Polyol ester oils and their uses as heat transfer fluids and, optionally, compressor lubricants in electric vehicles
A polyol ester oil-based heat transfer fluid with hydrolytic stability addresses the issues of conductivity and stability in electric vehicles, ensuring safe and efficient thermal management and lubrication.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/102931
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-07-01
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-08
AI Technical Summary
Existing heat transfer fluids in electric vehicles are expensive, prone to freezing, and have high electrical conductivity, leading to corrosion and potential short circuits, while polyol ester oils used as lubricants lack hydrolytic stability with low GWP refrigerants.
A heat transfer fluid comprising at least 50 wt% of polyol ester oil, specifically esters of hydrocarbyl polyols with three or more hydroxy groups, and functional additives, offering good electrical performance and hydrolytic stability, suitable for vehicle thermal management systems and A/C compressor lubrication.
The polyol ester oil-based heat transfer fluid provides effective thermal management with low electrical conductivity, preventing corrosion and short circuits, and maintains stability in the presence of low GWP refrigerants, enhancing safety and efficiency in electric vehicles.
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Abstract
Description
POLYOL ESTER OILS AND THEIR USES AS HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS AND, OPTIONALLY, COMPRESSOR LUBRICANTS IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES
[0001] ***FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The field of the invention pertains to Polyol ester (POE) oils and their uses as heat transfer fluids for vehicle thermal management systems and, optionally, A / C com-pressor lubricants, particularly in electric vehicles.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The operation of a power source, such as elective vehicle batteries, generates heat. A heat transfer system, in communication with the power source, regulates the generated heat, and ensures that the power source operates at an optimum temperature. The heat transfer system generally comprises a heat transfer fluid that facilitates absorb-ing and dissipating the heat from the power source. Heat transfer fluids, which generally consist of water and a glycol, can be expensive and are prone to freezing. Traditional heat transfer fluids can also exhibit extremely high conductivities, often in the range of 3000 micro-siemens per centimeter (μS / cm) or more. This high conductivity produces adverse effects on the heat transfer system by promoting corrosion of metal parts and, in the case of power sources where the heat transfer system is exposed to an electrical current, such as in fuels cells or the like, the high conductivity can lead to short circuit-ing of the electrical current and to electrical shock.
[0004] Although electric vehicle battery packs are designed to provide high levels of safety and stability, situations can arise where a portion of a battery pack experiences a local thermal condition which generates significant heat. When the temperature is great enough and sustained, the local thermal condition can transform into a runaway thermal condition affecting wide areas of the battery pack, and sometimes the entire battery pack under certain circumstances.
[0005] Current battery pack designs include an integrated and isolated cooling sys-tem that routes coolant throughout the enclosure. When in good working order, the cool-ant from the cooling system does not come into contact with the electric potentials pro-tected within. Occasionally, leaks in the cooling system arise and some coolant may enter into unintended parts of the enclosure. If the coolant is electrically conductive, it can bridge terminals having relatively large potential differences. That bridging may start an electrolysis process in which the coolant is electrolyzed and the coolant will begin to boil when enough energy is conducted into the electrolysis. This boiling can create the local thermal condition that can lead to the runaway thermal condition de-scribed above.
[0006] A need exists for a heat transfer system and method employing an inexpensive heat transfer fluid with a low electrical conductivity and freeze point. Polyol ester (POE) oils are frequently used in electrical vehicles ( “EV” ) as lubricants in the vehicle’s climate control system because of their electrical performance properties (high electrical resistiv-ity; low electrical conductivity) . Many polyol ester oils, however, have poor hydrolytic stability in the presence of low GWP refrigerants, such as hydrofluoroolefin ( “HFO” ) refrigerants or hydrochlorofluoroolefin refrigerants ( “HCFO” ) . Therefore, there is also a need for a hydrolytically stable heat transfer fluid that may also be used as an A / C com-pressor lubricant in systems using HFO or HCFO refrigerants. Further, prior to the present application, POE oil use as a heat transfer fluid for vehicle thermal management systems, for example battery thermal management systems, was not known.
[0007] The disclosed technology, therefore, solves the problem of providing a polyol ester oil with good electrical performance and good hydrolytic stability that are particu-larly useful in vehicle thermal managements systems, and may optionally be used as a lubricant for vehicle A / C compressors, particularly in electric vehicles.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The disclosed technology provides methods of direct cooling electrical com-ponentry, wherein the electrical componentry are contacted with a heat transfer fluid com-prising at least 50 wt%of a polyol ester (POE) oil. The POE oil may comprise an ester of a hydrocarbyl polyol having three or more hydroxy groups attached to a hydrocarbon group having 3 or more carbon atoms. Suitable hydrocarbyl polyol are not overly limited and include, for example, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, sorbitol, glycerol, mannitol, and combinations thereof.
[0009] In some embodiments, the POE oil may comprise an ester of a hydrocarbyl polyol and at least one carboxylic acid having 4 to 18 carbon atoms (or 6 to 14 carbon atoms, or 8 to 12 carbon atoms) . In some embodiments, the carboxylic acid is a linear or branched aliphatic carboxylic acid having 4 to 18 carbon atoms (or 6 to 14 carbon at-oms, or 8 to 12 carbon atoms) .
[0010] In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may comprise at least 75 wt% (or at least 90 wt%) POE oil. In the same or different embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may comprise at least 76 wt% (or at least 80 wt%or at least 84 wt%or 100 wt%) of a first polyol ester prepared from: 25-40 wt% (or 25-36 wt%or 30-34 wt%) of a first acid comprising at least one branched C4 to C16 carboxylic acid; 40-58 wt% (or 45-58 wt%or 47 to 52 wt%) of a second acid comprising at least one C6 to C20 (or C8 to C20 or C8 to C16) carboxylic acid; and 15-20 wt% (or 17-19 wt%) pentaerythritol.
[0011] In the same or different embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may further comprise as second POE oil, the second POE oil comprising: less than 24 wt% (or less than 20 wt%or less than 16 wt%or 13-15 wt%) of a second polyol ester prepared from: 75-80 wt% (or 77-79 wt%) of a third acid comprising at least one C5 to C9 carboxylic acid; and 20-25 wt% (or 21-23 wt%) dipentaerythritol.
[0012] In some embodiments, the first acid used to prepare the POE oil may be branched in the beta position. In some embodiments, the first acid may be 2-ethyl hexa-noic acid. In the same or different embodiments, the second acid may an iC8 to iC14 acid. In some embodiments, the second acid may be 3, 5, 5-trimethyl hexanoic acid. In yet other embodiments, the third acid may comprise pentanoic acid, heptanoic acid, 3, 5, 5-trimethyl hexanoic acid, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the third acid may be 3, 5, 5-trimethyl hexanoic acid.
[0013] In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may further comprise at least one functional additive or component, for example, at least one acid scavenger, antioxi-dant, antiwear agent, surfactant, corrosion inhibitor, seal conditioning agent, flow im-prover, thermal conductivity improver, or any combinations thereof. In some embodi-ments, the heat transfer fluid may comprise at least one acid scavenger that is an alkyl-substituted epoxide. Suitable alkyl-substituted epoxides include, but are not limited to, ethylene oxide, 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may further comprise at least one phenolic antioxidant, for exam-ple, butylated hydroxytoluene. In yet additional embodiments the heat transfer fluid may further comprise up to 25 wt%of a paraffinic base oil.
[0014] The heat transfer fluids disclosed herein have good hydrolytic stability, as measured using ASHRAE 97. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid’s change in Total Acid Number after the ASHRAE 97 test may be less than 0.6 (or 0.5 or 0.2 or 0.1 or 0.05) mg KOH / g. In the same or different embodiments, the amount of fluoride in the heat transfer fluid after the ASHRAE 97 test is less than 12 (or less than 6) ppm by mass. In the same or different embodiments, the amount of metal in the heat transfer fluid after the ASHRAE 97 test is less than 1 ppm by mass.
[0015] The heat transfer fluid described above may be used to direct cool electrical componentry, for example, aircraft electronics, computer electronics, inverters, phase change inverters (two-phase, three-phase, or split-phase) , converters, chargers, electric motors, and electric motor controllers. In some embodiments, the electrical compo-nentry are in a battery electric vehicle, wherein the electrical components comprise at least one of an electric motor, an inverter, a battery or battery pack, or any combination thereof.
[0016] In other embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may also be used to lubricate a compressor for the elective vehicle’s climate control system. The climate control system may be an air conditioning (AC) system or a heat pump system. In some embodiments, the vehicle’s climate control system may be charged with a hydrofluoroolefin refriger-ant. Exemplary hydrofluoroolefin refrigerants include, but are not limited to, trans-1, 2, 3, 3-tretrafluoropropene, 2, 3, 3, 3-tetrafluoropropene, (E) -1, 2-difluoroethylene, or mixtures thereof.
[0017] The technology disclosed herein includes a vehicle thermal management sys-tem charged with a heat transfer fluid comprising at least 50 wt%of a polyol ester (POE) oil. The technology disclosed herein also includes a vehicle climate control sys-tem charged with a heat transfer fluid comprising at least 50 wt%of a polyol ester (POE) oil. In yet other embodiments, a vehicle having a thermal management system and, optionally, a vehicle climate control system is disclosed herein. Both the thermal management system and the vehicle climate control system may be charged with a heat transfer fluid comprising at least 50 wt%of a polyol ester (POE) oil.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0018] Various preferred features and embodiments will be described below by way of non-limiting illustration. The technology disclosed herein provides heat transfer fluid compositions and methods of direct cooling electrical components in a battery electric vehicle, wherein the electrical components are contacted with a heat transfer fluid com-prising at least 50 wt%of a polyol ester (POE) oil. The electrical components may be in an electric vehicle. The same heat transfer fluids have improved hydrolytic stability in the presence of low GWP refrigerants, such as hydrofluoroolefin ( “HFO” ) refrigerants or hy-drochlorofluoroolefin refrigerants ( “HCFO” ) , making them suitable for use in a vehicle’s climate control system as well.
[0019] Polyol Ester Oils
[0020] Polyol ester oils suitable for use as the heat transfer fluid include, for example, esters of monocarboxylic acids with diols, triols, tetra-ols, or other polyhydric alcohols. Esters may be broadly grouped into two categories: synthetic and natural.
[0021] Synthetic esters suitable for use as the heat transfer fluids may comprise esters of hydrocarbyl monocarboxylic acids containing 2 to 18 carbon atoms, 3 to 12 carbon atoms, or 4 to 10 carbon atoms with polyols. The hydrocarbyl monocarboxylic acids may be linear or branched or any combination of linear and branched carboxylic acids. Suitable carboxylic acids include acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, n-pentanoic acid, neo-pentanoic acid, n-hexanoic acid, n-octanoic acid, iso-octanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, n-decanoic acid, isodecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, iso-dodecanoic acid, tridecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, hexadecenoic acid, and any combination thereof.
[0022] Polyol esters may comprise esters of simple diols, triols or higher polyols with monocarboxylic acids. The polyol may comprise a hydrocarbyl polyol having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, 4 to 12 carbon atoms, or 4 to 8 carbon atoms. Suitable polyols include ethylene glycol, 1, 2-propylene glycol, 1, 3-propanediol, glycerol, 1, 2-butanediol, 1, 4-bu-tanediol, trimethylolpropane, penta-erythritol, dipenta-erythritol, tripenta-erythritol, 1, 2-hexanediol, and any combination thereof. Suitable esters also include monocarboxylic acid esters of polyhydroxy-substituted esters and acids, such as tartaric acid / ester and similar materials.
[0023] Natural (or bio-derived) polyol esters refer to materials derived from a renew-able biological resource, organism, or entity, distinct from materials derived from petro-leum or equivalent raw materials. Natural esters suitable as the heat transfer fluids include fatty acid triglycerides, hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed triglycerides. Suitable triglyc-erides include, but are not limited to, palm oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, linseed oil, and related materials. Other sources of triglycerides include, but are not limited to, algae, animal tallow, and zooplankton.
[0024] Accordingly, in some embodiments, the POE oil may comprise an ester of a hydrocarbyl polyol having three or more hydroxy groups attached to a hydrocarbon group having 3 or more carbon atoms. Suitable hydrocarbyl polyols are not overly limited and include, for example, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, sorbitol, glycerol, mannitol, and combinations thereof.
[0025] In some embodiments, the POE oil may comprise an ester of a hydrocarbyl polyol and at least one carboxylic acid having 4 to 18 carbon atoms (or 6 to 14 carbon atoms, or 8 to 12 carbon atoms) . In some embodiments, the carboxylic acid is a linear or branched aliphatic carboxylic acid having 4 to 18 carbon atoms (or 6 to 14 carbon at-oms, or 8 to 12 carbon atoms) .
[0026] In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may comprise at least 75 wt% (or at least 90 wt%) POE oil. In the same or different embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may comprise at least 76 wt% (or at least 80 wt%or at least 84 wt%or 100 wt%) of a first polyol ester prepared from: 25-40 wt% (or 25-36 wt%or 30-34 wt%) of a first acid comprising at least one branched C4 to C16 carboxylic acid; 40-58 wt% (or 45-58 wt%or 47 to 52 wt%) of a second acid comprising at least one C6 to C20 (or C8 to C20 or C8 to C16) carboxylic acid; and 15-20 wt% (or 17-19 wt%) pentaerythritol.
[0027] In the same or different embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may further comprise as second POE oil, the second POE oil comprising: less than 24 wt% (or less than 20 wt%or less than 16 wt%or 13-15 wt%) of a second polyol ester prepared from: 75-80 wt% (or 77-79 wt%) of a third acid comprising at least one C5 to C9 carboxylic acid; and 20-25 wt% (or 21-23 wt%) dipentaerythritol.
[0028] In some embodiments, the first acid used to prepare the POE oil may be branched in the beta position. In some embodiments, the first acid may be 2-ethyl hexa-noic acid. In the same or different embodiments, the second acid may an iC8 to iC14 acid. In some embodiments, the second acid may be 3, 5, 5-trimethyl hexanoic acid. In yet other embodiments, the third acid may comprise pentanoic acid, heptanoic acid, 3, 5, 5-trimethyl hexanoic acid, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the third acid may be 3, 5, 5-trimethyl hexanoic acid.
[0029] Functional Additives or Components
[0030] In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may further comprise at least one functional additive or component, for example, at least one acid scavenger, antioxi-dant, antiwear agent, surfactant, corrosion inhibitor, seal conditioning agent, flow im-prover, thermal conductivity improver, or any combinations thereof.
[0031] Acid Scavenger. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may comprise at least one acid scavenger that is an alkyl-substituted epoxide. Suitable alkyl-substi-tuted epoxides include, but are not limited to, ethylene oxide, glycidyl epoxide, glycidyl ethers (for example 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether) , glycidyl esters, or mixtures thereof. The acid scavenger, if present, may be present at 0.5 to 2.0 wt%, based on a total weight of the heat transfer fluid.
[0032] Antioxidant. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may further com-prise at least one phenolic antioxidant. Suitable phenolic antioxidants include substituted phenols that contains at least one alkyl substituent group. In some embodiments the phenolic antioxidant includes compounds free of nitrogen which are also ashless. In some embodiments the phenolic antioxidant includes a substituted phenol containing at least two branched alkyl substituent groups. In some embodiments the phenolic antiox-idant comprises a substituted phenol containing at least two branched alkyl substituent groups and further containing an ester containing substituent group.
[0033] The phenolic antioxidant can include a sterically hindered phenols that con-tain an alkyl group ortho to the hydroxyl group, two alkyl groups ortho to the hydroxyl group that occupy the 2-position and 6-position of the phenolic ring, or a mixture thereof. The alkyl groups can contain 1 to 24 carbon atoms and in other instances 3 to 18 and 3 to 12 carbon atoms. The alkyl groups can be linear, branched to include tertiary alkyl groups, or a mixture thereof. The sterically hindered phenol can also contain one or more additional alkyl groups and / or one or more hydrocarbyl groups such as a propio-nate ester group. Useful sterically hindered phenols can include ortho-alkylated phenolic compounds such as for example 2, 6-ditertbutylphenol, 4-methyl-2, 6-di-tertbutylphenol, 2, 4, 6-tritertbutylphenol, 2-tert-butylphenol, 2, 6-diisopropylphenol, 2-methyl-6-tert-bu-tylphenol, 2, 4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol, 4- (N, N-dimethylaminomethyl) -2, 6-di-tertbutyl phenol, 4-ethyl-2, 6-di-tertbutylphenol, and their analogs and homologs. Mix-tures of two or more such mononuclear phenol compounds are also suitable.
[0034] In some embodiments, the sterically hindered phenol can be represented by the following formula:
[0035] wherein R4 is an alkyl group containing 1 up to 24 carbon atoms and a is an integer of 1 to 5. In some embodiments R4 contains 4 to 18 carbon atoms or even from 4 to 12 carbon atoms. R4 may be either straight chained or branched chained, and in some em-bodiments is branched. The value for a can be 1 to 4, 1 to 3, or 2, or 3. In some embod-iments the phenol is a butyl substituted phenol containing 2 or 3 t-butyl groups. In some embodiments one R4 group is located in the 4th position on the ring and is hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl such as methyl, ethyl, or dodecyl. In any of these embodiments, when a is 2 and t-butyl groups occupy the 2-and 6-positions of phenol, the phenol is extremely sterically hindered and has the following structure:
[0036] In one embodiment, the sterically hindered phenol can be represented by the following formula:
[0037] wherein the t-alkyl groups can have 4 to 8 carbon atoms, and R3 is a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group containing 2 to 22, 2 to 8, 2 to 6 carbon atoms or even just 4 carbon atoms. R3 is desirably a 2-ethylhexyl group or an n-butyl group. In one embod-iment, the phenolic antioxidant Hindered, ester-substituted phenols such as those of for-mula (III) can be prepared by heating a 2, 6-dialkylphenol with an acrylate ester under base catalysis conditions such as aqueous KOH. In another embodiment, the sterically hindered phenol is an alkylation reaction product of an alkylphenol such as a do-decylphenol and isobutylene to form a product containing a di-t-butylated alkylphenol. In yet other embodiments, the phenolic antioxidant may be a sterically hindered phenol having two or more alkyl substituents that contain 1 to 24 carbon atoms and that occupy the 2-position and 6-position of the phenolic ring.
[0038] The phenolic antioxidant can also include an alkylene or alkylidene coupled sterically hindered phenol oligomer. The coupled sterically hindered phenol oligomer can contain two or more phenolic rings where each ring is occupied at the 2-, 4-and 6-positions by an alkyl group such as a methyl or t-butyl group or an arylalkyl group such as a 3, 5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl group. The alkylene and alkylidene coupling groups can be respectively methylene and ethylidene groups. The alkyl groups can have 1 to 24 carbon atoms and in other instances can have 3 to 18 and 3 to 12 carbon atoms. The alkyl groups can be linear, branched to include tertiary alkyl groups, or a mixture thereof. The coupled sterically hindered phenol oligomer can include a mixture of two or more oligomers where each oligomer contains a different number of phenolic rings. The cou-pling of the phenolic rings in an oligomer can be at ortho ring positions, at para ring positions, or at a mixture of ortho and para ring positions.
[0039] In one embodiment, the phenolic antioxidant is a coupled alkylphenol which can be represented by the formula:
[0040] wherein each R5 is independently a tertiary alkyl group containing from 4 to about 8 carbon atoms, each of X, Y and Z is independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical, each R6 is independently an alkylene or alkylidene group, and n is a number ranging from 0 to about 4. Each R5 group must be a tertiary alkyl group. Tertiary alkyl groups have the general structure:
[0041] wherein each of J, K and L is an alkyl group of 1-4 carbon atoms. Representative tertiary alkyl groups are tertiary butyl, tertiary amyl, tertiary hexyl and tertiary octyl. The R5 groups may be the same or different. In some embodiments all R5 are the same, and in still further embodiments are all tertiary butyl groups. Each R6 is independently a divalent group such as an alkylene or an alkylidene group. These groups may be substituted for example by various hydrocarbyl groups such as alkyl and aryl groups. Representative examples of suitable R6 groups are methylene, ethylene, propylene, phenyl substituted methylene, methyl substituted methylene, methyl substituted ethylene and the like. Typically, each R6 contains from one to about 10 carbon atoms, or from one to about three carbon atoms. In one embodiment, R6 is phenyl substituted methylene. In another embodiment, each is methylene, that is a group of the formula –CH2-. Each X, Y and Z is independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbon-based group. These groups may be the same or different. In one embodiment, each of X, Y and Z is inde-pendently an aliphatic hydrocarbon group. Thus, each of these groups will contain at least one carbon atom but may contain more. In still further embodiments they contain from 1 to about 500 carbon atoms, from 4 to about 100 carbon atoms, or even from about 4 to about 30 carbon atoms.
[0042] In an embodiment of the invention the phenolic antioxidant is a methylene coupled oligomer of a sterically hindered phenol such as for example 4, 4’-methylene-bis (6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol) , 4, 4’-methylene-bis (2-tert-amyl-6-methylphenol) , 2, 2’-methylene-bis (4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) , 4, 4’methylene-bis (2, 6-di-tert-bu-tylphenol) , and similar compounds. In one embodiment of this invention a methylene coupled oligomer of a sterically hindered phenol is 2, 2’-methylene-bis (6-tert-butyl-4-dodecylphenol) .
[0043] In one embodiment, the phenolic antioxidant comprises butylated hydroxytol-uene. The phenolic antioxidant may be present at 0.01 to 3 wt%, 0.05 to 0.2 wt%, or 0.1 to 1 wt%, based on a total weight of the heat transfer fluid.
[0044] Antiwear agent. In the same or different embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may comprise an antiwear agent. Suitable antiwear agents include phosphates, for ex-ample, for example, tricresyl phosphate, tri (2, 4-di-t-butyl) phosphite, or combinations thereof. The antiwear agent, if present, may be present at 0.01 to 3 wt%, 0.05 to 0.2 wt%, or 0.1 to 1 wt%, based on a total weight of the heat transfer fluid.
[0045] Corrosion inhibitors. In the same or different embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may comprise at least one corrosion inhibitor. Suitable corrosion inhibitors in-clude, but are not limited to benzotriazole, methyltolyltriazole, or combinations thereof. The corrosion inhibitor, if present, may be present at 0.01 to 3 wt%, 0.05 to 0.2 wt%, or 0.1 to 1 wt%, based on a total weight of the heat transfer fluid.
[0046] Surfactant. In the same or different embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may comprise a surfactant. Surfactants, also known as anti-emulsifying or dispersing agents, are well known. Suitable examples of surfactants include polyether compounds, such as polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ethers, and polyoxyethylene alkylnaphthyl ethers. One kind alone or two or more kinds of these surfactants and anti-emulsifying agents can be used either singly or as combined in any arbitrary manner. The surfactant, if present, may be present at 0.01 to 3 wt%, 0.05 to 0.2 wt%, or 0.1 to 1 wt%, based on a total weight of the heat transfer fluid.
[0047] Seal conditioning agent. In the same or different embodiments, the heat trans-fer fluid may comprise a seal conditioning agent. Seal conditioning agents, also known as seal swell agents, are well known. Suitable examples of seal conditioning agents in-clude sulfolanes, benzyl esters, lactones, nitriles, and combinations thereof. The seal conditioning agent, if present, may be present at 0.01 to 3 wt%, 0.05 to 0.2 wt%, or 0.1 to 1 wt%, based on a total weight of the heat transfer fluid.
[0048] Thermal conductivity improver. In the same or different embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may comprise a thermal conductivity improver. Thermal conductivity improvers are understood to be additives that improve the ability of the heat transfer fluid to remove heat from the surface of electrical components through increased ab-sorption of heat, transport of heat, or other mechanisms of cooling. Examples of addi-tives that improve thermal conductivity include dispersed nano-materials, such as dis-persed magnesium oxide, as described in US patent application 2023 / 0416583, and phase change materials as described in WO / PCT application 2023 / 205120. The termal conductivity improver, if present, may be present at 0.1 to 10 wt%, 0.5 to 7 wt%, or 0.1 to 1 wt%, based on a total weight of the heat transfer fluid.
[0049] Flow improver. In the same or different embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may comprise a flow improver. Flow improvers include additives that improve low tem-perature flow of fluids, known as cold flow additives, and friction modifying additives that improve the laminar flow properties of a fluid by reducing thermal increase result-ing from frictional drag of fluids subjected to laminar flow across surfaces to be cooled. Suitable cold flow improvers include pourpoint depressants. Examples of friction reduc-ing additives include glycerol mono-oleate, oleyl amide, molybdenum dithiocarbamates, fatty or waxy alcohols, amides or esters, and combinations thereof. The flow improver, if present, may be present at 0.01 to 3 wt%, 0.05 to 0.2 wt%, or 0.1 to 1 wt%, based on a total weight of the heat transfer fluid.
[0050] In yet additional embodiments the heat transfer fluid may further comprise up to 25 wt%of a paraffinic base oil. Paraffinic base oils are acyclic oleaginous hydrocar-bons which may be linear or branched. Branched paraffins, or isoparaffins, are espe-cially useful as heat transfer fluids. Examples of paraffinic heat transfer fluids include mineral base oils of API Group II and Group III, polyalphaolefins, Fischer Tropsch base oils, such as those made from gas to liquid (GTL) processes, and simple aliphatic hydro-carbons containing 10 to 24 carbon atoms.
[0051] The heat transfer fluids disclosed herein have good hydrolytic stability, as measured using ASHRAE 97. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid’s change in Total Acid Number after the ASHRAE 97 test may be less than 0.6 (or 0.5 or 0.2 or 0.1 or 0.05) mg KOH / g. In the same or different embodiments, the amount of fluoride in the heat transfer fluid after the ASHRAE 97 test is less than 12 (or less than 6) ppm by mass. In the same or different embodiments, the amount of metal in the heat transfer fluid after the ASHRAE 97 test is less than 1 ppm by mass.
[0052] The heat transfer fluids used herein may be used to direct cool electrical com-ponentry. By direct cool, or cooling, at least a portion of the electrical componentry is in direct contact with the heat transfer fluid. The electrical componentry may be aircraft electronics, computer electronics, inverters (for example DC to AC) , phase change in-verters (two-phase, three-phase, or split-phase) , converters (for example AC to DC, step-down, step-up, 120VAC to 12V DC, AC / AC step-down or step-up, DC / DC step-down or step-up, etc. ) , chargers, electric motors, and electric motor controllers.
[0053] The heat transfer fluids disclosed herein are particularly useful in vehicles, particularly in electric vehicles or hybrid electric vehicles, or battery electric vehicles. The heat transfer fluid described above may be used to direct cool electrical components in a battery electric vehicle, wherein the electrical components comprise at least one of an electric motor, an inverter, a battery or battery pack, or any combination thereof. Ac-cordingly, in some embodiments, the disclosed technology includes a vehicle thermal management system charged with the heat transfer fluid described above.
[0054] The method and / or system will be particularly useful in the transfer of heat from battery systems, such as those in an electric vehicle such as an electric car, truck or even electrified mass transit vehicle, like a train or tram. The main piece of electrical componentry in electrified transportation is often battery modules, which may encom-pass one or more battery cells stacked relative to one another to construct the battery module. Heat may be generated by each battery cell during charging and discharging op-erations or transferred into the battery cells during key-off conditions of the electrified vehicle as a result of relatively extreme (i.e., hot) ambient conditions. The battery mod-ule will therefore include a heat transfer system for thermally managing the battery modules over a full range of ambient and / or operating conditions. In fact, operation of battery modules can occur during the use and draining of the power therefrom, such as in the operation of the battery module, or during the charging of the battery module. The charging system, including the alternator, regulator, charging cables, and fuses may also generate heat and the method and / or system can be employed therewith as well. Regard-ing charging, the use of the heat transfer fluid can allow the charging of the battery module to at least 75%of the total battery capacity restored in a time period of less than 15 minutes.
[0055] Similarly, electrical componentry in electrified transportation can include fuel cells, solar cells, solar panels, photovoltaic cells and the like that require cooling by the heat transfer fluid. Such electrified transportation may also include traditional internal combustion engines as, for example, in a hybrid vehicle.
[0056] Electrified transportation may also include electric motors and / or inverters as the electrical componentry. Electric motors may be employed anywhere along the driveline of a vehicle to operate, for example, transmissions, axles and differentials. Such electric motors can be cooled by a heat transfer system employing the heat transfer fluid.
[0057] The method may be employed in lubricating a drivetrain, including, for ex-ample, an electrified transmission, inverter, and / or an electric motor.
[0058] The heat transfer fluid disclosed herein has improved hydrolytic stability com-pared to other types of POE-based fluids, particularly in the presence of HFO refrigerants. Exemplary hydrofluoroolefins ( “HFO” ) include, but are not limited to, 2, 3, 3, 3-tetra-fluoro-1-propene (R-1234yf) , trans-1, 3, 3, 3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R-1234ze (E) ) , cis-1, 3, 3, 3-tetrafluoro-1-propene, cis-1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4-hexaflouro-2-butene (R-1336mzz (Z) ) , trans-1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4-hexaflouro-2-butene, 1, 1-difluoroethylene (R-1132a) , 1, 2-1, 1-difluoro-ethylene (R-1132-E) , trifluoroethylene, trans-1, 2-difluoroethene, and cis-1, 2-difluoro-ethene. In some embodiments, the refrigerant may be a hydrochlorofluoroolefin ( “HCFO” ) . Exemplary HCFO refrigerants include, for example, trans-1-chloro-3, 3, 3-tri-fluoropropene (R1233zd-E) and cis-1-chloro-2, 3, 3, 3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1224yd (Z) ) .
[0059] Accordingly, in the same or different embodiments, the heat transfer fluid may also be used to lubricate a compressor for the elective vehicle’s climate control system. In some embodiments, the disclosed technology includes a vehicle climate control system charged with the heat transfer fluid as described above. The climate control system may be an air conditioning (AC) system or a heat pump system. In some embodiments, the vehicle’s climate control system may be charged with a hydrofluoroolefin refrigerant. Exemplary hydrofluoroolefin refrigerants include, but are not limited to, trans-1, 2, 3, 3-tretrafluoropropene, 2, 3, 3, 3-tetrafluoropropene, (E) -1, 2-difluoroethylene, or mixtures thereof.
[0060] The technology disclosed herein includes a vehicle thermal management sys-tem charged with a heat transfer fluid comprising at least 50 wt%of a polyol ester (POE) oil. The technology disclosed herein also includes a vehicle climate control system charged with a heat transfer fluid comprising at least 50 wt%of a polyol ester (POE) oil. In yet other embodiments, a vehicle having a thermal management system and a vehicle climate control system is disclosed herein. Both the thermal management system and the vehicle climate control system may be charged with a heat transfer fluid comprising at least 50 wt%of a polyol ester (POE) oil.
[0061] The amount of each chemical component described is presented exclusive of any solvent or diluent oil, which may be customarily present in the commercial material, that is, on an active chemical basis, unless otherwise indicated. However, unless otherwise indicated, each chemical or composition referred to herein should be interpreted as being a commercial grade material which may contain the isomers, by-products, derivatives, and other such materials which are normally understood to be present in the commercial grade.
[0062] As used herein, the term “hydrocarbyl” refers to a group having a carbon atom directly attached to the remainder of the molecule, where the group includes at least car-bon and hydrogen atoms. If the hydrocarbyl group comprises more than one carbon atom, then those carbons need not necessarily be linked to each other. For example, at least two of the carbons may be linked via a suitable element or group. In various embodiments, the term “hydrocarbyl” refers to a group having a carbon atom directly attached to the re-mainder of the molecule, where the group consists of carbon, hydrogen, optionally one or more heteroatoms provided the heteroatoms do not alter the predominantly hydrocarbon nature of the substituent. The heteroatom may link at least two of the carbons in the hy-drocarbyl group, and optionally no more than two non-hydrocarbon substituents. Suitable heteroatoms will be apparent to those skilled in the art and include, for instance, sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and silicon. Where the hydrocarbyl contains heteroatoms, optionally, no more than two heteroatoms will be present for every ten carbon atoms in the hydrocarbyl group. Suitable non-hydrocarbon substituents will also be apparent to those skilled in the art and include, for instance, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, mercapto, alkyl-mercapto, nitro, nitroso, and sulphoxy.
[0063] Examples of hydrocarbyls within the context of the present technology there-fore include:
[0064] i. hydrocarbon groups selected from aliphatic (e.g. alkyl or alkenyl) , alicyclic (e.g. cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkadienyl) , and aromatic groups;
[0065] ii. substituted hydrocarbon groups, selected from hydrocarbon groups defined in (i) substituted with no more than two non-hydrocarbon substituents and / or one or more hydrocarbon substituents, the non-hydrocarbon substituents being selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, mercapto, alkylmercapto, nitro, nitroso, and sulphoxy;
[0066] iii. hetero-containing hydrocarbon groups, selected from hydrocarbon groups defined in (i) containing one or more heteroatom in the ring or chain, provided that the group has no more than two heteroatoms present for every ten carbon atoms in the group, the heteroatoms being selected from sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and silicon. The hetero-containing hydrocarbon groups may be substituted with no more than two non-hydrocarbon substituents and / or one or more hydrocarbon sub-stituents.
[0067] In some embodiments, the term “hydrocarbyl” refers to a group having a car-bon atoms directly attached to the remainder of the molecule, where the group consists of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
[0068] It is known that some of the materials described above may interact in the final formulation, so that the components of the final formulation may be different from those that are initially added. For instance, metal ions (of, e.g., a detergent) can migrate to other acidic or anionic sites of other molecules. The products formed thereby, including the products formed upon employing the composition of the present invention in its intended use, may not be susceptible of easy description. Nevertheless, all such modifications and reaction products are included within the scope of the present invention; the present in-vention encompasses the composition prepared by admixing the components described above.
[0069] The invention herein is useful in electric vehicles as lubricants in the vehicle’s climate control system and / or as heat transfer fluids for the vehicle’s battery, which may be better understood with reference to the following examples.
[0070] EXAMPLES
[0071] POE oils were prepared from pentaerythritol and / or dipentaerythritol reacted with various carboxylic acids. A “First POE” was prepared using 17-19 wt%pentaeryth-ritol, 26-34 wt%2-ethyl hexanoic acid, and 48-54 wt%3, 5, 5-trimethyl hexanoic acid. A second POE, “Second POE A” , was prepared using 21-23 wt%dipentaerythritol and 77-79 wt%3, 5, 5-trimethyl hexanoic acid. A third POE, “Second POE B” , was prepared using 21-23 wt%dipentaerythritol, 9-10 wt%pentanoic acid, 2-3 wt%heptanoic acid, and 64-66 wt%3, 5, 5-trimethyl hexanoic acid. A fourth POE, “Comparative POE” , was prepared using 9-10 wt%pentaerythritol, 12-13 wt%dipentaerythritol, 13-14 wt%pentanoic acid, 22-23 wt%heptanoic acid, and 42-43 wt%3, 5, 5-trimethyl hexanoic acid.
[0072] The POE oils were then used to prepare finished lubricants. The finished lub-ricant compositions are shown in Table 1 below.
[0073] Table 1
[0074] 1- First POE is prepared from pentaerythritol, 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, and 3, 5, 5-trimethyl hexanoic acid
[0075] 2- Second POE A is prepared from dipentaerythritol and 3, 5, 5-trimethyl hexanoic acid
[0076] 3- Second POE B is prepared from dipentaerythritol, pentanoic acid, heptanoic acid, and 3, 5, 5-trimethyl hexanoic acid
[0077] 4- Comparative POE is prepared from pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, pentanoic acid, hep-tanoic acid, and 3, 5, 5-trimethyl hexanoic acid
[0078] The hydrolytic stability of the finished lubricants in the presence of an HFO refrigerant (R-1234yf) was tested using both a standard and a modified version of the ASHRAE 97 test. Standard ASHRAE 97 test conditions are as follows: for each lubricant, 1 set of tubes is prepared, with each set having 4 tubes each. All tubes contain the refrig-erant and lubricant in a ratio of 2 to 8 (0.4 g. of refrigerant to 1.6 g. of lubricant) . One set of metal catalyst (copper, aluminum and steel) is also placed in each tube. Modified ASHRAE 97 test conditions are as follows: for each lubricant, 1 set of tubes is prepared, with each set having 4 tubes each. All tubes contain a little more of the lubricant and refrigerant mixture in the same 2 to 8 ratio (0.5 g. refrigerant and 2.0 g. lubricant) and a set of metal catalysts (copper, aluminum and steel) , 1000 ppm of water to the weight of lubricant was also added for the modified test.
[0079] An initial visual assessment of both the liquid and metal catalyst is made and recorded. The tubes are then aged at a constant temperature of 175℃ for 14 days. After 14 days, both sets of tubes are visually examined for changes in lubricant color, total acid number, ppm metal in oil, particulate or film formulation, corrosion of the metal catalysts, and copper plating on the surface of the steel catalyst. The visual results are obtained and recorded.
[0080] The color of the lubricant is measured according to ASTM D1500. For this color test, the liquid sample is placed in a test container and compared with colored glass disks using a colorimeter and standard light source. The glass discs range in value from 0.5 to 8.0. The initial color is measured immediately after the tubes are prepared. Aged color is measured after the aging process described above.
[0081] The visual results for both the lubricant and the metals, as compared to unaged tubes are described in Table 2 below. The change in TAN (as measured using ASTM D974) , and the amount of metal in the lubricant (as measured using ICP spectroscopy) , as well as the amount of fluoride (as measured using ion chromatography) in the lubricant (both in ppm by mass) are also shown in Table 2.
[0082] Table 2 –Hydrolytic Stability Results
[0083] Generally, a lubricant has good hydrolytic stability if it has a low TAN value and there is little or no change in the lubricant and metal coupon appearance after the ASHRAE 97 tests. As can be seen the Table 2, the inventive POE lubricant compositions of EX 1 and EX 2 have significantly lower TAN numbers than the comparative POE lub-ricant compositions EX 3 and EX 4. EX 3, also has 12 ppm fluoride in the lubricant, indicating there is some interaction between the lubricant and refrigerant.
[0084] Each of the documents referred to above is incorporated herein by reference, including any prior applications, whether or not specifically listed above, from which pri-ority is claimed. The mention of any document is not an admission that such document qualifies as prior art or constitutes the general knowledge of the skilled person in any jurisdiction. Except in the Examples, or where otherwise explicitly indicated, all numer-ical quantities in this description specifying amounts of materials, reaction conditions, molecular weights, number of carbon atoms, and the like, are to be understood as modified by the word “about” . It is to be understood that the upper and lower amount, range, and ratio limits set forth herein may be independently combined. Similarly, the ranges and amounts for each element of the invention can be used together with ranges or amounts for any of the other elements.
[0085] As used herein, the transitional term “comprising, ” which is synonymous with “including, ” “containing, ” or “characterized by, ” is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. However, in each recitation of “comprising” herein, it is intended that the term also encompass, as alternative embod-iments, the phrases “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of, ” where “consisting of” excludes any element or step not specified and “consisting essentially of” permits the inclusion of additional unrecited elements or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the composition or method under consideration.
[0086] While certain representative embodiments and details have been shown for the purpose of illustrating the subject invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in this art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the scope of the subject invention. In this regard, the scope of the invention is to be limited only by the following claims.
Claims
1.A method of direct cooling electrical componentry, wherein the electrical compo-nentry are contacted with a heat transfer fluid comprising at least 50 wt%of a polyol ester (POE) oil.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the POE oil comprises an ester of a hydrocarbyl polyol having three or more hydroxy groups attached to a hydrocarbon group having 3 or more carbon atoms.3.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the POE oil comprises an ester of a hydro-carbyl polyol and at least one carboxylic acid having 4 to 18 carbon atoms (or 6 to 14 carbon atoms, or 8 to 12 carbon atoms) .4.The method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the hydrocarbyl polyol is selected from tri-methylolpropane, dipentaerythritol, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, glycerol, mannitol, and combinations thereof.5.The method of claim 3 or 4, wherein the carboxylic acid is a linear or branched aliphatic carboxylic acid having 4 to 18 carbon atoms (or 6 to 14 carbon atoms, or 8 to 12 carbon atoms) .6.The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises at least 75 wt% (or at least 90 wt%) POE oil.7.The method of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the POE oil comprises:a. at least 76 wt% (or at least 80 wt%or at least 84 wt%or 100 wt%) of a first polyol ester prepared from:i. 25-40 wt% (or 25-36 wt%or 30-34 wt%) of a first acid comprising at least one branched C4 to C16 carboxylic acid;ii. 40-58 wt% (or 45-58 wt%or 47 to 52 wt%) of a second acid com-prising at least one C6 to C20 (or C8 to C20 or C8 to C16) carboxylic acid; andb. 15-20 wt% (or 17-19 wt%) pentaerythritol.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the heat transfer fluid further comprises:c. less than 24 wt% (or less than 20 wt%or less than 16 wt%or 13-15 wt%) of a second polyol ester prepared from:i. 75-80 wt% (or 77-79 wt%) of a third acid comprising at least one C5 to C9 carboxylic acid; andii. 20-25 wt% (or 21-23 wt%) dipentaerythritol.9.The method of claim 7 or 8, wherein the first acid is branched in the beta posi-tion.10.The method of any one of claims 7 to 9, wherein the first acid is 2-ethyl hexanoic acid.11.The method of any one of claims 7 to 10, wherein the second acid is an iC8 to iC14 acid.12.The method of any one of claims 7 to 11, wherein the second acid is 3, 5, 5-trime-thyl hexanoic acid.13.The method of any one of claims 8 to 12, wherein the third acid comprises penta-noic acid, heptanoic acid, 3, 5, 5-trimethyl hexanoic acid, or mixtures thereof.14.The method of claim 13, wherein the third acid is 3, 5, 5-trimethyl hexanoic acid.15.The method of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the heat transfer fluid further comprises at least one acid scavenger, antioxidant, antiwear agent, surfactant, corrosion inhibitor, seal conditioning agent, flow improver, thermal conductivity improver, or any combinations thereof.16.The method of claim 15, wherein heat transfer fluid further comprises at least one acid scavenger that is an alkyl-substituted epoxide.17.The method of claim 16, wherein the alkyl-substituted epoxide is ethylene oxide, 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether, or mixtures thereof.18.The method of any one of claims 15 to 17, wherein the heat transfer fluid further comprises at least one phenolic antioxidant (butylated hydroxytoluene) .19.The method of any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the heat transfer fluid further comprises up to 25 wt%of a paraffinic base oil.20.The method of any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the electrical componentry are aircraft electronics, computer electronics, inverters, phase change inverters (two- phase, three-phase, or split-phase) , converters, chargers, electric motors, and electric motor controllers.21.The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the electrical componentry are in a battery electric vehicle and comprise at least one of an electric motor, an in-verter, a battery or battery pack, or any combination thereof.22.The method of any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein the heat transfer fluid also lu-bricates the battery electric vehicle’s climate control system.23.The method of claim 22, wherein the climate control system is an air condition-ing system or a heat pump system.24.The method of claim 22 or 23, wherein the heat transfer fluid’s hydrolytic stabil-ity is measured using ASHRAE 97.25.The method of claim 24, wherein the heat transfer fluid’s change in Total Acid Number after the ASHRAE 97 test is less than 0.6 (or 0.5 or 0.2 or 0.1 or 0.05) mg KOH / g.26.The method of claim 24 or 25, wherein the amount of fluoride in the heat transfer fluid after the ASHRAE 97 test is less than 12 (or less than 6) ppm by mass.27.The method of any one of claims 24 to 26, wherein the amount of metal in the heat transfer fluid after the ASHRAE 97 test is less than 1 ppm by mass.28.The method of anyone of claims 21 to 26, wherein the battery electric vehicle’s climate control system is charged with a hydrofluoroolefin refrigerant.29.The method of claim 27, wherein the hydrofluoroolefin refrigerant comprises trans-1, 2, 3, 3-tretrafluoropropene, 2, 3, 3, 3-tetrafluoropropene, (E) -1, 2-difluoroeth-ylene, or mixtures thereof.30.A vehicle thermal management system charged with a heat transfer fluid com-prising at least 50 wt%of a polyol ester (POE) oil.31.A vehicle having a thermal management system and, optionally, a vehicle cli-mate control system, wherein both the thermal management system and the vehi-cle climate control system are charged with a heat transfer fluid comprising at least 50 wt%of a polyol ester (POE) oil.
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