Methods and compositions for characterizing and making influenza viruses and vaccines
Extra early stem cells like EPSCs are used to produce influenza viruses and vaccines, addressing scalability and compatibility issues, ensuring effective and safe production and evaluation of antiviral agents.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/108588
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2025-03-21
- Filing Date
- 2025-07-15
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-22
AI Technical Summary
Current methods for producing influenza viruses and vaccines face challenges such as reliance on chicken embryo cultures, limited scalability, incompatibility with human cells, and inefficiencies in antigen expression and host immune responses, leading to ineffective vaccines and potential side effects.
Utilizing extra early stem cells, such as expanded potential stem cells (EPSCs), to infect, proliferate, and isolate influenza viruses and variants, enabling the production of vaccines and evaluation of antiviral agents.
Provides a scalable and effective method for producing influenza viruses and vaccines using human-compatible cells, ensuring accurate antigen expression and immune response reflection, thereby improving vaccine efficacy and safety.
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Figure CN2025108588_22012026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR CHARACTERIZING AND MAKING INFLUENZA VIRUSES AND VACCINESCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to Chinese Application No. 202410943877.8, filed July 15, 2024, and U.S. Application No. 63 / 775,806, filed March 21, 2025, the content of each of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety. REFERENCE TO AN ELECTRONIC SEQUENCE LISTING
[0002] The contents of the electronic sequence listing (275162000741SEQLIST. xml; Size: 39,866 bytes; and Date of Creation: July 7, 2025) is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.FIELD
[0003] The present invention relates to the field of using cultured cells (such as extra early stem cells) in making influenza viruses and vaccines, and related applications.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] Seasonal influenza viruses and their subtypes or mutant strains have caused countless deaths around the world. Vaccine research and development and antiviral drug screening are highly impactful to global human health. Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and are single-stranded, negative-stranded, segmented RNA viruses. According to different nuclear proteins and matrix proteins, they are divided into four types: A, B, C and D. Humans are mainly infected by the H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 subtypes of influenza A viruses and the Victoria and Yamagata strains of influenza B viruses. However, some highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses such as H7N9 can also cause serious infections in humans. Similarly, swine flu is an important cause of pig deaths.
[0005] Producing viruses is a prerequisite for research on virus pathogenesis and vaccine production. At present, the production of influenza vaccines mainly relies on chicken embryo cultures. However, there are several shortcomings of such methods. First, the production of chicken embryos is subject to the supply of chickens and eggs, and it might be difficult to meet the need for rapid production of influenza viruses during a large-scale influenza outbreak. Second, people who are allergic to eggs cannot use vaccines produced by viruses prepared in chicken embryo cultures. Thus, researchers have been exploring the possibilities of using mammalian or human cells as substrates for virus production.
[0006] Certain cells have been shown useful for virus production and related vaccine production. For instance, CN1653172 discloses cotton rat cell lines for organisms or pathogenic agents such as viruses. However, the cells cannot be used for influenza virus production.
[0007] A few cell lines such as primary monkey kidney (PMK) cells, Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, green monkey kidney cells (Vero E6) , lung cancer cell line (A549) , human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, and goat kidney cells can be used to culture influenza viruses. However, most of these cells are non-human cells. Some cell lines may have cancerous properties and are not suitable to produce vaccines, especially human vaccines. Additionally, some cell lines are too expensive to obtain (such as PMK cells) .
[0008] There are several issues with using non-human cells. Although some cells can provide an environment for influenza virus replication, due to the differences in virus packaging systems between host cells derived from non-human cells and those in human cells, these non-human cells often lack some replication and modification elements unique to human cells. As a result, viruses produced from non-human cells may be different in terms of antigen expression, the amount and duration of virus replication, and the life cycle after invading host cells. Additionally, there might be differences in the host immune responses as well. In addition, the intrinsic components of the prepared virus cannot be exactly the same as those replicated, packaged, and modified in human host cells. This may lead to inactivated vaccines that are ineffective, or have various side effects, or even lead to patient deaths.
[0009] The emergence of various subtypes and mutant strains of influenza viruses present obstacles for the development of related drugs. Some drugs that have been tested effective in animal experiments are ineffective or even have toxic side effects on humans. Moreover, animal tests for screening drugs are time-consuming and costly.
[0010] Accordingly, there exists a need for human cells that are susceptible to influenza viruses that can be used for the production of influenza viruses. There is also a need of human cells for producing flu vaccines and for antiviral drug evaluation and discovery.
[0011] Stem cells and differentiated cells therefrom have extremely important prospects in areas such as drug screening and disease mechanism research. Traditionally, embryonic stem cells are derived from early embryos at about 100 cells and generally do not have the ability to develop extraembryonic tissues. In recent years, expanded potential stem cells (EPSC) , naive embryonic stem cells (naive ESC) , and 8-cell-like totipotent stem cells (8CLC) have been reported to be able to differentiate into various types of tissues / cells, including three embryonic germ layers and trophoblasts that are extraembryonic. Because of their ability to differentiate into the extraembryonic lineage, these cells can be induced to produce various early extraembryonic cells, such as trophoblast stem cells (TSC) , syncytiotrophoblast (STB) and extravillous trophoblast (EVT) . BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] In one aspect, provided herein is a method of making an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, comprising: i) infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; and ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof, thereby obtaining the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof.
[0013] In another aspect, provided herein is a method of making a vaccine, comprising: i) infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof; ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; and iii) producing a vaccine using the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof.
[0014] In another aspect, provided herein is a method of detecting an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, comprising: i) infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; and ii) detecting the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof of. In some embodiments, the method comprises growing the infected extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom to allow proliferation of the viruses prior to the detection step.
[0015] In another aspect, provided herein is a method of evaluating an agent for its antiviral effect, comprising: i) infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof; ii) contacting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom with the agent at one or more concentrations; and iii) measuring the viral load of the influenza virus and / or variant thereof, thereby determining the dose-response relationship of the agent.
[0016] In another aspect, provided herein is a cell infected by an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, wherein the cell is an extra early stem cell, or a cell differentiated therefrom.
[0017] In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom expresses an influenza virus receptor.
[0018] In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the extra early stem cell is a human extra early stem cell or a non-human extra early stem cell.
[0019] In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the extra early stem cell is obtained by inducing an extra early embryonic cell to differentiate.
[0020] In some embodiments, the extra early embryonic cell is derived from an extra early embryonic stem cell, an adult somatic cell that can be reprogrammed to an extra early embryonic stem cell, or an extraembryonic progenitor cell. In some embodiments, the extra early embryonic stem cell is an expanded potential stem cell (EPSC) . In some embodiments, the extra early embryonic stem cell is obtained by reprogramming a somatic cell.
[0021] In some embodiments, the extra early embryonic stem cell is obtained by inducing an extraembryonic progenitor cell to differentiate. In some embodiments, the extraembryonic progenitor cell is an amniotic membrane cell, umbilical cord cell, amniotic fluid cell, or placental cell. In some embodiments, the amniotic membrane cell is an amniotic membrane stem cell or an amniotic membrane cell that can be reprogramed to an amniotic membrane stem cell; the umbilical cord cell is an umbilical cord stem cell or an umbilical cord cell that can be reprogramed to an umbilical cord stem cell; the amniotic fluid cell is an amniotic fluid stem cell or an amniotic fluid cell that can be reprogramed to an amniotic fluid stem cell; or the placental cell is a placental stem cell or a placental cell that can be reprogramed to a placental stem cell. In some embodiments, the amniotic membrane stem cell has one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of: 1) epithelial-like adherent growth; 2) spindle-shaped; 3) expression of markers ISL1, VTCN1, and / or GABRP; 4) ability to be continuously passaged and proliferate; 5) expression of embryonic stem cell-specific markers Oct-4, Nanog, Sox-2, and / or REX-1; 6) expression of SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA 1-60 and TRA 1-81, ABCG 2 / BCRP, CD29, and / or CD44, CD58, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD166; or CD9, CD24, E-cadherin, integrinα6 and / orβ; 7) low or weak expression of c-kit (CD117) , CC chemokine receptor (CRR4) and / or HLA-DR; and 8) low to no expression of HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, CD34, CD133, SSEA-1, CD45, and / or ABCG2. In some embodiments, the amniotic fluid cell has one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of: 1) expression of embryonic stem cell-specific markers OCT-4, Nanog, SSEA-4, SOX2; 2) expression of HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, CD29, CD44, CD58, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD117 and / or CD166; and 3) low to no expression of HLA-DR, CD34, CD45, ABCG2, C-MET, SSEA-1, SSEA-3, TRA-1-60 and / or TRA-1-80. In some embodiments, the umbilical cord stem cell expresses CD44 and / or CD29, and has low to no expression of CD106, CD14, CD34, CD45, CD31, and / or HLA-DR. In some embodiments, the placental cell is a trophoblast stem cell (TSC) or a cell derived therefrom. In some embodiments, the trophoblast stem cell is reprogrammed from a placental cell. In some embodiments, the cell derived from a trophoblast stem cell is a syncytiotrophoblast ( “STB” ) , or an extravillous trophoblast ( “EVT” ) . In some embodiments, the TSC expresses one or more markers selected from the group consisting of: TFAP2C, TP63, CK18, GATA3, ELF5, TEAD4, and KRT7. In some embodiments, the STB has one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of: 1) is a multinucleated cell; and 2) expresses one or more markers selected from the group consisting of: β-hCG, CGA, and CGB. In some embodiments, the EVT has one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of: 1) has a spindle shape; 2) expresses KRT7, HLA-G, ITGA1, IGTA5 and / or MMP2; and 3) does not express or expresses in low levels GATA3.
[0022] In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the extra early stem cell is a human extra early stem cell, and the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a human influenza virus and / or variant thereof.
[0023] In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the extra early stem cell is a pig extra early embryonic stem cell, and the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a swine influenza virus and / or variant thereof.
[0024] In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the influenza virus is a type A influenza virus, a type B influenza virus, a type C influenza virus, and / or type D influenza virus and / or its mutant strains.
[0025] In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the influenza virus is a H1N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H3N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H5N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N3 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N7 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N9 virus or a subtype thereof, a virus of the type B / Victoria lineage, or a virus of the type B / Yamagata lineage.
[0026] In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the ratio between the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof and the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is from about 0.1: 1 to about 10: 1.
[0027] In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is an amniotic epithelial cell (AEC) .
[0028] In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is a syncytiotrophoblast (STB) .
[0029] In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is a trophoblast stem cell (TSC) .
[0030] In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is an extravillous trophoblast (EVT) .
[0031] In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the viral load of the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is from about 0.01 to about 100.
[0032] In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments described above, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom can be stably and continuously passaged.
[0033] In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is infected by the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof at about 0.1 to about 10 MOI.
[0034] In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with each of the plurality of agents at a concentration of about 5 nM to about 50μM.
[0035] In some embodiments according to any of the embodiments about methods of evaluating an agent for its antiviral effect, the methods further comprise assessing a cytotoxic effect of the agent.
[0036] In another aspect, provided herein is a method of treating influenza infection in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of one or more anti-viral compound or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof, wherein the anti-viral compound is selected from the group consisting of: Digitoxin, Triptolide, Bortezomib, Ouabain (Octahydrate) , Dinaciclib, Homoharringtonine, Deslanoside, Harringtonine, Ixazomib, Cinobufotalin, Halofuginone hydrobromide, Lanatoside C,Halofuginone, and Ixazomib citrate.
[0037] another aspect, provided herein is use of an agent in a method of treating influenza infection in a subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of the agent, and wherein the agent is selected from the group consisting of: Digitoxin, Triptolide, Bortezomib, Ouabain (Octahydrate) , Dinaciclib, Homoharringtonine, Deslanoside, Harringtonine, Ixazomib, Cinobufotalin, Halofuginone hydrobromide, Lanatoside C,Halofuginone, and Ixazomib citrate.
[0038] In another aspect, provided herein is use of an agent in the manufacturing of a medicament for treating influenza infection, wherein the agent is selected from the group consisting of: Digitoxin, Triptolide, Bortezomib, Ouabain (Octahydrate) , Dinaciclib, Homoharringtonine, Deslanoside, Harringtonine, Ixazomib, Cinobufotalin, Halofuginone hydrobromide, Lanatoside C, Halofuginone, and Ixazomib citrate.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0039] FIGs. 1A-1C show the results of infecting feeder cells and expanded potential stem cells (EPSCs) by influenza viruses. FIG. 1A shows the fluorescence quantification of viral copy number of STO feeder cells alone (1.5×105) , MDCK cells (1.5×105) and different numbers of C5-EPSCs (5w, 10w, 15w) grown on feeder cells after infection with influenza virus at 0h, 24h, and 48h. For each of 0h, 24h, and 48h post-infection, the bars from left to right are: STO feeder cells alone (1.5×105) , C5-EPSCs (5w) , C5-EPSCs (10w) , C5-EPSCs (15w) , and MDCK cells (1.5×105) . FIG. 1B shows the fluorescence PCR quantification of viral copy number in the supernatant of STO feeder cells alone (1.5×105) , an equal number of MDCK cells (1.5×105) and different numbers of C5-EPSC (5w, 10w, 20w) grown on feeder cells after infection with influenza virus at 0h, 24h, and 48h. For each of 0h, 24h, and 48h post-infection, the bars from left to right are: STO feeder cells alone (1.5×105) , C5-EPSCs (5w) , C5-EPSCs (10w) , C5-EPSCs (20w) , and MDCK cells (1.5×105) . FIG. 1C shows the fluorescence PCR quantification of viral copy number in the supernatant of hBN feeder cells and M1-EPSC, TRPX1 knock-out M1-EPSC, and C5-EPSC grown on hBN feeder cells (1.5×105 per well) at different timepoints. “New” represents cells grown for 2 days. “Old” represents cells grown for 12 days. “5w” , “10w” , “15w” and “20w” refer to the numbers of C5-EPSC cells in the 12-well plate, which are 0.5×105, 1.0×105, 1.5×105and 20×105respectively.
[0040] FIGs. 2A-2D show the assessment of susceptibility of trophoblast cells to three influenza strains. FIG. 2A is a schematic drawing of susceptibility testing protocols for trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) derived from expanded potential stem cells (EPSC) and cells differentiated therefrom (STB at in vitro differentiation day 6 and extravillous trophoblast cells at in vitro differentiation day 8) and control cells MDCK, using three influenza virus strains (H1N1, H5N1, and H7N9) . FIG. 2B shows the viral titer in the supernatant or cell lysate of the different cell types after infection by H1N1. FIG. 2C shows the viral titer in the supernatant or cell lysate of the different cell types after infection by H5N1. FIG. 2D shows the viral titer in the supernatant or cell lysate of the different cell types after infection by H7N9.
[0041] FIGs. 3A-3D show the assessment of susceptibility of STBs to three influenza strains. FIG. 3A is a schematic drawing of susceptibility testing protocols for STBs at different stages (day 2 and day 4) of three influenza virus strains (H1N1, H5N1, and H7N9) . FIG. 3B shows the results of the susceptibility testing for H1N1. FIG. 3C shows the results of the susceptibility testing for H5N1. FIG. 3D shows the results of the susceptibility testing for H7N9.
[0042] FIGs. 4A-4E show infection of EPSC-TSC by H1N1 using single cell sequencing. FIG. 4A is the UMAP analysis result of single cell sequencing of mock, uninfected EPSC-TSCs (green cells) and infected EPSC-TSCs (red cells) after infection with influenza virus strain (H1N1) . FIG. 4B shows expression of influenza virus marker gene FLUAVs7gp2 in the uninfected and infected groups. FIG. 4C shows the scoring of influenza virus gene expression in the uninfected and infected groups. FIG. 4D shows expression of immune genes OASL in the uninfected and infected groups. FIG. 4E shows expression of immune genes IFNL1 in the uninfected and infected groups.
[0043] FIGs. 5A-5H show infection of differentiating EPSC by H1N1. FIG. 5A shows the differentiation of EPSC in TSC medium (TSCM) . FIG. 5B shows the sampling of EPSC differentiating in TSCM (from day 0 to day 7) for single cell sequencing. FIG. 5C is the UMAP analysis result EPSC differentiating in TSCM for 7 days. FIG. 5D shows expressions of trophoblast cell marker genes ESRRG, MSX2 and amniotic membrane cell marker genes ISL1 and GABRP in EPSC differentiating in TSCM for 7 days. FIG. 5E shows expression of trophoblast cell marker genes ESRRG and amniotic membrane cell marker genes GABRP at day 5 and day 7. FIG. 5F shows susceptibility of EPSC cells differentiating in TSCM for 3 days (TSCM day3) to H1N1, where 1) the supernatant is collected 2 hours and 48 hours after virus inoculation, and 2) cell lysate is collected at 48 hours, and the number of viral genome copies in the supernatant and cell lysate is detected by RT-qPCR. FIG. 5G shows immunofluorescence detection of H1N1 (green fluorescence) in EPSC differentiating in TSCM for 3 days (TSCM day3) that are either uninfected (mock) , or 48 hours after infection (infected) . FIG. 5H shows immunofluorescence detection of cell types that are infected in FIG. 5G. Red fluorescence shows H1N1 positive cells, and green fluorescence shows ISL1 positive cells (amniotic epithelial cells) .
[0044] FIGs. 6A-6E show single cell sequencing results in EPSC cells differentiating in TSCM for 3 days (TSCM day3) 48 hours post infection by H1N1. FIG. 6A is the UMAP analysis result of single cell sequencing of mock, uninfected cells (green) and infected cells (red) . FIG. 6B shows expression of influenza virus marker gene FLUAVs7gp2 in the uninfected and infected groups. FIG. 6C shows the scoring of influenza virus gene expression in the uninfected and infected groups. FIG. 6D shows expression of immune genes OASL in the uninfected and infected groups. FIG. 6E shows expression of immune genes IFNL1 in the uninfected and infected groups.
[0045] FIGs. 7A-7G show susceptibility of amniotic epithelial cells (AEC) to H1N1. FIG. 7A shows EPSCs were differentiated by TSCM, and after 10 passages, trophoblast stem cells and amniotic epithelial cells were isolated and purified. FIG. 7B shows expression of marker genes (GATA2, GATA3, TFAP2A, TFAP2C) by RT-qPCR. For each gene, from left to right, the bars represent: TSC, WT-TSCM, AEC-7.7, and AEC-7.8. FIG. 7C shows expression of marker genes (ENPEP, CGA, CGB, KRT7) by RT-qPCR. For each gene, from left to right, the bars represent: TSC, WT-TSCM, AEC-7.7, and AEC-7.8. FIG. 7D shows expression of marker genes (ISL1, BMP4, GABRP, VTCN1) by RT-qPCR. For each gene, from left to right, the bars represent: TSC, WT-TSCM, AEC-7.7, and AEC-7.8. FIG. 7E shows expression (immunofluorescence) of amniotic membrane cell marker genes ISL1 and GABRP, and trophoblast cell marker genes KRT7 and GATA2 in EPSCs differentiating in TSCM after 10 passages. FIG. 7F shows immunofluorescence detection of H1N1 viruses 48 hours post infection in AEC, TSC, and MDCK cells. FIG. 7G shows quantification of H1N1 viruses 48 hours post infection in AEC, TSC, and MDCK cells.
[0046] FIG. 8 shows the effect of different conditions for differentiation on susceptibility of TSC to influenza viruses.
[0047] FIG. 9 shows results of screening of agents for anti-flu effects using TSC cells. For each agent, viral inhibition curve is shown with circular markers, and cell viability curve is shown with triangular markers.
[0048] FIG. 10 shows results of screening of agents for anti-flu effects using A549 cells. For each agent, viral inhibition curve is shown with circular markers, and cell viability curve is shown with triangular markers.
[0049] FIG. 11 shows a summary of testing results of agents for anti-flu effects using TSC cells and A549 cells.
[0050] FIG. 12 shows the chemical structures of agents screened for anti-flu effects.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0051] Extra early stem cells (such as EPSCs) can be derived from normal, non-cancerous cells. The cells show normal karyotype with no contamination or carcinogenicity. EPSCs can be differentiated in vitro into various cell types, such as trophoblast stem cells (TSC) , syncytiotrophoblasts (STB) , extravillous trophoblast cells (EVT) , and amniotic epithelial cells (AEC) .
[0052] The present application leverages the unique properties of extra early stem cells (such as EPSCs) and / or cells differentiated therefrom for producing influenza viruses and vaccines and assessing anti-influenza virus effects of candidate agents that can be useful in drug discovery. The present application in one aspect provides a method of making an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, comprising: i) infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; and ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof, thereby obtaining the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof.
[0053] Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of making a vaccine, comprising: i) infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof; ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; and iii) producing a vaccine using the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof of ii) .
[0054] Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of detecting an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, comprising: i) infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; and ii) detecting the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof after proliferation.
[0055] Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of screening an anti-influenza virus drug or an active ingredient thereof, comprising: i) infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof; ii) contacting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom with the anti-influenza drug or active ingredient thereof at one or more concentrations; and iii) assessing the viability of the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom, thereby determining the safety of the anti-influenza drug or active ingredient thereof, and / or measuring the viral load of the influenza virus and / or variant thereof, thereby determining the dose-response relationship of the anti-influenza drug or active ingredient thereof.
[0056] Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of screening a plurality of agents, comprising: i) infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof; ii) contacting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom with each of the plurality of agents at one or more concentrations; iii) assessing the anti-viral effect of each of the plurality of agents and selecting an agent for anti-viral treatment.
[0057] Another aspect of the invention relates to a cell infected by an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, wherein the cell is an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom.
[0058] In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom expresses one or more influenza virus receptors and is highly susceptible to influenza viruses. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is derived from the same species as the original host, providing a solution for efficiently producing influenza viruses, which can be used for vaccine production, influenza virus detection, as well as testing / screening of potential anti-influenza virus agents. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom can accurately reflect the immune responses of the original host to influenza viruses. In one particular embodiment, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom can be used to reflect the immune responses of pregnant women to influenza viruses.
[0059] All publications, including patent documents, scientific articles and databases referred to in this application are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication were individually incorporated by reference. If a definition set forth herein is contrary to or otherwise inconsistent with a definition set forth in the patents, applications, published applications and other publications that are herein incorporated by reference, the definition set forth herein prevails over the definition that is incorporated herein by reference.
[0060] The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described. I. Definitions
[0061] A number of terms and concepts are discussed below. They are intended to facilitate the understanding of various embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the rest of the present disclosure and the accompanying figures. These terms and concepts may be further clarified and understood based on the accepted conventions in the fields of the present invention and the description provided throughout the present disclosure and / or the accompanying figures. Some other terms can be explicitly or implicitly defined in other sections of this disclosure and in the accompanying figures and may be used and understood based on the accepted conventions in the fields of the present invention, the description provided throughout the present disclosure and / or the accompanying figures. The terms not explicitly defined can also be defined and understood based on the accepted conventions in the fields of the present invention and interpreted in the context of the present disclosure and / or the accompanying figures.
[0062] As used herein, the terms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” can refer to “one, ” “one or more” or “at least one, ” unless specifically noted otherwise.
[0063] The terms “about” or “approximately” are used herein to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the device, the method being employed to determine the value, or simply error-tolerance of a value. For example, the terms “about” or “approximately” may mean±1%, ±5%, ±10%, ±15%or±20%variation from a predetermined value.
[0064] As used herein, the terms “isolate, ” “separate” or “purify” and the related terms are not used necessarily to refer to the removal of all materials other than the components of interest from a sample. Instead, in some embodiments, the terms are used to refer to a procedure that enriches the amount of one or more components of interest relative to one or more other components present in the sample. In some embodiments, “isolation, ” “separation” or “purification” may be used to remove or decrease the amount of one or more components from a sample. For example, the expression “an isolated cell” can refer to a cell that has been substantially separated or purified away from other cells of a cell culture or an organism. As another example, the expression “an isolated virus” can refer to a virus that has been substantially separated or purified away from a cell culture or an organism.
[0065] The term “derived” and the related expressions referring to cells or a biological sample indicate that the cell or sample was obtained from the stated source at some point in time. For example, a cell derived from an organism can represent a primary cell obtained directly from the individual (that is, unmodified) , or it can be modified, for example, by introduction of a recombinant vector, by exposure to or culturing under particular conditions, or immortalization. In some cases, a cell derived from a given source will undergo cell division and / or differentiation such that the original cell no longer exists, but the continuing cells will be understood to derive from the same source. The term “derive, ” “derivation” and the related terms and expressions can also be used in this disclosure to refer to creation of a cell population, cell, or culture from a different starting or preceding cell population, cell, or culture. For example, a syncytiotrophoblast cell described in the present disclosure can be described as being derived from an expanded potential stem cell (EPSC) .
[0066] The term “comprising” and the related terms ( “comprise, ” “comprises, ” etc. ) , when used in this disclosure to describe various embodiments of the invention, are open-ended, meaning that they do not exclude additional elements and synonymous with terms “including, ” “containing” or “having. ” When an embodiment of the invention is described using the term “comprising, ” it is intended to include the embodiments, in which the term comprising is replaced with the terms “consisting of” or “consisting essentially of” In other words, the description of the embodiments of the invention described in this disclosure using the term “comprising” and the related terms also provides the description of the related embodiments that use “consisting of” or “consisting essentially of” instead of “comprising” . The term “consisting of” excludes any elements (steps, ingredient etc. ) not specified in the description. The term “consisting essentially of” is intended to exclude only those elements not specified in the description that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the embodiment.
[0067] The term “stem cell” refers to an undifferentiated cell which is capable of proliferation, self-renewal and giving rise to more progenitor or precursor cells having the ability to generate many mother cells that can in turn give rise to differentiated, or differentiable, daughter cells. The daughter cells can for example be induced to proliferate and produce progeny cells that subsequently differentiate into one or more mature cell types, while also retaining one or more cells with parental developmental potential. All stem cells have three important properties: (1) they are unspecialized, (2) are capable of continuous division and self-renewal, and (3) are capable of differentiation into specialized cells. According to the developmental potential, there are totipotent cells (e.g., zygotes) , pluripotent stem cells (e.g., ESC, iPSC) and unipotent stem cells (e.g., neural stem cells, and muscular stem cells) . Thus, stem cells include embryonic stem cells, pluripotent stem cells, and unipotent stem cells of various types and from various sources.
[0068] “Totipotent stem cells” are cells that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into the three primary germ cell layers of the early embryo and into extra-embryonic tissues such as the placenta.
[0069] “Pluripotent stem cells” are cells which exhibit an undifferentiated phenotype and are potentially capable of differentiating into any fetal or adult cell type of any of the three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) . A pluripotent stem cell is distinct from a totipotent stem cell and generally cannot give rise to extraembryonic cell lineages.
[0070] “Extraembryonic cells” as used herein refers to cells and / or tissue that grow from the fertilized egg but that do not remain as part of the developing embryo. Typically, the extraembryonic tissues and / or cells are placental trophoblasts which nourish and protect the fetus.
[0071] The term “expanded potential stem cells” or “EPSCs” as used herein refer to pluripotent stem cells with an improved ability to generate extraembryonic lineages. The EPSCs as described herein can be derived from preimplantation embryos of multiple species of mammals, including but not limited to pigs, mice, humans, and cows.
[0072] The term “differentiation” as used herein refers to the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. For example, early development of a multicellular animal is characterized by the rapid proliferation of embryonic cells, which then differentiate to produce the many specialized types of cells that make up the tissues and organs of the multicellular animal. As cells differentiate, their rate of proliferation usually decreases. Some types of differentiated cells never divide again, but many differentiated cells are able to resume proliferation as required to replace cells that have been lost as a result of injury or cell death. Some cells divide continuously throughout life to replace cells that have a high rate of turnover in adult multicellular animals. Examples of differentiated cells include fibroblasts, hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, myoblasts, neurons, osteoclasts, and lymphocytes.
[0073] The expression “modified cells” and the related terms and expressions encompass all cells that have been or are derived from the cells that have been artificially modified, by any methods, as compared to the original or cells from which they are derived. Modified cells can be produced from primary cells, secondary cells, stem cells, cultured cells and / or other modified cells. Modifications include, but are not limited to, genetic modification or engineering, in which case modified cells can be referred to as “genetically modified” or “genetically engineered. ” Genetic modification can be accomplished by various methods that result in the incorporation of foreign or heterologous nucleic acids into the cells being modified. Some examples of such methods are transduction by a virus or a viral vector, or transfection of isolated nucleic acids into cells through transient pores in the cell membrane. Other modifications include exposing the source cells to biological and non-biological molecules or factors or culture conditions. Some examples of modified cells are iPSCs, genetically modified cells, including those used for gene therapies, one example being gene-edited cells, such as those modified using CRISPR / Cas9, TALENs or ZFNs.
[0074] The term “passage, ” “passaging” and the related terms and expressions used in the context of cell culture refer to subculturing, which typically involves transfer of cells from a previous culture into a fresh growth medium. Passaging is performed to ensure propagation of cells in culture. Cell proliferation in culture is reduced or ceased when the cells reduce the capacity of the culture vessels and / or media to support further cell growth. For example, cells in adherent cultures may occupy all the available substrates and have no room left for expansion, while cells in suspension cultures exceed the capacity of the medium to support further growth. To keep cells in a culture at an optimal density for continued growth and to stimulate further proliferation, the culture must be expanded and fresh medium supplied. To divide the culture of adherent cells, for example, a monolayer culture of cells, such as cultures of differentiating EPSCs described on the present disclosure, the cells are first dissociated, for example, by enzymatic dissociation. Enzymatic dissociation can be performed by removing the incubation medium from the plates, adding to the plates a buffer, such as PBS and an enzymatic dissociation reagent, such as Accutase, TrypLE or Trypsin (available, for example, from Thermo Fisher Scientific) , incubating the cells with the buffer and dissociation reagent under appropriate conditions, and harvesting the resulting dissociated cells by centrifugation, sedimentation, filtering or other appropriate methods. The dissociated cells are transferred into similar or equivalent reaction vessels with fresh media, to result in a lower cell density.
[0075] “Variant” or “strain” as used herein refers to a viral genome (genetic code) that may contain one or more mutations. A viral variant may have different functional properties to the original virus. When a virus is replicated, it does not always manage to produce an exact copy of itself. This means that, over time, the virus may start to differ slightly in terms of its genetic sequence. Any changes to the viral genetic sequence during this process are known as a mutation and viruses with new mutations are sometimes called variants. Variants can differ by one or multiple mutations.
[0076] As used herein, “Cre” refers to the enzyme expression product of the cre gene which is a recombinase that effects site-specific recombination of DNA at lox sites (see definition below) . One cre gene can be isolated from bacteriophage P1 by methods known in the art, for instance, as disclosed by Abremski et al., Cell, 32: 1301-1311 (1983) , the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0077] As used herein, “Lox site” refers to a nucleotide sequence at which the gene product of the cre gene, referred to herein as "Cre, " can catalyze a site-specific recombination. A LoxP site is a 34 base pair nucleotide sequence which can be isolated from bacteriophage P1 by methods known in the art. One method for isolating a LoxP site from bacteriophage P1 is disclosed by Hoess et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79: 3398 (1982) , the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
[0078] As used herein, “marker” refers to any molecule that can be observed or detected. For example, a marker can include, but is not limited to, a nucleic acid, such as a transcript of a specific gene, a polypeptide product of a gene, a non-gene product polypeptide, a glycoprotein, a carbohydrate, a glycolipid, a lipid, a lipoprotein or a small molecule (for example, molecules having a molecular weight of less than 10,000 AMU) . When a presence, absence of amount of a marker can be experimentally observed or detected, such a marker or its amount can be described as “observable” or “detectable. ” The presence or absence of the markers, as applied to the embodiments of the preset invention, means detectable presence or absence of the markers as detected by applicable methods for detecting such markers, and may mean certain detectable or undetectable levels of such markers. In other words, the presence may mean the presence above a certain detectable level, while the absence may mean the absence below a certain detectable level and not necessarily zero detectable level. For most markers described herein, the symbols provided are those developed and / or recognized by HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee of European Bioinformatics Institute.
[0079] In the context of observable or detectable markers, such as markers of cell development or differentiation, “expression” refers to the production of a gene product (which can be a nucleic acid, such as RNA, or a protein) as well as the level or amount of production of a gene product. Thus, determining the expression of a specific marker refers to detecting either the relative or absolute amount of the marker (which can mean detecting expression of RNA or protein) that is expressed or simply detecting (which can mean detecting expression of RNA or protein) the presence or absence of the marker. If expression of RNA or protein corresponding to the marker is detected, the marker can be said to be “detectably expressed. ” Expression of certain markers can be determined by detecting the presence or absence of the marker in cells, cell culture or cell population. Expression of certain markers can also be determined by measuring the level at which the marker is present in cells, cell culture or cell population. Quantitative, qualitative or semi-quantitative techniques can be used to measure marker expression. For example, marker expression can be detected and / or quantitated through the use of techniques detecting nucleic acids, such as PCR-based detection or RNA (for example, real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR) , RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) , or RNA detection by nucleic acid array-based techniques. In another example, immunochemistry can be used to detect and / or quantitate marker proteins. For example, the expression of a marker gene product can be detected by using antibodies specific for the marker gene product of interest using Western blotting, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry analysis, etc. Various techniques of marker detection can be used in conjunction to effectively and accurately characterize and identify cell types and determine both the amount and relative proportions of such markers in a subject cell type. The expression of certain markers can be determined by measuring the level at which the marker is present in the cells of the cell culture or cell population as compared to a standardized or normalized control marker. Identification and characterization of cells, cell cultures or cell population can be based on expression of a certain marker or different expression levels and patterns of more than one marker (including the presence or absence, the high or low expression, of one or more the markers) . Also, certain markers can have transient expressions, when the marker exhibits higher expressions during one or more stages of the processes described in this disclosure and lower expression during other stage or stages.
[0080] The term “lineage, ” when used in reference to cells, encompasses all of the stages of the development of a cell type, from the earliest precursor cell to a completely mature cell (a specialized cell) .
[0081] The terms “progenitor cell” or “precursor cell, ” as used herein, refers to the cells that can typically differentiate to form one or more kinds of cells. A “precursor cell” or “progenitor cell” can be any cell in a cell differentiation pathway that is capable of differentiating into a more mature cell. Progenitor cells can be primary cells obtained from an organism, cells proliferated in culture or cells derived from stem cells.
[0082] The term “trophoblast” and related terms refer to all the cells of the trophoblast lineage, which includes a group of the extraembryonic lineages (cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast, intermediate trophoblast) , and hence does not contribute directly to the cells of the fetal body. The extraembryonic lineages consist of chorion (the combination of trophoblast plus underlying extraembryonic mesoderm) , amnion, yolk sac, and allantois. In some contexts, the term “trophoblast” is also used to encompass trophectoderm.
[0083] The term “trophoblast stem cell” and related terms refer to a cell of a subpopulation of trophoblast cells with stem cell properties and the ability to differentiate into either syncytiotrophoblast cells by fusion or extravillous trophoblast cells.
[0084] The term “syncytiotrophoblast” and related terms refer to multi-nucleated cells (which can also be described as multinucleated structures) covering the surface of placental villi. Syncytiotrophoblasts are created by fusion of the underlying cytotrophoblast cells and represent the fetal side of the maternal-fetal interface. A distinct, early form of syncytiotrophoblast forms by fusion of trophectodermal cells in the blastocyst and facilitates implantation of the embryo into the maternal endometrium.
[0085] The term “extravillous trophoblast” and related terms refer to terminally differentiated trophoblast cells that invade into and restructure the uterine compartment. Extravillous trophoblast invasion serves to attach the pre-implantation embryo to the uterus and to enable access to nutrients for the embryo throughout pregnancy–secretions of the uterine glands in the first trimester, maternal blood in the second and third trimester. Their main function is remodeling the uterine spiral arteries, to achieve an increase in the spiral artery diameter of four to six times. This changes them from high-resistance low-flow vessels into large, dilated vessels that provide good perfusion, and oxygenation to the developing placenta.
[0086] The terms “amniotic ectoderm cells” , “amniotic epithelial cell” , “AME-like cells” and related terms refer to cells that originate in the epiblast and form the amniotic cavity's inner lining. These cells are known to have some of the same markers as embryonic stem cells, more specifically, Oct-4 and Nanog, and have the ability to develop into any of the three germ layers.
[0087] As used herein, “treatment” or “treating” is an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results, including clinical results. For purposes of this invention, beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: alleviating one or more symptoms resulting from the disease (e.g., decreasing viral load, or slow the increase of viral load as compared to a non-treated individual also infected with the virus) , diminishing the extent of the disease (e.g., decreasing the course of the infection, such as decreasing the onset of the infection, decreasing the days that the individual is in intensive care unit (ICU) or ventilator) , stabilizing the disease (e.g., preventing or delaying the worsening of the disease) , preventing or delaying the spread of the disease, preventing or delaying the recurrence of the disease, delay or slowing the progression of the disease, ameliorating the disease state, providing a remission (partial or total) of the disease, decreasing the dose of one or more other medications required to treat the disease, delaying the progression of the disease, increasing or improving the quality of life, increasing weight gain, and / or prolonging survival. Also encompassed by “treatment” is a reduction of pathological consequence of the disease (such as, for example, respiratory symptoms in an influenza infection) . The methods of the invention contemplate any one or more of these aspects of treatment.
[0088] The term “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of an agent that is sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results. The therapeutically effective amount may vary depending upon one or more of: the subject and disease condition being treated, the weight and age of the subject, the severity of the disease condition, the manner of administration and the like, which can readily be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. The term also applies to a dose that will provide an image for detection by any one of the imaging methods described herein. The specific dose may vary depending on one or more of: the particular agent chosen, the dosing regimen to be followed, whether it is administered in combination with other compounds, timing of administration, the tissue to be imaged, and the physical delivery system in which it is carried.
[0089] As used herein, by “pharmaceutically acceptable” or “pharmacologically compatible” is meant a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, e.g., the material may be incorporated into a pharmaceutical composition administered to a patient without causing any significant undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the composition in which it is contained. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients have preferably met the required standards of toxicological and manufacturing testing and / or are included on the Inactive Ingredient Guide prepared by the U.S. Food and Drug administration.
[0090] The terms “subject, ” “individual, ” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a vertebrate, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human. Mammals include, but are not limited to, murines, simians, humans, farm animals, sport animals, and pets. Tissues, cells and their progeny of a biological entity obtained in vivo or cultured in vitro are also encompassed. II. Method of making and detecting influenza viruses
[0091] In one aspect, the present application provides a method of making an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, comprising: i) infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; and ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof, thereby obtaining the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom expresses an influenza virus receptor. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell is a human extra early stem cell, and the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a human influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell is a pig extra early stem cell, and the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a swine influenza virus and / or variant thereof.
[0092] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of making an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, comprising: i) infecting a trophoblast stem cell ( “TSC” ) with the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; and ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof, thereby obtaining the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof. In some embodiments, the TSC is genetically modified. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof have an MOI value of 0.1~10.
[0093] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of making an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, comprising: i) infecting a syncytiotrophoblast ( “STB” ) with the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; and ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof, thereby obtaining the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof. In some embodiments, the STB is an early STB (eSTB) . In some embodiments, the STB is genetically modified. In some embodiments, the STB comprises a TPRX1 knock-out modification. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof have an MOI value of 0.1~10.
[0094] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of making an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, comprising: i) infecting an amniotic epithelial cell ( “AEC” ) with the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; and ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof, thereby obtaining the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof. In some embodiments, the AEC is genetically modified. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof have an MOI value of 0.1~10.
[0095] In another aspect, there is provided a method of detecting an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, comprising: i) infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; and ii) detecting the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof after proliferation. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom expresses an influenza virus receptor. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell is a human extra early stem cells and the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a human influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell is a pig extra early stem cells and the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a swine influenza virus and / or variant thereof.
[0096] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of detecting an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, comprising: i) infecting a trophoblast stem cell ( “TSC” ) with the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; and ii) detecting the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof after proliferation. In some embodiments, the TSC is genetically modified. In some embodiments, the detecting in ii) comprises detecting the expression of an influenza virus gene.
[0097] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of detecting an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, comprising: i) infecting a syncytiotrophoblast ( “STB” ) with the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; and ii) detecting the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof after proliferation. In some embodiments, the STB is an early STB (eSTB) . In some embodiments, the STB is genetically modified. In some embodiments, the detecting in ii) comprises detecting the expression of an influenza virus gene.
[0098] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of detecting an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, comprising: i) infecting an amniotic epithelial cell ( “AEC” ) with the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; and ii) detecting the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof after proliferation. In some embodiments, the AEC is genetically modified. In some embodiments, the detecting in ii) comprises detecting the expression of an influenza virus gene. 1. Method of making influenza viruses
[0099] The method of making an influenza virus as disclosed herein comprises i) infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom (e.g., STB) with the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof, and ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) value of 0.1-10. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom at a MOI value of about 0.1. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom at a MOI value of about 1. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom at a MOI value of about 2. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom at a MOI value of about 3. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom at a MOI value of about 4. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom at a MOI value of about 5. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom at a MOI value of about 6. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom at a MOI value of about 7. In some embodiments, the “infecting” comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom at a MOI value of about 8. In some embodiments, the “infecting” comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom at a MOI value of about 9. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom at a MOI value of about 10.
[0100] In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom for about 1 hour to about 3 days. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom for about 1 hour. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom for about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom for about 6 hours. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom for about 9 hours. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom for about 12 hours. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom for about 15 hours. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom for about 18 hours. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom for about 21 hours. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom for about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom for about 1.5 days. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom for about 2 days. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom for about 2.5 days. In some embodiments, the infecting comprises infecting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom for about 3 days.
[0101] In some embodiments, cytopathic effects (CPE) are monitored daily via light microscopy, and cell supernatant and lysates at specific time points are collected for RT-qPCR to assess the viral RNA load. Cytopathic effects that may be monitored include total destruction of the cell monolayer, subtotal destruction of the cell monolayer, focal degeneration, swelling and clumping of the cells, vacuolization or foamy degeneration, cell fusion and polykaryon formation, and formation of inclusion bodies. In some embodiments, plaque assays are used to calibrate the viral RNA load to viral load determination.
[0102] In some embodiments, the cells continue to be cultured in fresh culture medium after infection. In some embodiments, the cells continue to be cultured in fresh culture medium after infection for about 24-72 hours. In some embodiments, the cells continue to be cultured in fresh culture medium after infection for about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the cells continue to be cultured in fresh culture medium after infection for about 48 hours. In some embodiments, the cells continue to be cultured in fresh culture medium after infection for about 72 hours. In some embodiments, the cells continue to be cultured in fresh culture medium until harvest of the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof.
[0103] The influenza virus and / or the variant thereof can be isolated from the cell culture by methods known in the art. For instance, the virus can be isolated by passing through a filter with pores of a certain size, where the filter physically removes anything present in the solution that is larger than the virus; the viruses can then be collected in the filtrate.
[0104] In some embodiments, the method of making influenza viruses and / or variants thereof can produce high viral titer. In some embodiments, high viral titers are obtained by: (1) washing the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom (e.g., STB) with PBS; (2) infecting the cell at a desired MOI (e.g., MOI of 0.1) by diluting the influenza virus and / or variant thereof in basal medium; (3) incubating the cell with the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof at a desired temperature e.g., about 37℃for a period of time (e.g., about 1 hour) ; (4) washing the cell with PBS and replacing with fresh culture medium, and incubating until harvest of the viruses; and (5) optionally, quantifying viral load via a viral detection and / or quantification assay e.g., RT-qPCR and / or plaque assays (further described in Section II. 3) .
[0105] In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein can support the replication of influenza viruses and / or variants thereof to a log10 viral genome copy / mL of at least about 4.0, about 4.5, about 5.0, about 5.5, about 6.0, about 6.5, about 7.0, about 7.5, about 8.0, about 8.5, about 9.0, about 9.5, or about 10.0.
[0106] In some embodiments, the viral load of the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is from about 0.01 to about 100. In some embodiments, the viral load of the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is about 0.01. In some embodiments, the viral load of the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is about 0.1. In some embodiments, the viral load of the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is about 1. In some embodiments, the viral load of the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is about 10.In some embodiments, the viral load of the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is about 20. In some embodiments, the viral load of the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is about 30. In some embodiments, the viral load of the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is about 40. In some embodiments, the viral load of the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is about 50. In some embodiments, the viral load of the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is about 60. In some embodiments, the viral load of the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is about 70. In some embodiments, the viral load of the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is about 80. In some embodiments, the viral load of the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is about 90. In some embodiments, the viral load of the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is about 100. 2. Cells for making influenza viruses
[0107] In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom expresses an influenza virus receptor. In some embodiments, the influenza virus receptor is a sialic acid-containing molecule. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is highly susceptible to influenza viruses.
[0108] In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is a human cell. In some embodiments, the present application provides a method of making a human influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, comprising: i) infecting a human extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with the human influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; and ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) the human influenza virus and / or the variant thereof, thereby obtaining the human influenza virus and / or the variant thereof. In some embodiments, the present application provides a method of making an animal (e.g., swine) influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, comprising: i) infecting a human extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with the animal (e.g., swine) influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; and ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) the animal (e.g., swine) influenza virus and / or the variant thereof, thereby obtaining the animal (e.g., swine) influenza virus and / or the variant thereof.
[0109] In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is a non-human animal cell. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is a mammalian (e.g., pig) cell. In some embodiments, the present application provides a method of making an animal (e.g., swine) influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, comprising: i) infecting a mammalian (e.g., pig) extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with the animal (e.g., swine) influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; and ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) the animal (e.g., swine) influenza virus and / or the variant thereof, thereby obtaining the animal (e.g., swine) influenza virus and / or the variant thereof.
[0110] In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom can be stably and continuously passaged. For instance, in some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom can be stably and continuously passaged for at least 5 passages. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom can be stably and continuously passaged for at least 10 passages. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom can be stably and continuously passaged for at least 15 passages. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom can be stably and continuously passaged for at least 20 passages.
[0111] In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or the cell differentiated therefrom is derived from an embryo, an embryonic tissue or an extraembryonic tissue. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell is derived from a totipotent stem cell or a pluripotent stem cell selected from the group consisting of: an extra early embryonic stem cell, an extraembryonic stem cell, an expanded potential stem cell (EPSC) , a naive pluripotent stem cell, a primed pluripotent stem cell, an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) , a 2-cell like cell, a 4-cell like cell, an 8-cell-like cell, and an extraembryonic progenitor cell.
[0112] Totipotent stem cells are cells that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into the three primary germ cell layers of the early embryo and into extraembryonic tissues such as the placenta. Totipotency exists transiently in zygote and 2-cell embryo stages during early development, which subsequently commit to two distinct lineages, i.e., the embryonic cell lineage (inner cell mass, ICM) that forms embryo proper and the extraembryonic cell lineage (trophectoderm, TE) that forms the placental tissue. Pluripotent stem cells including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the potential to differentiate into all somatic cell types. Recent studies have shown that pluripotent stem cells could be programmed to produce extraembryonic cells such as trophoblast stem cells (Dong et al., 2020, eLife 9: e52504) .
[0113] Methods for obtaining totipotent stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells are known in the art. Totipotent stem cells could be obtained by methods such as transferring a somatic nucleus into an enucleated oocyte, which is also known as the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique. The SCNT procedure involves three major steps: enucleation, injection / fusion, and activation. After removing the oocyte nucleus, the donor cell nucleus is injected or fused with the enucleated oocytes before the reconstructed embryos are activated. Successful cloning of more than 20 mammalian species using SCNT has been reported (Matoba et al., Cell Stem Cell. 2018 Oct 4; 23 (4) : 471-485) . In addition to animal cloning, SCNT technology holds great potential for stem cell biology and human therapeutics. Similar to the derivation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from blastocysts of fertilized eggs, SCNT-generated blastocysts could be used to derive pluripotent stem cells.
[0114] Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are typically derived by introducing a specific set of pluripotency-associated genes, or “reprogramming factors, ” into an adult cell type. The original set of reprogramming factors (also called Yamanaka factors) are the genes Oct4 (Pou5f1) , Sox2, cMyc, and Klf4. There are multiple methods to generate iPSCs, including retrovirus or lentivirus-mediated gene transduction and chemical induction. To generate the iPSCs, each of the pluripotency factors can be also replaced by related transcription factors, miRNAs or small molecules (Ghaedi et al., Methods Mol Biol. 2019; 1576: 55-92) . In some embodiments, the iPSC is derived by genetic engineering, tissue engineering, or induction by small molecule (s) .
[0115] In some embodiments, the iPSC is derived from a somatic cell. In some embodiments, the somatic cell is selected from the group consisting of: an epithelial cell, a muscle cell, a neural cell, a glial cell, a blood cell, an adipose cell, a fibroblast, an endothelial cell, a liver cell, an islet cell, a bone cell, a chondrocyte, a retinal cell, and a somatic stem cell.
[0116] In some embodiments, the extra early embryonic stem cell is a pre-implantation embryonic stem cell in the 2-to 8-cell stage or the morula stage. In some embodiments, the pre-implantation embryonic stem cell in the 2-to 8-cell stage or the morula stage cell is derived from an EPSC, a ESC, or an iPSC.
[0117] In some embodiments, the extra early embryonic stem cell is obtained by differentiating an extraembryonic progenitor cell.
[0118] In some embodiments, the extraembryonic progenitor cell is an amniotic membrane cell (e.g., amniotic membrane stem cell or an amniotic membrane cell that can be reprogramed to an amniotic membrane stem cell) . The amniotic membrane is the inner layer of the amniotic sac or extra-embryonic fetal membranes and is composed of three layers: an epithelial monolayer, an acellular basement layer, and a mesenchymal cell layer. In some embodiments, the disclosed TSCs are derived from the amniotic membrane mesenchymal stromal cells (AMSC) . In some embodiments, the disclosed TSCs are derived from and the amniotic epithelial cells (AEC) . In some embodiments, the amniotic membrane stem cell has one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of: epithelial-like adherent growth, spindle-shaped, expression of markers ISL1, VTCN1, and / or GABRP, and ability to be continuously passaged and proliferate.
[0119] In some embodiments, the extraembryonic progenitor cell is an umbilical cord cell (e.g., an umbilical cord stem cell or an umbilical cord cell that can be reprogramed to an umbilical cord stem cell) . In some embodiments, the umbilical cord stem cell expresses CD44 and / or CD29. In some embodiments, the umbilical cord stem cell has low expression of CD106. In some embodiments, the umbilical cord stem cell has low to no expression of hematopoietic stem cells markers CD14, CD34, and / or CD45. In some embodiments, the umbilical cord stem cell has low to no expression of endothelial cell marker CD31. In some embodiments, the umbilical cord stem cell has low to no expression of MHC class II molecule HLA-DR.
[0120] In some embodiments, the extraembryonic progenitor cell is an amniotic fluid cell (e.g., an amniotic fluid stem cell or an amniotic fluid cell that can be reprogramed to an amniotic fluid stem cell) . Amniotic fluid contains a heterogeneous cell population according to their morphologies and growth, in vitro biochemical characteristics and in vivo potential. Amniotic fluid mainly includes three types of cells: epithelioid type cells derived from fetal skin and urine, amniotic fluid type derived from the fetal membranes and trophoblast, and fibroblastic type cells derived from fibrous connective tissues and dermal fibroblasts. Based on plastic adherence, two populations of amniotic fluid cells can be isolated: the amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells (AFMSC) and the amniotic fluid stromal cells (AFSC) . In some embodiments, the amniotic fluid cell expresses embryonic stem cell-specific markers OCT-4, Nanog, SSEA-4, and / or SOX2. In some embodiments, the amniotic fluid cell expresses adult mesenchymal stem cell markers CD29, CD44, CD58, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD117 and / or CD166. In some embodiments, the amniotic fluid cell expresses MHC class I molecules HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C. In some embodiments, the amniotic fluid cell has low to no expression of MHC class II molecule HLA-DR, hematopoietic stem cells marker CD34, leukocyte common antigen CD45. In some embodiments, the amniotic fluid cell has low to no expression of ABCG2, C-MET, SSEA-1, SSEA-3, TRA-1-60 and / or TRA-1-80.
[0121] In some embodiments, the extraembryonic progenitor cell is a placental cell (e.g., placental stem cell or a placental cell that can be reprogramed to a placental stem cell) . In some embodiments, the placental stem cell is a trophoblast stem cell (TSC) or a placental cell that can be reprogrammed to a trophoblast stem cell. In some embodiments, the placental cell that can be reprogramed to a trophoblast stem cell is a syncytiotrophoblast ( “STB” ) , or an extravillous trophoblast ( “EVT” ) .
[0122] In some embodiments, the extraembryonic progenitor cell is from chorionic membranes. The chorionic membrane (CM) is the outer layer of the human extra-embryonic fetal membranes and connects the fetus to the maternal tissues. The CM is in close contact with the decidua and is separated from the amniotic membrane by a spongy layer of collagen fibers. In some embodiments, the extraembryonic progenitor cell is derived from chorionic plate tissues. The chorionic plate is made up of the amnio-chorionic membrane and fetal vessels. The cells are isolated from the closest region to the umbilical cord once the amniotic membrane is removed and the isolated cells have a mesenchymal type of phenotype and are known as chorionic plate MSC (CP-MSC) . In some embodiments, the extraembryonic progenitor cell is derived from chorionic villi. Chorionic villi (CV) are finger-like projections that sprout from the chorion, and together with the maternal tissue of the basal plate form the placenta.
[0123] In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or the cell differentiated therefrom is derived from an EPSC. EPSCs derived from cleavage-stage preimplantation embryos retain developmental potential for both extraembryonic and embryonic cell lineages (Yang et al., 2017, Cell 169, 243–257. e25; Yang et al., 2017, Nature 550, 393–397; Ruan et al., 2022, Cell Reports Medicine 3, 100849; Gao et al., 2019, Nat. Cell Biol. 21, 687–699., each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety) . Methods for obtaining an EPSC are known in the art. For example, US11913018B2 discloses in vitro conversion of cells from mouse or human, or pluripotent cells into expanded potential stem cells (EPSCs) , the content of which is incorporated herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the EPSC is obtained by reprogramming a somatic cell into an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) and then culturing the iPSC in an EPSC medium (EPSCM) comprising a basal cell nutrient medium supplemented with inhibitors consisting of a Src family Kinase (SFK) inhibitor, a GSK3 inhibitor and a tankyrase inhibitor. In some embodiments, the EPSCM is a N2B27-based media (1: 1 DMEM / F12 (Thermo, Cat. 21331020) , Neurobasal Medium (Thermo, Cat. 21103049) , 200× N2, 100× B27, 100× ITS-X, 50.0 μM β-mercaptoethanol, 1%Penicillin-Streptomycin-Glutamine, 100× Non-essential amino acid solution, 50μg / mL Vitamin C) supplemented with 4 small molecules: 5μM XAV939, 1μM CHIR99021 and 0.1μM A419259 as previously published (Gao, X., et al, (2019) . Establishment of porcine and human expanded potential stem cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 21, 687–699, the content of which is incorporated herein in its entirety) . In some embodiments, the EPSCM further comprises one or more of a RAS-ERK inhibitor, a p38 inhibitor and a JNK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the EPSCs disclosed herein are poorly infected or not infected by influenza viruses or variants thereof. In some embodiments, the lack of influenza virus infection in the EPSCs is evidenced by little or no increases in viral genome in the supernatant or cell lysate. In some embodiments, lack of influenza virus infection in the EPSCs is evidenced by the lack of the presence of viral N protein as detected by immunofluorescence staining or RT-qPCR.
[0124] In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or the cell differentiated therefrom is a TSC. In some embodiments, the TSC expresses one or more markers selected from the group consisting of: TFAP2C, TP63, CK18, GATA3, ELF5, TEAD4, and KRT7. In one particular embodiment, the TSC is derived from an EPSC. Methods for inducing EPSCs to differentiate into TSCs are known in the art. In some embodiments, the TSC is derived from an EPSC by culturing the EPSC in a TSC medium (TSCM) , a DMEM / F12 based medium supplemented with β-mercaptoethanol, FBS, Penicillin-Streptomycin-Glutamine, BSA, ITS-X supplement, Vitamin C, EGF, CHIR99021, A83-01, SB431542, VPA, and Y27632. In some embodiments, the TSCM comprises 50.0μMβ-mercaptoethanol, 0.2%FBS, 0.5%Penicillin-Streptomycin-Glutamine, 0.3%BSA, 1.0%ITS-X supplement, 50.0μg / mL Vitamin C, 50.0 ng / mL EGF, 2.0μM CHIR99021, 0.5μM A83-01, 1.0μM SB431542, 10.0μM VPA, and 5.0μM Y27632. Methods for deriving TSCs from EPSCs are also described in Okae, H. et al. ( “Derivation of Human Trophoblast Stem Cells. ” Cell Stem Cell 22, 50-63. e56, (2018) ) , the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0125] In some embodiments, the TSC is derived from a naive pluripotent stem cell (e.g., a embryonic stem cell) . Naive pluripotent stem cells differ from primed pluripotent stem cells in that primed pluripotent stem cells are poised for lineage commitment. One type of naive pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) readily differentiate to somatic or germ lineages but have impaired ability to form extra-embryonic lineages such as placenta or yolk sac. Recent studies have shown that human ESCs can be transdifferentiated to cells that exhibit the cellular and molecular phenotypes of human trophoblast stem cells (hTSCs) derived from human placenta or blastocyst. An exemplary protocol is described in Cinkornpumin et al., 2020, Stem Cell Rep, 15, 198–213, the content of which is incorporated herein in its entirety.
[0126] In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or the cell differentiated therefrom is a STB. The STB (e.g., early STB or mature STB) can have one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of: i) multinucleated; ii) secretion ofβ-hCG; and iii) expression of SSEA4, GCM1, CD46, CGA, CGB3, CGB5, CSH1 / 2, ERVW-1, GATA3, OVOL, and SDC1. Methods for obtaining STBs are known in the art (see, e.g., US20230220334A1) . In some embodiments, the condition for in vitro STB differentiation comprises a cell culture medium comprising DMEM / F12, β-mercaptoethanol, Penicillin-Streptomycin-Glutamine, BSA, ITS-X, Y27632, Forskolin, and KnockOut Serum Replacement. In some embodiments, STBs are obtained by culturing TSCs in syncytiotrophoblasts medium (STBM) for around 6 days, the STBM comprising: DMEM / F12 supplemented with 50μMβ-mercaptoethanol, 0.5%Penicillin-Streptomycin-Glutamine, 0.3%BSA, 1.0%ITS-X, 2.5μM Y-27632, 2μM Forskolin (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat. F3917) , and 4%KnockOut Serum Replacement (Thermo. Cat. 10828028) . The cells typically become early STB (eSTB) on day 2-3, and mature STB around day 6 under the STBM induction.
[0127] In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or the cell differentiated therefrom is a STB of various stages. For instance, in some embodiments, the cell differentiated from the extra early stem cell is an early STB (eSTB) obtained around day 2 of in vitro TSC-STB differentiation. eSTBs are mononucleated or bi-nucleated cells. In some embodiments, the derived eSTBs are isolated by selecting cells expressing eSTB-like morphology, cells expressing an eSTB-like molecular signature, or cells expressing both eSTB-like morphology and an eSTB-like molecular signature. In some forms, eSTB-like molecular signatures include one or more increased STB markers, wherein the increased STB markers are GCM1, β chorionic gonadotrophin 3 gene (CGB3) , CGB5, CD46, ENG, and / or CSH2. In some forms, the eSTB-like molecular signature does not include increased trophoblast progenitor transcription factor TP63, and / or properly folded and secretedβ-hCG hormone. In some embodiments, the eSTB-like molecular signature includes increased CD46 expression and increased SSEA4 expression. In some embodiments, the cell differentiated from the extra early stem cell is a mature STB obtained around day 6 of in vitro TSC-STB differentiation. Mature STBs are multinucleated cells.
[0128] In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or the cell differentiated therefrom is an EVT. EVT can have one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of: i) has a spindle shape; ii) expresses KRT7, HLA-G, ITGA1, IGTA5 and / or MMP2; iii) does not express or expresses in low levels GATA2, GATA3, HLA-A, or HLA-B; and iv) is highly invasive. EVTs can be obtained by culturing TSCs in a cell culture medium comprising DMEM / F12, β-mercaptoethanol, Penicillin-Streptomycin-Glutamine, BSA, ITS-X, Y27632, and A83-01. In some embodiments, the cell culture medium for EVT differentiation comprises: DMEM / F12 supplemented with 50μMβ-mercaptoethanol, 0.5%Penicillin-Streptomycin-Glutamine, 0.3%BSA, 1.0%ITS-X, 2.5μM Y-27632, and 7.5μM A83-01. In some embodiments, KnockOut Serum Replacement, NRG1, and Basement Membrane Matrix are later added to the cell culture medium for EVT differentiation. For instance, in some embodiments, in the first two days, 4%KnockOut Serum Replacement, 100 ng / mL NRG1 and 2% Basement Membrane Matrix were added. In some embodiments, on day 3, the medium is switched to 2 mL of EVT medium, with 4%KnockOut Serum Replacement and 0.5% Basement Membrane Matrix. In some embodiments, on day 6, the medium is switched to 2 mL of EVT medium with 0.5% Basement Membrane Matrix. The cells typically become EVTs on day 8.
[0129] In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or the cell differentiated therefrom is an amniotic epithelial cell (AEC) . In some embodiments, Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAEC) have the characteristics of expressing multiple embryonic stem cell markers and have a comprehensive multi-directional differentiation potential. In some embodiments, the potential of hAECs include can differentiate into three germ layers. In addition to expressing embryonic stem cell surface antigens (such as SSEA-3 and SSEA-4) and tumor resistance genes such as (TRA 1-60 and TRA 1-81) , hAECs have recently been found to express pluripotent stem cell transcription factors such as Oct-4, Sox-2, Nanog and REX-1, and other antigens, such as ABCG 2 / BCRP, one of the members of the ATP binding cassette superfamily of ATP efflux pumps, CD9, CD24, E-cadherin, integrinα6 andβ, hepatocyte growth factor binding receptor (c-met) , etc. AECs express little to no CD34 (a surface marker of hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial stem cells) , SSEA-1, and CD133 (a surface marker of hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial cells, and malignant glioma cells) , but weakly expresses c-kit (CD117) and CC chemokine receptor (CRR4) . AEC derivatives may also express one or more marker genes selected from the group consisting of: KRT17. KRT18, GATA3, TFAP2A, BMP4, MSX2, TFAP2C, GABRP, TGFBI, VTCN1, S100A10, GADD45G, ACTC1, IGFBP3, RGS16, IGFBP5, HEY1, GABRP, HAND1, and TPM1.
[0130] In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of no more than 200 reads per kilobase million (RPKM) as assessed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) . In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of about 1 RPKM. In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of about 5 RPKM. In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of about 10 RPKM. In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of about 20 RPKM. In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of about 30 RPKM. In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of about 40 RPKM. In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of about 50 RPKM. In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of about 60 RPKM. In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of about 70 RPKM. In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of about 80 RPKM. In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of about 90 RPKM. In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of about 100 RPKM. In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of about 110 RPKM. In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of about 120 RPKM. In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of about 130 RPKM. In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of about 140 RPKM. In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of about 150 RPKM. In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of about 160 RPKM. In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of about 170 RPKM. In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of about 180 RPKM. In some embodiments, a marker gene with a low or weak expression has an expression level of about 190 RPKM.
[0131] In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is genetically modified. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom comprises a gene knock-out / knock-in, gene mutations, and / or gene inversion.
[0132] Suitable methods for genetically modifying a stem cell (e.g., an EPSC) or cell differentiated therefrom are known in the art, including (1) clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) -CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) , (2) transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) , (3) zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) , and (4) homing endonucleases or meganucleases.
[0133] CRISPR is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages that had previously infected the prokaryote. They are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteriophages during subsequent infections. CRISPR-Cas systems are composed of CRISPR repeat-spacer arrays, which can be further transcribed into CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and trans-activating CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA) , and a set of CRISPR-associated (Cas) genes which encode Cas proteins with endonuclease activity. CRISPR-Cas systems can be classified into 2 classes (Class 1 and Class 2) , 6 types (I to VI) and several subtypes, with multi-Cas protein effector complexes in Class 1 systems (Type I, III, and IV) and a single effector protein in Class 2 systems (Type II, V, and VI) . Type II CRISPR-Cas9 system derived from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) is one of the best characterized and most commonly used categories in numerous CRISPR-Cas systems. The main components of CRISPR-Cas9 system are RNA-guided Cas9 endonuclease and a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) . The Cas9 protein possesses two nuclease domains, named HNH and RuvC, and each cleaves one strand of the target double-stranded DNA. A single-guide RNA (sgRNA) is a simplified combination of crRNA and tracrRNA. The Cas9 nuclease and sgRNA form a Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) , which can bind and cleave the specific DNA target. Furthermore, a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence is required for Cas9 protein’s binding to the target DNA. In some embodiments, more than one gene of interest is modified in one round of gene editing using CRISPR / Cas. For example, GGTA1, CMAH, and B4GALNT2 are edited simultaneously by introducing sgRNAs targeting the genes into EPSCs simultaneously (e.g., in one electroporation) .
[0134] ZFNs are fusions between a custom-designed Cys2-His2 zinc-finger protein and the cleavage domain of the FokI restriction endonuclease. ZFNs function as dimers, with each monomer recognizing a specific “half site” sequence-typically nine to 18 base pairs (bps) of DNA-via the zinc-finger DNA-binding domain.
[0135] TALENs are structurally similar to ZFNs. Both methods use the Fokl nuclease to cut DNA and require dimerization to function, however, the DNA binding domains differ. TALENs use transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) , tandem arrays of 33-35 amino acid repeats. The amino acid repeats possess single-nucleotide recognition, thereby increasing targeting capabilities and specificity compared to ZFNs.
[0136] Homing endonucleases, also known as meganucleases are a collection of naturally occurring enzymes that recognize and cleave long DNA sequences (14–40 bps) . These enzymes make extensive sequence-specific contacts with their DNA substrate and thus typically show exquisite specificity.
[0137] Base editing is a relatively new method of genome editing derived from CRISPR-Cas9. Unlike traditional CRISPR systems, base editors (BEs) do not induce double-stranded breaks in the genome. Base editing systems use a ‘catalytically dead’ Cas9 (dCas9) , which cannot cleave DNA, fused to bacterial enzymes called DNA deaminases. Cytidine deaminases, which induce C to T substitutions, are naturally occurring in bacteria, while adenine deaminases, which induce A to G substitutions, were engineered from bacterial enzymes specifically for base editing purposes. Fusing dCas9 to either a cytidine deaminase (CBEs) or an adenine deaminase (ABEs) and providing a sgRNA to direct it to the target sequence, allows researchers to introduce substitutions in DNA.
[0138] To introduce inactivating mutations in a totipotent / pluripotent stem cell (such as an Expanded Potential Stem Cell (EPSC) ) , in some embodiments, the totipotent / pluripotent stem cell (such as an Expanded Potential Stem Cell (EPSC) ) is refreshed in 10%FBS in pig EPSC medium, after which guide RNAs (such as sgRNAs) and a Cas enzyme (such as Cas9) are introduced into the EPSC by methods such as electroporation. After the introduction of the guide RNAs and the Cas enzyme, the totipotent / pluripotent stem cell (such as an Expanded Potential Stem Cell (EPSC) ) is seeded in feeder wells with 10%FBS in pig EPSC medium plus Y27632, which inhibits the protein kinase p160ROCK. The totipotent / pluripotent stem cell (such as an Expanded Potential Stem Cell (EPSC) ) is changed to normal pig EPSC medium the next day. In some embodiments, the single electroporated pig totipotent / pluripotent stem cell (such as an Expanded Potential Stem Cell (EPSC) ) -derived colonies would emerge after about 7 to 10 days.
[0139] The influenza virus and / or variant thereof produced by the method disclosed herein can be type A, type B, type C, or type D influenza virus, and / or its mutant strains. In some embodiments, the influenza virus is a H1N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H3N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H5N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N3 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N7 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N9 virus or a subtype thereof, a virus of the type B / Victoria lineage, or a virus of the type B / Yamagata lineage. In some embodiments, the influenza virus is a H1N1 virus. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof is an animal influenza virus that can infect humans.
[0140] Thus, in some embodiments, there is provided a method of making an H1N1 virus, comprising: i) infecting a human STB with the H1N1 virus; and ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) the H1N1 virus, thereby obtaining the H1N1 virus.
[0141] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of making an H1N1 virus, comprising: i) infecting a human EVT with the H1N1 virus; and ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) the H1N1 virus, thereby obtaining the H1N1 virus.
[0142] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of making an H1N1 virus, comprising: i) infecting a human AEC with the H1N1 virus; and ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) the H1N1 virus, thereby obtaining the H1N1 virus.
[0143] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of making an H1N1 virus, comprising: i) infecting a human TSC with the H1N1 virus; and ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) the H1N1 virus, thereby obtaining the H1N1 virus.
[0144] The present disclosure also provides a cell infected by an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, wherein the cell is an extra early stem cells or a cell differentiated therefrom. In some embodiments, the cell is a TSC. In some embodiments, the cell is an EVT. In some embodiments, the cell is an AEC. In some embodiments, the cell is an STB. In some embodiments, the cell is a human cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a mammalian cell (e.g., a pig cell) .
[0145] In some embodiments, there is provided a human TSC infected by an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof (e.g., H1N1) .
[0146] In some embodiments, there is provided a human EVT infected by an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof (e.g., H1N1) .
[0147] In some embodiments, there is provided a human AEC infected by an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof (e.g., H1N1) .
[0148] In some embodiments, there is provided a human STB infected by an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof (e.g., H1N1) .
[0149] In some embodiments, the infected cell is infected by an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof with a high titer of virus. In some embodiments, the cell is infected by an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof with an MOI of about 1 to about 100. In some embodiments, the cell is infected by an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof with an MOI of about 1, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, or about 100. In some embodiments, the cell is infected by an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof with an MOI of at least about 100. 3. Method of detecting influenza viruses
[0150] In some embodiments, detecting influenza viruses comprises PCR techniques, immunoassays, sequencing, biochemical assays, functional assays, cell viability assays, microscopy, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, AVL buffer is added to a volume of cell culture supernatant. AVL buffer is a viral lysis buffer used for purifying viral nucleic acids. Then, total RNA is extracted using a viral RNA kit. Kits for extracting viral RNA are well known in the art and include for example, the RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Catalog#52906) ; InvitrogenTM PureLinkTM Viral RNA / DNA Mini Kit (Catalog #12280050) , Viral RNA Extraction Kit (Catalog#K-3033G) , and E. Z. N. A. Viral RNA Kit (Catalog#R6874) .
[0151] In some embodiments, methods for detection of the influenza virus and / or variant thereof comprises quantifying the viral load in the cell culture medium. Methods of assessing viral loads are known in the art. In some embodiments, the viral load is determined by RT-qPCR. In some embodiments, the viral load is determined by RT-qPCR of influenza viral genes (such as H1N1 genes) . Methods of designing primer and probe sequences for viral detection are known in the art.
[0152] In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is detected and quantified by plaque analysis. Plaque analysis specifically measures infectious virus particles. The assay involves adding viruses to permissive cells and applying a semisolid overlay that limits the spread of infection to neighboring cells, while cell death leads to the formation of plaques. III. Method of making vaccines
[0153] In another aspect, there is provided a method of making a vaccine, comprising: i) infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof; ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; and iii) producing a vaccine using the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof of ii) .
[0154] The virus influenza virus and / or the variant thereof obtained by methods disclosed herein can be used to produce vaccines by methods known in the art. In some embodiments, the harvested influenza virus and / or the variant thereof of step ii) can be whole influenza for the production of inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, and / or viral vector vaccines. Inactivated vaccines are created by inactivating a virus, typically using heat or chemicals such as formaldehyde or formalin, thereby destroying the virus’ ability to replicate, but keeps the virus “intact” so that the immune system can still recognize it. Inactivated viruses cannot replicate, they cannot revert to a more virulent form capable of causing a viral infection. A live-attenuated vaccine uses a living but weakened version of the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof. A viral vector vaccine uses a “safe” virus to deliver specific proteins of the virus of interest so that it can trigger an immune response without causing disease. To do this, the instructions for making particular proteins are inserted into a “safe” virus. The “safe” virus then serves as a platform or vector to deliver the protein into the body, whereby the protein triggers the immune response.
[0155] In some embodiments, the harvested influenza virus and / or the variant thereof can be used to produce a subunit vaccine. A subunit vaccine contains only specific parts (the subunits) of a virus (e.g., the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof) that the immune system needs to recognize. A subunit vaccine does not contain the whole virus, nor does it use a safe virus as a vector. In some embodiments, the subunits may be proteins and / or sugars of the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof.
[0156] In some embodiments, the harvested influenza virus and / or the variant thereof can be used to produce a nucleic acid vaccine. Nucleic acid vaccines use genetic material from a pathogen to stimulate an immune response against it. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid vaccine contains only a section of genetic material (RNA) of the whole influenza virus and / or the variant thereof.
[0157] In some embodiments, the vaccine made by methods provided herein is an influenza vaccine for human. In some embodiments, the vaccine is a H1N1 vaccine for human. In some embodiments, the vaccine is a H5N1 vaccine for human. In some embodiments, the vaccine is a H7N9 vaccine for human. In some embodiments, the vaccine made by methods provided herein is an influenza vaccine for animals. In some embodiments, the vaccine made by methods provided herein is an influenza vaccine for pigs.
[0158] Thus in some embodiments, there is provided a method of making a vaccine for H1N1, comprising: i) infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom (e.g., eSTB) with H1N1; ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) H1N1; and iii) producing a vaccine using H1N1 produced from ii) .
[0159] Thus in some embodiments, there is provided a method of making a vaccine for H5N1, comprising: i) infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom (e.g., eSTB) with H5N1; ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) H5N1; and iii) producing a vaccine using H5N1 produced from ii) .
[0160] Thus in some embodiments, there is provided a method of making a vaccine for H7N9, comprising: i) infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom (e.g., eSTB) with H7N9; ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) H7N9; and iii) producing a vaccine using H7N9 produced from ii) . IV. Method of anti-influenza virus agent evaluation
[0161] In one aspect, there is provided a method of evaluating an anti-influenza virus agent, comprising: i) infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with the influenza virus and / or a variant thereof (e.g., as described in Section II) ; ii) contacting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom with the anti-influenza agent at one or more concentrations; and iii) assessing the anti-viral effect of the agent. In some embodiments, the method further comprises assessing the viability of the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom, thereby determining the safety of the agent. In some embodiments, the method further comprises assessing the anti-viral effect at different concentrations of the agent and thereby determining the dose-response relationship of the agent.
[0162] In some embodiments, the infecting in i) and the contacting in ii) are carried out simultaneously. In some embodiments, the infecting in i) is carried out before the contacting in ii) . In some embodiments, the infecting in i) is carried out after the contacting in ii) .
[0163] In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent for about 1 hour to about 72 hours. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent for about 1 hour. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent for about 4 hours. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent for about 8 hours. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent for about 12 hours. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent for about 16 hours. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent for about 20 hours. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent for about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent for about 36 hours. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent for about 48 hours. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent for about 60 hours. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent for about 72 hours.
[0164] In some embodiments, the agent could be an existing FDA-approved drug, with known indications. In some embodiments, the agent is an unknown compound that has not been reported for its antiviral effect. In some embodiments, the agent could be one or more chemically synthesized compounds. In some embodiments, the agent could be one or more components extracted from natural plants or herbs. In some embodiments, the agent may be nucleic acids or analogs thereof, polypeptides or analogs thereof, antibodies, chemicals, small molecules, and / or any combination thereof. 1. Assessment of anti-viral effects
[0165] In some embodiments, assessing the anti-viral effect comprises detecting the virus and / or quantifying the viral load of the influenza virus and / or variant thereof using methods such as those described in Section II. 3. In some embodiments, the methods of evaluating or screening anti-influenza virus agents comprise detecting the virus and / or quantifying the viral load of the influenza virus and / or variant thereof at different concentrations of the agent, thereby determining the dose-response relationship of the agent. In some embodiments, the methods of evaluating or screening anti-influenza virus agents comprise constructing a dose-response curve.
[0166] In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent at a concentration of about 5 nM to about 50μM. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent at a concentration of about 5 nM. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent at a concentration of about 50 nM. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent at a concentration of about 100 nM. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent at a concentration of about 250 nM. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent at a concentration of about 500 nM. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent at a concentration of about 1μM. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent at a concentration of about 10μM. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent at a concentration of about 20μM. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent at a concentration of about 30μM. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent at a concentration of about 40μM. In some embodiments, the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with an agent at a concentration of about 50μM.
[0167] In some embodiments, the method of evaluating anti-influenza virus agents further comprises determining the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of an agent. IC50 indicates how much the agent is needed to inhibit a biological process (e.g., virus replication) by half, thus providing a measure of potency of the agent. The IC50 of an agent can be determined by constructing a dose-response curve and examining the effect of different concentrations of the agent. 2. Determination of safety
[0168] In some embodiments, assessing the viability of the infected or uninfected extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom after contacting the agent can serve as an indicator of the safety of the agent. For instance, assessing the viability of an infected or uninfected eSTB after contacting the agent can indicate the safety of the agent for treatment of a pregnant subject infected with an influenza virus, and / or a fetus infected with an influenza virus. Methods for assaying cell viability are known in the art, including MTT assay, tetrazolium reduction, resazurin reduction, protease markers, and ATP detection. Cell viability can also be assessed through intensity / cell count quantification with confocal microscope imaging of Hoechst-stained live cells or fixed attached cells. In some embodiments, cell viability is assessed by methods such as CCK8 assay. Cell viability can be determined as the percentage of cells that are viable and compared to a reference group that is not contacted with the agent.
[0169] In some embodiments, the method of evaluating anti-influenza virus agents further comprises assessing cell death of the infected or uninfected extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom after contacting the agent as a further indicator of its safety. Cell death (apoptosis) can be assessed by methods such as annexin V staining of cell suspensions and detection of cleaved caspase-3 and the nuclear enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) . Cell death can be determined as the percentage of cells that are undergoing apoptosis and compared to a reference group that is not contacted with the agent.
[0170] Additionally, the safety of the agent can also be assessed by changes in other cell features such as cell morphology, proliferation and / or differentiation, molecular characteristics, characteristics of an organoid, and / or functional characteristics.
[0171] In some embodiments, the method of evaluating anti-influenza virus agents further comprises determining the cytotoxic concentration 50% (CC50) of an agent. CC50 refers to a cytotoxic concentration of an agent which reduces the optical density (OD) of treated cells to half of that of untreated cells. In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining a safe concentration / dose range by determining the viability of the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom.
[0172] In some embodiments, the method of evaluating anti-influenza virus agents further comprises calculating the selectivity index (SI) , which is the CC50 / IC50 ratio. The SI is a parameter used to measure the efficacy of a compound in inhibiting virus replication. A high therapeutic index is desirable, as it means the agent has maximum antiviral activity with minimal cell toxicity. V. Method of treatment
[0173] In one aspect, there is provided a method of treating influenza infection in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of one or more anti-viral compound or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof, wherein the anti-viral compound is selected from the group consisting of: Digitoxin, Triptolide, Bortezomib, Ouabain (Octahydrate) , Dinaciclib, Homoharringtonine, Deslanoside, Harringtonine, Ixazomib, Cinobufotalin, Halofuginone hydrobromide, Lanatoside C, Halofuginone, and Ixazomib citrate.
[0174] The present application also provides a method of protecting cells against infection by an influenza virus and / or variant thereof, comprising contacting the cells with one or more anti-viral compound or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof, wherein the anti-viral compound is selected from the group consisting of: Digitoxin, Triptolide, Bortezomib, Ouabain (Octahydrate) , Dinaciclib, Homoharringtonine, Deslanoside, Harringtonine, Ixazomib, Cinobufotalin, Halofuginone hydrobromide, Lanatoside C, Halofuginone, and Ixazomib citrate. The present application also provides a method of inhibiting growth of an influenza virus and / or variant thereof without killing infected cells, comprising contacting the cells with one or more anti-viral compound or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof, wherein the anti-viral compound is selected from the group consisting of: Digitoxin, Triptolide, Bortezomib, Ouabain (Octahydrate) , Dinaciclib, Homoharringtonine, Deslanoside, Harringtonine, Ixazomib, Cinobufotalin, Halofuginone hydrobromide, Lanatoside C, Halofuginone, and Ixazomib citrate. In some embodiments, the cells are an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom as described in Section II. 2. In some embodiments, the cells are TSC cells.
[0175] In some embodiments, the anti-viral compound does not kill more than 50%of the cells (e.g., TSC cells) at the concentration of their IC50. In some embodiments, the one or more compound does not kill more than 50%of the cells at any of about 1.1-fold, 1.2-fold, 1.3-fold, 1.4-fold, 1.5-fold, 1.6-fold, 1.7-fold, 1.8-fold, 1.9-fold, 2-fold, 2.1-fold, 2.2-fold, 2.3-fold, 2.4-fold, 2.5-fold, 2.6-fold, 2.7-fold, 2.8-fold, 2.9-fold, 3-fold, 3.1-fold, 3.2-fold, 3.3-fold, 3.4-fold, 3.5-fold, 3.6-fold, 3.7-fold, 3.8-fold, 3.9-fold, or 4.0-fold of the IC50 concentration the anti-viral compound achieved on the cells. In some embodiments, at least one compound of the one or more compound does not kill more than 50%of the cells at any of about 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 11-fold, 12-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 30-fold, 35-fold, 40-fold, 45-fold, 50-fold, 55-fold, 60-fold, 65-fold, 70-fold, 75-fold, 80-fold its IC50 concentration the anti-viral compound achieved on the cells.
[0176] In some embodiments, the anti-viral compound has a SI (selectivity index) of at least about any of 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40, optionally wherein the SI is evaluated on extra early stem cells or cells differentiated therefrom as described in Section II. 2. In some embodiments, the SI is evaluated according to methods described in Examples.
[0177] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating or preventing an infection of an individual by an influenza virus and / or variant thereof, comprising administering to the individual a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Digitoxin, aderivative thereof, a functional analog thereof, and / or a structural analog thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises Digitoxin. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more (e.g., two, three or four) additional anti-viral compounds, such as any of the anti-viral compounds described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is administered orally. In some embodiments, the weight percentage of the one or more anti-viral compound (s) among all active ingredients in the pharmaceutical composition is any of about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%or more. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days (e.g., 1-4 days) after the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual prior to the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual after the individual is exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof or when the individual is at risk of being exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-viral compound is administered at a dose of about 5 mg / kg to about 200 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered daily, twice daily, three times daily, every two days, or every three days. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a H1N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H3N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H5N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N3 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N7 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N9 virus or a subtype thereof, a virus of the type B / Victoria lineage, or a virus of the type B / Yamagata lineage. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is H1N1.
[0178] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating or preventing an infection of an individual by an influenza virus and / or variant thereof, comprising administering to the individual a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Triptolide, a derivative thereof, a functional analog thereof, and / or a structural analog thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises Triptolide. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more (e.g., two, three or four) additional anti-viral compounds, such as any of the anti-viral compounds described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is administered orally. In some embodiments, the weight percentage of the one or more anti-viral compound (s) among all active ingredients in the pharmaceutical composition is any of about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%or more. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days (e.g., 1-4 days) after the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual prior to the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual after the individual is exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof or when the individual is at risk of being exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-viral compound is administered at a dose of about 5 mg / kg to about 200 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered daily, twice daily, three times daily, every two days, or every three days. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a H1N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H3N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H5N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N3 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N7 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N9 virus or a subtype thereof, a virus of the type B / Victoria lineage, or a virus of the type B / Yamagata lineage. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is H1N1.
[0179] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating or preventing an infection of an individual by an influenza virus and / or variant thereof, comprising administering to the individual a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Bortezomib, aderivative thereof, a functional analog thereof, and / or a structural analog thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises Bortezomib. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more (e.g., two, three or four) additional anti-viral compounds, such as any of the anti-viral compounds described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is administered orally. In some embodiments, the weight percentage of the one or more anti-viral compound (s) among all active ingredients in the pharmaceutical composition is any of about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%or more. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days (e.g., 1-4 days) after the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual prior to the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual after the individual is exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof or when the individual is at risk of being exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-viral compound is administered at a dose of about 5 mg / kg to about 200 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered daily, twice daily, three times daily, every two days, or every three days. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a H1N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H3N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H5N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N3 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N7 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N9 virus or a subtype thereof, a virus of the type B / Victoria lineage, or a virus of the type B / Yamagata lineage. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is H1N1.
[0180] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating or preventing an infection of an individual by an influenza virus and / or variant thereof, comprising administering to the individual a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Ouabain (Octahydrate) , a derivative thereof, a functional analog thereof, and / or a structural analog thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises Ouabain (Octahydrate) . In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more (e.g., two, three or four) additional anti-viral compounds, such as any of the anti-viral compounds described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is administered orally. In some embodiments, the weight percentage of the one or more anti-viral compound (s) among all active ingredients in the pharmaceutical composition is any of about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%or more. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days (e.g., 1-4 days) after the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual prior to the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual after the individual is exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof or when the individual is at risk of being exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-viral compound is administered at a dose of about 5 mg / kg to about 200 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered daily, twice daily, three times daily, every two days, or every three days. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a H1N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H3N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H5N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N3 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N7 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N9 virus or a subtype thereof, a virus of the type B / Victoria lineage, or a virus of the type B / Yamagata lineage. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is H1N1.
[0181] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating or preventing an infection of an individual by an influenza virus and / or variant thereof, comprising administering to the individual a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Dinaciclib, a derivative thereof, a functional analog thereof, and / or a structural analog thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises Dinaciclib. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more (e.g., two, three or four) additional anti-viral compounds, such as any of the anti-viral compounds described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is administered orally. In some embodiments, the weight percentage of the one or more anti-viral compound (s) among all active ingredients in the pharmaceutical composition is any of about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%or more. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days (e.g., 1-4 days) after the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual prior to the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual after the individual is exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof or when the individual is at risk of being exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-viral compound is administered at a dose of about 5 mg / kg to about 200 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered daily, twice daily, three times daily, every two days, or every three days. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a H1N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H3N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H5N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N3 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N7 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N9 virus or a subtype thereof, a virus of the type B / Victoria lineage, or a virus of the type B / Yamagata lineage. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is H1N1.
[0182] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating or preventing an infection of an individual by an influenza virus and / or variant thereof, comprising administering to the individual a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Homoharringtonine, a derivative thereof, a functional analog thereof, and / or a structural analog thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises Homoharringtonine. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more (e.g., two, three or four) additional anti-viral compounds, such as any of the anti-viral compounds described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is administered orally. In some embodiments, the weight percentage of the one or more anti-viral compound (s) among all active ingredients in the pharmaceutical composition is any of about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%or more. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days (e.g., 1-4 days) after the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual prior to the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual after the individual is exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof or when the individual is at risk of being exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-viral compound is administered at a dose of about 5 mg / kg to about 200 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered daily, twice daily, three times daily, every two days, or every three days. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a H1N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H3N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H5N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N3 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N7 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N9 virus or a subtype thereof, a virus of the type B / Victoria lineage, or a virus of the type B / Yamagata lineage. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is H1N1.
[0183] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating or preventing an infection of an individual by an influenza virus and / or variant thereof, comprising administering to the individual a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Deslanoside, a derivative thereof, a functional analog thereof, and / or a structural analog thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises Deslanoside. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more (e.g., two, three or four) additional anti-viral compounds, such as any of the anti-viral compounds described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is administered orally. In some embodiments, the weight percentage of the one or more anti-viral compound (s) among all active ingredients in the pharmaceutical composition is any of about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%or more. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days (e.g., 1-4 days) after the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual prior to the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual after the individual is exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof or when the individual is at risk of being exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-viral compound is administered at a dose of about 5 mg / kg to about 200 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered daily, twice daily, three times daily, every two days, or every three days. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a H1N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H3N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H5N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N3 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N7 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N9 virus or a subtype thereof, a virus of the type B / Victoria lineage, or a virus of the type B / Yamagata lineage. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is H1N1.
[0184] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating or preventing an infection of an individual by an influenza virus and / or variant thereof, comprising administering to the individual a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Harringtonine, a derivative thereof, a functional analog thereof, and / or a structural analog thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises Harringtonine. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more (e.g., two, three or four) additional anti-viral compounds, such as any of the anti-viral compounds described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is administered orally. In some embodiments, the weight percentage of the one or more anti-viral compound (s) among all active ingredients in the pharmaceutical composition is any of about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%or more. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days (e.g., 1-4 days) after the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual prior to the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual after the individual is exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof or when the individual is at risk of being exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-viral compound is administered at a dose of about 5 mg / kg to about 200 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered daily, twice daily, three times daily, every two days, or every three days. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a H1N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H3N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H5N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N3 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N7 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N9 virus or a subtype thereof, a virus of the type B / Victoria lineage, or a virus of the type B / Yamagata lineage. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is H1N1.
[0185] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating or preventing an infection of an individual by an influenza virus and / or variant thereof, comprising administering to the individual a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Ixazomib, a derivative thereof, a functional analog thereof, and / or a structural analog thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises Ixazomib. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more (e.g., two, three or four) additional anti-viral compounds, such as any of the anti-viral compounds described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is administered orally. In some embodiments, the weight percentage of the one or more anti-viral compound (s) among all active ingredients in the pharmaceutical composition is any of about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%or more. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days (e.g., 1-4 days) after the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual prior to the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual after the individual is exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof or when the individual is at risk of being exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-viral compound is administered at a dose of about 5 mg / kg to about 200 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered daily, twice daily, three times daily, every two days, or every three days. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a H1N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H3N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H5N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N3 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N7 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N9 virus or a subtype thereof, a virus of the type B / Victoria lineage, or a virus of the type B / Yamagata lineage. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is H1N1.
[0186] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating or preventing an infection of an individual by an influenza virus and / or variant thereof, comprising administering to the individual a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Cinobufotalin, a derivative thereof, a functional analog thereof, and / or a structural analog thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises Cinobufotalin. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more (e.g., two, three or four) additional anti-viral compounds, such as any of the anti-viral compounds described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is administered orally. In some embodiments, the weight percentage of the one or more anti-viral compound (s) among all active ingredients in the pharmaceutical composition is any of about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%or more. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days (e.g., 1-4 days) after the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual prior to the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual after the individual is exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof or when the individual is at risk of being exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-viral compound is administered at a dose of about 5 mg / kg to about 200 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered daily, twice daily, three times daily, every two days, or every three days. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a H1N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H3N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H5N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N3 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N7 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N9 virus or a subtype thereof, a virus of the type B / Victoria lineage, or a virus of the type B / Yamagata lineage. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is H1N1.
[0187] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating or preventing an infection of an individual by an influenza virus and / or variant thereof, comprising administering to the individual a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Halofuginone hydrobromide, a derivative thereof, a functional analog thereof, and / or a structural analog thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises Halofuginone hydrobromide. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more (e.g., two, three or four) additional anti-viral compounds, such as any of the anti-viral compounds described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is administered orally. In some embodiments, the weight percentage of the one or more anti-viral compound (s) among all active ingredients in the pharmaceutical composition is any of about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%or more. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days (e.g., 1-4 days) after the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual prior to the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual after the individual is exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof or when the individual is at risk of being exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-viral compound is administered at a dose of about 5 mg / kg to about 200 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered daily, twice daily, three times daily, every two days, or every three days. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a H1N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H3N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H5N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N3 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N7 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N9 virus or a subtype thereof, a virus of the type B / Victoria lineage, or a virus of the type B / Yamagata lineage. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is H1N1.
[0188] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating or preventing an infection of an individual by an influenza virus and / or variant thereof, comprising administering to the individual a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Lanatoside C, a derivative thereof, a functional analog thereof, and / or a structural analog thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises Lanatoside C. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more (e.g., two, three or four) additional anti-viral compounds, such as any of the anti-viral compounds described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is administered orally. In some embodiments, the weight percentage of the one or more anti-viral compound (s) among all active ingredients in the pharmaceutical composition is any of about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%or more. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days (e.g., 1-4 days) after the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual prior to the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual after the individual is exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof or when the individual is at risk of being exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-viral compound is administered at a dose of about 5 mg / kg to about 200 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered daily, twice daily, three times daily, every two days, or every three days. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a H1N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H3N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H5N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N3 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N7 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N9 virus or a subtype thereof, a virus of the type B / Victoria lineage, or a virus of the type B / Yamagata lineage. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is H1N1.
[0189] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating or preventing an infection of an individual by an influenza virus and / or variant thereof, comprising administering to the individual a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Halofuginone, a derivative thereof, a functional analog thereof, and / or a structural analog thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises Halofuginone. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more (e.g., two, three or four) additional anti-viral compounds, such as any of the anti-viral compounds described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is administered orally. In some embodiments, the weight percentage of the one or more anti-viral compound (s) among all active ingredients in the pharmaceutical composition is any of about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%or more. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days (e.g., 1-4 days) after the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual prior to the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual after the individual is exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof or when the individual is at risk of being exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-viral compound is administered at a dose of about 5 mg / kg to about 200 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered daily, twice daily, three times daily, every two days, or every three days. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a H1N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H3N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H5N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N3 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N7 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N9 virus or a subtype thereof, a virus of the type B / Victoria lineage, or a virus of the type B / Yamagata lineage. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is H1N1.
[0190] In some embodiments, there is provided a method of treating or preventing an infection of an individual by an influenza virus and / or variant thereof, comprising administering to the individual a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of Ixazomib citrate, a derivative thereof, a functional analog thereof, and / or a structural analog thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises Ixazomib citrate. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more (e.g., two, three or four) additional anti-viral compounds, such as any of the anti-viral compounds described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is administered orally. In some embodiments, the weight percentage of the one or more anti-viral compound (s) among all active ingredients in the pharmaceutical composition is any of about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%or more. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 days (e.g., 1-4 days) after the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual prior to the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual after the individual is exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof or when the individual is at risk of being exposed to an influenza virus and / or variant thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-viral compound is administered at a dose of about 5 mg / kg to about 200 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered daily, twice daily, three times daily, every two days, or every three days. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a H1N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H3N2 virus or a subtype thereof, aH5N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N3 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N7 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N9 virus or a subtype thereof, a virus of the type B / Victoria lineage, or a virus of the type B / Yamagata lineage. In some embodiments, the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is H1N1. 1. Dosing and methods of administration
[0191] The dosing frequency of the composition may be adjusted over the course of the treatment, based on the judgment of the administering physician. When administered separately, the composition and / or the second agent / therapy can be administered at different dosing frequency or intervals. In some embodiments, sustained continuous release formulation of the composition and / or the second agent / therapy may be used. Various formulations and devices for achieving sustained release are known in the art. A combination of the administration configurations described herein can also be used.
[0192] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 5 mg / kg to about 200 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 5 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 10 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 15 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 20 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 25 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 30 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 35 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 40 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 45 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 50 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 75 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 100 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 125 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 150 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 175 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 200 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of more than 200 mg / kg.
[0193] The composition can be administered using the same route of administration or different routes of administration. In some embodiments of the methods described herein, the composition is administered to the individual by any of intravenous, intratumoral, intraarterial, topical, intraocular, ophthalmic, intraportal, intracranial, intracerebral, intracerebroventricular, intrathecal, intravesicular, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intranasal, intratracheal, pulmonary, intracavity, nasal, or oral administration, or nebulization (NB) or intratracheal instillation.
[0194] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered topically, orally, intraperitoneally, intranasally, or intramuscularly.
[0195] In some embodiments, the composition as described herein is formulated for systemic or tropical administration. In some embodiments, the composition as described herein is formulated for intravenous, intratumoral, intraarterial, topical, intraocular, ophthalmic, intraportal, intracranial, intracerebral, intracerebroventricular, intrathecal, intravesicular, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intranasal, intratracheal, pulmonary, intracavity, or oral administration, or nebulization (NB) , inhalation, or intratracheal instillation.
[0196] In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for or administered to the individual by nebulization. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for or administered to the individual by nasal administration. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for or administered to the individual by intratracheal administration (such as intratracheal instillation) . In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for or administered to the individual by inhalation. In some embodiments, the composition and / or the second agent / therapy is formulated for or administered to the individual by intravenous administration.
[0197] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual within about any of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days (e.g., 1-4 days) after the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof.
[0198] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered daily, twice daily, three times daily, every two days, or every three days.
[0199] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the individual prior to the individual is infected with an influenza virus and / or variant thereof.
[0200] In some embodiments, the composition is administered within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, or 30 days, or 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months, 1.5 years, or 2 years from the exposure to the influenza virus and / or variant thereof.
[0201] In some embodiments, the composition is administered within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, or 30 days, or 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months, 1.5 years, or 2 years from appearance of the first symptom (e.g., a fever, e.g., dry cough, e.g., shortness of breath) of the viral infection. In some embodiments, the composition is administered when the symptom (e.g., a fever, e.g., dry cough, e.g., shortness of breath) lasts for at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, or 30 days, or 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months, 1.5 years, or 2 years. EXAMPLES Example 1: Methods 1.1 Cell lines
[0202] The radiation-treated STO cells were prepared 3-4 days in advance on a culture plate with 0.1%gelatin at a density of~3.125×104 cells / cm2 and were routinely cultured in M10 medium (knockout DMEM+10%fetal bovine serum, 1×glutamine penicillin-streptomycin+1×(MEM) vitamin solution) . Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) Man-1 / M1, human Em1, and Em4 cell lines were transformed into human expanded potential stem cells (hEPSCs) and cultured on STO feeder cells.
[0203] Canine kidney MDCK cells were purchased from ATCC and cultured in DMEM+10%heat-inactivated fetal calf serum+50 U / ml penicillin and 50μg / ml streptomycin. All cells were cultured at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 incubator, and Mycoplasma was routinely detected using PlasmoTest (InvivoGen) . 1.2 Viruses
[0204] Human influenza virus H1N1 strain PR8 (A / Puerto Rico / 8 / 1934, NCBI Taxon ID: 211044) , H7N9, and H5N1 were obtained from the Virology Laboratory of Hong Kong University. All experiments involving viruses followed Biosafety Level 2 and 3 operating procedures of Hong Kong University. 1.3 Culturing of human Expanded Potential Stem Cells
[0205] Human EPSC cells were maintained on STO feeder layers and passaged at 1: 10 every 3-5 days. When the cells grew to a density of 80%, after washing with DPBS once, the cells were digested using the cell digestion enzyme TrypLETM Express enzyme (1x) for 5 minutes and neutralized with M10 culture medium (M10: enzyme=1: 1) and blew into single cells. After centrifugation at 300g for 3 minutes, the supernatant was removed, and the cells were resuspended in hEPSC medium supplemented with 5.0μM Y27632 (Tocris. Cat. 1254) . The hEPSCM is a N2B27-based media (1: 1 DMEM / F12 (Thermo, Cat. 21331020) , Neurobasal Medium (Thermo, Cat. 21103049) , 200× N2, 100× B27, 100x ITS-X, 50.0 μM β-mercaptoethanol, 1%Penicillin-Streptomycin-Glutamine, 100× Non-essential amino acid solution, 50μg / mL Vitamin C) supplemented with 4 small molecules: 5μM XAV939, 1μM CHIR99021 and 0.1μM A419259 as previously published (Gao, X., et al, (2019) . Establishment of porcine and human expanded potential stem cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 21, 687–699, the content of which is incorporated herein in its entirety) . 1.4 Establishment of human trophoblast stem cells (hTSCs) from human EPSCs (EPSC- TSC)
[0206] To generate hTSC cell lines, single cell suspensions of hEPSCs were plated on a 6-well plate (2x103 cells / well) pre-coated with GELTREXTM LDEV-Free Reduced Growth Factor Basement Membrane Matrix (diluted 100x) and cultured in human trophoblast stem cell medium (hTSCM) for 12-14 days. Then single colonies of the differentiated cells on the 6-well plate that show the typical TSC morphologies were picked and expanded. The established TSC cell lines were passaged 7-9 times before being collected for further differentiation into STB or EVT. The hTSCM is DMEM / F12 based medium supported with: 50.0μMβ-mercaptoethanol, 0.2%FBS, 0.5%Penicillin-Streptomycin-Glutamine, 0.3%BSA, 1.0%ITS-X supplement, 50.0μg / mL Vitamin C, 50.0 ng / mL EGF, 2.0μM CHIR99021, 0.5μM A83-01, 1.0μM SB431542, 10.0μM VPA, and 5.0μM Y27632. 1.5 Establishment of STB from EPSC-TSC
[0207] Established EPSC-TSC cells were seeded at 1.0×105 cells / well in a six-well plate pre-coated with Matrigel (100×) and were induced to differentiate into STBs after culturing in 2 mL of syncytiotrophoblasts medium (STBM) . The STBM comprises: DMEM / F12 supplemented with 50μMβ-mercaptoethanol, 0.5%Penicillin-Streptomycin-Glutamine, 0.3%BSA, 1.0%ITS-X, 2.5μM Y-27632, 2μM Forskolin (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat. F3917) , and 4%KnockOut Serum Replacement (Thermo. Cat. 10828028) . 1.6 Establishment of EVT from EPSC-TSC
[0208] Established EPSC-TSC cells were seeded at 1.0×105 cells / well in a six-well plate that had been pre-coated with Matrigel (100×) for at least 1 hour. 3 mL of EVT medium was added to each well. The EVT medium comprises: DMEM / F12 supplemented with 50 μM β-mercaptoethanol, 0.5%Penicillin-Streptomycin-Glutamine, 0.3%BSA, 1.0%ITS-X, 2.5μM Y-27632, and 7.5μM A83-01. In the first two days, 4%KnockOut Serum Replacement, 100 ng / mL NRG1 and 2% Basement Membrane Matrix were added. On day 3, the medium was switched to 2 mL of EVT medium, with 4%KnockOut Serum Replacement and 0.5% Basement Membrane Matrix. On day 6, the medium was switched to 2 mL of EVT medium with 0.5% Basement Membrane Matrix. The cells were cultured for two more days and were collected on day 8 for downstream analyses. 1.7 Establishment of amniotic epithelial cells (AEC) from EPSC
[0209] Human EPSCs were induced to differentiate into human TSCs as described above. After 10 passages, TSCs and amniotic epithelial cells (AEC) can be isolated.
[0210] Specifically, human EPSCs were cultured in hTSCM, and during the passage process, TSC showed clonal growth and were then used to establish TSC cell sublines. Cells were digested by trypsin and the floating cells were selected and serially passaged for AEC cell line establishment. After 10 consecutive passages, we established stable amniotic epithelial cell lines (AEC 7.7 and 7.8 lines) .
[0211] RT-PCR and immunofluorescent staining showed that AEC cells highly express marker genes such as GABRP and ISL1 (Table 2) (Xiang, L. et al. A developmental landscape of 3D-cultured human pre-gastrulation embryos. Nature 577, 537-542 (2020) ; Tyser, R.C.V. et al. Single-cell transcriptomic characterization of a gastrulating human embryo. Nature 600, 285-289 (2021) ; Xiao, Z. et al. 3D reconstruction of a gastrulating human embryo. Cell 187, 2855-2874. e2819 (2024) ) . In contrast, TSCs highly express marker genes such as KRT7, GATA2, TFAP2C, TP63, CK18, GATA3, ELF5, and TEAD4. Table 2. Potential genes expressed as AEC markers in different Amniotic derivatives 1.8 Cell infection by influenza viruses
[0212] After the cryopreserved human influenza virus strain H1N1 PR8 (A / Puerto Rico / 8 / 1934, NCBI Taxon ID: 211044) , H5N1 (A / Hong Kong / 156 / 97 (H5N1) , and H7N9 (A / Anhui / 1 / 2013 (H7N9) , were recovered, MDCK cells were used to propagate the influenza virus strain, and the supernatant titer was determined by plaque assay. All experiments involving live influenza viruses followed standard operating procedures approved by the biosafety level II and III facilities of Hong Kong University Queen Mary Hospital.
[0213] On the day of infection, cells were washed with PBS and viruses were diluted in basal medium to infect cells at multiplicity of infection (MOI) 0.1-10. Cells were incubated at 37℃ for 2 hours. Subsequently, the cell supernatant was replaced with a complete medium and further cultured until collection. Cytopathic effects (CPE) were monitored daily by light microscopy, and cell supernatants and cell lysates at indicated time points were collected for RT-qPCR to assess viral RNA load, which was calibrated by viral load by plaque analysis. 1.9 RT-qPCR to assess viral RNA load
[0214] 140μL of cell culture supernatant was lysed with 560μL of AVL buffer, and to extract total RNA was extracted using Viral RNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN. Cat. 52906) .
[0215] The extracted RNA was used for quantitative analysis of viral replication kinetics using QuantiNova Probe RT-PCR kit (QIAGEN. Cat. 208354) . Each 20μL reaction mixture contains 10μL of 2×QuantiNova Probe RT-PCR Master Mix, 0.2μL of QuantiNova Probe RT Mix, 1.6μL of each of forward and reverse primer (10μM) , 0.4μL of probe (10μM) , 5μL of extracted RNA, and 1.2μL of RNase-free water. The reaction system was incubated at 45℃ for 10 min for reverse transcription, 95℃ for 5 min for denaturation, and 45 cycles of 95℃ for 5 s, 55℃ for 30 s, and cooling at 40℃ for 30 s. Primer sequences are shown in Table 1. Gene expression was measured using PowerUpTM SYBRTM Green Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) and StepOnePlusTM Real-Time PCR (Applied Biosystems) . Raw gene expression data was normalized to GAPDH by using theΔCt method. Statistical analysis was carried out using either one / two-tailed student’s t-test in Prism 8 (GraphPad) . Table 1. Primer sequences for RT-qPCR 1.10 Plaque analysis
[0216] MDCK cells were seeded in 12-well tissue culture plates at a density of 1.5×105 cells / well the day before experiments were performed. After 24 hours of culture, a series of diluted virus supernatants were added to the cell monolayer, incubated for 1 hour at 37℃ and 5%CO2, and then the culture medium was aspirated and washed once with DMEM to remove unbound virus particles. DMEM medium (Cambrex Corporation, East Rutherford, NJ, USA) containing 1%low melting point agarose was then used to cover the cell monolayer and incubated upside down for 72 hours. The wells were then fixed with 10%formaldehyde (BDH, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) overnight. After removing the agarose plug, the cells were stained with 0.7%crystal violet (BDH, Merck) . Plaques were counted. Plaque test was repeated in three replicates. 1.11 Immunofluorescence staining
[0217] Cells were fixed in 4%paraformaldehyde (Sigma Cat. P6148) at room temperature for 15 min and blocked for 0.5-1h with 5%donkey serum (Sigma. Cat. D9663) and 1%BSA (Sigma. Cat. A2153) in PBS. This was followed by incubation with primary antibodies in a 4℃cold room overnight. The cells were incubated with fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies at room temperature for 1 h. The cells were counterstained with 10μg / mL DAPI (Thermo Fisher Scientific. Cat. 62248) for 10 min to mark nuclei and were imaged under a confocal microscope. 1.12 Evaluation of anti-viral agents using TSC or differentiated cells therefrom
[0218] EPSC-TSCs were differentiated into STBs as described above.
[0219] On the day of infection, cells were rinsed with PBS and the virus was diluted in STBM to infect cells at the indicated multiplicity of infection (e.g., MOI=0.1) . Cells were incubated at 37℃ for 1 h. After washing once in DPSB, cell supernatants were replaced with basal medium containing different concentrations of agents and further cultured until collection. Cytopathic effects (CPE) were monitored daily by light microscopy, and cell supernatants and cell lysates were collected at designated time points (e.g. after 48 hours) for RT-qPCR testing to assess viral RNA load and determine the antiviral effect of the agent. 1.13 Method of screening agents
[0220] Potent anti-viral agents can be selected from natural product compound library, FDA-approved drug library or plant ingredients extracted from traditional Chinese medicine, etc.
[0221] Agents were diluted with DMSO to a 2 mM stock concentration. EPSCs, TSCs, STBs, early STBs, or other extraembryonic cells were prepared as described above. Cells were infected at MOI of 0.1 to 1. Agents (5nM~20μM) were added to the infected cells and co-incubated. After 48 hours, DAPI staining was used to show cell activity, and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was used to observe the virus fluorescence intensity. The antiviral effect of the agent after the cells were infected by the virus was assessed by the intensity of the fluorescence value and compared with the positive control group and the negative control group. Example 2: Infection of extra early embryonic stem cells by influenza viruses
[0222] Cells in each group were infected with human influenza viruses such as H1N1 (A / Puerto Rico / 8 / 1934, NCBI Taxon ID: 211044) , H5N1 (A / Hong Kong / 156 / 97) , H7N9 (A / Anhui / 1 / 2013) at MOI of 0.1 for 1 hour. The cells were then eluted with PBS and then cultured with fresh cell culture medium for 24, 48 or 72 hours, Cell culture supernatants and cell lysates were collected for viral genome detection and viral antigen analysis.
[0223] Since extra early embryonic stem cells (e.g., human EPSCs) are usually cultured on feeder cells, we first infected STO feeder cells alone and compared the virus replication kinetics with MDCK cells and two lines of extra early embryonic stem cells.
[0224] The results show that STO feeder cells alone (1.5×105) have a similar infection pattern and expansion rate compared to MDCK cells (1.5×105) . The amount of viruses produced by C5-EPSC cells (0.5×105, 1.0×105, 1.5×105 cells per well in a 12-well plate) after influenza virus infection was not significantly different from that of STO feeder cells, suggesting that C5-EPSC cells are not susceptible to the viruses (FIG. 1A) . Additionally, STO feeder cells (3.0×105) cultured alone can still be infected with influenza virus after 12 days of growth. C5-EPSC (0.5×105, 1.0×105, 2.0×105 cells per well in a 12-well plate) inoculated on STO feeder cells showed comparable viral replication in the supernatant compared to STO feeder cells cultured and infected alone, further indicating that C5-EPSC cells are not susceptible to the viruses (FIG. 1B) and that STO feeder cells cultured alone can be infected by influenza viruses.
[0225] We also tested resistant hBN feeder cells and the EPSC lines cultured on hBN feeder cells for influenza virus infection. It was found that hBN feeder cells were infected with influenza virus, and the viral copy number in the supernatant of EPSC lines (M1-EPSC, TPRX1 knockout M1-EPSC and C5-EPSC; 1.5×105 / well) grown on them did not show significant difference compared with hBN feeder cells, suggesting that these EPSC lines are not susceptible to the influenza viruses while the hBN feeder cells are susceptible to influenza infection (FIG. 1C, blue line) . Example 3: Infection of STB and EVT by influenza viruses
[0226] Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) derived from human EPSCs, syncytiotrophoblast cells (STB, in vitro differentiation day 6) , extravillous trophoblast cells (EVT, in vitro differentiation day 8) , and control cells MDCK were tested for virus infection by strains H1N1, H5N1, and H7N9 as described in FIG. 2A. For measurement of viral gene copies, supernatant was collected 2 hours and 48 hours after virus inoculation, and RT-qPCR was used to detect the number of viral genome copies per milliliter of supernatant (FIG. 2A) . Cell lysate was collected at 48 hours, and the number of viral genome copies in the cells was detected by RT-qPCR (FIG. 2A) .
[0227] The results show that EPSC-TSC, STB (in vitro differentiation day 6) , and EVT (in vitro differentiation day 8) are susceptible to the influenza viruses (FIGs. 2B-2D) . Example 4: Infection of STB of different stages by influenza viruses
[0228] STBs of different stages (in vitro differentiation day 2 and in vitro differentiation day 4) were tested for susceptibility to virus as described in Example 3 (FIG. 3A) .
[0229] The results show that early STB ( “eSTB” , in vitro differentiation day 2) and STB ( “STB D4” , in vitro differentiation day 4) are susceptible for the influenza viruses. Furthermore, eSTBs showed higher viral load compared to the later stage STBs (FIGs. 3B-3D) . Example 5: Infection of EPSC-TSCs by influenza viruses analyzed by single-cell sequencing
[0230] As shown in FIG. 4A, mock EPSC-TSCs ( “uninfected” in FIG. 4A) and EPSC-TSCs infected by H1N1 ( “infected” in FIG. 4A) were subjected to single cell sequencing UMAP analysis. The expression of influenza virus marker gene FLUAVs7gp2 was assessed and scored in the uninfected and infected cells (FIGs. 4B and 4C) . Additionally, the cells were analyzed for expression of immune gene IFNL1 and anti-viral gene OASL (FIG. 4D and 4E) .
[0231] As shown in FIGs. 4A-4E, influenza virus copies are only highly expressed in certain cells during the differentiation process from EPSC to TSC. Cells in the virus-infected group showed positive and high expression of IFNL and OASL genes (FIGs. 4D and 4E) . Example 6: Infection of cells differentiated from EPSC by H1N1
[0232] As shown in FIGs. 5A-5H and 6A-6E, by day 7 of EPSC differentiating in TSCM, trophoblast cell marker genes ESRRG and MSX2, and amniotic membrane marker genes ISL1 and GABRP were found to be highly expressed. EPSC cells differentiating in TSCM for 3 days (TSCM day3) showed high expression of influenza virus genes at 48 hpi with influenza virus strain H1N1. EPSC cells differentiating in TSCM for 3 days (TSCM day3) showed high expression of influenza virus genes in the infected group, and low expression of influenza virus genes in the non-infected group. Additionally, the infected group also showed high expression of immune genes IFNL and OASL whereas expression was low in the non-infected group. Example 7: Infection of AEC cells by H1N1
[0233] To test the susceptibility of AEC cells to H1N1 virus, cell culture supernatant was collected 2 hours and 48 hours after the virus was inoculated, and RT-qPCR was used to detect the number of viral genome copies per milliliter of the supernatant. Cell lysate was collected at 48 hours, and the number of viral genome copies in the cells was detected by RT-qPCR. It can be seen from the overall test results that AEC cells are highly susceptible to influenza viruses (FIGs. 7A-7E) . Example 8: Flu infection of TSCs derivatives
[0234] Given the susceptibility of TSC to influenza viruses, we tried to test different TSCM-based differentiation mediums for induction of differentiation and their effects on susceptibility of infection by influenza. We found that using a variety of differentiation-inducing liquids (named as “W1” and “W3” ) with different components on the basis of TSCM, the cells were all highly susceptible to influenza viruses at different time points (FIG. 8) . For W1, cells were continuously cultured in EVT medium (as described in Example 1) and subjected to virus infection on day 12, and the virus copy number of the supernatant was detected 48 hours later. For W3, cells were cultured in EVT medium for 5 days, and the medium was switched to DMEM F12 containing 10%fetal bovine serum for culturing for another 6 days. The cells were then subjected to virus infection, and the virus copy number of the supernatant was detected 48 hours later. Example 9: Screening of agents for anti-flu effects
[0235] Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) were cultured as described in Example 1. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates at a density of 20,000 cells per well in a total volume of 100μL per well. The plates were incubated overnight at 37℃ in a 5%CO2incubator to allow for proper cell adhesion.
[0236] The H1N1 strain used in this study was H1N1 (HK-A-8-34) . Viral infection was performed at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1. Virus dilutions were prepared in cell culture medium, and 100μL of the diluted virus was added to each well, ensuring equal distribution. Infected plates were incubated at 37℃ for 1 hour to allow for efficient viral entry.
[0237] An FDA-approved compound library (LIB) was manually screened for antiviral activity. Stock solutions of each compound were prepared in DMSO or sterile water and serially diluted to achieve the desired working concentrations. Compounds were added to the infected cells at a final concentration of 100 nM in a total volume of 100μL per well. Plates were returned to the incubator and cultured for 30 hours post-infection.
[0238] After the incubation period, cells were fixed with 100μL of 4%paraformaldehyde per well for 30 minutes at room temperature. The wells were then washed three times with 100 μL of PBS to remove residual PFA. Permeabilization and blocking were performed by adding 100μL of a solution containing 3%BSA and 0.5%Triton X-100 in PBS to each well, followed by incubation at room temperature for 1 hour. Immunostaining was performed to assess infection rates using primary and secondary antibodies specific to viral proteins. DNA staining (e.g., DAPI) was conducted to visualize nuclei.
[0239] Images were acquired using a high-throughput imaging system under consistent settings across all wells. Infection rates, drug efficacy, and cell viability were analyzed using automated image analysis software.
[0240] FIG. 9 shows the testing results using TSCs including the IC50, CC50, and SI (CC50 / IC50) ratio for each tested agent, where 14 promising compounds were identified with significant antiviral activity against H1N1. These compounds were further validated using the human A549 cell line, confirming their efficacy (FIGs. 10 and 11) . The chemical structures of the 14 compounds are shown in FIG. 12.
[0241] This study highlights the potential of these compounds as promising antiviral (e.g., anti-flu) candidates for further development. EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT
[0242] Embodiment 1: A method of making an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, comprising: i) infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; and ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof, thereby obtaining the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof.
[0243] Embodiment 2: A method of making a vaccine, comprising: i)infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof; ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; and iii) producing a vaccine using the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof.
[0244] Embodiment 3: A method of detecting an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, comprising: i) infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; and ii) detecting the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof of after proliferation.
[0245] Embodiment 4: A method of evaluating an agent for its antiviral effect, comprising: i) infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof; ii) contacting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom with the agent at one or more concentrations; and iii) measuring the viral load of the influenza virus and / or variant thereof, thereby determining the dose-response relationship of the agent.
[0246] Embodiment 5: A cell infected by an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, wherein the cell is an extra early stem cell, or a cell differentiated therefrom.
[0247] Embodiment 6: The method of any one of Embodiments 1-4 or the cell of Embodiment 5, wherein the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom expresses an influenza virus receptor.
[0248] Embodiment 7: The method or the cell of any one of Embodiments 1-6, wherein the extra early stem cell is a human extra early stem cell or a non-human extra early stem cell.
[0249] Embodiment 8: The method or the cell of any one of Embodiments 1-7, wherein the extra early stem cell is obtained by inducing an extra early embryonic cell to differentiate.
[0250] Embodiment 9: The method or the cell of Embodiment 8, wherein the extra early embryonic cell is derived from an extra early embryonic stem cell, an adult somatic cell that can be reprogrammed to an extra early embryonic stem cell, or an extraembryonic progenitor cell.
[0251] Embodiment 10: The method or the cell of Embodiment 9, wherein the extra early embryonic stem cell is a pre-implantation embryonic stem cell.
[0252] Embodiment 11: The method or the cell of Embodiment 10, wherein the pre-implantation embryonic stem cell is in the 2-to 8-cell stage or the morula stage.
[0253] Embodiment 12: The method or the cell of Embodiment 9, wherein the extra early embryonic stem cell is an expanded potential stem cell (EPSC) .
[0254] Embodiment 13: The method or the cell of Embodiment 9, wherein the extra early embryonic stem cell is obtained by reprogramming a somatic cell.
[0255] Embodiment 14: The method or the cell of Embodiment 13, wherein the reprogramming comprises gene editing, tissue engineering, or induction by small molecule (s) .
[0256] Embodiment 15: The method or the cell of Embodiment 13 or 14, wherein the somatic cell is selected from the group consisting of: an epithelial cell, a muscle cell, a nerve cell, a glial cell, a blood cell, an adipocyte, a fibroblast, an endothelial cell, a liver cell, a pancreatic islet cell, a bone cell, a chondrocyte, a retinal cell, and a somatic stem cell.
[0257] Embodiment 16: The method or the cell of Embodiment 9, wherein the extra early embryonic stem cell is obtained by inducing an extraembryonic progenitor cell to differentiate.
[0258] Embodiment 17: The method or the cell of Embodiment 16, wherein the extraembryonic progenitor cell is an amniotic membrane cell, umbilical cord cell, amniotic fluid cell, or placental cell.
[0259] Embodiment 18: The method or the cell of Embodiment 17, wherein: 1) the amniotic membrane cell is an amniotic membrane stem cell or an amniotic membrane cell that can be reprogramed to an amniotic membrane stem cell; 2) the umbilical cord cell is an umbilical cord stem cell or an umbilical cord cell that can be reprogramed to an umbilical cord stem cell; 3) the amniotic fluid cell is an amniotic fluid stem cell or an amniotic fluid cell that can be reprogramed to an amniotic fluid stem cell; or 4) the placental cell is a placental stem cell or a placental cell that can be reprogramed to a placental stem cell.
[0260] Embodiment 19. The method or the cell of Embodiment 18, wherein the amniotic membrane stem cell has one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of: 1) epithelial-like adherent growth; 2) spindle-shaped; 3) expression of markers ISL1, VTCN1, and / or GABRP; 4) ability to be continuously passaged and proliferate; 5) expression of embryonic stem cell-specific markers Oct-4, Nanog, Sox-2, and / or REX-1; 6) expression of SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA 1-60 and TRA 1-81, ABCG 2 / BCRP, CD29, and / or CD44, CD58, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD166; or CD9, CD24, E-cadherin, integrinα6 and / orβ; 7) low or weakly expresses c-kit (CD117) , CC chemokine receptor (CRR4) and / or HLA-DR; and 8) low to no expression of HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, CD34, CD133, SSEA-1, CD45, and / or ABCG2.
[0261] Embodiment 20: The method or the cell of Embodiment 18, wherein the amniotic fluid cell has one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of: 1) expression of embryonic stem cell-specific markers OCT-4, Nanog, SSEA-4, SOX2; 2) expression of HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, CD29, CD44, CD58, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD117 and / or CD166; and 3) low to no expression of HLA-DR, CD34, CD45, ABCG2, C-MET, SSEA-1, SSEA-3, TRA-1-60 and / or TRA-1-80.
[0262] Embodiment 21: The method or the cell of Embodiment 18, wherein the umbilical cord stem cell expresses CD44 and / or CD29, and has low to no expression of CD106, CD14, CD34, CD45, CD31, and / or HLA-DR.
[0263] Embodiment 22: The method or the cell of Embodiment 18, wherein the placental cell is a trophoblast stem cell (TSC) or a cell derived therefrom.
[0264] Embodiment 23: The method or the cell of Embodiment 22, wherein the trophoblast stem cell is reprogrammed from a placental cell.
[0265] Embodiment 24: The method or the cell of Embodiment 22, wherein the cell derived from a trophoblast stem cell is a syncytiotrophoblast ( “STB” ) , or an extravillous trophoblast ( “EVT” ) .
[0266] Embodiment 25: The method or the cell any one of Embodiments 22-24, wherein the TSC expresses one or more markers selected from the group consisting of: TFAP2C, TP63, CK18, GATA3, ELF5, TEAD4, and KRT7.
[0267] Embodiment 26: The method or the cell of Embodiment 24, wherein the STB has one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of: 1) is a multinucleated cell; and 2) expresses one or more markers selected from the group consisting of: β-hCG, CGA, and CGB.
[0268] Embodiment 27: The method or the cell of Embodiment 24, wherein the EVT has one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of: 1) has a spindle shape; 2) expresses KRT7, HLA-G, ITGA1, IGTA5 and / or MMP2; and 3) does not express or expresses in low levels GATA3.
[0269] Embodiment 28: The method or the cell of any one of Embodiments 1-27, wherein the extra early stem cell is a human extra early stem cell, and the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a human influenza virus and / or variant thereof.
[0270] Embodiment 29: The method or the cell of any one of Embodiments 1-27, wherein the extra early stem cell is a pig extra early embryonic stem cell, and the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a swine influenza virus and / or variant thereof.
[0271] Embodiment 30: The method or the cell of any one of Embodiments 1-29, wherein the influenza virus is a type A influenza virus, a type B influenza virus, a type C influenza virus, and / or type D influenza virus and / or its mutant strains.
[0272] Embodiment 31. The method or the cell of any one of Embodiments 1-30, wherein the influenza virus is a H1N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H3N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H5N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N3 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N7 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N9 virus or a subtype thereof, a virus of the type B / Victoria lineage, or a virus of the type B / Yamagata lineage.
[0273] Embodiment 32: The method or the cell of any one of Embodiments 1-29, wherein the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof is an animal influenza virus that can infect humans.
[0274] Embodiment 33: The method or the cell of any one of Embodiments 1-32, wherein the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof has an MOI value of 0.1~10.
[0275] Embodiment 34: The method or the cell of any one of Embodiments 1-33, wherein the ratio between the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof and the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is from about 0.1: 1 to about 10: 1.
[0276] Embodiment 35: The method or the cell of any one of Embodiments 1-34, wherein the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is an amniotic epithelial cells (AEC) .
[0277] Embodiment 36: The method or the cell of any one of Embodiments 1-34, wherein the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is a syncytiotrophoblast (STB) .
[0278] Embodiment 37: The method or the cell of any one of Embodiments 1-34, wherein the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is a trophoblast stem cell (TSC) .
[0279] Embodiment 38: The method or the cell of any one of Embodiments 1-34, wherein the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is an extravillous trophoblast (EVT) .
[0280] Embodiment 39: The method or the cell of any one of Embodiments 1-38, wherein the viral load of the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is from about 0.01 to about 100.
[0281] Embodiment 40: The method or the cell of any one of Embodiments 1-39, wherein the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is genetically modified.
[0282] Embodiment 41: The method or the cell of any one of Embodiments 1-40, wherein the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom can be stably and continuously passaged.
[0283] Embodiment 42: The method of any one of Embodiments 1-4 and 6-41, wherein the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is infected by the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof at about 0.1 to about 10 MOI.
[0284] Embodiment 43: The method of any one of Embodiments 1-4 and 6-42, wherein the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with the agent at a concentration of about 5 nM to about 50μM.
[0285] Embodiment 44: The method of any one of Embodiments 4 and 6-43, further comprising assessing the anti-viral effect.
[0286] Embodiment 45: The method of any one of Embodiments 4 and 6-44, further comprising assessing a cytotoxic effect of the agent.
[0287] Embodiment 46: The method of any one of Embodiments 4 and 6-45, further comprising measuring viral load and thereby determining the dose-response relationship of the agent.
[0288] Embodiment 47. The method of any one of Embodiments 4 and 6-46, further comprising assessing the anti-viral effect of an agent in a safe dose range.
Claims
1.A method of making an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, comprising:i)infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; andii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof, thereby obtaining the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof.2.A method of making a vaccine, comprising:i)infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof;ii) proliferating and isolating (such as purifying) the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; andiii) producing a vaccine using the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof.3.A method of detecting an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, comprising:i)infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof; andii) detecting the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof of after proliferation.4.A method of evaluating an agent for its antiviral effect, comprising:i)infecting an extra early stem cell or a cell differentiated therefrom with an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof;ii) contacting the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom with the agent at one or more concentrations; andiii) measuring the viral load of the influenza virus and / or variant thereof, thereby determining the dose-response relationship of the agent.5.A cell infected by an influenza virus and / or a variant thereof, wherein the cell is an extra early stem cell, or a cell differentiated therefrom.6.The method of any one of claims 1-4 or the cell of claim 5, wherein the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom expresses an influenza virus receptor.7.The method or the cell of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the extra early stem cell is a human extra early stem cell or a non-human extra early stem cell.8.The method or the cell of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the extra early stem cell is obtained by inducing an extra early embryonic cell to differentiate.9.The method or the cell of claim 8, wherein the extra early embryonic cell is derived from an extra early embryonic stem cell, an adult somatic cell that can be reprogrammed to an extra early embryonic stem cell, or an extraembryonic progenitor cell.10.The method or the cell of claim 9, wherein the extra early embryonic stem cell is an expanded potential stem cell (EPSC) .11.The method or the cell of claim 9, wherein the extra early embryonic stem cell is obtained by reprogramming a somatic cell.12.The method or the cell of claim 9, wherein the extra early embryonic stem cell is obtained by inducing an extraembryonic progenitor cell to differentiate.13.The method or the cell of claim 12, wherein the extraembryonic progenitor cell is an amniotic membrane cell, umbilical cord cell, amniotic fluid cell, or placental cell.14.The method or the cell of claim 13, wherein:1) the amniotic membrane cell is an amniotic membrane stem cell or an amniotic membrane cell that can be reprogramed to an amniotic membrane stem cell;2) the umbilical cord cell is an umbilical cord stem cell or an umbilical cord cell that can be reprogramed to an umbilical cord stem cell;3) the amniotic fluid cell is an amniotic fluid stem cell or an amniotic fluid cell that can be reprogramed to an amniotic fluid stem cell; or4) the placental cell is a placental stem cell or a placental cell that can be reprogramed to a placental stem cell.15.The method or the cell of claim 14, wherein the amniotic membrane stem cell has one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of:1) epithelial-like adherent growth;2) spindle-shaped;3) expression of markers ISL1, VTCN1, and / or GABRP;4) ability to be continuously passaged and proliferate;5) expression of embryonic stem cell-specific markers Oct-4, Nanog, Sox-2, and / or REX-1;6) expression of SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA 1-60 and TRA 1-81, ABCG 2 / BCRP, CD29, and / or CD44, CD58, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD166; or CD9, CD24, E-cadherin, integrin α6 and / or β;7) low or weak expression of c-kit (CD117) , CC chemokine receptor (CRR4) and / or HLA-DR; and8) low to no expression of HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, CD34, CD133, SSEA-1, CD45, and / or ABCG2.16.The method or the cell of claim 14, wherein the amniotic fluid cell has one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of:1) expression of embryonic stem cell-specific markers OCT-4, Nanog, SSEA-4, SOX2;2) expression of HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, CD29, CD44, CD58, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD117 and / or CD166; and3) low to no expression of HLA-DR, CD34, CD45, ABCG2, C-MET, SSEA-1, SSEA-3, TRA-1-60 and / or TRA-1-80.17.The method or the cell of claim 14, wherein the umbilical cord stem cell expresses CD44 and / or CD29, and has low to no expression of CD106, CD14, CD34, CD45, CD31, and / or HLA-DR.18.The method or the cell of claim 14, wherein the placental cell is a trophoblast stem cell (TSC) or a cell derived therefrom.19.The method or the cell of claim 18, wherein the trophoblast stem cell is reprogrammed from a placental cell.20.The method or the cell of claim 18, wherein the cell derived from a trophoblast stem cell is a syncytiotrophoblast ( “STB” ) , or an extravillous trophoblast ( “EVT” ) .21.The method or the cell any one of claims 18-20, wherein the TSC expresses one or more markers selected from the group consisting of: TFAP2C, TP63, CK18, GATA3, ELF5, TEAD4, and KRT7.22.The method or the cell of claim 20, wherein the STB has one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of:1) is a multinucleated cell; and2) expresses one or more markers selected from the group consisting of: β-hCG, CGA, and CGB.23.The method or the cell of claim 20, wherein the EVT has one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of:1) has a spindle shape;2) expresses KRT7, HLA-G, ITGA1, IGTA5 and / or MMP2; and3) does not express or expresses in low levels GATA3.24.The method or the cell of any one of claims 1-23, wherein the extra early stem cell is a human extra early stem cell, and the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a human influenza virus and / or variant thereof.25.The method or the cell of any one of claims 1-23, wherein the extra early stem cell is a pig extra early embryonic stem cell, and the influenza virus and / or variant thereof is a swine influenza virus and / or variant thereof.26.The method or the cell of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the influenza virus is a type A influenza virus, a type B influenza virus, a type C influenza virus, and / or type D influenza virus and / or its mutant strains.27.The method or the cell of any one of claims 1-26, wherein the influenza virus is a H1N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H3N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H5N1 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N2 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N3 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N7 virus or a subtype thereof, a H7N9 virus or a subtype thereof, a virus of the type B / Victoria lineage, or a virus of the type B / Yamagata lineage.28.The method or the cell of any one of claims 1-27, wherein the ratio between the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof and the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is from about 0.1: 1 to about 10: 1.29.The method or the cell of any one of claims 1-28, wherein the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is an amniotic epithelial cells (AEC) .30.The method or the cell of any one of claims 1-28, wherein the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is a syncytiotrophoblast (STB) .31.The method or the cell of any one of claims 1-28, wherein the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is a trophoblast stem cell (TSC) .32.The method or the cell of any one of claims 1-28, wherein the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is an extravillous trophoblast (EVT) .33.The method or the cell of any one of claims 1-32, wherein the viral load of the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is from about 0.01 to about 100.34.The method or the cell of any one of claims 1-33, wherein the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom can be stably and continuously passaged.35.The method of any one of claims 1-4 and 6-34, wherein the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is infected by the influenza virus and / or the variant thereof at about 0.1 to about 10 MOI.36.The method of any one of claims 4 and 6-35, wherein the extra early stem cell or cell differentiated therefrom is contacted with the agent at a concentration of about 5 nM to about 50 μM.37.The method of any one of claims 4 and 6-36, further comprising assessing a cytotoxic effect of the agent.38.A method of treating influenza infection in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of one or more anti-viral compound or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt thereof, wherein the anti-viral compound is selected from the group consisting of: Digitoxin, Triptolide, Bortezomib, Ouabain (Octahydrate) , Dinaciclib, Homoharringtonine, Deslanoside, Harringtonine, Ixazomib, Cinobufotalin, Halofuginone hydrobromide, Lanatoside C, Halofuginone, and Ixazomib citrate.39.Use of an agent in a method of treating influenza infection in a subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of the agent, and wherein the agent is selected from the group consisting of: Digitoxin, Triptolide, Bortezomib, Ouabain (Octahydrate) , Dinaciclib, Homoharringtonine, Deslanoside, Harringtonine, Ixazomib, Cinobufotalin, Halofuginone hydrobromide, Lanatoside C, Halofuginone, and Ixazomib citrate.40.Use of an agent in the manufacturing of a medicament for treating influenza infection, wherein the agent is selected from the group consisting of: Digitoxin, Triptolide, Bortezomib, Ouabain (Octahydrate) , Dinaciclib, Homoharringtonine, Deslanoside, Harringtonine, Ixazomib, Cinobufotalin, Halofuginone hydrobromide, Lanatoside C, Halofuginone, and Ixazomib citrate.
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