BIO bitumen paving stones

Abstract

Paving stone configured for paving of footpaths, squares and roads, roundabouts, blocks, speed bumps, speed humps or other similar use, comprising a top surface, a bottom surface and, possibly except for speed bumps or speed humps and similar structures, at least one side surface, natural asphalt in a quantity of the formulation of 0 – 80 weight %, 10 – 70 weight %, 50 – 70 weight %, or more preferably 55-65 weight %, most preferably about 60-65 weight %, stone fractions, in a quantity of the formulation of typically about 0 – 96 weight %, more preferably 0 – 60, 0 – 40 or 0 – 20 or 10 – 50 weight %, for example in size fractions from 1 to 32 mm diameter, and optionally including organic fibers or granulates, such as hemp, and / or expanded clay, glass particulates, and / or metal fibers or other fiber for armoring. The paving stone is distinguished in that it comprises: bio bitumen in a quantity of the formulation of 4 – 100, 5 – 60 or 5 – 40 % by weight of the total mass (weight %).

Description

[0001] BIO BITUMEN PAVING STONES

[0002] Technical Field

[0003] The present invention relates to paving stones, for use on roads, parking areas, airfield runways and airplane parking locations, and other locations where paving stones are feasible, such as on footpaths, roads and squares, roundabouts and as speed bumps.

[0004] Background of the invention and prior art

[0005] Paving stones are in general made of a concrete or grouting mixture, including cement, water and particulate solid materials. The particulate solid materials typically are crushed or natural rock fractions. The concrete or grouting mixture is cast into a specific shape, such as a quadratic stone as seen from above, with a thickness and strength depending on the intended use. Use of less water and inclusion of armoring may in general result in stronger paving stones.

[0006] As well known, concrete production results in extensive carbon emissions, mainly due to the very energy intensive production of cement. It would be beneficial if the emissions could be reduced or eliminated, or even be carbon negative, that is net negative carbon emission.

[0007] Improved stability and strength would also be positive since prolonged service life thereby could be achieved.

[0008] In urban areas, with massive asphalt or paving or building structures, and drained marshland, flooding can be a serious issue. The natural water absorption and retention of the land is in general bad in urban areas, and with increasing frequency of extreme weather conditions, inherent features for water drainage would be beneficial. In warm areas, overheating can be a serious problem. Furthermore, electrification of vehicles results in increased wear on the paved surfaces, due to very heavy batteries, large tires and maximum torque by electric motors from start.

[0009] A demand exists for a paving stone reducing or eliminating one or more of the issues described above, and issues not literally described. The objective of the present invention is to meet the demand.

[0010] Summary of the invention

[0011] The invention provides a paving stone, meaning a stone configured for paving of footpaths, squares and roads, roundabouts, blocks, speed bumps, speed humps or other similar use, comprising a top surface, a bottom surface and, possibly except for speed bumps or speed humps and similar structures, at least one side surface, natural asphalt in a quantity of the formulation of 0 - 80 weight %, 10 - 70 weight %, 50 - 70 weight %, or more preferably 55-65 weight %, most preferably about 60-65 weight %, stone fractions, in a quantity of the formulation of typically about 0 - 96 weight % , more preferably 0 - 60, 0 - 40 or 0 - 20 or 10 - 50 weight %, for example in size fractions from 1 to 32 mm diameter, and optionally including organic fibers or granulates, such as hemp, and / or expanded clay, glass particulates, and / or metal fibers or other fiber for armoring.

[0012] The paving stone is distinguished in that it comprises: bio bitumen in a quantity of the formulation of 4 - 100, 5 - 60 or 5 - 40 % by weight of the total mass (weight %).

[0013] The end parts of the specified ranges of bio bitumen are the end values for providing a usable paving stone. More specifically, at least 4 weight % bio bitumen is considered the minimum limit for ensuring or enabling a single paving stone structure bound together by the bio bitumen. The upper limit is 100 weight %, which results in a pure bio bitumen paving stone, feasible for many uses unless the paving stone is subject to very high mechanical stress. The pure bio bitumen is a relatively hard / stiff viscoelastic material.

[0014] Most preferable, for most embodiments, the paving stones of the invention are comprising bio bitumen in a quantity of the formulation of 10-30 % by weight of the total mass (weight %), more preferably 15-25 weight % or most preferably about 20 weight %, with the rest up to 100 weight % by stone fractions and / or natural asphalt, preferably a mixture thereof.

[0015] For embodiments where low weight is preferable, expanded clay, expanded glass, reused plastic and rubber and / or bio char are preferably included in the composition. For embodiments where low / negative carbon emission footprint is preferable, organic fibers or granulates, such as hemp, bio char and / or other materials of biological origin are preferably included in the composition. For embodiment where strength is preferable, fibers of metal, carbon, Kevlar, aramid or glass are preferably included in the composition, resulting in higher strength without much weight increase. All of the above will be described in further detail.

[0016] The bio bitumen is lower in density than most components of the paving stone of the invention, the paving stone thereby having about double the content of bio bitumen as measured by volume rather than by weight.

[0017] Bio bitumen means bitumen not originating from fossil sources but from biological sources. Bio bitumen binds carbon, preventing emission and takes out carbon from the natural biological carbon cycle. In the paving stone, the bio bitumen functions both as a mechanical binder and for locking carbon into the structure.

[0018] The natural asphalt, of which relatively harder species thereof preferably are used, function for high mechanical strength and cost reduction. The aggregates / stone fractions function for high compression strength and cost reduction.

[0019] The biological components in addition to bio bitumen function for binding more carbon, providing a more carbon negative paving stone.

[0020] In the preferred embodiments the bio bitumen is so stiff or rigid that stone fractions (or stone aggregates) are to be considered as filler material, as opposed to asphalt stones or layers for which the stone fractions are the main load bearing component.

[0021] As the person skilled in the art will understand, the hardness of the bio bitumen can be chosen within a wide range, dependent on total composition of the paving stone and the intended use. For some preferred embodiments for typical uses, typical needle penetration values are within the range of 0 - 15 as measured by NS-EN 1426:2024 Bitumen and bituminous binders - Determination of needle penetration.

[0022] As the person skilled in the art will understand, the hardness of the natural asphalt can be chosen within a wide range, dependent on total composition of the paving stone and the intended use. For some preferred embodiments for typical most uses, typical softening point values are within the range 0 - 15 as measured by the standard NS-EN 1427:2025 Bitumen and bituminous binders - Determination of the softening point - Ring and Ball method

[0023] As mentioned, a higher content of lighter material, such as organic fibers or granulates, such as hemp, and / or expanded clay, bio char and expanded glass particulates, can be preferable when reducing weight is important, for example for mobile, easily movable speed bumps or humps or block structures that thereby are easier to transport. Unlike other concrete paving stones, the paving stone of the invention, in preferable embodiments, include no cement, such as no Portland cement. Thereby, the very energy intensive production of cement do not contribute to the clime footprint.

[0024] However, some cement can be included in the formulation but is not preferable since it is not good for the clime. In addition, no water is added to the formulation of the paving stone of the invention. Furthermore, no regular hardening takes place, the paving stone of the invention stiffens or solidify without an extensive hardening reaction as for traditional concrete. The result after production is a paving stone without cement, without water added to the formulation, and without a traditional hardening, which apparently is completely novel. The paving stone can be said to be a very hard viscoelastic material, with or without added components for increasing hardness and wear resistance further, and / or binding more carbon and / or reducing weight. Chemical reactions will take place in the material of the paving stone of the invention, over time, but no traditional hardening as for concrete wherein cement and water are essential components.

[0025] Preferably, the paving stones of the invention comprise no cement or water.

[0026] Preferably, the paving stone of the invention comprises wax, preferably relatively hard wax, with melting point 130 - 140 °C. In many preferable embodiments, preferably with about 1 ,5 - 3 weight % wax relative to bio bitumen. Thereby, casting can be at lower temperature, energy requirement for casting and forming is reduced, the stiffness of the paving stone in use increases, resistance against oil spill increases and / or recirculation of heat is facilitated. A vendor is for example Sasobit:

[0027] Surprisingly, the paving stone of the invention, at least in the most preferable embodiments, is very hard and strong, withstanding pressure and torsion, despite including no cement as an obligatory feature. Since the paving stone of the invention apparently is completely novel and not involves essential features of traditional concrete paving stones, it is perhaps no regulatory codes or standards to comply with. The nearest is probably NS-EN 1338, optionally -39 or -40. For parking areas, living quarter streets and roads with low traffic, 60 mm thickness with at least 54 MPa pressure strength is the requirement, with breaking strength 14 kN. For higher traffic load uses, pressure strength of at least 80 MPa is required. The paving stone of the invention will easily meet the requirements, testing indicate. Since the material of the paving stone of the invention is a stiffened viscoelastic material, point indentation hardness and other similar parameters are a bit irrelevant unless a time factor is included. Compared to traditional concrete paving stones, the tension parameters of the paving stones of the invention are far better, with about three times tension strength, 20 MPa compared to 8 MPa, with virtually no cracking tendency, no frost-thaw problems since the material is very hydrophobic, easier joint fillings in between, easier maintenance and easier cleaning. The material of the paving stone of the invention is more compact, without porosity and without brittleness. In addition, the quality of bio bitumen is more consistent than fossil bitumen, with a more specific penetration value, instead of a range of typically 50 / 70 or 70 / 100 for fossil bitumen.

[0028] Surprisingly, the paving stone of the invention, at least in the most preferred embodiments, is carbon negative, since the bio bitumen is not including fossil components, and the natural asphalt is not collected or treated in a carbon emission intense way. In addition, some of the stone fraction contents can be replaced by organic contents or surplus glass particles, and biological material other than bio bitumen can be mixed into the bio bitumen. The carbon contents is locked into the paving stone of the invention and thereby taken out of the natural biological carbon cycle, resulting in negative, zero or reduced carbon footprint.

[0029] More specifically, the paving stone of the invention is bio negative by using bio bitumen instead of fossil bitumen produced from petroleum by energy intensive processes. In addition, using only natural asphalt instead of fossil asphalt reduces the carbon footprint compared to using fossil asphalt, since natural asphalt is collected and is not processed or is processed far less than fossil asphalt. In addition, replacing some or all of the natural asphalt by for example 20 -- 50 weight % stone aggregate reduces the carbon footprint and cost further.

[0030] As the person skilled in the art will understand, the key for negative carbon footprint is to use sufficient carbon negative bio bitumen and other carbon negative materials, for binding more carbon than emitted by using natural asphalt and other components that may have a negative carbon footprint.

[0031] The paving stone of the invention is a solid structure in practice, almost as hard as concrete but with far higher resistance against cracking due to high tension strength. The paving stones of the invention are more elastic, and lighter, since cement is more brittle and heavier. The hardness of the paving stone of the invention can be adjusted by bio bitumen, optionally by bio-oil.

[0032] Penetration value of the paving stone as produced can vary widely, but for most preferred embodiments for most uses a penetration value of 0 - 15 is convenient, as measured according to NS-EN 1426:2024 Bitumen and bituminous binders - Determination of needle penetration. This corresponds to up to 1 / 10 mm penetration at 25 ° C in 5 seconds with load 100 g on the needle.

[0033] Softer paving stones and / or bio bitumen can be preferable for example for inherent damping, for pedestrians and playgrounds, or increased friction for pedestrians, cyclists or vehicles.

[0034] The result is, in addition to negative carbon footprint in preferable embodiments, less noise and lower cost to transport, due to lower weight.

[0035] The bio bitumen is made of biological sources, in contrast to fossil sources, from which bitumen is a rest product of distillation of oil. The most preferably bio bitumen identified is based on cashew nut shells. Preferably, the bio bitumen is according to the teaching of patent publication WO 2010110651 A1 and / or US 2012017804 A1 and / or US 10717898B2 and / or patent family members thereof, most preferably EP 3 208288 B1.

[0036] In some embodiments, the paving stone comprises a surface treatment and / or - layer, for sun / heat protection, esthetical reasons, and / or for ensuring non-stickiness.

[0037] The paving stones of the invention can have in principle any shape as seen from above. Feasible shapes of paving stone of the invention as seen from above are round, triangular, quadratic, rectangular, skew quadrats or rectangles, serpentine-like shapes, hexagonal or octagonal, for example.

[0038] In many preferable embodiments, bio char is included in the paving stone formulation, up to about 2, 3, 5 or 10 or 15 weight %, reducing weight and thereby transport cost and emissions, and binding far more carbon, resulting in higher carbon negativity.

[0039] In a preferable embodiment of the paving stone or block structure of the invention, far higher bio char contents can be used, up to 40, 60, 80 or 90 weight % of the paving stone or block. The result is surprisingly light paving stones or blocks of the invention with effective thermal insulation.

[0040] Round paving stones, as seen from above, can be preferable for inserting into existing layers (i.e. stone paving, asphalt layers and similar), since the round shape results in reduced cracking of the existing layer. For example, parking areas or roads may be ideal to retrofit, or build, with round paving stones of the invention including induction charging structure and / or heating structure. Induction cables or heating cables can most preferably be wound around the paving stones of the invention, preferably at dedicated grooves, or alternatively such structure may be embedded into the paving stones. Paving stones of the invention with induction chargers, and or electric heaters, round or with other shape as seen from above, can be retrofitted or arranged as built into routes for trams or buses, eliminating poor charging and / or poor road quality in cold weather and eliminating air cables with electric power.

[0041] Most preferred for most uses are however paving stones than can be arranged together, preferably by closest packing, preferably including load bearing structure increasing the load bearing capacity. Paving stones that successively are arranged upside down and not, with inclined side surfaces and structure on the side surfaces contacting each other for neighbor stones, resulting in improved load distribution and reduced deformation and displacement tendency, are preferable for most uses. Some of the most preferred embodiments are claimed and / or exemplified. Many preferable embodiments of paving stones of the invention, has a general shape of a truncated pyramid. Allowable shapes include all paving stone shapes of patent publication NO 334243 B1 , herein incorporated by reference.

[0042] In many preferable embodiments of the paving stones of the invention, the stones are slightly conical in shape, in the top and bottom side surfaces and / or in inclined surfaces, such as 0-5°, 1-3° or about 2°, resulting in easier mounting and demounting, with a wedge effect when the stones are closely assembled, also providing increased stability.

[0043] In some preferable embodiments the paving stones of the invention comprises humps and / or bumps on the top surfaces, enabling use also as a speed restrictor, so called “speed bumps or humps”. Alternatively, the paving stone is merely a speed hump or speed dump, without side surfaces or with one side surface in one or either end.

[0044] In most of the preferable embodiments, the paving stone of the invention comprises, as standing on a horizontal ground surface, a horizontal bottom surface facing the ground, a horizontal top surface, wherein the area of the top surface is smaller than the area of the bottom surface, or opposite if the paving stone is turned upside down, wherein the top surface is square or rectangular, wherein the ground surface is square or rectangular, comprising vertical top side surfaces around the top surface and vertical bottom side surfaces around the bottom surface, extending equal distance in vertical direction, further comprising inclined surfaces in between the top side surfaces and the bottom side surfaces, comprising flat areas thereon, enabling close packing of the paving stones by arranging the paving stones successively upside down and not, with load-bearing contact and stabilizing effect between said flat areas on the inclined surfaces thereby being arranged directly adjacent to and facing each other for stones as arranged in a paving layer.

[0045] Preferably, the paving stone, in many embodiments, is comprising vertically cut out comers of the bottom surface, wherein the width and length of the top surface equals the length of the vertically cut out comers; or the width of the ground surface not cut out equals the width of the top surface and the length of the top surface equals the length of the bottom surface not cut out.

[0046] Preferably, the paving stone, in many embodiments, is comprising a shoulder extending outwards a distance from the inclined surfaces and a groove extending inwards a distance from the inclined surfaces, wherein said distances are equal or the distance outwards is smaller than the distance inwards, wherein the shoulder is equal distance downwards from the top surface as the groove is upwards from the bottom surface, and the shoulder comprises cut out sections along the length and the groove comprises sections with no groove along the length, providing shoulder sections and groove sections, wherein said sections are arranged around the inclined surfaces in opposing positions so that the shoulder sections fit into the groove sections when arranging together the stones as facing opposite ways.

[0047] The most preferable embodiment, for many uses, of the paving stone of the invention, is comprising a rectangular top surface, a rectangular bottom surface but with vertically cut out comers, wherein the width of the top surface equals the width of the bottom surface not cut out and the length of the top surface quals the length of the bottom surface not cut out, further comprising circumferentially arranged shoulder and groove sections arranged around the inclined surfaces, positioned oppositely from the top surface and the bottom surface, respectively, so as to lock the shoulder sections into the groove sections when arranging the paving stones closely together by closest packing. The best mechanical stability and strength of the resulting paving layer, known so far, is the result.

[0048] Preferably, the paving stone is comprising a drainage opening or phase out in each paving stone, preferably as a small cut out in one of the cut out comers of the bottom surface, preferably fluidly coupled to a retention soil, a retention tank, or if on an airport de-icing station, or washing station for cars and other vehicles, fluidly coupled to a collection tank or basin for collecting surplus de-icing fluid and / or washing fluid or dirty fluid from the washing, and / or for cooling in warm clime, coupled to a source for cold air and / or cold water, for reverse flow for cooling. Preferably, the paving is comprising cut outs for cables, pipes or conduits, extending in x and or y directions, if the horizontal top and bottom surfaces are assumed to be in the z-plane, in a Cartesian coordinate system.

[0049] Preferably, the paving stone comprises conduits for tensioning, i. e. pre- and / or post tensioning for pressure and tension, in separate conduits for large stones, for air plane parking areas, quays and other high load uses.

[0050] Preferably, the paving stone is comprising an induction charger, i.e. an embedded or wound induction coil, operatively coupled for controlled electric charging or electric supply of electric power to cars or vehicles parked above the induction charger, or driving over one or several paving stones with embedded or wound induction charger, thereby enabling electric charging and / or power supply. Most preferably, the paving stone is comprising induction coils wound around the stone from electric cable, in channels / grooves around the side surface(s), such as in inclined surfaces near the top and bottom surfaces, most preferably in grooves in vertical top and bottom side surfaces.

[0051] The paving stones including induction charger structure operatively arranged can enable smaller and lighter electric batteries in electric cars, buses, trams and lorries, which has a large effect on net emissions. Cameras and sensors can be used to enable monetary charging the owners of the charged vehicles. Electric vehicles with reduced weight of electric batteries and thereby reducing carbon footprint by reduced battery weight and reduced wear on the roads, paving and tires, can be crucial for the green shift if the electricity mix has low or no carbon footprint.

[0052] The paving stone of the invention, in many preferable embodiments is comprising heat tracing / cables / elements.

[0053] Brief description of the figures

[0054] Figure 1 illustrates the best embodiment of a paving stone of the invention, for many uses.

[0055] Figure 2 illustrates the paving stone of Figure 1 , and similar stones of the invention, as arranged in a paving layer.

[0056] Figures 3 and 4 illustrates the paving stone of Figure 1 , and similar rectangular stones of the invention, as seen from several views, with visible openings / grooves in both lateral directions visible, and load distribution indicated.

[0057] Figure 5 illustrates the paving stone of Figure 1 , compared with a traditional paving stone, for a load test.

[0058] Figures 6-14 illustrate further embodiments of the shape of a paving stone of the invention, corresponding to the shapes of the paving stones of patent publication NO 334243 B1.

[0059] Detailed description

[0060] Reference is made to Figure 1 , illustrating the best embodiment of a paving stone 1 of the invention, for many uses. The illustrated paving stone embodiment comprises a rectangular top surface 4, a rectangular bottom surface 7 but with vertically cut out comers 3, wherein the width of the top surface equals the width of the bottom surface not cut out and the length of the top surface quals the length of the bottom surface not cut out, further comprising circumferentially arranged shoulder 8 and groove 9 sections arranged around the inclined surfaces, positioned oppositely from the top surface and the bottom surface, respectively, so as to lock the shoulder sections into the groove sections when arranging the paving stones closely together by closest packing. Bottom side surfaces 6 and top side surfaces 5 can clearly be seen, as well as inclined surfaces 2 and grooves or channels 10 for cables, pipes, electric connectors flow of cold water and / or air or flow of warm air, or other uses.

[0061] The same reference numerals are used for all figures for identical or similar features.

[0062] Figure 2 illustrates the paving stone of Figure 1 , and similar stones of the invention, as arranged in a paving layer, whilst Figures 3 and 4 illustrates the paving stone of Figure 1 , and similar rectangular stones of the invention, as seen from several views, with visible openings / grooves in both lateral directions visible, and load distribution indicated. The openings are for arranging cables, hoses, pipes, connectors, or use as channels for cold air and / or water, or other uses. Figure 4 illustrates, with darker grey, that the load of the central stone in the darker area, is distributed to neighbor stones, also in dark grey.

[0063] Figure 5 illustrates the paving stone of Figure 1 , compared with a traditional paving stone, for a load test. More specifically, an identical load test, with a Toyota Hiace as load, was made on a typical commercially available paving, to the left, and a paving of the invention to the right. All parameters, and all foundation layers, were identical, except the paving layers. As visible, the paving of paving stones of the invention was unaffected whilst the typical paving to the left was severely damaged.

[0064] Figures 6-14 illustrate various other paving stones of the invention, made by the formulation of the invention, and paving layers, but with identical shapes as the paving stones of patent publication NO 334243 B1 , according to patent publication NO 334243 B1 made of tradition concrete mixtures with cement and water. In some embodiments of paving layers, paving stones of the invention of two or more different shapes can be assembled, as seen in Figures 9, 11 , 12 , 13 and 14, so as to provide a paving layer, or paving stones of the invention can be combined with other stones.

Claims

Claims1.Paving stone, meaning a stone configured for paving of footpaths, squares and roads, roundabouts, blocks, speed bumps, speed humps or other similar use, comprising a top surface, a bottom surface and, possibly except for speed bumps or speed humps and similar structures, at least one side surface, natural asphalt in a quantity of the formulation of 0 - 80 weight %, 10 - 70 weight %, 50 - 70 weight %, or more preferably 55-65 weight %, most preferably about 60-65 weight %, stone fractions, in a quantity of the formulation of typically about 0 - 96 weight % , more preferably 0 - 60, 0 - 40 or 0 - 20 or 10 - 50 weight %, for example in size fractions from 1 to 32 mm diameter, and optionally including organic fibers or granulates, such as hemp, and / or expanded clay, glass particulates, and / or metal fibers or other fiber for armoring, characterized in that the paving stone comprises bio bitumen in a quantity of the formulation of 4 - 100, 5 - 60 or 5 - 40 % by weight of the total mass (weight %).2.The paving stone of claim 1 , comprising bio bitumen in a quantity of the formulation of 10-30 % by weight of the total mass (weight %), more preferably 15-25 weight % or most preferably about 20 weight %.3.The paving stone of claim 1 or 2, wherein the bio bitumen is based on cashew nut shells.4.The paving stone of claim 3, wherein the bio bitumen is according to the teaching of patent publication WO 2010110651 A1 and / or US 2012017804 A1 and / or US 10717898B2 and / or patent family members thereof, most preferably EP 3 208 288 B1.5.Paving stone according to any one of claim 1-4, comprising, as standing on a horizontal ground surface, a horizontal bottom surface facing the ground, a horizontal top surface, wherein the area of the top surface is smaller than the area of the bottom surface, or opposite if the paving stone is turned upside down, wherein the top surface is square or rectangular, wherein the ground surface is square or rectangular, comprising vertical top side surfaces around the top surface and vertical bottom side surfaces around the bottom surface, extending equal distance in vertical direction, further comprising inclined surfaces in between the top side surfaces and the bottom side surfaces, comprising flat areas thereon, enabling close packing of the paving stones by arranging the paving stones successively upside down and not, with load-bearing contact and stabilizing effect between said flat areas on the inclined surfaces thereby being arranged directly adjacent to and facing each other for stones as arranged in a paving layer.6.Paving stone according to claim 5, comprising vertically cut out comers of the bottom surface, wherein the width and length of the top surface equals the length of the vertically cut out comers; or the width of the ground surface not cut out equals the width of the top surface and the length of the top surface equals the length of the bottom surface not cut out.7.Paving stone according to any one of claim 5-6, comprising a shoulder extending outwards a distance from the inclined surfaces and a groove extending inwards a distance from the inclined surfaces, wherein said distances are equal or the distance outwards is smaller than the distance inwards, wherein the shoulder is equal distance downwards from the top surface as the groove is upwards from the bottom surface, and the shoulder comprises cut out sections along the length and the groove comprises sections with no groove along the length, providing shoulder sections and groove sections, wherein said sections are arranged around the inclined surfaces in opposing positions so that the shoulder sections fit into the groove sections when arranging together the stones as facing opposite ways.8.Paving stone according to any one of claim 1-7, comprising a rectangular top surface, a rectangular bottom surface but with vertically cut out comers, wherein the width of the top surface equals the width of the bottom surface not cut out and the length of the top surface quals the length of the bottom surface not cut out, further comprising circumferentially arranged shoulder and groove sections arranged around the inclined surfaces, positioned oppositely from the top surface and the bottom surface, respectively, so as to lock the shoulder sections into the groove sections when arranging the paving stones closely together by closest packing.9.Paving stone according to any one of claim 1-8, comprising a drainage opening or phase out in each paving stone, preferably as a small cut out in one of the cut out comers of the bottom surface, preferably fluidly coupled to a retention soil, a retention tank, or if on an airport de-icing station, or washing station for cars and other vehicles, fluidly coupled to a collection tank or basin for collecting surplus deicing fluid and / or washing fluid or dirty fluid from the washing, and / or for cooling in warm clime, coupled to a source for cold air and / or water, for reverse flow for cooling.10.The paving stone of any one of claim 1-9, comprising cut outs for cables, pipes or conduits, extending in x and or y directions, if the horizontal top and bottom surfaces are assumed to be in the z-plane, in a Cartesian coordinate system, and / or comprising heat tracing / cables / elements11.The paving stone of any one of claim 1 -10, comprising conduits for tensioning, i. e. pre and / or post tensioning for pressure and tension, in separate conduits for large stones, for air plane parking areas, quays and other high load uses.12.The paving stone of any one of claim 1-11 , comprising an induction charger, i.e. an embedded or wound induction coil, operatively coupled for controlled electric charging or electric supply of electric power to cars or vehicles parked above the induction charger, or driving over one or several paving stones with embedded or wound induction charger, thereby enabling electric charging and / or power supply,13.The paving stone of any one of claim 1-12, comprising induction coils wrapped around the stone, in channels / grooves around the side surface(s), such as in inclined surfaces near the top and bottom surfaces, most preferably in grooves in vertical top and bottom side surfaces.

Images