%.

[0067] The weight percent of the strong base and / or weak base, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 200, is about 0.0025% to about 20.0%, preferably about 0.005% to about 18.0%, more preferably about 0.01% to about 15.0%, and specifically about 0.02% to about 12.0%. For example, the weight percent of the strong base and / or weak base, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 200, is about 0.04% to about 10%.

[0068] In one embodiment, the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200 has a pH of about 4.0 to about 10.0, preferably about 4.1 to about 9.8, more preferably about 4.2 to about9.5, and more preferably about 4.3 to about 9.0. For example, the pH of the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200 may be about 4.4, about 4.5, about 4.6, about 4.7, about 4.8, about 4.9, about 5.0, about 5.1, about 5.2, about 5.3, about 5.4, about 5.5, about 5.6, about 5.7, about 5.8, about 5.9, about 6.0, about 6.1, about 6.2, about 6.3, about 6.4, about6.5, about 6.6, about 6.7, about 6.8, about 6.9, about 7.0, about 7.1, about 7.2, about 7.3, about 7.4, about 7.5, about 7.6, about 7.7, about 7.8, about 7.9, about 8.0, about 8.1, about 8.2, about 8.3, about 8.4, about 8.5, about 8.6, about 8.7, about 8.8, about 8.9, about 9.0, or any value in between 4.4 and 9.0.

[0069] The composition 100 and / or 200 may also include surfactant components including but not limited to a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium 4- dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), modified silicones and emulsions thereof such as, a food grade foam control agent from Ivanhoe Industries Inc. including but not limited to a hydrophobic dispersion in oil (e.g., XFO-880, XFO-884, XFO-893, XFO-270, XFO-280, XFO-399, XFO-501AV, XFO-515B, XFO-809), a 10% active silicone emulsion (e.g., XFO- IOS, XFO-220), a 30% active silicone emulsion (e.g., XFO-30S, XFO-225), a 100% active silicone compound (e.g., XFO-100S), anon-ionic surfactant (e.g., XFO-313, 1-FLO 3K, 1- FLO 6K), anon-ionic surfactant in oil (e.g., XFO-FG2), or a polyol blend (e.g., XFO-635D, XFO-645D, XFO-FD92), a food-grade, silicone emulsion from Dow Chemical (e.g., XIAMETER ACP-1920, XIAMETER AFE-1510, XIAMETER AFE-0010, XIAMETER AFE-1520, XIAMETER AFE-1530, XIAMETER AFE-0300, XIAMETER AFE-0100, XIAMETER ACP-1500), a food-grade, non-silicone defoamer, poloxamers, polyoxyethylene block copolymer surfactant (e.g., Pluronic® L101), fatty alcohols, zwitterionic surfactants, polyglycerol esters, sorbitan esters, lecithins, alkylammonium salts, alkyl phenol ethoxylates, or a combination of the above to reduce surface tension and increase the spreading and wetting properties of the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200.

[0070] The weight percent of the surfactant, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, 0.0008% to about 30.0%, preferably about 0.0016% to about 25.0%, more preferably about 0.0032% to about 20.0%, and specifically about 0.0064% to about 18.0%. For example, the weight percent of the buffering agent(s), relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, is about 0.012% to about 15.0%.

[0071] The weight percent of the surfactant, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 200, 0.0008% to about 30.0%, preferably about 0.0016% to about 25.0%, more preferably about 0.0032% to about 20.0%, and specifically about 0.0064% to about 18.0%. For example, the weight percent of the buffering agent(s), relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 200, is about 0.012% to about 15.0%.

[0072] The composition 100 and / or 200 may also include adjuvants including but not limited to triethanolamine, low freeze grade triethanolamine (85% TEA and 15% water), propylene glycol, propylene carbonate, RJ-7033, RJ-7077, Silwet HS-312, Silwet HS-604, Silwet 625, Silwet 641, Silwet PD, XFO-IOS FG Silicone, XFO-30S FG, KFO 200, poloxamers (i.e. nonionic triblock copolymers composed of a central hydrophobic chain of polyoxypropylene(polypropylene oxide)) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of polyoxyethylene (poly(ethylene oxide))), P104, PE 3100, PE6800, polyethylene glycol, or polypropylene glycol, or a combination of the above.

[0073] The weight percent of the adjuvant, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, 0.0008% to about 30.0%, preferably about 0.0016% to about 25.0%, more preferably about 0.0032% to about 20.0%, and specifically about 0.0064% to about 18.0%. For example, the weight percent of the buffering agent(s), relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, is about 0.012% to about 15.0%.

[0074] The weight percent of the adjuvant, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 200, 0.0008% to about 30.0%, preferably about 0.0016% to about 25.0%, more preferably about 0.0032% to about 20.0%, and specifically about 0.0064% to about 18.0%. For example, the weight percent of the buffering agent(s), relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 200, is about 0.012% to about 15.0%.

[0075] The composition 100 and / or 200 may be uncolored (i.e., clear, natural colored, or free of colorants), or it may be colored using a colorant. The colorant may be a fugitive colorant, a non-fugitive colorant, or a combination of the two. The composition 100 and / or 200 has a first hue which is a color, i.e., either colorless or a color which blends with the normal vegetation and / or ground in the drop zone. This first hue may be grey or white or a combination of the two. The colorant initially colors the composition 100 and / or 200 to a second hue which contrasts with the hue of the ground vegetation. The colorant may be a fugitive component such as a dye or a dye which is dispersed in a matrix (i.e., a pigment), which fades over time and under ambient field conditions to a colorless or less highly colored hue. The colorant may be a mixture of an organic pigment (e.g., a fluorescent pigment) and inorganic pigment (e.g., iron oxide, titania, and / or titanium dioxide). Preferably the colorant is one that is compatible with the fire retardant salts described herein. The fugitive colorant may fade over time with exposure to sunlight. The fugitive colorant may also be a fast fade fugitive colorant that is designed to last a few hours to a few weeks, for example.

[0076] Several fugitive component dyes and pigments can be used as a colorant. The colorant may be a dye(s) and / or a pigment(s). For example, many water-soluble dyes fade rapidly and there are so-called fluorescent pigments (fluorescent dyes encapsulated in a resin integument or dispersed in a thermoplastic as an emulsion) which are suspended in forest fire retardant compositions and which also fade rapidly to provide a fugitive effect. The colorant may be anagricultural, pesticide, or food-grade dye or combinations of such dyes that are red, pink, claret, and / or cerise. Examples of fugitive dyes and pigments include, but are not limited to, C.T. Basic Red T dye, 6BL dye, Basic Violet IT dye, C.T. Basic Violet 11:1 (tetrachlorozincate), C.I. Basic Red 1:1, Basic Yellow 40, acid fuchsin, basic fuchsin, new fuchsin, acid red 1, acid red 4, acid red 8, acid red 18, acid red 27, acid red 37, acid red 88, acid red 97, acid red 114, acid red 151, acid red 183, acid red 183, fast red violet IB base, solvent red, Rhodamine B, Rhodamine 6G, Rhodamine 123, Rhodamine 110 chloride, erythrosine B, Basacryl red, Phloxine B, rose Bengal, direct red 80, direct red 80, Sudan red 7B, Congo red, neutral red, Fluorescent Red Mega 480, Fluorescent red 610, Fluorescent red 630, Fluorescent Red Mega 520, Pylaklor Red S-361, Pylaklor Scarlet LX-6364A Pylam Bright Red LX-1895 Pylam Coral LX-1801, FD&C Red #3, FD&C Red #4, FD&C Red #40, FD&C Red #4 Lake, D&C Red #33, D&C Red #33 Lake, and encapsulated-dye pigments which are available commercially, e.g., the “AX” series pigments, supplied by Day-Glo Color Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. The dye may be Liquitint 564 (1=564 nm) or Liquitint Agro Pink 564 (1=564 nm) from Milliken & Company (Spartanburg, SC). The colorant may also be an organic pigment such as a fluorescent pigment. The fluorescent pigment may be Day- Glo Aurora pink or another pink, red, orange, or crimson (or a combination of the four) fluorescent pigment dispersion. The fluorescent pigment may be UV sensitive and / or be substantially free of formaldehyde and / or have a Lab color spacing of “L” in a range from about 34 to about 89, “a” in a range from about 18 to about 83, and “b” in a range from about -61 to about 56, based on the International Commission of Illumination LAB color space model.

[0077] The colorant may be a colorant from Greenville Colorants (New Brunswick, NJ) or Milliken & Company (Spartanburg, SC). For example, the colorant is a colorant that is compatible for use with the fire retardant salts described herein, such as colorants used in magnesium chloride dust-control and road-stabilization formulations, or in magnesium chloride de-icing formulations. The colorant may be Elcomine Scarlet NAS, Elcomine ScarlaetNAS EX, or Iron Oxide GC-110P from Greenville Colorants. The colorant may be a combination of Liquitint 564 and Iron Oxide GC-110P.

[0078] The colorant of the composition 100 and / or 200 may be a dye or include encapsulated-dye fugitive pigments without ultraviolet absorbers. Compared to water soluble dyes, encapsulated-dye pigments are less likely to permanently stain the normal vegetation and / or ground in the drop zone. The fugitive component is present in an amount whichprovides a color (second hues) to the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200 which is contrasts with the color of the vegetation and / or ground in the drop zone (normally green, blue-green and / or brown). Advantageously, the second hue is red, orange or pink. The color of the dye may be red, orange, purple, or pink or any combination of the four. Preferably, the dye is one that is compatible with the fire retardant salts described herein. Alternatively, the composition 100 and / or 200 may be colorless if no colorant is added.

[0079] The colorant may also include a non-fugitive component, i.e., a component which is insoluble in the carrier liquid and which, if colored, does not necessarily fade after aerial application of the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200. The non-fugitive component of the colorant is present in an amount sufficient to improve the aerial visibility of the composition when it is first applied to the vegetation. However, the non-fugitive component is present in less than an amount which prevents the composition from thereafter fading a neutral color. The colorant may be a combination of the fugitive and non-fugitive components. The non-fugitive component in the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200 may be iron oxide (Fe2O3and / or Fe3O4). The iron oxide may be present in combination with the fugitive colorant described above and titanium dioxide or it may be present alone. The weight of the non-fugitive colorant may contain a minimum of at least 12 grams of the non-fugitive colorant in accordance with Specification 5100-304d (January 7, 2020), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirely.

[0080] The weight percent of colorant (e.g., fluorescent pigment), relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, is about 0.002% to about 15.0%, preferably about 0.01% to about 12.0%, more preferably about 0.02% to about 10.0%, and more specifically about 0.04% to about 8.0%. For example, the weight percent of colorant, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, is about 0.08% to about 5.0%.

[0081] The weight percent of colorant (e.g., fluorescent pigment), relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 200, is about 0.002% to about 15.0%, preferably about 0.01% to about 12.0%, more preferably about 0.02% to about 10.0%, and more specifically about 0.04% to about 8.0%. For example, the weight percent of colorant, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, is about 0.08% to about 5.0%.

[0082] The composition 100 and / or 200 may also include an inorganic pigment. The inorganic pigment may act as a colorant. The inorganic pigment may include but is not limited to Iron Oxide, titanium dioxide, magnesium hydroxide, cobalt blue, cerulean blue, malachite, earth green, raw umber, raw sienna, iron black, or burnt sienna. The Iron Oxide may act as an opacifier. The titanium dioxide may act as a pigment, for example, to provide a white pigment. The titanium dioxide may also act as a photo-responsive material to create opacity by scattering light or by protecting the components of the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200 from UV degradation.

[0083] The weight percent of inorganic pigment, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, is about 0.001% to about 15.0%, preferably about 0.002% to about 12.0%, more preferably about 0.005% to about 10.0%, and more specifically about 0.01% to about 8.0%. For example, the weight percent of colorant, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, is about 0.02% to about 5.0%.

[0084] The weight percent of inorganic pigment, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 200, is about 0.001% to about 15.0%, preferably about 0.002% to about 12.0%, more preferably about 0.005% to about 10.0%, and more specifically about 0.01% to about 8.0%. For example, the weight percent of colorant, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, is about 0.02% to about 5.0%.

[0085] The weight percent of total colorant, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, is about 0.01% to about 20.0%, preferably about 0.02% to about 15.0%, more preferably about 0.03% to about 12.0%, and more specifically about 0.04% to about 10.0%. For example, the weight percent of total colorant, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, is about 0.05% to about 8.0%.

[0086] The weight percent of total colorant, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 200, is about 0.01% to about 20.0%, preferably about 0.02% to about 15.0%, more preferably about 0.03% to about 12.0%, and more specifically about 0.04% to about 10.0%. For example, the weight percent of total colorant, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100, is about 0.05% to about 8.0%.

[0087] The composition 100 and / or 200 may also include a glow-in-the-dark additive. The glow-in-the-dark additive improves the visibility of the fire retardant composition during periods of darkness. Nighttime visibility of the composition is improved, for example, to the naked human eye and / or using imaging equipment such as goggles. The glow-in-the-darkadditive may include one or more of a fluorescent or phosphorescent material. The glow-in- the-dark additive can include one or more phosphorescent additives that imparts photoluminescence properties to the forest fire retardant composition 100 and / or 200. The phosphorescent additive may exhibit fluorescence and / or phosphorescence. The phosphorescent additive may be charged with sunlight or artificial lighting, such as UV radiation or Fluorescent lighting. The phosphorescent additive may emit light in the visible light region or in the ultraviolet region. Alternatively, the phosphorescent additive may emit light in the near infrared region and be visualized using infrared goggles. Examples of the phosphorescent additive include LumiNova, LumiNova Green (G), LumiNova G PS-2, LumiNova Blue Green (BG), a zinc sulfide pigment, doped zinc oxide, doped calcium sulfide, strontium aluminate, or mixtures thereof. The amount of the glow-in-the-dark additive, relative to the amount of composition 100 and / or 200 is about 100g / 1000L to about 1000g / 1000L, preferably about 200g / 1000L to about 800g / 1000L, and more preferably about 300g / 1000L to about 700g / 1000L. For example, the amount of the glow-in-the-dark additive, relative to the amount of composition 100 and / or 200 is about 350g / 1000L to about 550g / 1000L.

[0088] The glow-in the-dark additive may also include one or more fluorophores. The fluorophore(s) may exhibit fluorescence and / or phosphorescence. The fluorophore(s) may be visible in the near infrared region (i.e., 700 nm- 1700 nm wavelength of light).Visualization can be achieved using near infrared goggles. Examples of fluorophores include CH1055 (4.8-Bis(2-(4-(bis(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenyl)amino)phenyl)-5H- [l,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-f]benzo[c][l,2,5]thiadiazole), as well as Cy7 or Cy7.5, or mixtures thereof. Glow-in-the-dark additives that exhibit fluorescence include fluorescent pigments described above.

[0089] The composition 100 and / or 200 may optionally include other ingredients, such as spoilage inhibitors, anti-caking agents, flow conditioners, anti-foaming agents, foaming agents, stability additives, biocide, thickening agents, surfactants, adjuvants, corrosion inhibitors other than those of the corrosion inhibiting system, opacifiers, additional coloring agents, liquid carrier, dedusters, and water. The deduster may include an oil, for example mineral oil. The weight percent of mineral oil, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100 and / or 200, is about 0.1% to about 2.5%, preferably about 0.2% to about 2.25%, more preferably about 0.3% to about 2.0%, and more specifically about0.4% to about 1.75%. For example, the weight percent of mineral oil, relative to the amount of the retardant compound in the composition 100 and / or 200, is about 0.5% to about 1.5%.

[0090] Formation of the Dry Concentrate 101

[0091] The dry components of the forest fire retardant composition 100 are batch mixed in a tumbler to form a dry concentrate 101. Alternatively, the dry components may be continuously mixed. In one embodiment the organic amine (e.g., triethanolamine), corrosion inhibitor, and water may be added as a pack to the dry concentrate 101. The pack may include water to assist with mixing the components of the dry concentrate. In another embodiment the pack may also include the colorant. In another embodiment the salt(s) may be mixed with water and then dehydrated before being added to the dry concentrate 101. The resulting dehydrated salt mixture may include a mixture of sodium ammonium hydrates including sodium ammonium tetrahydrate, for example. The dry concentrate 101 is then stored, substantially in the absence of air and / or external moisture, in a sealed bag having a plastic liner and / or moisture barrier. For example, each sealed bag can contain about 2,000 pounds of the dry concentrate 101 during storage and shipment to the point of use (e.g., airfield). Alternatively, the dry concentrate 101 may be stored in lined one-ton tote sacks or super sacks. Air-sealed bags with a plastic liner supplied by Semi-Bulk Systems Inc. (St. Louis, MO) can be used. Alternatively, an air-permeable moisture barrier can be used, such as a barrier made of a silicone material. The dry concentrate 101 is substantially free of water. The dry concentrate 101 is chemically stable under normal temperatures and pressures. The dry concentrate 101 should be protected from exposure to humidity and moisture on moisture-proof air pallets or under a water-resistant tarp during storage. The dry concentrate 101 may be supplied as part of a kit that includes a sealed container substantially in the absence of air and / or external moisture (e.g., air-sealed bag, air-permeable moisture sealed bag, tote sack, super sack) and instructions for using the dry concentrate 101 to form the final diluted product 103 (described below). In the case where the final diluted product 103 is to be applied on a localized scale by homeowners or local officials, for example, the kit may contain a tank for mixing and applying the final diluted product 103 (e.g., a 1-2 gallon handheld or 4 gallon backpack or 5 gallon cart-style container with an applicator wand and / or hose, or a 15-25 gallon tank capable of being mounted on or pulled behind an all-terrain vehicle or truck), and instructions for using the dry concentrate 101 to form and apply the final diluted product 103.

[0092] Forming the Intermediate Liquid Concentrate 102

[0093] The liquid concentrate 102 may be formed by the addition of water or other solvent to the dry concentrate 101. The water may be tap water or water from other convenient water sources. Alternatively, the liquid concentrate 102 may be formed upon absorption of moisture by the dry concentrate 101 if the dry concentrate 101 is deliquescent.

[0094] The dry concentrate 101 is first mixed to disperse the thickening agent(s) in the dry blend before any liquid additions. The dry concentrate 101 is agitated to prevent clumping of the dry components when batch mixed with water or other solvent to form the liquid concentrate 102. Alternatively, the liquid concentrate 102 may be prepared using continuous mixing equipment. Alternatively, the water or other solvent may be added by spraying onto a ribbon of well-mixed dry ingredients. For example, the water or other solvent could be sprayed onto the dry components while traveling across a conveyor belt. Once mixed, the liquid concentrate 102 is then stored, substantially in the absence of air, in a sealed container. For example, the sealed container for storage and shipment to the point of use (e.g., airfield) may be a 1,000 L tote, a 5-gallon pail or a 55-gallon drum. The liquid concentrate 102 is chemically stable under normal temperatures and pressures.

[0095] The liquid concentrate 102 may be supplied as part of a kit that includes a sealed container for storage and shipment substantially in the absence of air and / or external moisture (e.g., 1,000 L tote, a 5-gallon pail or a 55-gallon drum) and instructions for using the liquid concentrate 102 to form the final diluted product 103 (described below). In the case where the final diluted product 103 is to be applied on a localized scale by homeowners or local officials, for example, the kit may contain a tank for mixing and applying the final diluted product 103 (e.g., a 1-2 gallon hand-held or 4 gallon backpack or 5 gallon cart-style container with an applicator wand and / or hose, or a 15-25 gallon tank capable of being mounted on or pulled behind an all-terrain vehicle or truck), and instructions for using the liquid concentrate 102 to form and apply the final diluted product 103.

[0096] Forming the Final Diluted Product 103

[0097] The final diluted product 103 is formed either directly from the dry concentrate 101 by mixing the dry concentrate 101 with water or by mixing the liquid concentrate 102 with water. The dry concentrate 101 or the liquid concentrate 102 is shipped to the point of use (e.g., airfield), where it is diluted with water or other solvent to form the final diluted product 103. The dry concentrate 101 is added slowly into room temperature (or cooler) water withstirring. The water may be tap water or water from other convenient water sources. The product is mixed using the current mixing equipment available to the USFS.

[0098] The reaction exhibits a low exotherm and a good mix ratio. The product is stirred for about 2-30 minutes depending on the mixing technology and the scale. The final diluted product 103 can also be prepared on a commercial batch scale by combining the dry concentrate 101 with a measured amount of water in an appropriate mix vessel such as an agitated mix tank. Alternatively, the final diluted product 103 may be prepared on a commercial batch scale using continuous mixing equipment. The rate of addition of solid concentrate to water should be controlled to assure efficient mixing of the concentrate and the water. Alternately, a continuous process may be conducted by introducing the dry concentrate 101 into a water stream via a vacuum eductor system. Downstream mixing should be accomplished to avoid product settling in the receiving tank, or the receiving tank itself should be vigorously circulated to facilitate solution and adequate hydration of the dry concentrate 101.

[0099] The final diluted composition 103 can also be batch mixed by feeding the dry concentrate 101 into a well-circulated mix-batch tank. Alternatively, the final diluted composition 103 may be mixed using continuous mixing equipment. Mix tank agitation may be provided via an overhead mechanical stirring apparatus or alternatively by a circulation pump sized to provide turbulent mixing. Alternatively, a venturi-type vacuum eductor mixer or an in-line high-shear mixer can be used. For batch mixing, the mix water is agitated or circulated to provide efficient mixing, then a one-ton sack of dry concentrate 101 is added slowly, typically by suspending the sack over the mix tank (via a fork lift or by other manner), and opening the discharge spout on the sack to allow product to flow out of the sack into the mix solution. The addition rate should be controlled to avoid settling of the solid concentrate in the mix tank. The final diluted product 103 is in a form suitable to fight forest fires via aerial- or ground-based application.

[0100] The dry concentrate 101 may be diluted with water so that the final diluted product 103 has a retardant compound (e.g. organic compound and salt) weight percent of about 4% to about 30%, preferably about 5% to about 25%, more preferably about 6% to about 23%, and particularly about 7% to about 20%.

[0101] The dry concentrate 101 may be diluted with water so that the final diluted product103 has an organic compound weight percent of about 0.25% to about 30%, preferably about0.5% to about 25%, more preferably about 0.75% to about 20%, and particularly about 1% to about 15%. In one embodiment, the dry concentrate 101 may be diluted with water so that the final diluted product 103 has an organic compound weight percent of about 0.5% to about 6.0%, preferably about 0.75% to about 5.5%, more preferably about 1.0% to about 5.0%, more preferably about 1.5% to about 4.5%. In another embodiment, the dry concentrate 101 may be diluted with water so that the final diluted product 103 has an organic compound weight percent of about 6.0% to about 15%, preferably about 6.5% to about 14%, more preferably about 7.0% to about 12%, and more preferably about 7.5% to about 10.0%.

[0102] The dry concentrate 101 may be diluted with water so that the final diluted product 103 has a salt weight percent of about 0.25% to about 30%, preferably about 0.5% to about 25%, more preferably about 0.75% to about 20%, and particularly about 1% to about 15%. In one embodiment, the dry concentrate 101 may be diluted with water so that the final diluted product 103 has a salt weight percent of about 0.05% to about 6.0%, preferably about 0.075% to about 5.5%, more preferably about 0.1% to about 5.2%, more preferably about 0.2% to about 5.0%, more preferably about 0.3% to about 4.8%. In another embodiment, the dry concentrate 101 may be diluted with water so that the final diluted product 103 has a salt weight percent of about 6.0% to about 15%, preferably about 6.5% to about 14%, more preferably about 7.0% to about 13%, and more preferably about 7.5% to about 12.0%.

[0103] The liquid concentrate 102 may be diluted with water so that the final diluted product 103 has a retardant compound (e.g. organic compound and salt) weight percent of about 4% to about 30%, preferably about 5% to about 25%, more preferably about 6% to about 23%, and particularly about 7% to about 20%.

[0104] The liquid concentrate 102 may be diluted with water so that the final diluted product 103 has an organic compound weight percent of about 0.25% to about 30%, preferably about 0.5% to about 25%, more preferably about 0.75% to about 20%, and particularly about 1% to about 15%. In one embodiment, the liquid concentrate 102 may be diluted with water so that the final diluted product 103 has an organic compound weight percent of about 0.5% to about 6.0%, preferably about 0.75% to about 5.5%, more preferably about 1.0% to about 5.0%, more preferably about 1.5% to about 4.5%. In another embodiment, the liquid concentrate 102 may be diluted with water so that the final diluted product 103 has an organic compound weight percent of about 6.0% to about 15%, preferably about 6.5% to about 14%, more preferably about 7.0% to about 12%, and more preferably about 7.5% to about 10.0%.

[0105] The liquid concentrate 102 may be diluted with water so that the final diluted product 103 has a salt weight percent of about 0.25% to about 30%, preferably about 0.5% to about 25%, more preferably about 0.75% to about 20%, and particularly about 1 % to about 15%. Tn one embodiment, the liquid concentrate 102 may be diluted with water so that the final diluted product 103 has a salt weight percent of about 0.05% to about 6.0%, preferably about 0.075% to about 5.5%, more preferably about 0.1% to about 5.2%, more preferably about 0.2% to about 5.0%, more preferably about 0.3% to about 4.8%. In another embodiment, the liquid concentrate 102 may be diluted with water so that the final diluted product 103 has a salt weight percent of about 6.0% to about 15%, preferably about 6.5% to about 14%, more preferably about 7.0% to about 13%, and more preferably about 7.5% to about 12.0%.

[0106] The final diluted product 103 is a long-term forest fire retardant with improved aerial visibility for either a direct or indirect attack. The resulting final diluted product 103 is an opaque reddish and / or pinkish and / or orangish suspension that resists settling. The final diluted product 103 should be mixed approximately every 7-10 days to ensure uniform density. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 can be adjusted to accommodate a variety of aircrafts by adjusting the amounts of thickening agent(s) added to the mixture. The final diluted product 103 may be a low, medium, or high viscosity long term retardant. The viscosity may be in the range of 150-400 cP, 401 cP to 800 cP, or >801 cP, for a low, medium, or high viscosity long term retardant, respectively. The final diluted product 103 may alternatively be a high viscosity long term retardant through the addition of more thickening agent. Alternatively, the final diluted product 103 may be a low viscosity long term retardant through the use of less thickening agent. Once blended with water, the final diluted product 103 is a homogeneous, stable fluid that requires only infrequent stirring. The final diluted product 103 is hydrated into a stable mixture in 20 minutes, without the use of special equipment.

[0107] Forming the Liquid Concentrate 201

[0108] The components of the forest fire retardant composition 200 are batch mixed to form a liquid concentrate 201. Alternatively, the forest fire retardant composition 200 may be mixed using continuous mixing equipment. The mixing should be controlled to ensure that all of the dry components are adequately dispersed to ensure that the formulation is maintained. The water in the liquid concentrate 201 may be tap water or water from other convenient water sources. The liquid concentrate 201 is chemically stable under normal temperatures and pressures. Once mixed, the liquid concentrate 201 is then stored, substantially in the absenceof air and / or external moisture, in a sealed container. The liquid concentrate 201 should be protected from exposure to humidity and moisture. For example, the sealed container for storage and shipment to the point of use (e.g., airfield) may be a 1,000 L tote, a 5-gallon pail or a 55-gallon drum. The liquid concentrate 201 is chemically stable under normal temperatures and pressures.

[0109] The liquid concentrate 201 may be supplied as part of a kit that includes a sealed container for storage and shipment, substantially in the absence of air and / or external moisture, (e.g., 1,000 L tote, a 5-gallon pail or a 55-gallon drum) and instructions for using the liquid concentrate 201 to form the final diluted product 202 (described below). Air-sealed bags with a plastic liner supplied by Semi-Bulk Systems Inc. (St. Louis, MO) can be used. Alternatively, an air-permeable moisture barrier can be used, such as a barrier made of a silicone material. In the case where the final diluted product 202 is to be applied on a localized scale by homeowners or local officials, for example, the kit may contain a tank for mixing and applying the final diluted product 202 (e.g., a 1-2 gallon hand-held or 4 gallon backpack or 5 gallon cart-style container with an applicator wand and / or hose, or a 15-25 gallon tank capable of being mounted on or pulled behind an all-terrain vehicle or truck), and instructions for using the liquid concentrate 201 to form and apply the final diluted product 202.

[0110] Forming the Final Diluted Product 202

[0111] The final diluted product 202 is formed by mixing the liquid concentrate 201 with water. The liquid concentrate 201 is shipped to the point of use (e.g., airfield), where it is diluted with water or other solvent to form the final diluted product 202. The water may be tap water or water from other convenient water sources. The product is mixed using the current mixing equipment available to the USFS. The liquid concentrate 201 is very miscible in water and special mixing precautions are not necessary other than to limit splash escaping the mixing vessel. The tank contents should be circulated via a centrifugal pump or another stirring means to ensure uniform mixing.

[0112] The reaction has a low exotherm and a good mix ratio. The product is stirred for about 20-30 minutes before being allowed to stand to develop a stable viscosity and ensure a uniform mixture. The final diluted product 202 can also be prepared on a commercial batch scale by combining the liquid concentrate 201 with a measured amount of water in an appropriate mix vessel such as an agitated mix tank. Alternatively, the final dilutedcomposition 202 may be prepared on a commercial batch scale using continuous mixing equipment. The rate of addition of liquid concentrate to water should be controlled to assure efficient mixing of the concentrate and the water. The final diluted product 202 forms a stable suspension and should be stirred after standing to eliminate any settling of the components.

[0113] The final diluted composition 202 can also be batch mixed by feeding the liquid concentrate 201 into a well-circulated mix-batch tank. Alternatively, the final diluted composition 202 may be mixed using continuous mixing equipment. Mix tank agitation may be provided via an overhead mechanical stirring apparatus or alternatively by a circulation pump sized to provide turbulent mixing. Alternatively, a venturi-type vacuum eductor mixer or an in-line high-shear mixer can be used. The final diluted product 202 is in a form suitable to fight forest fires via aerial- or ground-based application.

[0114] In the final diluted product 202, the weight percent of retardant compound (e.g., organic compound and salt) is about 4% to about 30%, preferably about 5% to about 25%, more preferably about 6% to about 23%, and particularly about 7% to about 20%. For example, the concentration of retardant compound (e.g., organic compound and salt) in final diluted product 202 is about 8% to about 18%, and specifically about 8.5% ±2% to about16% ±2%.

[0115] In the final diluted product 202, the weight percent of the organic compound relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202 is about 0.25% to about 30%, preferably about 0.5% to about 25%, more preferably about 0.75% to about 20%, and particularly about 1% to about 15%. In one embodiment, the weight percent of the organic compound relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202 is about 0.5% to about 6.0%, preferably about 0.75% to about 5.5%, more preferably about 1.0% to about 5.0%, more preferably about 1.5% to about 4.5%. In another embodiment, the weight percent of the organic compound relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202 is about 6.0% to about 15%, preferably about 6.5% to about 14%, more preferably about 7.0% to about 12%, and more preferably about 7.5% to about 10.0%.

[0116] In the final diluted product 202, the weight percent of the salt relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202 is about 0.25% to about 30%, preferably about 0.5% to about 25%, more preferably about 0.75% to about 20%, and particularly about 1% to about 15%. In one embodiment, the weight percent of the salt relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202 is about 0.05% to about 6.0%, preferably about 0.075% to about 5.5%,more preferably about 0.1% to about 5.2%, more preferably about 0.2% to about 5.0%, more preferably about 0.3% to about 4.8%. In another embodiment, the weight percent of the salt relative to the total weight of the final diluted product 202 is about 6.0% to about 15%, preferably about 6.5% to about 14%, more preferably about 7.0% to about 13%, and more preferably about 7.5% to about 12.0%.

[0117] The final diluted product 202 is a long-term forest fire retardant with improved aerial visibility for either a direct or indirect attack. The resulting final diluted product 202 is an opaque pink or red-purple suspension that resists settling. The final diluted product 202 should be mixed approximately every 7-10 days to ensure uniform density. The viscosity of the final diluted product 202 can be adjusted to accommodate a variety of aircrafts by adjusting the amounts of thickening agent(s) added to the mixture. The final diluted product 202 may be a may be a low, medium, or high viscosity long term retardant. The viscosity may be in the range of 150-400 cP, 401 cP to 800 cP, or >801 cP, for a low, medium, or high viscosity long term retardant, respectively. Once blended with water, the final diluted product 202 is a homogeneous, stable fluid that requires only infrequent stirring. The final diluted product 202 is hydrated into a stable mixture in 20 minutes, without the use of special equipment.

[0118] Examples

[0119] Example 1

[0120] In Example 1, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 2 below. The values in Table 2 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or ± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0121] In Example 1, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.01 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 1 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 3 below. The values in Table 3 can be varied by ±0.01 %, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1 %, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 1 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 16%, more preferably about 8% to 14%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 1 final diluted product 103 is about 10.2%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 1 final diluted product 103 is about 1% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 2% to 12%, more preferably about 3% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 1 final diluted product 103 is about 5.1 %±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 1 final diluted product 103 is about 1% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 2% to 12%, more preferably about 3% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 1 final diluted product 103 is about 5.0%±1.0%.

[0122] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 1 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 1 may be in the range of about 4.5 to about 5.5, for example about 5.08. The viscosity of the finaldiluted product 103 of Example 1 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 350 cP, for example about 259 cP.

[0123] Example 2

[0124] In Example 2, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 4 below. The values in Table 4 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0125] In Example 2, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.32 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 2 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 5 below. The values in Table 5 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 2 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 2 final diluted product 103 is about 13.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 2 final diluted product 103 is about 4% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 5% to 20%, more preferably about 6% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 2 final diluted product 103 is about 10.3%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 2 final diluted product 103 is about 0.5% to 15% by weight in water, preferablyabout 1.0% to 12%, more preferably about 1.5% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 2 final diluted product 103 is about 2.6%±1.0%.

[0126] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 2 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 2 may be in the range of about 4.5 to about 5.5, for example about 4.78. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 2 may be in the range of about 250 cP to about 350 cP, for example about 297 cP.

[0127] Example 3

[0128] In Example 3, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 6 below. The values in Table 6 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0129] In Example 3, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.59 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 3 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 7 below. The values in Table 7 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 3 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 3 final diluted product 103 is about 15.4%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 3 final diluted product 103 is about 4% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 5% to 20%, more preferably about 6% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 3 final diluted product 103 is about 10.3%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 3 final diluted product 103 is about 1% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 2% to 12%, more preferably about 3% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 3 final diluted product 103 is about 5.0%±1.0%.

[0130] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 3 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 3 maybe in the range of about 5.5 to about 6.5, for example about 6.24. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 3 may be in the range of about 250 cP to about 350 cP, for example about 285 cP.

[0131] Example 4

[0132] In Example 4, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 8 below. The values in Table 8 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0133] In Example 4, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.0 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 4 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 9 below. The values in Table 9 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 4 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 18%, more preferably about 8% to 16%. For example, the weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 4 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 4 final diluted product 103 is about 0%±l .0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 4 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 20% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 18%, more preferably about 8% to 16%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 4 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%.

[0134]

[0135] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 4 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL, for example about 1.0 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 4 may be in the range of about 7.5 to about 8.5, for example about 8.2. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 4 may be in the range of about 150 cP to about 250 cP, for example about 194 cP.

[0136] Example s

[0137] In Example 5, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 10 below. The values in Table 10 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0138] In Example 5, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.11 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 5 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 11 below. The values in Table 11 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 5 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 5 final diluted product 103 is about 11.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 5 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 5 final diluted product 103 is about 1.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 5 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 5 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%.

[0139] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 5 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 5 may be in the range of about 5.0 to about 6.0, for example about 5.7. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 5 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 244 cP.

[0140] Example 6

[0141] In Example 6, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 12 below. The values in Table 12 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or ± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0142] Tn Example 6, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.57 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 6 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 13 below. The values in Table 13 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 6 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 6 final diluted product 103 is about 15.2%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 6 final diluted product 103 is about 1% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 2% to 12%, more preferably about 3% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 6 final diluted product 103 is about 5.1%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 6 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 6 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%.

[0143] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 6 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 6 may be in the range of about 5.0 to about 6.0, for example about 5.29. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 6 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 266 cP.

[0144] Example 7

[0145] In Example 7, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 14 below. The values in Table 14 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0146] In Example 7, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.23 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 7 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 15 below. The values in Table 15 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 7 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 7 final diluted product 103 is about 12.2%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 7 final diluted product 103 is about 1% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 2% to 12%, more preferably about 3% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 7 final diluted product 103 is about 5.1%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 7 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 7 final diluted product 103 is about 7.0%±1.0%.

[0147] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 7 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 7 may be in the range of about 5.0 to about 6.0, for example about 5.25. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 7 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 250 cP.

[0148] Example 8

[0149] In Example 8, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 16 below. The values in Table 16 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0150] In Example 8, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.10 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 8 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 17 below. The values in Table 17 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 8 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 8 final diluted product 103 is about 11.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 8 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 8 final diluted product 103 is about 1.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 8 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 8 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%.

[0151] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 8 may be in the range of about 0.7 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.1 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 8 may be in the range of about 6.0 to about 7.0, for example about 6.53. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 8 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 250 cP.

[0152] Example 9

[0153] In Example 9, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 18 below. The values in Table 18 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0154] In Example 9, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.45 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 9 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 19 below. The values in Table 19 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 9 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic in the Example 9 final diluted product 103 is about 14.2%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 9 final diluted product 103 is about 1% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 2% to 12%, more preferably about 3% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 9 final diluted product 103 is about 5.1 %±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 9 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 9 final diluted product 103 is about 9.0%±1.0%.

[0155] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 9 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 9 may be in the range of about 5.0 to about 6.0, for example about 5.21. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 9 may be in the range of about 250 cP to about 350 cP, for example about 271 cP.

[0156] Example 10

[0157] In Example 10, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 20 below. The values in Table 20 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0158] In Example 10, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.00 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 10 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 21 below. The values in Table 21 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 10 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic in the Example 10 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 10 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 10 final diluted product 103 is about 1.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 10 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 10 final diluted product 103 is about 9.0%±1.0%.

[0159] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 10 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 10 may be in the range of about 5.0 to about 6.0, for example about 5.61. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 10 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 234 cP.

[0160] Example 11

[0161] In Example 11, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 22 below. The values in Table 22 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0162] In Example 11, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.10 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 11 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 23 below. The values in Table 23 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 11 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic in the Example 11 final diluted product 103 is about 11.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 11 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 11 final diluted product 103 is about 2.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 11 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 11 final diluted product 103 is about 9.0%±1.0%.

[0163] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 11 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 11 may be in the range of about 6.0 to about 7.0, for example about 6.47. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 11 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 262 cP.

[0164] Example 12

[0165] In Example 12, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 24 below. The values in Table 24 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0166] In Example 12, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.09 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 12 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 25 below. The values in Table 25 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 12 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic in the Example 12 final diluted product 103 is about 11.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 12 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 12 final diluted product 103 is about 1.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 12 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 12 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%.

[0167] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 12 may be in the range of about 0.7 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.0 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 12 may be in the range of about 6.5 to about 7.5, for example about 6.76. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 12 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 236 cP.

[0168] Example 13

[0169] In Example 13, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 26 below. The values in Table 26 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0170] In Example 13, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.10 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 13 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 27 below. The values in Table 27 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 13 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic in the Example 13 final diluted product 103 is about 11.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 13 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 13 final diluted product 103 is about 1.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 13 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 13 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%.

[0171] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 13 may be in the range of about 0.7 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.0 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 13 may be in the range of about 5.5 to about 6.5, for example about 5.89. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 13 may be in the range of about 250 cP to about 350 cP, for example about 273 cP.

[0172] Example 14

[0173] In Example 14, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 28 below. The values in Table 28 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0174] In Example 14, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.29 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 14 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 29 below. The values in Table 29 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 14 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic in the Example 14 final diluted product 103 is about 11.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 14 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 14 final diluted product 103 is about 1.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 14 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 14 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%.

[0175] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 14 may be in the range of about 0.7 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.0 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 14 may be in the range of about 5.5 to about 6.5, for example about 6.11. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 14 may be in the range of about 550 cP to about 650 cP, for example about 590 cP.

[0176] Example 15

[0177] In Example 15, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 30 below. The values in Table 30 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0178] In Example 15, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.12 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 15 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 31 below. The values in Table 31 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 15 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic in the Example 15 final diluted product 103 is about 11.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 15 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 15 final diluted product 103 is about 1.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 15 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 15 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%.

[0179] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 15 may be in the range of about 0.7 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.0 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 15 may be in the range of about 5.5 to about 6.5, for example about 5.87. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 15 may be in the range of about 150 cP to about 250 cP, for example about 203 cP.

[0180] Example 16

[0181] In Example 16, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 32 below. The values in Table 32 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0182] In Example 16, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.20 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 16 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 33 below. The values in Table 33 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 16 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic in the Example 16 final diluted product 103 is about 11.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 16 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 16 final diluted product 103 is about 1.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 16 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 16 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%.

[0183] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 16 may be in the range of about 0.7 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.0 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 16 may be in the range of about 5.5 to about 6.5, for example about 6.05. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 16 may be in the range of about 400 cP to about 500 cP, for example about 423 cP.

[0184] Example 17

[0185] In Example 17, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 34 below. The values in Table 34 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0186] In Example 17, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.11 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 17 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 35 below. The values in Table 35 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 17 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic in the Example 17 final diluted product 103 is about 11.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 17 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 17 final diluted product 103 is about 1.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 17 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 17 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%.

[0187] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 17 may be in the range of about 0.7 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.0 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 17 may be in the range of about 5.5 to about 6.5, for example about 5.96. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 17 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 228 cP.

[0188] Example 18

[0189] In Example 18, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 36 below. The values in Table 36 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or ± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0190] Tn Example 18, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.57 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 18 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 37 below. The values in Table 37 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 18 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 18 final diluted product 103 is about 15.18%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 18 final diluted product 103 is about 1% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 2% to 12%, more preferably about 3% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 18 final diluted product 103 is about 5.1%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 18 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 18 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%.

[0191] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 18 may be in the range of about 0.7 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.0 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 18 may be in the range of about 5.0 to about 6.0, for example about 5.40. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 18 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 235 cP.

[0192] Example 19

[0193] In Example 19, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 38 below. The values in Table 38 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0194] In Example 19, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.01 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 19 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 39 below. The values in Table 39 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 19 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 19 final diluted product 103 is about 10.18%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 19 final diluted product 103 is about 1% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 2% to 12%, more preferably about 3% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 19 final diluted product 103 is about 5.1%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 19 final diluted product 103 is about 1% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 2% to 12%, more preferably about 3% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 19 final diluted product 103 is about 5.0%±1.0%.

[0195] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 19 may be in the range of about 0.7 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.0 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 19 may be in the range of about 5.0 to about 6.0, for example about 5.36. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 19 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 246 cP.

[0196] Example 20

[0197] In Example 20, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 40 below. The values in Table 40 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0198] In Example 20, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.10 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 20 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 41 below. The values in Table 41 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 20 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 20 final diluted product 103 is about 11.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 20 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 20 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 20 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 20 final diluted product 103 is about 1.0%±1.0%.

[0199] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 20 may be in the range of about 0.7 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.0 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 20 may be in the range of about 4.5 to about 5.5, for example about 5.07. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 20 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 259 cP.

[0200] Example 21

[0201] In Example 21, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 42 below. The values in Table 42 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0202] In Example 21, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 0.95 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 21 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 43 below. The values in Table 43 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 21 final diluted product 103 is about 4% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 5% to 23%, more preferably about 6% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 21 final diluted product 103 is about 9.6%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 21 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 23%, more preferably about 5% to 20%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 21 final diluted product 103 is about 8.6%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 21 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 21 final diluted product 103 is about 1.0%±1.0%.

[0203] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 21 may be in the range of about 0.7 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.0 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 21 may be in the range of about 5.0 to about 6.0, for example about 5.2. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 21 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 260 cP.

[0204] Example 22

[0205] In Example 22, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 44 below. The values in Table 44 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0206] In Example 22, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 0.91 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 22 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 45 below. The values in Table 45 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 22 final diluted product 103 is about 4% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 5% to 23%, more preferably about 6% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 22 final diluted product 103 is about 9.2%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 22 final diluted product 103 is about 2% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 3% to 23%, more preferably about 4% to 20%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 22 final diluted product 103 is about 8.2%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 22 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 22 final diluted product 103 is about 1.0%±1.0%.

[0207] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 22 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 22 may be in the range of about 5.0 to about 6.0, for example about 5.29. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 22 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 245 cP.

[0208] Example 23

[0209] In Example 23, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 46 below. The values in Table 46 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0210] In Example 23, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.16 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 23 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 47 below. The values in Table 47 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 23 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 23 final diluted product 103 is about 11.5%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 23 final diluted product 103 is about 2% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 3% to 23%, more preferably about 4% to 20%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 23 final diluted product 103 is about 10.5%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 23 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 23 final diluted product 103 is about 1.0%±1.0%.

[0211] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 23 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 23 may be in the range of about 8.0 to about 9.0, for example about 8.46. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 23 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 264 cP.

[0212] Example 24

[0213] In Example 24, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 48 below. The values in Table 48 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0214] In Example 24, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.27 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 24 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 49 below. The values in Table 49 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 24 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 24 final diluted product 103 is about 12.5%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 24 final diluted product 103 is about 2% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 3% to 23%, more preferably about 4% to 20%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 24 final diluted product 103 is about 10.5%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 24 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 24 final diluted product 103 is about 2.0%±1.0%.

[0215] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 24 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 24 may be in the range of about 8.0 to about 9.0, for example about 8.49. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 24 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 274 cP.

[0216] Example 25

[0217] In Example 25, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 50 below. The values in Table 50 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0218] In Example 25, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.26 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 25 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 51 below. The values in Table 51 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 25 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 25 final diluted product 103 is about 12.5%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 25 final diluted product 103 is about 2% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 3% to 23%, more preferably about 4% to 20%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 25 final diluted product 103 is about 11.5%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 25 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 25 final diluted product 103 is about 1.0%±1.0%.

[0219] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 25 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 25 may be in the range of about 8.0 to about 9.0, for example about 8.49. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 25 may be in the range of about 250 cP to about 350 cP, for example about 274 cP.

[0220] Example 26

[0221] In Example 26, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 52 below. The values in Table 52 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0222] In Example 26, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately1.10 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 26 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 53 below. The values in Table 53 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 26 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 26 final diluted product 103 is about 11.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 26 final diluted product 103 is about 2% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 3% to 23%, more preferably about 4% to 20%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 26 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 26 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 26 final diluted product 103 is about 1.0%±1.0%.

[0223] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 26 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 26 may be in the range of about 6.5 to about 7.5, for example about 7.02. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 26 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 226 cP.

[0224] Example 27

[0225] In Example 27, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 54 below. The values in Table 54 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0226] In Example 27, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.07 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 27 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 55 below. The values in Table 55 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 27 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 27 final diluted product 103 is about 10.5%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 27 final diluted product 103 is about 2% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 3% to 23%, more preferably about 4% to 20%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 27 final diluted product 103 is about 6.3%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 27 final diluted product 103 is about 1% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 2% to 12%, more preferably about 3% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 27 final diluted product 103 is about 4.2%±1.0%.

[0227] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 27 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 27 may be in the range of about 6.5 to about 7.5, for example about 7.02. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 27 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 226 cP.

[0228] Example 28

[0229] In Example 28, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 56 below. The values in Table 56 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0230] In Example 28, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.10 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 28 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 57 below. The values in Table 57 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 28 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 28 final diluted product 103 is about 11.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 28 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 28 final diluted product 103 is about 1.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 28 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 28 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%.

[0231] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 28 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 28 may be in the range of about 6.5 to about 7.5, for example about 6.81. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 28 may be in the range of about 250 cP to about 350 cP, for example about 262 cP.

[0232] Example 29

[0233] In Example 29, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 58 below. The values in Table 58 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0234] In Example 29, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.0 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 29 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 59 below. The values in Table 59 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 29 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 29 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 29 final diluted product 103 is about 1% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 2% to 12%, more preferably about 3% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 29 final diluted product 103 is about 5.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 29 final diluted product 103 is about 1% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 2% to 12%, more preferably about 3% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 29 final diluted product 103 is about 5.0%±1.0%.

[0235] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 29 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 29 may be in the range of about 8.0 to about 9.0, for example about 8.43. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 29 may be in the range of about 150 cP to about 250 cP, for example about 176 cP.

[0236] Example 30

[0237] In Example 30, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 60 below. The values in Table 60 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0238] In Example 30, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.0 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 30 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 61 below. The values in Table 61 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 30 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 30 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 30 final diluted product 103 is about 4% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 5% to 20%, more preferably about 6% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 30 final diluted product 103 is about 8.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 30 final diluted product 103 is about 0.5% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 1.0% to 12%, more preferably about 1.5% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 30 final diluted product 103 is about 2.0%±1.0%.

[0239] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 30 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 30 may be in the range of about 8.0 to about 9.0, for example about 8.47. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 30 may be in the range of about 150 cP to about 250 cP, for example about 202 cP.

[0240] Example 31

[0241] In Example 31, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 62 below. The values in Table 62 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0242] In Example 31, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.0 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 31 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 63 below. The values in Table 63 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 31 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 31 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 31 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 31 final diluted product 103 is about 2.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 31 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 31 final diluted product 103 is about 8.0%±1.0%.

[0243] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 31 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 31 may be in the range of about 8.0 to about 9.0, for example about 8.32. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 31 may be in the range of about 150 cP to about 250 cP, for example about 198 cP.

[0244] Example 32

[0245] In Example 32, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 64 below. The values in Table 64 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0246] In Example 32, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.11 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 32 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 65 below. The values in Table 65 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 32 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 32 final diluted product 103 is about 11.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 32 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 32 final diluted product 103 is about 1.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 32 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 32 final diluted product 103 is about10.0%±1.0%.

[0247] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 32 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 32 may be in the range of about 5.0 to about 6.0, for example about 5.5. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 32 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 236 cP.

[0248] Example 33

[0249] In Example 33, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 66 below. The values in Table 66 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0250] In Example 33, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.10 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 33 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 67 below. The values in Table 67 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 33 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 33 final diluted product 103 is about 11.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 33 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 33 final diluted product 103 is about 1.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 33 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 33 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%.

[0251] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 33 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL. The pH ofthe final diluted product 103 of Example 33 may be in the range of about 6.0 to about 7.0, for example about 6.53. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 33 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 250 cP.

[0252] Example 34

[0253] In Example 34, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 68 below. The values in Table 68 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0254] In Example 34, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.01 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 34 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 69 below. The values in Table 69 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 34 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 34 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 34 final diluted product 103 is about 1% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 2% to 12%, more preferably about 3% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 34 final diluted product 103 is about 5.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 34 final diluted product 103 is about 1% to 15% by weight in water, preferablyabout 2% to 12%, more preferably about 3% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 34 final diluted product 103 is about 5.0%±1.0%.

[0255] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 34 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 34 may be in the range of about 8.0 to about 9.0, for example about 8.4. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 34 may be in the range of about 150 cP to about 250 cP, for example about 202 cP.

[0256] Example 35

[0257] In Example 35, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 70 below. The values in Table 70 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0258] In Example 35, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.02 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 35 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 71 below. The values in Table 71 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 35 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 35 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 35 final diluted product 103 is about 4% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 5% to 20%, more preferably about 6% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 35 final diluted product 103 is about 8.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 35 final diluted product 103 is about 0.5% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 1.0% to 12%, more preferably about 1.5% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 35 final diluted product 103 is about 2.0%±1.0%.

[0259] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 35 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL. The pH ofthe final diluted product 103 of Example 35 may be in the range of about 8.0 to about 9.0, for example about 8.5. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 35 may be in the range of about 150 cP to about 250 cP, for example about 198 cP.

[0260] Example 36

[0261] In Example 36, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 72 below. The values in Table 72 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0262] In Example 36, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.01 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 36 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 73 below. The values in Table 73 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 36 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 36 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 36 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 36 final diluted product 103 is about 2.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 36 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight inwater, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 36 final diluted product 103 is about8.0%±1.0%.

[0263] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 36 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL, for example about 0.9 g / mL to about 1.2 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 36 may be in the range of about 8.0 to about 9.0, for example about 8.5. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 36 may be in the range of about 150 cP to about 250 cP, for example about 198 cP.

[0264] Example 37

[0265] In Example 37, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 74 below. The values in Table 74 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0266] In Example 37, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.12 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 37 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 75 below. The values in Table 75 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 37 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 37 final diluted product 103 is about 11.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 37 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 37 final diluted product 103 is about 1.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 37 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 37 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%.

[0267] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 37 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 37 may be in the range of about 8.0 to about 9.0, for example about 8.4. The viscosity of thefinal diluted product 103 of Example 37 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 237 cP.

[0268] Example 38

[0269] In Example 38, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 76 below. The values in Table 76 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0270] In Example 38, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.02 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 38 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 77 below. The values in Table 77 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 38 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 38 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 38 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 38 final diluted product 103 is about 1.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 38 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 38 final diluted product 103 is about 9.0%±1.0%.

[0271] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 38 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 38 may be in the range of about 8.0 to about 9.0, for example about 8.4. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 38 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 249 cP.

[0272] Example 39

[0273] In Example 39, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 78 below. The values in Table 78 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0274] In Example 39, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately0.9 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in theExample 39 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 79 below. The values in Table 79 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 39 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 38 final diluted product 103 is about 9.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 39 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 39 final diluted product 103 is about 1.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 39 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 39 final diluted product 103 is about 8.0%±1.0%.

[0275] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 39 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 39 may be in the range of about 8.0 to about 9.0, for example about 8.5. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 39 may be in the range of about 200 cP to about 300 cP, for example about 256 cP.

[0276] Example 40

[0277] In Example 40, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 80 below. The values in Table 80 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0278] In Example 40, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.21 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 40 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 81 below. The values in Table 81 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 40 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 40 final diluted product 103 is about 15.8%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 40 final diluted product 103 is about 0.25% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 0.5% to 12%, more preferably about 0.75% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 40 final diluted product 103 is about 2.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 40 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 40 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%.

[0279] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 40 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 40 may be in the range of about 5.0 to about 8.0. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 40 may be in the range of about 150 cP to about 500 cP.

[0280] Example 41

[0281] In Example 41, a dry concentrate was prepared containing the amounts of ingredients listed in Table 82 below. The values in Table 82 can be varied by ± 0.01%, or ± 0.05%, or± 0.1%, or ± 0.5%, or ± 1.0%, or ± 1.5%, or ± 2%, or ± 2.5%, or ± 3.0%, or ± 3.5%, or± 4.0%, or ± 4.5%, or ± 5.0%.

[0282] In Example 41, the final diluted product 103 was prepared by mixing approximately 1.43 pounds of the dry concentrate in 1 gallon of water. The amounts of the ingredients in the Example 41 final diluted product 103 are listed in Table 83 below. The values in Table 83 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or ±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%. The combined concentration of salt and organic compound in the Example 41 final diluted product 103 is about 5% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 6% to 23%, more preferably about 8% to 20%. For example, the combined weight percent of salt and organic compound in the Example 2 final diluted product 103 is about 14.0%±1.0%. The concentration of salt in the Example 41 final diluted product 103 is about 1% to 15% by weight in water, preferably about 2% to 12%, more preferably about 3% to 10%. For example, the weight percent of salt in the Example 41 final diluted product 103 is about 4.0%±1.0%. The concentration of organic compound in the Example 41 final diluted product 103 is about 3% to 25% by weight in water, preferably about 4% to 20%, more preferably about 5% to 15%. For example, the weight percent of organic compound in the Example 41 final diluted product 103 is about 10.0%±1.0%.

[0283] The density of the final diluted product 103 of Example 41 may be in the range of about 0.8 g / mL to about 1.3 g / mL. The pH of the final diluted product 103 of Example 41 may be in the range of about 6.0 to about 7.0, for example about 6.48. The viscosity of the final diluted product 103 of Example 41 may be in the range of about 250 cP to about 350 cP, for example about 284 cP.

[0284] Methods of Use

[0285] The forest fire retardant compositions of Examples 1—41 may be long-term forest fire retardants and meet one or more of the requirements specified by the Forest Service for longterm fire retardants in Specification 5100-304d (January 7, 2020). For example, the final diluted composition 103 and / or 202 of Examples 1-41 preferably have a viscosity of between about 150 to about 400 cP, or between about 401 to about 800 cP, or between about 801 and about 1500 cP. The final diluted composition 103 and / or 202 of Examples 1-41 preferably have an aluminum corrosion rate of less than about 2.0 mils-per-year, preferably less than about 1.0 mils-per-year, and more preferably less than about 0.5 mils-per-year. The final diluted composition 103 and / or 202 of Examples 1-41 may also preferably have a steel / iron corrosion rate of less than about 5.0 mils-per-year, preferably less than about 4.0 mils-per- year, more preferably less than about 3.0 mils-per-year. The final diluted composition 103 and / or 202 of Examples 1—41 may also preferably have a brass corrosion rate of less than about 5.0 mils-per-year, preferably less than about 4.0 mils-per-year, more preferably less than about 3.0 mils-per-year. The final diluted composition 103 and / or 202 of Examples 1-41 may also preferably have a magnesium corrosion rate of less than about 4.0 mils-per-year, preferably less than about 3.0 mils-per-year, more preferably less than about 2.0 mils-per- year. The dry concentrates 101 and / or liquid concentrates 102 of Examples 1 41 preferably have a LC50value of greater than about 200 mg / L, preferably greater than about 400 mg / L, more preferably greater than about 1000 mg / L, more preferably greater than 1500 mg / L.

[0286] The forest fire retardant compositions of Examples 1-41 may be used to combat, suppress, retard, or contain a forest fire. Without wishing to be bound to any particular theory, the inventors believe that the compositions disclosed herein may involve one or more of the following mechanisms of action. The forest fire retardant compositions of Examples 1- 41 may form a protective char layer, thereby interfering with the burning process by reducing the amount of energy available for the spread of fire through energy absorption. In some embodiments the fire retardant compositions of examples 1—41 may also result in an intumescent mechanism, whereby the reactions at the flame front cause a significant char to form, which separates the flame from the underlying fuel and slows the rate of heat transfer. The forest fire retardant compositions of Examples 1-41 may also contain a blowing agent, which interferes with the burning process through the release of inert gases that can displace combustible gasses.

[0287] The forest fire retardant compositions of Examples 1-16 and 23-41 are ammonium free. Once the forest fire retardant compositions of Examples 1—16 and 23-41 are exposed toa fire, the composition will convert into a highly active forest fire retardant material. Urea decomposes into ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) at temperatures above 160°C. The decomposition of urea may be temperature and / or pH dependent. Similarly, melamine may also decompose into ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The decomposition of melamine may also be temperature and / or pH dependent. The carbon dioxide formed interferes with the burning process and retards the propagating flame front is through dilution of combustion gases and absorbing energy reducing the temperature. When urea is used in combination with non-ammonium phosphates, as in the forest fire retardant compositions of Examples 1-16 and 23-41, the urea may form ammonium phosphate(s) in situ. The formation of ammonium phosphates in situ significantly reduces environmental damage as there is no ammonia in the forest fire composition itself and as a result the forest fire retardant compositions of Examples 1-16 and 23-41 exhibit low LC50 toxicity values. The non-ammonium phosphates may also crosslink to form phosphate glasses during decomposition. The phosphate glasses may act as a barrier for heat and gas transfer, reducing the propensity for flame propagation. The ammonia formed in situ may act as a catalyst to form a protective char layer, which reduces the fuel available to the flame front. Additionally, the non-ammonium phosphates may also form phosphoric acid, which catalyzes char formation.

[0288] The forest fire retardant compositions of Examples 17-22 and 26 further contain ammonium phosphates and / or ammonium sulfates and may exhibit additional fire fighting mechanisms than those disclosed above. Urea and / or melamine may also be used in combination with ammonium phosphates or ammonium sulfates to enhance the fire fighting properties of the ammonium phosphates or ammonium sulfates. For example, as in the forest fire retardant compositions of Examples 17-22 and 26. The forest fire retardant compositions of Examples 17-22 and 26 may utilize similar mechanism of forest fighting as the Examples 1-16 and 23-41 disclosed above. The urea and / or melamine in combination with the ammonium phosphates or ammonium sulfates may also crosslink to form phosphate glasses during decomposition, form a protective char layer, and / or release of inert gases that can displace combustible gasses.

[0289] The forest fire retardant compositions of Examples 23-24, 27, 29-31, 34-39 further contain potassium salts including, for example, potassium bicarbonate, potassium acetate, and / or potassium formate and may exhibit additional fire fighting mechanisms than those disclosed above. For example, the forest fire retardant compositions of Examples 23-24, 27,29-31, 34-39 may also rely on a vapor phase radical quenching process. The vapor phase radical quenching process reduces combustion radicals in the flame front. By quenching combustion radicals, the system is cooled and the flames are suppressed. The potassium radicals quench combustion radicals normally active in the rapid chain reaction that occurs in the flame front. Thus, the potassium radicals quench the chemical reaction occurring within the flame and either extinguish the fire or slow the spread of the fire such that there is increased escape time or increased time to attempt other means of fire extinction. The forest fire retardant compositions of Examples 23-24, 27, 29-31, 34-39 may also be deliquescent, absorbing sufficient moisture from the air to form an aqueous solution. The larger the difference between the relative humidity of the atmosphere and the critical relative humidity, the faster the water is rehydrated. Generally, the relative humidity on a wildland fire is lowest during the day and recovers during the night. In moderate burning condition, the nighttime relative humidity recovery will rise to 50%-70%. When the critical relative humidity of a retardant formulation is lower than the relative humidity the retardant will absorb moisture from the environment. This is an environmental condition that can occur at night or in early mornings on wildfires, thereby allowing the forest fire retardant compositions of Examples 23-24, 27, 29-31, 34-39 to absorb moisture from the air and pull it in to the fuel bed leading to its improved forest fire retardant capabilities. In some embodiments hydrates may form, wherein water molecules are coordinate to salt species in the retardant. As a flame front of a wildfire approaches the retardant, water in the fuels and retardant (both free and coordinated) will be driven off in the form of water vapor. This evaporation process both absorbs energy and cools the flame front and also will dilute the combustion gas near the flame front. The critical relative humidity of potassium salts disclosed herein are listed in Table 84 below. The values in Table 84 can be varied by ±0.01%, or ±0.05%, or ±0.1%, or ±0.5%, or ±1.0%, or±1.5%, or ±2%, or ±2.5%, or ±3.0%, or ±3.5%, or ±4.0%, or ±4.5%, or ±5.0%.

[0290] The forest fire retardant composition of Example 25 further include magnesium sulfate and may exhibit additional fire fighting mechanisms than those disclosed above. When the product of Examples 25 is wet it functions as a fire retardant by pulling energy out of forest fires as they convert the hydrates of the hydrated salt to free water. When the dry concentrate 101 is mixed with water or when the salt is hydrated in the liquid concentrate 201, the salt will ionize and then the salt becomes hydrated when the dissolved concentration of ions exceeds the solubility of the salutation, at approximately 30% to 45% and more specifically at approximately 36% at ambient temps and pressure. Magnesium sulfate hydrate can form several hydrates. The hydrate may have the formula MgSO4(H2O)x, where x is about 1 to about 11. Under heat, first the free water is driven off. Next, the water molecules of magnesium sulfate hydrate thermally dehydrate at progressively higher temperatures. The magnesium sulfate hydrate may be magnesium sulfate hexahydrate and / or magnesium sulfate heptahydrate or a combination of the two. The hydration state of magnesium sulfate hydrate may vary as a function of the humidity and temperature. Once the final diluted composition 103 or 202 of Example 25 has dried after application, the magnesium sulfate of the composition effectively retards continued combustion. Magnesium sulfate interferes with the burning process through the release of inter gases (such as water vapor). At over 1124°F, the MgSO4compound dissociates into magnesium oxide (MgO) and sulfur trioxide (SO3). In this process the propagating flame front is retarded through dilution of combustion gases, energy is absorbed reducing the temperature, and access to fuel reduced through the wall effect of oxide formation and charring. Additionally, the forest fire retardant composition of Example 25 may utilize a similar mechanism of forest fighting as disclosed above in Examples 1-16 and 23-41.

[0291] Direct Attack

[0292] In a direct attack, the final diluted composition 103 and / or 202 is applied on the flame front. The final diluted composition 103 and / or 202 is a thickened water retardant which contains water to cool and suppress the fire. Under heat attack from a wildland fire, water in the retardant composition will evaporate to cool and dilute the gases in the flame front, may release radicals that will participate in radical deactivation of the combustion plasma, and for some embodiments a significant char will be formed that will insulate the fuels from the flame front and slow heat transfer. The combination of these mechanisms will result in extinguishing or significant slowing of wildfire in the treated areas.

[0293] Indirect Attack

[0294] In an indirect attack, the final diluted composition 103 and / or 202 is applied in fire containment lines at a significant distance from the fire line. The indirect fire lines are built, and the fire is allowed to bum into them. The long-term fire retardant must be effective even after the water in the composition has evaporated. In an indirect attack, the final diluted composition 103 and / or 202 is applied to vegetation. The final diluted composition 103 and / or 202 may be hygroscopic and self-rehydrating. As the water in the final diluted composition 103 and / or 202 evaporates, the salt concentration increases until it reaches its saturation level. In some embodiments, when fire the retardant composition dries the fire retardant salts will form salt hydrate complexes wherein water molecules are coordinated to the salt species. Coordinated water in these salt hydrates will need to be driven off by heat, which will result in cooling and dilution of the flame front should a wildfire approach.

[0295] Field Handling and Measurement

[0296] The forest fire retardant composition of Examples 1-41 can be delivered to the field either as the dry concentrate 101, liquid concentrate 102, or as the final diluted composition 103 and / or 202. The final diluted compositions 103 and / or 202 of Examples 1-41 can be tested prior to application in the field to confirm proper salt content and / or proper N / P molar ratio. A refractometer can be used to test the salt content. Density can also be used to determine the salt content.

[0297] Field Mixing Procedures and Ratios

[0298] Batch preparation of final diluted composition 202 may be accomplished by slowly feeding the liquid concentrate into a well-stirred mix tank containing a predetermined amount of water. Mix tank agitation may be provided via an overhead mechanical stirring apparatus or alternatively by a circulation pump sized to provide turbulent mixing. Stir until the concentrate is uniformly mixed into the water. Alternatively, the final diluted composition 202 may be mixed using continuous mixing equipment.

[0299] Aerial Application

[0300] The final diluted composition 103 and / or 202 may be deposited via aerial application from an airplane or helicopter. The airplane may be a fixed-wing multi-engine aircraft, a fixed-wing single engine airtanker (SEAT), a large airtanker (LAT), a very large airtanker (VLAT), or an unmanned aircraft system (UAS). The helicopter may be a fixed-tank helicopter (HF) or it may be a helicopter bucket (HB). The final diluted composition 103and / or 202 may be deposited in an indirect attack to build a retardant line before a forest fire or directly to a forest fire via aerial application.

[0301] In a preferred embodiment, the forest fire retardant compositions of Examples 1-41 may be applied at a coverage level from 1 (gal / 100 ft2) to greater than 6 (gal / 100 ft2) per USFS guidance as indicated in the USFS Coverage Levels, Ann Suter, Wildland Fire Chemical Systems - MTDC revised November 2, 2006 (available at https: / / www.fs.usda.gov / rm / fire / pubs / pdfpubs / user_gd / ug-06.pdf), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0302] Ground Application

[0303] The final diluted composition 103 and / or 202 may be deposited via ground application from a truck or ground engine (G), sprayers carried by off-road vehicles, garden sprayers, or back-pack style sprayers. The final diluted composition 103 and / or 202 may be deposited in an indirect attack to build a retardant line or protect fuels and structure before a forest fire or it may be deposited directly to a forest fire via ground application.

[0304] Clean Up Procedure

[0305] The dry concentrate 101 can be cleaned by broom and / or vacuum. The dry concentrate 101 should be kept dry during cleaning to minimize color staining that may occur when the dye is hydrated. When the dry concentrate 101 is exposed to water, the product can be cleaned with the use of a granular chemical absorbent material, or if proper drainage is available, by rinsing surfaces clean with adequate amounts of water. Dye coloration may be removed from surfaces by treatment with liquid or dry detergent. The final diluted composition 103 can be cleaned with soap or liquid detergent and water. The color of the dye can be neutralized by sodium hypochlorite or washed with liquid detergent.

[0306] The liquid concentrate 201 can be cleaned by flushing with water and capturing the rinse in a tank or disposal container via drains. The liquid concentrate 201 and the final diluted composition 202 can be cleaned with soap or liquid detergent and water. The color of the dye can be neutralized by a bleaching agent such as sodium hypochlorite or washed with liquid detergent.

[0307] Corrosion Testing

[0308] In a preferred embodiment, the final diluted composition 103 and / or 202 would meet the corrosion specifications of Specification 5100-304d (January 7, 2020) for aluminum,steel, and brass. For example, in a preferred embodiment the aluminum corrosion is less than about 2.0 mils-per-year, preferably less than about 1.0 mils-per-year, and more preferably less than about 0.5 mils-per-year. Tn a preferred embodiment, the steel corrosion is less than about 5.0 mils-per-year, preferably less than about 4.0 mils-per-year, more preferably less than about 3.0 mils-per-year. In a preferred embodiment, the brass corrosion is less than about 5.0 mils-per-year, preferably less than about 4.0 mils-per-year, more preferably less than about 3.0 mils-per-year.

[0309] In another embodiment, diluted composition 103 and / or 202 would meet the corrosion specifications of Specification 5100-304d (January 7, 2020) for magnesium (only required for fixed tank helicopter applications). For example, the magnesium corrosion is less than about 4.0 mils-per-year, preferably less than about 3.0 mils / year, more preferably less than about 2.0 mils-per-year.

[0310] Toxicity Testing

[0311] In a preferred embodiment, the forest fire retardant compositions of Examples 1-41 would exhibit low toxicity under the USDA Forest Service Standard Test Procedure STP- 1.5 — Fish Toxicity (available at https: / / www.fs.usda.gov / rm / fire / wfcs / tests / stp01_5.htm) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. Fish Acute Toxicity Test, Freshwater and Marine; 850.1075, both incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. For example, in a preferred embodiment the LC50values for the forest fire retardant compositions of Examples 1-41 is greater than about 200 mg / L, preferably greater than about 400 mg / L, more preferably greater than about 1000 mg / L, more preferably greater than about 1500 mg / L, more preferably greater than about 2000 mg / L.

[0312] Combustion Retarding Effectiveness Testing

[0313] In a preferred embodiment, the final diluted composition 103 and / or 202 would meet the required retarding salt concentration specifications of Specification 5100-304d Section 3.6.2 (January 7, 2020) in any bum tests. For example, the final diluted composition 103 and / or 202 exhibits a reduction index greater or equal to the reduction index of 10.6% diammonium phosphate (DAP).

[0314] Conclusion

[0315] All parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and / or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the inventive teachings is / areused. It is to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented primarily by way of example and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, inventive embodiments may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. Inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and / or method described herein.

[0316] In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and / or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and / or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the inventive scope of the present disclosure. Other substitutions, modifications, changes, and omissions may be made in the design, operating conditions and arrangement of respective elements of the exemplary implementations without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The use of a numerical range does not preclude equivalents that fall outside the range that fulfill the same function, in the same way, to produce the same result.

[0317] Also, various inventive concepts may be embodied as one or more methods, of which at least one example has been provided. The acts performed as part of the method may in some instances be ordered in different ways. Accordingly, in some inventive implementations, respective acts of a given method may be performed in an order different than specifically illustrated, which may include performing some acts simultaneously (even if such acts are shown as sequential acts in illustrative embodiments).

[0318] All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0319] All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and / or ordinary meanings of the defined terms.

[0320] The indefinite articles “a” and “an, as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.”

[0321] The phrase “and / or,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and / or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and / or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elementsspecifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and / or B”, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.

[0322] As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and / or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and / or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of’ or “exactly one of,” or, when used in the claims, “consisting of,” will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or” as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. “one or the other but not both”) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either,” “one of,” “only one of,” or “exactly one of.” “Consisting essentially of,” when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.

[0323] As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B,” or, equivalently “at least one of A and / or B”) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.

[0324] In the claims, as well as in the specification, all transitional phrases such as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” “holdi“composed of,” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of’ and “consisting essentially of" shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section 2111.03.

[0325] In the claims, as well as in the specification, any ingredient listed in an open-ended list of ingredients shall not be negated or avoided by the addition of water or other solvent or reactant that might cause a chemical change to such ingredient. Thus, for example, even though it is known that an anhydrous salt becomes hydrated in the presence of water, the inventors hereby act as their own lexicographers, so that any composition “including” or “comprising” an “anhydrous” salt is intended to cover both a dry composition substantially free of water in which the salt has substantially no water of hydration, as well as any wet composition formed by the addition of water which causes the anhydrous salt to become hydrated (or to undergo some other change). Both before and after the addition of water or other ingredient, the composition shall be regarded, for purposes of the specification and claims, as comprising an “anhydrous” salt irrespective of any hydration, solvation, or other change caused by the addition of water or other ingredient. The same applies for any ingredient recited in an open-ended list which might be chemically changed by the addition of water or other ingredient to the open-ended list.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A forest fire retardant composition, comprising: a retardant compound including urea; and a phosphate salt; a corrosion inhibitor for at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.03% to about 10.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and a thickening agent, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound, wherein the retardant compound is present in the composition in a weight percent of about 60% to about 99.5% relative to the total weight of the composition.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein: the retardant compound comprises urea and monosodium phosphate; the urea and monosodium phosphate are present in the composition in a weight ratio (urea: monosodium phosphate) from about 95%:5% to about 5%: 95%; and urea, monosodium phosphate, and disodium phosphate are present in the composition in a weight ratio (urea: monosodium phosphate: disodium phosphate) from about 96%:2%:2% to about 2%:96%:2%.

3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the corrosion inhibitor comprises at least one of: an alkyl amine; one or more azoles; or disodium molybdate dihydrate.

4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the thickening agent comprises at least one of: a polyurethane, a polyvinyl alcohol, an acrylic polymer, a gum, a cellulosic, a sulfonate, a saccharide, a clay, an organosilicone, or a protein.

5. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a colorant, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.02% to about 10.0% relative to total weight of the retardant compound, wherein the colorant comprises at least one of: an inorganic pigment comprising iron oxide or an organic pigment comprising a fluorescent pigment.

6. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a buffering agent present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.0032% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound.

7. A forest fire retardant composition, comprising: a retardant compound comprising: urea; and at least one of diammonium phosphate, diammonium orthophosphate, monoammonium phosphate or monoammonium orthophosphate; a corrosion inhibitor for at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.03% to about 10.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and a thickening agent, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; wherein: the retardant compound is present in the composition in a weight percent of about 60% to about 99.5% relative to the total weight of the composition.

8. The composition of claim 7, wherein: the retardant compound comprises urea and monoammonium phosphate; and the urea and monoammonium phosphate are present in the composition in a weight ratio of urea: monoammonium phosphate from about 95%:5% to about 5%:95%.

9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the weight ratio of urea: monoammonium phosphate is about 25%:75% to about 75%:25%.

10. The composition of claim 9, wherein the weight ratio of urea: monoammonium phosphate is about 45%:55% to about 55%:45%.

11. The composition of claim 7, further comprising disodium phosphate, wherein the thickening agent comprises at least one of a polyurethane, a polyvinyl alcohol, an acrylic polymer, a gum, a cellulosic, a sulfonate, a saccharide, a clay, an organosilicone, or a protein.

12. The composition of claim 7, further comprising a colorant, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.02% to about 10.0% relative to total weightof the retardant compound, wherein the colorant comprises at least one of an inorganic pigment or an organic pigment.

13. The composition of claim 7, further comprising at least one of: a spoilage inhibitor, an anti-caking agent, a flow conditioner, an anti-foaming agent, a foaming agent, a stability additive, a biocide, a second thickening agent, a surfactant, an adjuvant, a second corrosion inhibitor, an opacifier, a second colorant, a liquid carrier, or a deduster.

14. The composition of claim 7, wherein the composition is a dry concentrate having no more than about 3% by weight of water relative to the total weight of the dry concentrate.

15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the retardant compound is present in the dry concentrate in an amount having a weight percent of about 64% to about 98.5% relative to the total weight of the dry concentrate.

16. A forest fire retardant composition, comprising: a retardant compound comprising: urea; and magnesium sulfate hydrate MgSO4(H2O)xwherein x is at least one of 0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 or 11; a corrosion inhibitor for at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.03% to about 10.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and a thickening agent, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; wherein: the retardant compound is present in the composition in a weight percent of about 60% to about 99.5% relative to the total weight of the composition.

17. The composition of claim 16, further comprising a colorant, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.02% to about 10.0% relative to total weight of the retardant compound, wherein the colorant comprises at least one of an inorganic pigment or an organic pigment.

18. A forest fire retardant composition comprising:(i) a retardant compound comprising:urea; and magnesium sulfate hydrate MgSO4(H2O)xwherein x is at least one of0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 or 11 ;(ii) a corrosion inhibitor for at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.03% to about 10.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and(iii) a thickening agent, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; wherein: the retardant compound is present in the composition in a weight percent of about 60% to about 99.5% relative to the total weight of the composition; and the components are batch mixed or continuously mixed in a tumbler.

19. The composition of claim 18, wherein the components further comprise at least one of: a buffering agent, a fluorescent pigment, or an inorganic pigment.

20. A forest fire retardant composition, comprising: a retardant compound comprising: urea; and at least one of potassium acetate (CH3COOK), potassium formate (HCO2K), potassium acetate hydrate (CH3COOK(H2O)x), where x is about 1 to about 3, potassium propanoate (C3H5KO2), potassium butanoate (C4H7KO2), potassium lactate (KC3H5O3), potassium oxalate (C2K2O4), potassium oxalate monohydrate (C2K2O4(H2O)1), monopotassium malate (C4H5KO5), potassium glutamate (C5H8KNO4), potassium glutamate monohydrate (C5H8KNO4(H2O)1), potassium L- glutamate monohydrate (KOOCCH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH(H2O)1), monopotassium tartrate (C4H5KO6), potassium urate (C5H3KN4O3), dipotassium malate (C4H4K2O5), dipotassium tartrate (C4H4K2O6), monopotassium citrate (KH2C6H5O7), potassium gluconate (C6H11KO7), dipotassium citrate (C6H6K2O7), tripotassium citrate (K3C6H5O7), tripotassium citrate monohydrate (K3C6H5O7(H2O)1), potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4), potassium ammonium phosphate (K2NH4PO4), dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4), dipotassium phosphate hydrate (K2HPO4(H2O)x), where x is about 3 toabout 6, tripotassium phosphate (K3PO4), tripotassium phosphate hydrate (K3PO4(H2O)x), where x = 3, 7, or 9, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (K4P2O7), potassium bisulfate (KHSO4), potassium ammonium sulfate (H4KNO4S), or potassium sulfate (K2SO4); a corrosion inhibitor for at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.03% to about 10.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and a thickening agent, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; wherein: the retardant compound is present in the composition in a weight percent of about 60% to about 99.5% relative to the total weight of the composition.

21. The composition of claim 20, wherein: the retardant compound comprises urea and potassium acetate (CH3COOK); and the urea and the potassium acetate (CH3COOK) are present in the composition in a weight ratio (urea: potassium acetate (CH3COOK)) from about 95%:5% to about 5%:95%.

22. The composition of claim 21, wherein the weight ratio (urea: potassium acetate (CH3COOK)) is about 80%:20% to about 20%: 80%.

23. The composition of claim 20, wherein: the retardant compound comprises urea and potassium formate (HCO2K); and the urea and the potassium formate (HCO2K) are present in the composition in a weight ratio (urea: potassium formate (HCO2K)) from about 95%:5% to about 5%:95%.

24. The composition of claim 23, wherein the weight ratio (urea: potassium formate (HCO2K)) is about 80%:20% to about 20%:80%.

25. The composition of claim 24, wherein the weight ratio (urea: potassium formate (HCO2K)) is about 60%:40% to about 40%:60%.

26. The composition of claim 20, wherein: the retardant compound comprises urea and potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3); and the urea and potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) are present in the composition in a weight ratio (urea: potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3)) from about 95%:5% to about 5%:95%.

27. The composition of claim 26, wherein the weight ratio (urea: potassium formate (HCO2K)) is about 80%:20% to about 20%:80%.

28. The composition of claim 27, wherein the weight ratio (urea: potassium formate (HCO2K)) is about 60%:40% to about 40%:60%.

29. The composition of claim 28, further comprising dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4).

30. The composition of claim 20, wherein: the retardant compound comprises urea, potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), and dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4); and the urea, potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), and dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4) are present in the composition in a weight ratio (urea: potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3): dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4)) from about 5%:90%:5% to about 90%:5%:5%.

31. The composition of claim 20, wherein the corrosion inhibitor comprises at least one of: an alkyl amine; one or more azoles; or disodium molybdate dihydrate.

32. The composition of claim 20, wherein the thickening agent comprises at least one of a polyurethane, a polyvinyl alcohol, an acrylic polymer, a gum, a cellulosic, a sulfonate, a saccharide, a clay, an organosilicone, or a protein.

33. The composition of claim 20, further comprising a colorant, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.02% to about 10.0% relative to total weight of the retardant compound, wherein the colorant comprises at least one of an inorganic pigment or an organic pigment.

34. The composition of claim 20, further comprising at least one of a spoilage inhibitor, an anti-caking agent, a flow conditioner, an anti-foaming agent, a foaming agent, a stability additive, a biocide, a second thickening agent, a surfactant, an adjuvant, a second corrosion inhibitor, an opacifier, a second colorant, a liquid carrier, or a deduster.

35. A forest fire retardant composition, comprising: a retardant compound comprising: a nitrogen source; andan ammonium free salt; a corrosion inhibitor for at least one of iron, brass, aluminum, or magnesium, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.03% to about 10.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and a thickening agent, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; wherein: the retardant compound is present in the composition in a weight percent of about 60% to about 99.5% relative to the total weight of the concentrate.

36. The composition of claim 35, wherein the nitrogen source comprises at least one of urea or melamine.

37. The composition of claim 35, wherein the ammonium free salt comprises at least one of disodium phosphate, disodium phosphate hydrate, sodium tripolyphosphate, trisodium phosphate, monosodium phosphate, sodium ammonium phosphate, sodium ammonium phosphate hydrate, magnesium sulfate hydrate MgSO4(H2O)xwherein x is at least one of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 or 11, potassium acetate (CH3COOK), potassium formate (HCO2K), potassium acetate hydrate (CH3COOK(H2O)x), where x is about 1 to about 3, potassium propanoate (C3H5KO2), potassium butanoate (C4H7KO2), potassium lactate (KC3H5O3), potassium oxalate (C2K2O4), potassium oxalate monohydrate (C2K2O4(H2O)1), monopotassium malate (C4H5KO5), potassium glutamate (C5H8KNO4), potassium glutamate monohydrate (C5H8KNO4(H2O)1), potassium L-glutamate monohydrate (KOOCCH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH(H2O)1), monopotassium tartrate (C4H5KO6), potassium urate (C5H3KN4O3), dipotassium malate (C4H4K2O5), dipotassium tartrate (C4H4K2O6), monopotassium citrate (KH2C6H5O7), potassium gluconate (C6H11KO7), dipotassium citrate (C6H6K2O7), tripotassium citrate (K3C6H5O7), tripotassium citrate monohydrate (K3C6H5O7(H2O)1), potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4), potassium ammonium phosphate (K2NH4PO4), dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4), dipotassium phosphate hydrate (K2HPO4(H2O)x), where x is about 3 to about 6, tripotassium phosphate (K3PO4), tripotassium phosphate hydrate (K3PO4(H2O)x), where x = 3, 7, or 9, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (K4P2O7), potassium bisulfate (KHSO4), potassium ammonium sulfate (H4KNO4S), or potassium sulfate (K2SO4).

38. The composition of claim 35, wherein the corrosion inhibitor comprises at least one of: an alkyl amine; one or more azoles; or disodium molybdate dihydrate.

39. The composition of claim 35, wherein the thickening agent comprises at least one of a polyurethane, a polyvinyl alcohol, an acrylic polymer, a gum, a cellulosic, a sulfonate, a saccharide, a clay, an organosilicone, or a protein.

40. The composition of claim 35, further comprising a colorant, present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.02% to about 10.0% relative to total weight of the retardant compound, wherein the colorant comprises at least one of an inorganic pigment or an organic pigment.

41. The composition of claim 35, further comprising a buffering agent present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.0032% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound.

42. A forest fire retardant composition comprising: a retardant compound comprising: urea present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 2% to about 99.5% relative to the total weight of the composition; and a phosphate salt present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 3% to about 99% relative to the total weight of the composition; one or more azoles; a gum present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and a fluorescent pigment present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.01% to about 12.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound.

43. The composition of claim 42, wherein: the urea is present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 60% to about 98% relative to the total weight of the composition; and the phosphate salt is present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 2% to about 40% relative to the total weight of the composition.

44. The composition of claim 43, wherein: the urea is present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 64% to about 92% relative to the total weight of the composition; and the phosphate salt is present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 6% to about 36% relative to the total weight of the composition.

45. The composition of claim 42, wherein: the urea is present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 4% to about 60% relative to the total weight of the composition; and the phosphate salt is present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 40% to about 96% relative to the total weight of the composition.

46. The composition of claim 45, wherein: the urea is present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 10% to about 50% relative to the total weight of the composition; and the phosphate salt is present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 50% to about 90% relative to the total weight of the composition.

47. The composition of claim 42, wherein the phosphate salt comprises at least one of disodium phosphate, disodium phosphate hydrate, sodium tripolyphosphate, trisodium phosphate, monosodium phosphate, sodium ammonium phosphate, sodium ammonium phosphate hydrate, diammonium phosphate, diammonium orthophosphate, monoammonium phosphate, monoammonium orthophosphate, monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4), potassium ammonium phosphate (K2NH4PO4), dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4), dipotassium phosphate hydrate (K2HPO4(H2O)x), where x is about 3 to about 6, tripotassium phosphate (K3PO4), tripotassium phosphate hydrate (K3PO4(H2O)x), where x = 3, 7, or 9, or tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (K4P2O7).

48. The composition of claim 47, wherein the phosphate salt comprises at least one of disodium phosphate and monosodium phosphate.

49. The composition of claim 42, further comprising at least one of an alkyl amine, and an inorganic pigment, wherein the inorganic pigment comprises iron oxide.

50. A forest fire retardant composition, comprising: a retardant compound comprising:urea present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 2% to about 99.5% relative to the total weight of the composition; and a potassium salt present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 3% to about 99% relative to the total weight of the composition; one or more azoles; a gum present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.2% to about 20.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound; and a fluorescent pigment present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 0.01% to about 12.0% relative to the total weight of the retardant compound.

51. The composition of claim 50, wherein: the urea is present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 60% to about 98% relative to the total weight of the composition; and the potassium salt is present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 2% to about 40% relative to the total weight of the composition.

52. The composition of claim 51, wherein: the urea is present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 64% to about 92% relative to the total weight of the composition; and the potassium salt is present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 6% to about 36% relative to the total weight of the composition.

53. The composition of claim 50, wherein: the urea is present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 4% to about 60% relative to the total weight of the composition; and the potassium salt is present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 40% to about 96% relative to the total weight of the composition.

54. The composition of claim 53, wherein: the urea is present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 10% to about 50% relative to the total weight of the composition; and the potassium salt is present in the composition in an amount having a weight percent of about 50% to about 90% relative to the total weight of the composition.

55. The composition of claim 50, wherein the potassium salt comprises at least one of at least one of potassium acetate (CH3COOK), potassium formate (HCO2K), potassium acetatehydrate (CH3COOK(H2O)x), where x is about 1 to about 3, potassium propanoate (C3H5KO2), potassium butanoate (C4H7KO2), potassium lactate (KC3H5O3), potassium oxalate (C2K2O4), potassium oxalate monohydrate (C2K2O4(H2O)1), monopotassium malate (C4H5KO5), potassium glutamate (C5H8KNO4), potassium glutamate monohydrate (C5H8KNO4(H2O)1), potassium L-glutamate monohydrate (KOOCCH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH(H2O)1), monopotassium tartrate (C4H5KO6), potassium urate (C5H3KN4O3), dipotassium malate (C4H4K2O5), dipotassium tartrate (C4H4K2O6), monopotassium citrate (KH2C6H5O7), potassium gluconate (C6H11KO7), dipotassium citrate (C6H6K2O7), tripotassium citrate (K3C6H5O7), tripotassium citrate monohydrate (K3C6H5O7(H2O)1), potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4), potassium ammonium phosphate (K2NH4PO4), dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4), dipotassium phosphate hydrate (K2HPO4(H2O)x), where x is about 3 to about 6, tripotassium phosphate (K3PO4), tripotassium phosphate hydrate (K3PO4(H2O)x), where x = 3, 7, or 9, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (K4P2O7), potassium bisulfate (KHSO4), potassium ammonium sulfate (H4KNO4S), or potassium sulfate (K2SO4).

56. The composition of claim 55, wherein the phosphate salt comprises at least one of potassium acetate (CH3COOK), potassium formate (HCO2K), and potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3).

57. The composition of claim 55, further comprising at least one of an alkyl amine, and an inorganic pigment, wherein the inorganic pigment comprises iron oxide.

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