Transmission designs for device-to-reader signaling
By employing different orthogonal sequences for preamble, midamble, and postamble portions of D2R messages, ambient IoT devices achieve improved synchronization and reduced interference, addressing communication challenges and enhancing reliability.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/109105
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-01
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-05
AI Technical Summary
Ambient IoT devices face challenges in maintaining high-quality and reliable communications due to low power operation, reduced synchronization opportunities, and differences in sampling frequency offset, leading to reduced signaling accuracy with reader devices.
The use of different orthogonal sequences for generating preamble, midamble, and postamble portions of a D2R message allows for improved timing and frequency synchronization, enabling ambient IoT devices to perform resynchronization with reader devices, while also reducing interference between multiple devices in the same geographic area.
This approach enhances synchronization and reduces interference, supporting both lower and higher capability ambient IoT devices with adaptable sequence configurations.
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Figure CN2024109105_05022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
TRANSMISSION DESIGNS FOR DEVICE-TO-READER SIGNALINGTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The following relates generally to wireless communications, and more specifically to transmission designs for device-to-reader (D2R) signaling.BACKGROUND
[0002] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power) . Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM) . A wireless multiple-access communications system may include one or more base stations, each supporting wireless communication for communication devices, which may be known as user equipment (UE) .SUMMARY
[0003] The systems, methods, and devices of this disclosure each have several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for the desirable attributes disclosed herein.
[0004] A method for wireless communications by an ambient internet of things (IoT) device is described. The method may include generating, using one or more sequences indicated by a sequence generation configuration, at least one of a preamble portion of a device-to-reader (D2R) message, a midamble portion of the D2R message, or a postamble portion of the D2R message, generating the D2R message including at least a payload portion and at least one of the preamble portion, the midamble portion, or the postamble portion in accordance with the sequence generation configuration, and transmitting the D2R message to a reader device based on generation of the D2R message.
[0005] An ambient IoT device for wireless communications is described. The ambient IoT device may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the ambient IoT device to generate, using one or more sequences indicated by a sequence generation configuration, at least one of a preamble portion of a D2R message, a midamble portion of the D2R message, or a postamble portion of the D2R message, generate the D2R message including at least a payload portion and at least one of the preamble portion, the midamble portion, or the postamble portion in accordance with the sequence generation configuration, and transmit the D2R message to a reader device based on generation of the D2R message.
[0006] Another ambient IoT device for wireless communications is described. The ambient IoT device may include means for generating, using one or more sequences indicated by a sequence generation configuration, at least one of a preamble portion of a D2R message, a midamble portion of the D2R message, or a postamble portion of the D2R message, means for generating the D2R message including at least a payload portion and at least one of the preamble portion, the midamble portion, or the postamble portion in accordance with the sequence generation configuration, and means for transmitting the D2R message to a reader device based on generation of the D2R message.
[0007] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to generate, using one or more sequences indicated by a sequence generation configuration, at least one of a preamble portion of a D2R message, a midamble portion of the D2R message, or a postamble portion of the D2R message, generate the D2R message including at least a payload portion and at least one of the preamble portion, the midamble portion, or the postamble portion in accordance with the sequence generation configuration, and transmit the D2R message to a reader device based on generation of the D2R message.
[0008] In some examples of the method, ambient IoT devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the sequence generation configuration indicates a first set of multiple sequences associated with the preamble portion, a second set of multiple sequences associated with the midamble portion, and a third set of multiple sequences associated with the postamble portion.
[0009] In some examples of the method, ambient IoT devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, generating at least one of the preamble portion of the D2R message, the midamble portion of the D2R message, or the postamble portion of the D2R message may include operations, features, means, or instructions for generating the preamble portion based on a first sequence from the first set of multiple sequences, generating the midamble portion based on a second sequence from the second set of multiple sequences, and generating the postamble portion based on a third sequence from the third set of multiple sequences.
[0010] In some examples of the method, ambient IoT devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, each of the first set of multiple sequences, the second set of multiple sequences, and the third set of multiple sequences may be different from each other, the first set of multiple sequences and the second set of multiple sequences may be a same set of sequences different from the third set of multiple sequences, or the first set of multiple sequences, the second set of multiple sequences, and the third set of multiple sequences may be a same set of sequences.
[0011] Some examples of the method, ambient IoT devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving information indicative of a guard band or a set of multiple non-adjacent frequency shifts in accordance with a device capability of the ambient IoT device or in accordance with the D2R message including at least one of the preamble portion, the midamble portion, or the postamble portion.
[0012] In some examples of the method, ambient IoT devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, a quantity of the one or more sequences indicated by the sequence generation configuration may be based on a device capability of the ambient IoT device.
[0013] In some examples of the method, ambient IoT devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, a quantity of the one or more sequences indicated by the sequence generation configuration may be based on whether the D2R message indicates a device identifier of the ambient IoT device.
[0014] In some examples of the method, ambient IoT devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the one or more sequences may be based on a sampling frequency offset (SFO) at the ambient IoT device.
[0015] In some examples of the method, ambient IoT devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the one or more sequences include one or more m-sequences based at least in part the SFO at the ambient IoT device being less than an inverse of a quantity of the one or more sequences times a length of the one or more sequences, or one or more Gold or Golay sequences based on the SFO at the ambient IoT device being greater than or equal to the inverse of the quantity of the one or more sequences times the length of the one or more sequences.
[0016] In some examples of the method, ambient IoT devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the sequence generation configuration indicates a set of multiple sequences including the one or more sequences, the set of multiple sequences includes a set of multiple bases sequences and a first base sequence of the set of multiple bases sequences may be associated with a first amount of repetition and a second base sequence of the set of multiple bases sequences may be associated with a second amount of repetition different than the first amount of repetition, and the one or more sequences may be based on a selected one of the first base sequence or the second base sequence.
[0017] Some examples of the method, ambient IoT devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for selecting the first base sequence or the second base sequence based on a waveform type associated with a continuous wave transmission, where the D2R message may be associated with a wireless backscattering of the continuous wave transmission.
[0018] Some examples of the method, ambient IoT devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for selecting the first base sequence or the second base sequence based on a system bandwidth associated with D2R messages.
[0019] Some examples of the method, ambient IoT devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for selecting the first base sequence or the second base sequence based on a waveform associated with a continuous wave transmission and a bandwidth associated with the D2R message, where the D2R message may be associated with a wireless backscattering of the continuous wave transmission.
[0020] In some examples of the method, ambient IoT devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the one or more sequences may be based on a clock reliability of the ambient IoT device.
[0021] In some examples of the method, ambient IoT, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the one or more sequences may be based on a resource allocation associated with the D2R message.
[0022] Some examples of the method, ambient IoT devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving, from the reader device, an indication of one or both of the one or more sequences, a rule, or a pattern associated with a selection of the one or more sequences from a set of multiple sequences indicated by the sequence generation configuration.
[0023] In some examples of the method, ambient IoT devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the preamble portion of the D2R message, the midamble portion of the D2R message, and the postamble portion of the D2R message may be indicative of a D2R timing acquisition signal.
[0024] Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims. Note that the relative dimensions of the following figures may not be drawn to scale.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0025] FIGs. 1, 2, and 3 show examples of wireless communications systems that support transmission designs for deice-to-reader (D2R) signaling in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0026] FIG. 4 shows an example D2R transmission configurations that support transmission designs for D2R signaling in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0027] FIG. 5 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports transmission designs for D2R signaling in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0028] FIG. 6 shows an example of a process flow that supports transmission designs for D2R signaling in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0029] FIGs. 7 and 8 show block diagrams of devices that support transmission designs for D2R signaling in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0030] FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports transmission designs for D2R signaling in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0031] FIG. 10 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports transmission designs for D2R signaling in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0032] FIG. 11 shows a flowchart illustrating methods that support transmission designs for D2R signaling in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0033] A wireless communications system may support internet of things (IoT) technologies, where a network of devices or objects support embedded sensors, software, and other processing functionalities that allow for communication of data between other wireless devices in the wireless communications system. Some implementations of IoT may include ambient IoT devices, which are low-cost and low-complexity devices that are primarily powered by harvesting ambient energy from radio waves, light, motion, heat, or any other viable ambient energy source, and may operate with or without an in-device battery. For example, an ambient IoT device may be a self-sustaining device, which may be assisted by batteries or capacitors, or may be completely battery-free, and powered with ambient energy collected from surrounding ambient sources.
[0034] In some aspects, harvesting and converting energy from ambient sources generates relatively minimal amounts of power, which allows ambient IoT devices to be less complex and more power efficient relative to other IoT devices. In some cases, however, differences between ambient IoT devices and other wireless devices may introduce various complexities for maintaining high quality and reliable communications. For example, a low power ambient IoT device may be active relatively less often than other devices, and may more easily lose synchronization with the network. Additionally, or alternatively, an ambient IoT device may have relatively fewer opportunities to estimate sampling frequence offset (SFO) , among other challenges, which may lead to reduced signaling accuracy especially for communications with a reader device over a device-to-reader (D2R) link.
[0035] In order to establish and maintain reliable communications with a reader device, an ambient IoT device may generate at least one X-amble (e.g., a preamble, a midamble, a postamble or any combination thereof) for a D2R transmission using one or more selected sequences. In some aspects, the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble may allow the ambient IoT device to transmit a D2R timing acquisition signal, which the reader device may use to calculate timing and frequency offsets associated with the ambient IoT device, and to support timing synchronization for the ambient IoT device. In some implementations, the one or more selected sequences used to generate the preamble, the midamble, or the postamble may be configured by the reader device and signaled to the ambient IoT device, or the sequences may be configured (e.g., preconfigured) at the ambient IoT device. In some examples, the ambient IoT device may use the same or different sequences to generate the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble of the D2R message. In some examples, the ambient IoT device may use “long” sequences (e.g., sequences that exceed a threshold bit length) , short sequences (e.g., sequences that are less than a threshold bit length) , or may use sequence repetition to generate different sequences. In some examples, the ambient IoT device may select sequences based on different rules, based on a waveform type of the continuous wave, based on an allocated system bandwidth, or based on other signal generation techniques.
[0036] Aspects of the disclosure may be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some aspects, using different orthogonal sequences to generate preamble, midamble, and postamble portions of a D2R message may allow for improved timing and frequency synchronization for ambient IoT devices. For example, the ambient IoT device may use the preamble, the midamble, the postamble, or any combination thereof, for performing timing or frequency resynchronization with the reader device. Additionally, or alternatively, the use of different orthogonal sequences may allow for reduced interference between multiple different ambient IoT devices located in a same geographic area. Additionally, or alternatively, dynamic configuration of different sequences may support different device capabilities and may be adaptable to support both lower capability ambient IoT device and higher capability ambient IoT devices.
[0037] Aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the context of wireless communications systems. Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to D2R transmission configurations, a process flow, apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts that relate to transmission designs for D2R signaling.
[0038] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system 100 that supports transmission designs for D2R signaling in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more devices, such as one or more network devices (e.g., network entities 105) , one or more user equipments (UEs) 115, and a core network 130. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, a New Radio (NR) network, or a network operating in accordance with other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0039] The network entities 105 may be dispersed throughout a geographic area to form the wireless communications system 100 and may include devices in different forms or having different capabilities. In various examples, a network entity 105 may be referred to as a network element, a mobility element, a radio access network (RAN) node, or network equipment, among other nomenclature. In some examples, network entities 105 and UEs 115 may wirelessly communicate via communication link (s) 125 (e.g., a radio frequency (RF) access link) . For example, a network entity 105 may support a coverage area 110 (e.g., a geographic coverage area) over which the UEs 115 and the network entity 105 may establish the communication link (s) 125. The coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographic area over which a network entity 105 and a UE 115 may support the communication of signals according to one or more radio access technologies (RATs) .
[0040] The UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout a coverage area 110 of the wireless communications system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary, or mobile, or both at different times. The UEs 115 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some example UEs 115 are illustrated in FIG. 1. The UEs 115 described herein may be capable of supporting communications with various types of devices in the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., other wireless communication devices, including UEs 115 or network entities 105) , as shown in FIG. 1.
[0041] As described herein, a node of the wireless communications system 100, which may be referred to as a network node, or a wireless node, may be a network entity 105 (e.g., any network entity described herein) , a UE 115 (e.g., any UE described herein) , a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, one or more components, or another suitable processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a node may be a UE 115. As another example, a node may be a network entity 105. As another example, a first node may be configured to communicate with a second node or a third node. In one aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a UE 115. In another aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a network entity 105. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third nodes may be different relative to these examples. Similarly, reference to a UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like may include disclosure of the UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like being a node. For example, disclosure that a UE 115 is configured to receive information from a network entity 105 also discloses that a first node is configured to receive information from a second node.
[0042] In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with a core network 130, or with one another, or both. For example, network entities 105 may communicate with the core network 130 via backhaul communication link (s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an S1, N2, N3, or other interface protocol) . In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via backhaul communication link (s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an X2, Xn, or other interface protocol) either directly (e.g., directly between network entities 105) or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 130) . In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., in accordance with a midhaul interface protocol) or a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., in accordance with a fronthaul interface protocol) , or any combination thereof. The backhaul communication link (s) 120, midhaul communication links 162, or fronthaul communication links 168 may be or include one or more wired links (e.g., an electrical link, an optical fiber link) or one or more wireless links (e.g., a radio link, a wireless optical link) , among other examples or various combinations thereof. A UE 115 may communicate with the core network 130 via a communication link 155.
[0043] One or more of the network entities 105 or network equipment described herein may include or may be referred to as a base station 140 (e.g., a base transceiver station, a radio base station, an NR base station, an access point, a radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB or giga-NodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB) , a 5G NB, a next-generation eNB (ng-eNB) , a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or other suitable terminology) . In some examples, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may be implemented in an aggregated (e.g., monolithic, standalone) base station architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within one network entity (e.g., a network entity 105 or a single RAN node, such as a base station 140) .
[0044] In some examples, a network entity 105 may be implemented in a disaggregated architecture (e.g., a disaggregated base station architecture, a disaggregated RAN architecture) , which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among multiple network entities (e.g., network entities 105) , such as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, a network entity 105 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , such as a CU 160, a distributed unit (DU) , such as a DU 165, a radio unit (RU) , such as an RU 170, a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , such as an RIC 175 (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, such as an SMO system 180, or any combination thereof. An RU 170 may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) . One or more components of the network entities 105 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 105 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some examples, one or more of the network entities 105 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU) ) .
[0045] The split of functionality between a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170 is flexible and may support different functionalities depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, RF functions, or any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU 160 and a DU 165 such that the CU 160 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU 165 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some examples, the CU 160 may host upper protocol layer (e.g., layer 3 (L3) , layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) . The CU 160 (e.g., one or more CUs) may be connected to a DU 165 (e.g., one or more DUs) or an RU 170 (e.g., one or more RUs) , or some combination thereof, and the DUs 165, RUs 170, or both may host lower protocol layers, such as layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU 160. Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU 165 and an RU 170 such that the DU 165 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU 170 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU 165 may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or multiple different RUs, such as an RU 170) . In some cases, a functional split between a CU 160 and a DU 165 or between a DU 165 and an RU 170 may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU 160, the DU 165, or the RU 170) . A CU 160 may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU 160 may be connected to a DU 165 via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u) , and a DU 165 may be connected to an RU 170 via a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface) . In some examples, a midhaul communication link 162 or a fronthaul communication link 168 may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities (e.g., one or more of the network entities 105) that are in communication via such communication links.
[0046] In some wireless communications systems (e.g., the wireless communications system 100) , infrastructure and spectral resources for radio access may support wireless backhaul link capabilities to supplement wired backhaul connections, providing an IAB network architecture (e.g., to a core network 130) . In some cases, in an IAB network, one or more of the network entities 105 (e.g., network entities 105 or IAB node (s) 104) may be partially controlled by each other. The IAB node (s) 104 may be referred to as a donor entity or an IAB donor. A DU 165 or an RU 170 may be partially controlled by a CU 160 associated with a network entity 105 or base station 140 (such as a donor network entity or a donor base station) . The one or more donor entities (e.g., IAB donors) may be in communication with one or more additional devices (e.g., IAB node (s) 104) via supported access and backhaul links (e.g., backhaul communication link (s) 120) . IAB node (s) 104 may include an IAB mobile termination (IAB-MT) controlled (e.g., scheduled) by one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) of a coupled IAB donor. An IAB-MT may be equipped with an independent set of antennas for relay of communications with UEs 115 or may share the same antennas (e.g., of an RU 170) of IAB node (s) 104 used for access via the DU 165 of the IAB node (s) 104 (e.g., referred to as virtual IAB-MT (vIAB-MT) ) . In some examples, the IAB node (s) 104 may include one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) that support communication links with additional entities (e.g., IAB node (s) 104, UEs 115) within the relay chain or configuration of the access network (e.g., downstream) . In such cases, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., the IAB node (s) 104 or components of the IAB node (s) 104) may be configured to operate according to the techniques described herein.
[0047] In the case of the techniques described herein applied in the context of a disaggregated RAN architecture, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured to support test as described herein. For example, some operations described as being performed by a UE 115 or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may additionally, or alternatively, be performed by one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., components such as an IAB node, a DU 165, a CU 160, an RU 170, an RIC 175, an SMO system 180) .
[0048] UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout the wireless communications system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary or mobile. A UE 115 may also be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology, where the “device” may also be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client. A UE 115 may be a device such as a cellular phone, a smart phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a multimedia / entertainment device (e.g., a radio, a MP3 player, or a video device) , a camera, a gaming device, a navigation / positioning device (e.g., GNSS (global navigation satellite system) devices based on, for example, GPS (global positioning system) , Beidou, GLONASS, or Galileo, or a terrestrial-based device) , a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a netbook, a smartbook, a personal computer, a smart device, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart clothing, smart glasses, virtual reality goggles, a smart wristband, smart jewelry (e.g., a smart ring, a smart bracelet) ) , a drone, a robot / robotic device, a vehicle, a vehicular device, a meter (e.g., parking meter, electric meter, gas meter, water meter) , a monitor, a gas pump, an appliance (e.g., kitchen appliance, washing machine, dryer) , a location tag, a medical / healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, or any other suitable device configured to communicate via a wireless or wired medium. In some examples, a UE 115 may also refer to a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or an MTC device, or the like, which may be implemented in various articles such as appliances, drones, robots, vehicles, meters, or the like. The UEs 115 described herein may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as UEs 115 that may sometimes operate as relays, as well as the network entities 105 and the network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, among other examples, as shown in FIG. 1.
[0049] Some UEs 115, such as MTC or IoT devices, may be low cost or low complexity devices, and may provide for automated communication between machines (e.g., via Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication) . M2M communication or MTC may refer to data communication technologies that allow devices to communicate with one another or a base station without human intervention. In some examples, M2M communication or MTC may include communications from devices that integrate sensors or meters to measure or capture information and relay that information to a central server or application program that can make use of the information or present the information to humans interacting with the program or application. Some UEs 115 may be designed to collect information or enable automated behavior of machines. Examples of applications for MTC devices include smart metering, inventory monitoring, water level monitoring, equipment monitoring, healthcare monitoring, wildlife monitoring, weather and geological event monitoring, fleet management and tracking, remote security sensing, physical access control, and transaction-based business charging. In an aspect, techniques disclosed herein may be applicable to MTC or IoT UEs. MTC or IoT UEs may include MTC / enhanced MTC (eMTC, also referred to as CAT-M, Cat M1) UEs, NB-IoT (also referred to as CAT NB1) UEs, as well as other types of UEs. eMTC and NB-IoT may refer to future technologies that may evolve from or may be based on these technologies. For example, eMTC may include FeMTC (further eMTC) , eFeMTC (enhanced further eMTC) , and mMTC (massive MTC) , and NB-IoT may include eNB-IoT (enhanced NB-IoT) , and FeNB-IoT (further enhanced NB-IoT) .
[0050] The UEs 115 and the network entities 105 may wirelessly communicate with one another via the communication link (s) 125 (e.g., one or more access links) using resources associated with one or more carriers. The term “carrier” may refer to a set of RF spectrum resources having a defined PHY layer structure for supporting the communication link (s) 125. For example, a carrier used for the communication link (s) 125 may include a portion of an RF spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth part (BWP) ) that is operated according to one or more PHY layer channels for a given RAT (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR) . Each PHY layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information) , control signaling that coordinates operation for the carrier, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communications system 100 may support communication with a UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. A UE 115 may be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers according to a carrier aggregation configuration. Carrier aggregation may be used with both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD) component carriers. Communication between a network entity 105 and other devices may refer to communication between the devices and any portion (e.g., entity, sub-entity) of a network entity 105. For example, the terms “transmitting, ” “receiving, ” or “communicating, ” when referring to a network entity 105, may refer to any portion of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, a CU 160, a DU 165, a RU 170) of a RAN communicating with another device (e.g., directly or via one or more other network entities, such as one or more of the network entities 105) .
[0051] The communication link (s) 125 of the wireless communications system 100 may include downlink transmissions (e.g., forward link transmissions) from a network entity 105 to a UE 115, uplink transmissions (e.g., return link transmissions) from a UE 115 to a network entity 105, or both, among other configurations of transmissions. Carriers may carry downlink or uplink communications (e.g., in an FDD mode) or may be configured to carry downlink and uplink communications (e.g., in a TDD mode) .
[0052] A carrier may be associated with a particular bandwidth of the RF spectrum and, in some examples, the carrier bandwidth may be referred to as a “system bandwidth” of the carrier or the wireless communications system 100. For example, the carrier bandwidth may be one of a set of bandwidths for carriers of a particular RAT (e.g., 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, or 80 megahertz (MHz) ) . Devices of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., the network entities 105, the UEs 115, or both) may have hardware configurations that support communications using a particular carrier bandwidth or may be configurable to support communications using one of a set of carrier bandwidths. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may include network entities 105 or UEs 115 that support concurrent communications using carriers associated with multiple carrier bandwidths. In some examples, each served UE 115 may be configured for operating using portions (e.g., a sub-band, a BWP) or all of a carrier bandwidth.
[0053] Signal waveforms transmitted via a carrier may be made up of multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM) ) . In a system employing MCM techniques, a resource element may refer to resources of one symbol period (e.g., a duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, in which case the symbol period and subcarrier spacing may be inversely related. The quantity of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of the modulation scheme, or both) , such that a relatively higher quantity of resource elements (e.g., in a transmission duration) and a relatively higher order of a modulation scheme may correspond to a relatively higher rate of communication. A wireless communications resource may refer to a combination of an RF spectrum resource, a time resource, and a spatial resource (e.g., a spatial layer, a beam) , and the use of multiple spatial resources may increase the data rate or data integrity for communications with a UE 115.
[0054] The time intervals for the network entities 105 or the UEs 115 may be expressed in multiples of a basic time unit which may, for example, refer to a sampling period of Ts=1 / (Δfmax·Nf) seconds, for which Δfmax may represent a supported subcarrier spacing, and Nf may represent a supported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) size. Time intervals of a communications resource may be organized according to radio frames each having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms) ) . Each radio frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023) .
[0055] Each frame may include multiple consecutively-numbered subframes or slots, and each subframe or slot may have the same duration. In some examples, a frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) into subframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a quantity of slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable quantity of slots, and the quantity of slots may depend on subcarrier spacing. Each slot may include a quantity of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix prepended to each symbol period) . In some wireless communications systems, such as the wireless communications system 100, a slot may further be divided into multiple mini-slots associated with one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may be associated with one or more (e.g., Nf) sampling periods. The duration of a symbol period may depend on the subcarrier spacing or frequency band of operation.
[0056] A subframe, a slot, a mini-slot, or a symbol may be the smallest scheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wireless communications system 100 and may be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI) . In some examples, the TTI duration (e.g., a quantity of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable. Additionally, or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system 100 may be dynamically selected (e.g., in bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs) ) .
[0057] Physical channels may be multiplexed for communication using a carrier according to various techniques. A physical control channel and a physical data channel may be multiplexed for signaling via a downlink carrier, for example, using one or more of time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques. A control region (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET) ) for a physical control channel may be defined by a set of symbol periods and may extend across the system bandwidth or a subset of the system bandwidth of the carrier. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) may be configured for a set of the UEs 115. For example, one or more of the UEs 115 may monitor or search control regions for control information according to one or more search space sets, and each search space set may include one or multiple control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a cascaded manner. An aggregation level for a control channel candidate may refer to an amount of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs) ) associated with encoded information for a control information format having a given payload size. Search space sets may include common search space sets configured for sending control information to UEs 115 (e.g., one or more UEs) or may include UE-specific search space sets for sending control information to a UE 115 (e.g., a specific UE) .
[0058] In some examples, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may be movable and therefore provide communication coverage for a moving coverage area, such as the coverage area 110. In some examples, coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) associated with different technologies may overlap, but the coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) may be supported by the same network entity (e.g., a network entity 105) . In some other examples, overlapping coverage areas, such as a coverage area 110, associated with different technologies may be supported by different network entities (e.g., the network entities 105) . The wireless communications system 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of the network entities 105 support communications for coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) using the same or different RATs.
[0059] Some UEs 115, such as MTC or IoT devices, may be relatively low cost or low complexity devices and may provide for automated communication between machines (e.g., via Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication) . M2M communication or MTC may refer to data communication technologies that allow devices to communicate with one another or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) without human intervention. In some examples, M2M communication or MTC may include communications from devices that integrate sensors or meters to measure or capture information and relay such information to a central server or application program that uses the information or presents the information to humans interacting with the application program. Some UEs 115 may be designed to collect information or enable automated behavior of machines or other devices. Examples of applications for MTC devices include smart metering, inventory monitoring, water level monitoring, equipment monitoring, healthcare monitoring, wildlife monitoring, weather and geological event monitoring, fleet management and tracking, remote security sensing, physical access control, and transaction-based business charging.
[0060] The wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable communications or low-latency communications, or various combinations thereof. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) . The UEs 115 may be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communications may include private communication or group communication and may be supported by one or more services such as push-to-talk, video, or data. Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions may include prioritization of services, and such services may be used for public safety or general commercial applications. The terms ultra-reliable, low-latency, and ultra-reliable low-latency may be used interchangeably herein.
[0061] In some examples, a UE 115 may be configured to support communicating directly with other UEs (e.g., one or more of the UEs 115) via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link, such as a D2D communication link 135 (e.g., in accordance with a peer-to-peer (P2P) , D2D, or sidelink protocol) . In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of a group that are performing D2D communications may be within the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) , which may support aspects of such D2D communications being configured by (e.g., scheduled by) the network entity 105. In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of such a group may be outside the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 or may be otherwise unable to or not configured to receive transmissions from a network entity 105. In some examples, groups of the UEs 115 communicating via D2D communications may support a one-to-many (1: M) system in which each UE 115 transmits to one or more of the UEs 115 in the group. In some examples, a network entity 105 may facilitate the scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In some other examples, D2D communications may be carried out between the UEs 115 without an involvement of a network entity 105.
[0062] The core network 130 may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC) , which may include at least one control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) ) and at least one user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . The control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management for the UEs 115 served by the network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140) associated with the core network 130. User IP packets may be transferred through the user plane entity, which may provide IP address allocation as well as other functions. The user plane entity may be connected to IP services 150 for one or more network operators. The IP services 150 may include access to the Internet, Intranet (s) , an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , or a Packet-Switched Streaming Service.
[0063] The wireless communications system 100 may operate using one or more frequency bands, which may be in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz) . Generally, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelengths range from approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features, which may be referred to as clusters, but the waves may penetrate structures sufficiently for a macro cell to provide service to the UEs 115 located indoors. Communications using UHF waves may be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than one hundred kilometers) compared to communications using the smaller frequencies and longer waves of the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portion of the spectrum below 300 MHz.
[0064] The wireless communications system 100 may utilize both licensed and unlicensed RF spectrum bands. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may employ License Assisted Access (LAA) , LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) RAT, or NR technology using an unlicensed band such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. While operating using unlicensed RF spectrum bands, devices such as the network entities 105 and the UEs 115 may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some examples, operations using unlicensed bands may be based on a carrier aggregation configuration in conjunction with component carriers operating using a licensed band (e.g., LAA) . Operations using unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2D transmissions, among other examples.
[0065] A network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) or a UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas, which may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, or beamforming. The antennas of a network entity 105 or a UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which may support MIMO operations or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower. In some examples, antennas or antenna arrays associated with a network entity 105 may be located at diverse geographic locations. A network entity 105 may include an antenna array with a set of rows and columns of antenna ports that the network entity 105 may use to support beamforming of communications with a UE 115. Likewise, a UE 115 may include one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally, or alternatively, an antenna panel may support RF beamforming for a signal transmitted via an antenna port.
[0066] Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signal processing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., a network entity 105, a UE 115) to shape or steer an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming may be achieved by combining the signals communicated via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating along particular orientations with respect to an antenna array experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. The adjustment of signals communicated via the antenna elements may include a transmitting device or a receiving device applying amplitude offsets, phase offsets, or both to signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustments associated with each of the antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a particular orientation (e.g., with respect to the antenna array of the transmitting device or receiving device, or with respect to some other orientation) .
[0067] In some cases, the wireless communications system 100 may support radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies and devices such as UEs 115 or network entities 115 may support RFID communications. Such RFID technologies may support relatively low cost and low complexity devices that have relatively limited signaling components, memory storage, or other circuitry. Some such devices may be utilized for various different use cases such as inventory and asset management, IoT (e.g., ambient IoT) , sustainable sensor networks in factories, agriculture, and smart home scenarios, among other example use cases. RFID deployments may include a system of relatively small transponders, or tags (e.g., microchips) , that may emit an information-bearing signal upon receiving a signal (such as an energy signal transmitted by a network entity 105) . RFID may be operated with or without a battery at the RFID device and with relatively low operating cost (OPEX) , relatively low maintenance cost, and a relatively long life cycle.
[0068] In some cases, the wireless communications system 100 may support passive RFID of other types of ambient IoT communications. In such examples, a network entity 105, a UE 115, or another type of device may transmit a continuous wave or a carrier wave (or other radio waves) , and one or more ambient devices such as ambient IoT device (e.g., devices that operate without internal power or with relatively low internal power) may use the continuous wave to modulate data and perform backscattering communications using the continuous wave. In some cases, an ambient IoT device may be a UE 115 that supports RFID, continuous wave, or other types of ambient communications.
[0069] In some cases, ambient IoT communications may be implemented to various industrial verticals such as machine-type communications (MTC) , ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID, among other communications deployments. For example, MTC and narrow band (NB) -IoT may support reduced capability (RedCap) devices or other low-cost and low-complexity ambient IoT devices. In some such deployments, a network entity 105, other UEs 115, or other devices may be capable of reading information from or sending information to an ambient IoT devices, providing energy to the ambient IoT devices (e.g., via a continuous wave or carrier wave) , and receiving and decoding information-bearing signals from ambient IoT devices (e.g., receiving reflected or backscattered signals) .
[0070] In some cases, the wireless communications system 100 may include one or more ambient devices or passive devices, which may in some cases be referred to as UEs 115. Ambient devices may include, but are not limited to, RFID tags, passive IoT devices or ambient IoT devices, hybrid devices (semi-passive IoT devices) including, but not limited to, passive and active components, passive components of otherwise active or querying devices (e.g., passive or ambient components of a UE 115 of ambient IoT device) , or any combination thereof. For example, in some cases, a UE 115 of the wireless communications system 100 may serve as a passive device, an ambient device, or a reader device. A passive RFID tag may harvest energy over the air (e.g., via a continuous wave transmitted by a reader device) and may use the harvested energy to power transmission and reception circuitry at the device using the harvested energy. For example, the passive RFID device may use backscatter modulation to backscatter, reflect, or transmit a signal to a reader device. In some other examples, the wireless communications system 100 may include one or more semi-passive or active RFID devices, which may include an on-device battery.
[0071] The wireless communications system 100 may support ambient IoT device communications for different types of wireless communications (e.g., different industrial verticals, including, but not limited to, MTC, reduced capability devices such as devices with reduced processing capabilities, lower power capabilities, among other capabilities, and other use cases) . Some systems may efficiently support RFID-type sensors, including, but not limited to, ambient IoT devices for use cases including, but not limited to, asset management, logistics, warehousing, and manufacturing, among other examples.
[0072] The wireless communications system 100 may use wireless power transfer for various scenarios. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may support, or include examples of a wireless power transfer-based wireless sensor network, in which devices may not need manual battery replacement due to devices being powered by one or more different energy sources (e.g., solar power, ambient radio frequency power) . Additionally, a wireless power transfer-based wireless sensor network may have a longer lifetime than a solely battery-based sensor network. The wireless communications system 100 may support, or include examples of, wireless power transfer-based active RFID, which may provide increased range for RFID signaling, and where energy can be gathered over a relatively longer duration than information transfer. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may support, or include examples of, wireless power transfer-enabled devices, which may harvest energy from hybrid energy sources, or harvest energy from two or more energy sources.
[0073] Different types of IoT devices or ambient IoT devices may have different energy harvesting capabilities. For example, a first ambient IoT device may support energy harvesting using a solar-based energy source, a thermal-based energy source, a wireless power transfer source, or other energy collection source. It may be beneficial for a network entity 105 to be aware of the capabilities of different energy harvesting devices for the network entity 105 to perform efficient scheduling and communication. In some examples, the network entity 105 may need to know whether to provide energy to the ambient IoT device or not.
[0074] In some examples, ambient IoT devices may support relatively short range communications (e.g., less than 10 meters) based on link budget considerations and reduced device capabilities. In addition, the wireless communications system 100 may support different types of IoT devices or RFID tags, which may be configured as passive or ambient devices (e.g., device A, type A ambient IoT device) , semi-passive or semi-ambient devices (e.g., device B, type B ambient IoT device) , or active devices (e.g., device C, type C ambient IoT device) . For example, one example type of ambient IoT device may be a passive or ambient tag (e.g., RFID proximity cards, among other devices) , which may receive power through RF energy harvesting, may support response-only communications with a maximum communications distance range of approximately 10 meters, may be relatively low cost (e.g., the lowest cost out of passive, semi-passive and active devices) . In some examples, passive or ambient tags may remain dormant until they receive a radio signal from an RFID reader. The tag then may use the energy from the reader signal to power on the tag and to reflect an information-carrying signal back to the reader.
[0075] One other example ambient IoT device may be a semi-passive tag (e.g., electronic toll devices, pallet tracking device, among other devices) , which may contain a battery, but may not transmit a periodic signal like active RFID tags. Instead, the battery of the semi-passive tag may be turned on when a signal is received, which allows the energy from the reader signal to be reflected back. A semi-passive device may support response-only communications at distance of up to 100 meters or more. Semi-passive devices may be relatively more costly than passive devices.
[0076] One other example ambient IoT device may be an active tag (e.g., large-asset tracking devices, livestock tracking devices, among other devices) , which may receive power using an in-device battery. An active tag may respond to or initiate communications for up to 100 meters or greater distances. Because active tags may be the costliest type of RFID tag, they may be used to track high-value assets, such as equipment in the construction, automobile, or healthcare industries. In some examples, tags may be used to track inventory in a factory setting, where a certain quantity of tags may be scanned per second using a certain quantity of reader devices deployed based on the factory size (e.g., the quantity of reader devices used may be modified based on the square footage or total area of the factory, or based on the quantity of tags deployed) . In some cases, a reader device may scan tags to perform an inventory procedure periodically (e.g., once every configured duration such as once every 15 minutes) , or on-demand (e.g., a reader device may be initiated or instructed to perform an inventory scan) . In some cases, the inventory procedure may also be subject to different latency requirements for completing each inventory round (e.g., such as one second per round, or up to X seconds) .
[0077] Different ambient IoT devices may have different energy storage capacities or capabilities. For example, one type of ambient IoT device may lack energy storage capabilities. Some other types of ambient IoT devices may have energy storage capabilities up to a threshold energy (e.g., up to E1 Joules, up to E2 Joules, where E1 may be different from or the same as E2) . In some other cases, different ambient IoT devices may be characterized by whether or not the device has energy storage capabilities (e.g., a device “with energy storage” or a device “without energy storage” ) .
[0078] In some examples, ambient IoT devices may be associated with different device classes based on one or more device capabilities, power consumption targets, device use, and the like. One example device class (e.g., device type “1” or “device 1” ) may have a peak power consumption of approximately 1 microwatt, may have energy storage at the device, may utilize an initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10X ppm, may lack a capability for downlink or uplink amplification, and may communicate through backscattering of a carrier wave provided externally (e.g., from a network entity 105 or UE 115) or other low power means of signaling. Another example device class (e.g., device type “2a” or “device 2a” ) may have a peak power consumption of less than or equal to a few hundred microwatts, may have energy storage at the device, may utilize an initial SFO of up to 10X ppm, may have a capability for downlink or uplink amplification, and may communicate through backscattering of a carrier wave provided externally (e.g., from a network entity 105 or UE 115) or other low power means of signaling. Another example device class (e.g., device type “2b” or “device 2b” ) may have a peak power consumption of less than or equal to a few hundred microwatts, may have energy storage at the device, may utilize an initial SFO of up to 10X ppm, may have a capability for downlink or uplink amplification, and may communicate through independent signal generation internally at the device.
[0079] An ambient IoT device may be configured in accordance with a device architecture, and may include various different device components. In some examples, an ambient IoT device may include at least one antenna, for example, a shared antenna that performs RF energy harvesting along with receiving and transmitting D2R and R2D signaling, or separate antennas that perform either RF energy harvesting and receiving and transmitting D2R and R2D signaling. In some examples, the ambient IoT device may include an RF energy harvester which may include one or more rectifiers to perform RF signal conversion (e.g., alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) ) . In some examples, the ambient IoT device may include a matching network to match impedance between the at least one antenna and other components of the device (e.g., including between the RF energy harvester, the receiver, or other related blocks) . In some examples, the ambient IoT device may one or more energy storage components such as one or more capacitors that store harvested energy from the RF energy harvester. In some examples, the ambient IoT device may include a power management unit (PMU) which may manage storing energy, such as moving stored energy at the energy harvester to suppling power to active component blocks which needs power supply. In some examples, the ambient IoT device may include digital baseband logic, including functional blocks such as one or more encoders, one or more decoders, one or more controllers.
[0080] In some examples, the ambient IoT device may support one or more types of memory, such as non-volatile memory (NVM) such as electronically-erasable read-only memory (EEPROM) which may permanently store device identifiers, and registers for temporarily keeping information that the ambient IoT device may use operates while energy is available in energy storage of the device. In some examples, the ambient IoT device may include a clock generator that provides clock signals for the device. In some examples, the ambient IoT device may include one or more reception related block components, such as an RF bandpass filter for increased selectivity, a RF envelope detector which converts the RF signal to a baseband signal, an RF low pass filter, which may filter out signal harmonics and high frequency components to improve input signal quality to a comparator (the comparator may determine high and low values of the input signal) . In some examples, the ambient IoT device may also include one or more transmission related blocks including a backscatter modulator that switches impedance to modulate a backscattered signal (e.g., using one or more different waveforms or modulation types) with a transmitted signal from baseband logics, a large frequency shifter which shifts a backscattered signal tens of mHz from one frequency (e.g., FDD downlink frequency) to another frequency (e.g., FDD uplink frequency) , or both. In some examples, the ambient IoT device may include a reflection amplifier, which may amplify the reflected backscattered signal. For example, at least one of a R2D signal or a carrier wave to device signal (CW2D) signal may be amplified by a reflection amplifier or low-noise amplifier. In some examples, the ambient IoT device may include a low-noise amplifier for improving the signal strength and sensitivity of the receiver. In some examples, the ambient IoT device may include a baseband amplifier, a baseband amplifier, or both, which may increase signal strength and filter out harmonics and other high frequency components to improve signal quality. In some examples, the ambient IoT device may include an N-bit analog to digital converter (ADC) , a comparator, or both.
[0081] In some aspects, the ambient IoT device may include additional or alternative transmission and reception related blocks. In some examples, the ambient IoT device may include an RF envelope detector (RF-ED) which detects an envelope from the RF signal. In some examples, the ambient IoT device may include a local oscillator (LO) for carrier frequency generation (e.g., one LO or multiple LOs for both reception and transmission) , a digital to analog (DAC) converter, a mixer which up-converts the baseband signal to the RF range (e.g., one mixer or multiple mixers for reception and transmission) , a transmission modulator in which baseband bits are modulated according to a modulation scheme (in accordance with baseband logic) , or any combination thereof.
[0082] In some cases, an ambient IoT device (such as the ambient IoT device) may be relatively smaller and less costly than a UE 115 or other wireless device that has an on-device power source. In some cases, ambient IoT devices may support reduced complexity communications compared to some other communications deployments such as NB-IoT, LTE-M, enhanced reduced capability (eRedCap) deployments, among other communications schemes that employ or otherwise support passive ultra-high frequency RFID communications.
[0083] In some aspects, differences between ambient IoT devices and other wireless devices located in the wireless communications system 100 may introduce various complexities for maintaining high quality and reliable communications. For example, an ambient IoT device may be at risk for losing timing and frequency synchronization with a reader device due to the ambient IoT device being active less frequently than other higher capability devices. In order to support reliable communications with a reader device, an ambient IoT device may generate at least one of a preamble, a midamble, and a postamble for a D2R transmission using one or more selected sequences. In some implementations, the one or more selected sequences may be dynamically indicated to the ambient IoT device via reader-to-device (R2D) signaling, or the one or more selected sequences may be configured (e.g., hard-coded) at the ambient IoT device. In some examples, the ambient IoT device may use the same or different sequences to generate the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble of the D2R message. In some examples, the ambient IoT device may use “long” sequences (e.g., sequences that exceed a threshold bit length) , short sequences (e.g., sequences that are less than a threshold bit length) , or may use sequence repetition to generate different sequences. In some examples, the ambient IoT device may select sequences based on different rules, based on a waveform type of the continuous wave, based on an allocated system bandwidth, or based on other signal generation techniques.
[0084] FIG. 2 shows an example of a wireless communications system 200 that supports transmission designs for D2R signaling in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. For example, the wireless communications system 200 may support ambient IoT communications in which a reader device 205 (e.g., a network entity, a UE, or another type of reader device such as an RFID reader described with reference to FIG. 1) or another transmission node device (which may be a wireless node outside of the topology ambient IoT) may transmit a continuous wave or a carrier wave via an link 220 (e.g., a forward link, an R2D link, or another wireless link) so that one or more ambient devices such as an ambient IoT device 210 may use the continuous wave to modulate data and perform backscattering communications to communicate with the reader via a device-to-reader (D2R) link 215 (e.g., a backward link, a backscattering link) .
[0085] The ambient IoT device 210 may be a type of IoT device or tag that is primarily powered by harvesting ambient energy from radio waves, light, motion, heat, or any other viable ambient energy source, with or without an in-device battery. In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 210 may be lower cost, smaller, and lower maintenance relative to other IoT devices, which may allow for improved scalability and improved system efficiency. For example, the ambient IoT device 210 may be a self-sustaining device, assisted by batteries or capacitors, and powered with ambient energy. Alternatively, the ambient IoT device 210 may be a battery-free device.
[0086] In some examples, the ambient IoT device 210 may be associated with different device classes based on one or more device capabilities, power consumption targets, device use, and the like. One example device class (e.g., device type “1” or “device 1” ) may have a peak power consumption of approximately 1 microwatt, may have energy storage at the device, may utilize an initial SFO up to 10X ppm, may lack a capability for downlink or uplink amplification, and may communicate through backscattering of a carrier wave provided externally (e.g., from a network entity or UE) or other low power means of signaling. Another example device class (e.g., device type “2a” or “device 2a” ) may have a peak power consumption of less than or equal to a few hundred microwatts, may have energy storage at the device, may utilize an initial SFO of up to 10X ppm, may have a capability for downlink or uplink amplification, and may communicate through backscattering of a carrier wave provided externally (e.g., from a network entity or UE) or other low power means of signaling. Another example device class (e.g., device type “2b” or “device 2b” ) may have a peak power consumption of less than or equal to a few hundred microwatts, may have energy storage at the device, may utilize an initial SFO of up to 10X ppm, may have a capability for downlink or uplink amplification, and may communicate through independent signal generation internally at the device.
[0087] In some aspects, harvesting and converting energy from ambient sources generates relatively minimal amounts of power so ambient IoT devices may be less complex and more power efficient relative to other IoT devices. In addition, the low complexity nature of ambient IoT devices may introduce additional complexities for the wireless communications system 200. For example, a low power ambient IoT device may be active relatively less often than other devices, and may more easily lose synchronization with the network, may have relatively fewer opportunities to estimate SFO, among other challenges, which may lead to reduced signaling accuracy especially for communications over the D2R link 215.
[0088] In order to establish (and maintain) time and frequency synchronization with the reader device 205, the ambient IoT device 210 may generate, based on one or more sequences 225, at least one X-amble (e.g., a preamble 230, a midamble 245, and a postamble 250) for a D2R transmission 240. For example, the preamble 230, the midamble 245, and the postamble 250 may allow the ambient IoT device 210 to transmit a D2R timing acquisition signal, which may allow the reader device 205 to estimate timing and frequency offset associated with the ambient IoT device 210, which may allow for improved timing and frequency synchronization for the ambient IoT device 210. In some implementations, the one or more sequences 225 used to generate the preamble 230, the midamble 245, and the postamble 250 may be configured by the reader device 205 and signaled or otherwise indicated to the ambient IoT device 210, or the sequences may be configured at the ambient IoT device 210. In some examples, the ambient IoT device 210 may use the same or different sequences to generate the preamble 230, the midamble 245, and the postamble 250 of the D2R message. In some examples, the sequences used may be “long” sequences (e.g., sequences that exceed a threshold bit length) , short sequences (e.g., sequences that are less than a threshold bit length) , or may be formed using repetitions of short sequences. In some examples, the ambient IoT device 210 may select sequences based on different rules, based on a waveform type of the continuous wave, based on an allocated system bandwidth, or based on any other technique or combination of techniques described herein.
[0089] FIG. 3 shows an example of a wireless communications system 300 that supports transmission designs for D2R signaling in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. For example, a reader device 305 (which may be an example of a network entity or UE described herein) may support communications with various different classes of ambient IoT devices, for example, with an ambient IoT device 310-a, which may be an example of a “device 1” described herein, an ambient IoT device 310-b, which may be an example of a “device 2a” described herein, and an ambient IoT device 310-c, which may be an example of a “device 2b” described herein. In some implementations, the ambient IoT device 310-a, the ambient IoT device 310-b, and the ambient IoT device 310-c may be examples of other types of ambient IoT devices.
[0090] In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 310-a, the ambient IoT device 310-b, and the ambient IoT device 310-c may utilize different sequences to generate a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, or any combination thereof, for a D2R transmission 315. In some examples, an ambient IoT device may generate the preamble, the midamble, the postamble, or any combination thereof, for the D2R transmission 315 using two orthogonal sequences. For example, an ambient IoT device may utilize two orthogonal sequences for generating a preamble, two orthogonal sequences for generating a midamble (e.g., the two orthogonal sequences used to generate the midamble may be different from the two orthogonal sequences used to generate the preamble) , and two orthogonal sequences for generating a postamble (e.g., the two orthogonal sequences used to generate the postamble may be different from both the two orthogonal sequences used to generate the preamble and the two orthogonal sequences used to generate the midamble) . In some other examples, an ambient IoT device may use the same two orthogonal sequences to generate both the preamble and the midamble, and may use a different two orthogonal sequences to generate the postamble. In some other examples, the ambient IoT device may use the same two orthogonal sequences to generate the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble.
[0091] In some implementations, the reader device 305 may schedule the ambient IoT device 310-a, the ambient IoT device 310-b, and the ambient IoT device 310-c so as to reduce inter-channel interference between the ambient IoT devices. In some examples, the reader device 305 may schedule two or more “device 1” (e.g., two of the ambient IoT device 310-a) , which may utilize a first preamble 320-a for transmission of a first D2R transmission 325-a. In such examples, to reduce the potential inter-channel interference between the two ambient IoT devices, the reader device 305 may assign a guard band 330-a between the two frequency division multiplexed ambient IoT devices. In some aspects, the guard band 330-a may be large enough to reduce the inter-channel interference to be below a threshold interference.
[0092] In some other examples, the reader device 305 may schedule the ambient IoT device 310-a by using non-adjacent frequency shifts. For example, the reader device 305 may schedule a D2R transmission 325-a and the first preamble 320-a for transmission by the ambient IoT device 310-a, and may schedule a D2R transmission 325-b and a preamble 320-b for transmission by the ambient IoT device 310-b, the ambient IoT device 310-c, or both, where each D2R transmissions are separated by a guard band 330-b. In such examples, different transmissions by the ambient IoT device 310-a may be separated by a non-adjacent frequency shift. In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 310-b and the ambient IoT device 310-c may have better clock reliability relative to the ambient IoT device 310-a, so the ambient IoT device 310-b and the ambient IoT device 310-c may perform the D2R transmission 325-b at a scheduled resource with less frequency error (and less interference with the adjacent transmission) relative to the ambient IoT device 310-a, based on differences in device complexity. Additionally, or alternatively, the ambient IoT device 310-b and the ambient IoT device 310-c may also support improved pulse shaping ability (e.g., multi-stage on-off keying (OOK) in the backscattering link to reduce interference) relative to the ambient IoT device 310-a, which may reduce out of band emission.
[0093] FIG. 4 shows an example of D2R transmission configurations 400 that support transmission designs for D2R signaling in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. For example, a reader device 405 (which may be an example of a network entity or a UE described herein) may support communications with various different classes of ambient IoT devices, for example, with an ambient IoT device 410-a, which may be an example of a “device 1” described herein, an ambient IoT device 410-b, which may be an example of a “device 2a” described herein, and an ambient IoT device 410-c, which may be an example of a “device 2b” described herein. In some implementations, the ambient IoT device 410-a, the ambient IoT device 410-b, and the ambient IoT device 410-c may be examples of other types of ambient IoT devices.
[0094] In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 410-a, the ambient IoT device 410-b, and the ambient IoT device 410-c may utilize different sequences to generate a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, or any combination thereof, for a D2R transmission. In some examples, an ambient IoT device may support multiple orthogonal sequences for generation of the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble for a D2R transmission for ambient IoT devices that have sufficient on-device memory (such as the ambient IoT device 410-b and the ambient IoT device 410-c) , and an ambient IoT device may a single sequence for generation of the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble for a device that may have limited on-device memory (such as the ambient IoT device 410-a) . For example, the ambient IoT device 410-a may support a single sequence for generation of the first preamble 415-a (or a first midamble, or a first postamble) , while the ambient IoT device 410-b and the ambient IoT device 410-c may support a first sequence for generation of a second preamble 415-b (or a second midamble, or a second postamble) , a second sequence (different from the first sequence) for generation of a third preamble 415-c (or a third midamble, or a third postamble) , and a third sequence (different from both the first sequence and the second sequence) for generation of a fourth preamble 415-d (or a fourth midamble, or a fourth postamble) . In some examples, the first sequence may be the same as the second sequence and different from the third sequence. In some examples, the second sequence may be the same as the third sequence and different from the first sequence. In some examples, the first sequence may be the same as the third sequence and different from the second sequence. In some examples, each of the first, second, and third sequences may be different.
[0095] In some implementations, the ambient IoT device 410-a may support a single sequence for generation of a first preamble 420-a (or a first midamble, or a first postamble) , and the ambient IoT device 410-b may support a single sequence for generation of a second preamble 420-b (or a second midamble, or a second postamble) , while the ambient IoT device 410-c may support multiple sequences for generation of multiple preambles (e.g., at least the third preamble 420-c and the fourth preamble 420-d) , or multiple midambles, or multiple postambles. In some examples, the single sequence used by the ambient IoT device 410-a and the ambient IoT device 410-b may include different single sequences or the same single sequence. In some examples, the multiple sequences used by the ambient IoT device 410-c may be different sequences or the same sequence, or a combination of both.
[0096] In some implementations, an ambient IoT device may support a single sequence for generation of the preamble, the midamble, or the postamble for a D2R transmission if the D2R transmission is a device identifier (ID) specified D2R transmission. For example, if a device ID (associated with a specific ambient IoT device) is carried or included in a D2R transmission, the ambient IoT device associated with the device ID may support a single sequence for generation of the preamble, the midamble, or the postamble. Additionally, or alternatively, if the D2R transmission is cover coded by the device ID of the ambient IoT device, the ambient IoT device associated with the device ID may support a single sequence for generation of the preamble, the midamble, or the postamble. Additionally, or alternatively, if the D2R transmission is scrambled with the device ID of the ambient IoT device, the ambient IoT device associated with the device ID may support a single sequence for generation of the preamble, the midamble, or the postamble.
[0097] FIG. 5 shows an example of a wireless communications system 500 that supports transmission designs for D2R signaling in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. For example, a reader device 505 (which may be an example of a network entity or a UE described herein) may support communications with various different classes of ambient IoT devices, for example, with an ambient IoT device 510-a, which may be an example of a “device 1” described herein, an ambient IoT device 510-b, which may be an example of a “device 2a” described herein, and an ambient IoT device 510-c, which may be an example of a “device 2b” described herein. In some implementations, the ambient IoT device 510-a, the ambient IoT device 510-b, and the ambient IoT device 510-c may be examples of other types of ambient IoT devices.
[0098] In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 510-a, the ambient IoT device 510-b, and the ambient IoT device 510-c may utilize different sequences to generate a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, or any combination thereof, for a D2R transmission. In some examples, an ambient IoT device may use an M-sequence to generate the preamble, the midamble, the postamble, or any combination thereof, if a maximum allowed SFO is less than where N is the quantity of sequences that the ambient IoT device uses for the preamble, the midamble, or the postamble. In some aspects, the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble may have different values of N. In some aspects, the difference of the cyclic shift of two M-sequences may be larger than of the length of the sequence (e.g., if the length of the M-sequence is 32 bit for the D2R preamble, and the ambient IoT device uses two M-sequences for the preamble, the midamble, or the postamble, then the maximum allowed SFO may be less than 16 bits, since 16 bits is of 32 bits) . In some other examples, if restrictions on a maximum allowed SFO does not apply, the ambient IoT device may use a Gold sequence or a Golay sequence to generate the preamble, the midamble, the postamble, or any combination thereof. For example, the ambient IoT device may select a Gold sequence or a Golay sequence if a maximum allowed SFO is larger than where N is the quantity of sequences that the ambient IoT device uses for the preamble, the midamble, or the postamble. In some aspects, the ambient IoT device may select two sequences that have maximum distance between one another, or are most dissimilar.
[0099] In some implementations, an ambient IoT device may support different sequence lengths for sequences used to generate a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, or any combination thereof. For example, an ambient IoT device may support generation of a “short” sequence 515-a (e.g., a sequence having a length that is less than a threshold sequence length) and a “long” sequence 515-b (e.g., a sequence having a length that is greater than a threshold sequence length) . In some aspects, both a “short” sequence 515-a and a “long” sequence 515-b may be generated using a base sequence (that the ambient IoT device selects as an M-sequence, a Gold sequence, or a Golay sequence) . In some aspects, the ambient IoT device may generate the “short” sequence 515-a using a first base sequence with limited repetition or no repetition. In some aspects, the ambient IoT device may generate the “long” sequence 515-b using a second base sequence (different from the first base sequence and orthogonal to the first base sequence) using a larger repetition relative to the “short” sequence 515-a. In some implementations, the ambient IoT device 510-a may support generation of the “short” sequence 515-a based on capabilities of the ambient IoT device 510-a, and the ambient IoT device 510-b and the ambient IoT device 510-c may support generation of both the “short” sequence 515-a and the “long” sequence 515-b, based on respective capabilities of the ambient IoT device 510-b and the ambient IoT device 510-c.
[0100] The ambient IoT devices may support various techniques or processes for sequence selection for generation of the preamble, the midamble, the postamble, or any combination thereof, for a D2R transmission. In some aspects, an ambient IoT device may utilize a predefined pattern between the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble and a clock reliability of the ambient IoT device in order to select a sequence. For example, one preamble, midamble, or postamble may be defined for an ambient IoT device with loose clock reliability (e.g., clock reliability that falls below a threshold reliability) , such as the ambient IoT device 510-a, and another different preamble, midamble, or postamble may be defined for an ambient IoT device with better clock reliability (e.g., clock reliability that is better relative to other active ambient IoT devices in the network, or clock reliability that is greater than a threshold reliability) . In some such examples, if the reader device 505 introduces two sequences for the ambient IoT devices, the reader device 505 may assign a first sequence for the ambient IoT device 510-a (e.g., device 1) for generation of the preamble, the midamble, or the postamble due to relatively poor clock reliability of the ambient IoT device 510-a, and may assign the second sequence to the ambient IoT device 510-b and the ambient IoT device 510-c (e.g., devices 2a / 2b) for generation of the preamble, the midamble, or the postamble due to relatively better clock reliability of the ambient IoT device 510-b and the ambient IoT device 510-c.
[0101] In some implementations, the reader device 505 may predefine a pattern between the preamble, the midamble, or the postamble, and a resource allocation (e.g., frequency shift) . For example, the reader device 505 may dynamically indicate a selection of a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, or any combination thereof, via an R2D link. In some aspects, the dynamic R2D indication may indicate a preamble, a midamble, a postamble, or any combination thereof per frequency shift associated with an ambient IoT device. In some aspects, the dynamic R2D indication may indicate one preamble, one midamble, or one postamble, and may indicate a predefined rule for additional preamble, midamble, or postamble selection (e.g., the preamble, the midamble, or the postamble may be interlaced, and the dynamic R2D indication may indicate the preamble, the midamble, or the postamble for the frequency shift with the highest frequence or the lowest frequency) . In some aspects, the dynamic R2D indication may be included in broadcast or groupcast signaling to one or more ambient IoT devices.
[0102] In some implementations, the reader device 505 may predefine different patterns between the preamble, the midamble, or the postamble, and resource allocation (e.g., frequency shifts) , and may dynamically indicate a pattern index to the ambient IoT devices. In some aspects, the reader device 505 may implicitly define a rule for sequence selection, such as a rule between the sequence and a continuous wave transmission from the reader device 505 (or other device within the network) . For example, if the continuous wave is a single-tone unmodulated sinusoid waveform without frequency hopping, the ambient IoT device may select a “short” sequence 515-a for generation of the preamble, the midamble, the postamble, or any combination thereof. Additionally, or alternatively, if the continuous wave is a single-tone unmodulated sinusoid waveform with frequency hopping, or with two or more unmodulated single-tones, the ambient IoT device may use a “long” sequence 515-b for generation of the preamble, the midamble, the postamble, or any combination thereof.
[0103] In some implementations, the reader device 505 may define a rule between the sequence and an allocated system bandwidth for the D2R transmission. For example, if the allocated system bandwidth for the D2R transmission is small (e.g., a bandwidth that is less than a threshold bandwidth) , the ambient IoT device may select a “short” sequence 515-a for generation of the preamble, the midamble, the postamble, or any combination thereof. Additionally, or alternatively, if the allocated system bandwidth for D2R is large (e.g., a bandwidth that is greater than a threshold bandwidth) , the ambient IoT device may select a “long” sequence 515-b for generation of the preamble, the midamble, the postamble, or any combination thereof. In some other examples, if the continuous wave is a single-tone unmodulated sinusoid waveform without frequency hopping and the allocated system bandwidth for the D2R transmission is small, the ambient IoT device may select a “short” sequence 515-a for generation of the preamble, the midamble, the postamble, or any combination thereof. Additionally, or alternatively, if the continuous wave is a single-tone unmodulated sinusoid waveform with frequency hopping or has two or more unmodulated single-tones and the allocated system bandwidth for the D2R transmission is large, use long sequence the ambient IoT device may select a “long” sequence 515-b for generation of the preamble, the midamble, the postamble, or any combination thereof.
[0104] FIG. 6 shows an example of a process flow 600 that supports transmission designs for D2R signaling in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. For example, the process flow 600 may illustrate communications between a reader device 605 (which may be an example of reader devices described with reference to FIGs. 1–5) and an ambient IoT device 610, which may be an example of a “device 1” a “device 2a” or a “device 2b” described herein (or otherwise an example of an ambient IoT device described with reference to FIGs. 1–5) . In some implementations, the ambient IoT device 610 may be an example of other types of ambient IoT devices.
[0105] Alternative examples of the following may be implemented. Some steps are performed in a different order than described herein or are not performed at all. In some implementations, steps may include additional features not mentioned below, or additional steps may be added. Further, although an ambient IoT device 610 and a reader device 605 are illustrated performing the operations of the process flow 600, some aspects of some operations may also be performed by one or more other wireless communication devices.
[0106] At 615, the ambient IoT device 610 may generate at least one of a preamble portion of a D2R message, a midamble portion of the D2R message, or a postamble portion of the D2R message, using one or more sequences indicated by a sequence generation configuration. In some aspects, the quantity of sequences included in the sequence generation configuration is based on a device capability or a device class of the ambient IoT device 610, or is based on whether the D2R message indicates a device ID of the ambient IoT device 610. In some aspects, the one or more sequences are based on an SFO at the ambient IoT device 610.
[0107] In some examples, the sequence generation configuration may include a first set of sequences associated with the preamble portion, a second set of sequences associated with the midamble portion, and a third set of sequences associated with the postamble portion. In some examples, the ambient IoT device 610 may generate the preamble portion using a first sequence from the first set of sequences, the midamble portion using a second sequence from the second set of sequences, and the postamble portion using a third sequence from the third set of sequences. In some aspects, each of the first set of sequences, the second set of sequences, and the third set of sequences are different from one another. In some aspects, the first set of sequences and the second set of sequences are a same set of sequences that are different from the third set of sequences. In some aspects, the first set of sequences, the second set of sequences, and the third set of sequences are the same set of sequences.
[0108] In some examples, the one or more sequences indicated by the sequence generation configuration may include one or more M-sequences based on the SFO at the ambient IoT device 610 being less than an inverse of a quantity of the one or more sequences times a length of the one or more sequences. In some examples, the one or more sequences indicated by the sequence generation configuration may include one or more Gold or Golay sequences based on the SFO at the ambient IoT device 610 being less than an inverse of a quantity of the one or more sequences times a length of the one or more sequences. In some examples, the one or more sequences may be based on a clock reliability of the ambient IoT device 610, or a resource allocation associated with the D2R message, or both.
[0109] In some examples, the sequence generation configuration may indicate a set of sequences including the one or more sequences, where the set of sequences include a set of base sequences. In some aspects, a first base sequence of the set of base sequences may be associated with a first amount of repetition, and a second base sequence of the set of bases sequences may be associated with a second amount of repetition different than the first amount of repetition. In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 610 may select the first base sequence or the second base sequence for generation of the one or more sequences.
[0110] In some examples, the ambient IoT device 610 may select the first base sequence, or the second base sequence based on a waveform type associated with a continuous wave transmission, where the D2R message is associated with a wireless backscattering of the continuous wave transmission by the ambient IoT device 610, or based on a system bandwidth associated with D2R messages, or both.
[0111] In some examples, the ambient IoT device 610 may receive information from the reader device 605 that indicates a guard band, or a set of non-adjacent frequency shifts based on a device capability of the ambient IoT device (e.g., whether the ambient IoT device 610 is a “device 1” a “device 2a” or a “device 2b” ) . In some examples, the ambient IoT device 610 may receive the information based on the D2R message including at least one of the preamble portion, the midamble portion, or the postamble portion. In some examples, the reader device 605 may transmit an indication of the one or more sequences, a rule, a pattern associated with a selection of the one or more sequences from a plurality of sequences indicated by the sequence generation configuration.
[0112] At 620, the ambient IoT device 610 may generate the D2R message including at least a payload (e.g., data) portion and at least one of the preamble portion, the midamble portion, or the postamble portion in accordance with the sequence generation configuration.
[0113] At 625, the ambient IoT device 610 may transmit the D2R message to the reader device 605 based on the generation of the D2R message.
[0114] FIG. 7 shows a block diagram 700 of a device 705 that supports transmission designs for D2R signaling in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 705 may be an example of aspects of a UE 115 as described herein. The device 705 may include a receiver 710, a transmitter 715, and a communications manager 720. The device 705, or one or more components of the device 705 (e.g., the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, the communications manager 720) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0115] The receiver 710 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to transmission designs for D2R signaling) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 705. The receiver 710 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0116] The transmitter 715 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 705. For example, the transmitter 715 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to transmission designs for D2R signaling) . In some examples, the transmitter 715 may be co-located with a receiver 710 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 715 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0117] The communications manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of transmission designs for D2R signaling as described herein. For example, the communications manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.
[0118] In some examples, the communications manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , a central processing unit (CPU) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory) .
[0119] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code) . If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure) .
[0120] In some examples, the communications manager 720 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or both. For example, the communications manager 720 may receive information from the receiver 710, send information to the transmitter 715, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0121] The communications manager 720 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 720 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating, using one or more sequences indicated by a sequence generation configuration, at least one of a preamble portion of a D2R message, a midamble portion of the D2R message, or a postamble portion of the D2R message. The communications manager 720 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating the D2R message including at least a payload portion and at least one of the preamble portion, the midamble portion, or the postamble portion in accordance with the sequence generation configuration. The communications manager 720 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the D2R message to a reader device based on generation of the D2R message.
[0122] By including or configuring the communications manager 720 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 705 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, the communications manager 720, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reduced processing, reduced power consumption, improved timing and frequency synchronization, improved scalability, and improved integration of ambient IoT devices within a wireless network.
[0123] FIG. 8 shows a block diagram 800 of a device 805 that supports transmission designs for D2R signaling in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 805 may be an example of aspects of a device 705 or a UE 115 as described herein. The device 805 may include a receiver 810, a transmitter 815, and a communications manager 820. The device 805, or one or more components of the device 805 (e.g., the receiver 810, the transmitter 815, the communications manager 820) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0124] The receiver 810 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to transmission designs for D2R signaling) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 805. The receiver 810 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0125] The transmitter 815 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 805. For example, the transmitter 815 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to transmission designs for D2R signaling) . In some examples, the transmitter 815 may be co-located with a receiver 810 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 815 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0126] The device 805, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of transmission designs for D2R signaling as described herein. For example, the communications manager 820 may include a D2R message generation component 825 a D2R signaling component 830, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 820 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 720 as described herein. In some examples, the communications manager 820, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 810, the transmitter 815, or both. For example, the communications manager 820 may receive information from the receiver 810, send information to the transmitter 815, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 810, the transmitter 815, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0127] The communications manager 820 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The D2R message generation component 825 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating, using one or more sequences indicated by a sequence generation configuration, at least one of a preamble portion of a D2R message, a midamble portion of the D2R message, or a postamble portion of the D2R message. The D2R message generation component 825 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating the D2R message including at least a payload portion and at least one of the preamble portion, the midamble portion, or the postamble portion in accordance with the sequence generation configuration. The D2R signaling component 830 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the D2R message to a reader device based on generation of the D2R message.
[0128] FIG. 9 shows a block diagram 900 of a communications manager 920 that supports transmission designs for D2R signaling in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 920 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 720, a communications manager 820, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 920, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of transmission designs for D2R signaling as described herein. For example, the communications manager 920 may include a D2R message generation component 925, a D2R signaling component 930, a R2D signaling component 935, a sequence selection component 940, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories) , may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0129] The communications manager 920 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The D2R message generation component 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating, using one or more sequences indicated by a sequence generation configuration, at least one of a preamble portion of a D2R message, a midamble portion of the D2R message, or a postamble portion of the D2R message. In some examples, the D2R message generation component 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating the D2R message including at least a payload portion and at least one of the preamble portion, the midamble portion, or the postamble portion in accordance with the sequence generation configuration. The D2R signaling component 930 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the D2R message to a reader device based on generation of the D2R message.
[0130] In some examples, the sequence generation configuration indicates a first set of multiple sequences associated with the preamble portion, a second set of multiple sequences associated with the midamble portion, and a third set of multiple sequences associated with the postamble portion.
[0131] In some examples, to support generating at least one of the preamble portion of the D2R message, the midamble portion of the D2R message, or the postamble portion of the D2R message, the D2R message generation component 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating the preamble portion based on a first sequence from the first set of multiple sequences. In some examples, to support generating at least one of the preamble portion of the D2R message, the midamble portion of the D2R message, or the postamble portion of the D2R message, the D2R message generation component 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating the midamble portion based on a second sequence from the second set of multiple sequences. In some examples, to support generating at least one of the preamble portion of the D2R message, the midamble portion of the D2R message, or the postamble portion of the D2R message, the D2R message generation component 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating the postamble portion based on a third sequence from the third set of multiple sequences.
[0132] In some examples, each of the first set of multiple sequences, the second set of multiple sequences, and the third set of multiple sequences are different from each other, the first set of multiple sequences and the second set of multiple sequences are a same set of sequences different from the third set of multiple sequences, or the first set of multiple sequences, the second set of multiple sequences, and the third set of multiple sequences are a same set of sequences.
[0133] In some examples, the R2D signaling component 935 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving information indicative of a guard band or a set of multiple non-adjacent frequency shifts in accordance with a device capability of the ambient IoT device or in accordance with the D2R message including at least one of the preamble portion, the midamble portion, or the postamble portion. In some examples, a quantity of the one or more sequences indicated by the sequence generation configuration is based on a device capability of the ambient IoT device. In some examples, a quantity of the one or more sequences indicated by the sequence generation configuration is based on whether the D2R message indicates a device identifier of the ambient IoT device. In some examples, the one or more sequences are based on a sampling frequency offset at the ambient IoT device.
[0134] In some examples, the one or more sequences include one or more m-sequences based at least in part the sampling frequency offset at the ambient IoT device being less than an inverse of a quantity of the one or more sequences times a length of the one or more sequences, or one or more Gold or Golay sequences based on the sampling frequency offset at the ambient IoT device being greater than or equal to the inverse of the quantity of the one or more sequences times the length of the one or more sequences.
[0135] In some examples, the sequence generation configuration indicates a set of multiple sequences including the one or more sequences. In some examples, the set of multiple sequences includes a set of multiple bases sequences and a first base sequence of the set of multiple bases sequences is associated with a first amount of repetition and a second base sequence of the set of multiple bases sequences is associated with a second amount of repetition different than the first amount of repetition. In some examples, the one or more sequences are based on a selected one of the first base sequence or the second base sequence.
[0136] In some examples, the sequence selection component 940 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for selecting the first base sequence or the second base sequence based on a waveform type associated with a continuous wave transmission, where the D2R message is associated with a wireless backscattering of the continuous wave transmission. In some examples, the sequence selection component 940 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for selecting the first base sequence or the second base sequence based on a system bandwidth associated with D2R messages.
[0137] In some examples, the sequence selection component 940 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for selecting the first base sequence or the second base sequence based on a waveform associated with a continuous wave transmission and a bandwidth associated with the D2R message, where the D2R message is associated with a wireless backscattering of the continuous wave transmission. In some examples, the one or more sequences are based on a clock reliability of the ambient IoT device. In some examples, the one or more sequences are based on a resource allocation associated with the D2R message.
[0138] In some examples, the R2D signaling component 935 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from the reader device, an indication of one or both of the one or more sequences, a rule, or a pattern associated with a selection of the one or more sequences from a set of multiple sequences indicated by the sequence generation configuration. In some examples, the preamble portion of the D2R message, the midamble portion of the D2R message, and the postamble portion of the D2R message are indicative of a D2R timing acquisition signal.
[0139] FIG. 10 shows a diagram of a system 1000 including a device 1005 that supports transmission designs for D2R signaling in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1005 may be an example of or include components of a device 705, a device 805, or a UE 115 as described herein. The device 1005 may communicate (e.g., wirelessly) with one or more other devices (e.g., network entities 105, UEs 115, or a combination thereof) . The device 1005 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 1020, an input / output (I / O) controller, such as an I / O controller 1010, a transceiver 1015, one or more antennas 1025, at least one memory 1030, code 1035, and at least one processor 1040. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 1045) .
[0140] The I / O controller 1010 may manage input and output signals for the device 1005. The I / O controller 1010 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 1005. In some cases, the I / O controller 1010 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some cases, the I / O controller 1010 may utilize an operating system such as or another known operating system. Additionally, or alternatively, the I / O controller 1010 may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 1010 may be implemented as part of one or more processors, such as the at least one processor 1040. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 1005 via the I / O controller 1010 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 1010.
[0141] In some cases, the device 1005 may include a single antenna. However, in some other cases, the device 1005 may have more than one antenna, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 1015 may communicate bi-directionally via the one or more antennas 1025 using wired or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 1015 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1015 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 1025 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 1025. The transceiver 1015, or the transceiver 1015 and one or more antennas 1025, may be an example of a transmitter 715, a transmitter 815, a receiver 710, a receiver 810, or any combination thereof or component thereof, as described herein.
[0142] The at least one memory 1030 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) . The at least one memory 1030 may store computer-readable, computer-executable, or processor-executable code, such as the code 1035. The code 1035 may include instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 1040, cause the device 1005 to perform various functions described herein. The code 1035 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 1035 may not be directly executable by the at least one processor 1040 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 1030 may include, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
[0143] The at least one processor 1040 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more CPUs, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) , one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof) . In some cases, the at least one processor 1040 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into the at least one processor 1040. The at least one processor 1040 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the at least one memory 1030) to cause the device 1005 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting transmission designs for D2R signaling) . For example, the device 1005 or a component of the device 1005 may include at least one processor 1040 and at least one memory 1030 coupled with or to the at least one processor 1040, the at least one processor 1040 and the at least one memory 1030 configured to perform various functions described herein.
[0144] In some examples, the at least one processor 1040 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1030 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the at least one processor 1040 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 1040) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 1030) ) , or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 1040 or a processing system including the at least one processor 1040 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 1005 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to, ” being “configurable to, ” and being “operable to”may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code 1035 (e.g., processor-executable code) stored in the at least one memory 1030 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.
[0145] The communications manager 1020 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating, using one or more sequences indicated by a sequence generation configuration, at least one of a preamble portion of a D2R message, a midamble portion of the D2R message, or a postamble portion of the D2R message. The communications manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating the D2R message including at least a payload portion and at least one of the preamble portion, the midamble portion, or the postamble portion in accordance with the sequence generation configuration. The communications manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the D2R message to a reader device based on generation of the D2R message.
[0146] By including or configuring the communications manager 1020 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1005 may support techniques for improved communication reliability, reduced power consumption, more efficient utilization of communication resources, improved coordination between devices, longer battery life, improved utilization of processing capability, improved timing and frequency synchronization, improved scalability, and improved integration of ambient IoT devices within a wireless network.
[0147] In some examples, the communications manager 1020 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 1015, the one or more antennas 1025, or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 1020 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1020 may be supported by or performed by the at least one processor 1040, the at least one memory 1030, the code 1035, or any combination thereof. For example, the code 1035 may include instructions executable by the at least one processor 1040 to cause the device 1005 to perform various aspects of transmission designs for D2R signaling as described herein, or the at least one processor 1040 and the at least one memory 1030 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.
[0148] FIG. 11 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1100 that supports transmission designs for D2R signaling in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1100 may be implemented by a UE or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1100 may be performed by a UE 115 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 10. In some examples, a UE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0149] At 1105, the method may include generating, using one or more sequences indicated by a sequence generation configuration, at least one of a preamble portion of a D2R message, a midamble portion of the D2R message, or a postamble portion of the D2R message. The operations of 1105 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1105 may be performed by a D2R message generation component 925 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0150] At 1110, the method may include generating the D2R message including at least a payload portion and at least one of the preamble portion, the midamble portion, or the postamble portion in accordance with the sequence generation configuration. The operations of 1110 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1110 may be performed by a D2R message generation component 925 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0151] At 1115, the method may include transmitting the D2R message to a reader device based at least in part on generation of the D2R message. The operations of 1115 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1115 may be performed by a D2R signaling component 930 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0152] The following provides an overview of aspects of the present disclosure:
[0153] Aspect 1: A method for wireless communications at an ambient IoT device, comprising: generating, using one or more sequences indicated by a sequence generation configuration, at least one of a preamble portion of a D2R message, a midamble portion of the D2R message, or a postamble portion of the D2R message; generating the D2R message including at least a payload portion and at least one of the preamble portion, the midamble portion, or the postamble portion in accordance with the sequence generation configuration; and transmitting the D2R message to a reader device based at least in part on generation of the D2R message.
[0154] Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1, wherein the sequence generation configuration indicates a first plurality of sequences associated with the preamble portion, a second plurality of sequences associated with the midamble portion, and a third plurality of sequences associated with the postamble portion.
[0155] Aspect 3: The method of aspect 2, wherein generating at least one of the preamble portion of the D2R message, the midamble portion of the D2R message, or the postamble portion of the D2R message comprises: generating the preamble portion based at least in part on a first sequence from the first plurality of sequences; generating the midamble portion based at least in part on a second sequence from the second plurality of sequences; or generating the postamble portion based at least in part on a third sequence from the third plurality of sequences.
[0156] Aspect 4: The method of any of aspects 2 through 3, wherein each of the first plurality of sequences, the second plurality of sequences, and the third plurality of sequences are different from each other, the first plurality of sequences and the second plurality of sequences are a same set of sequences different from the third plurality of sequences, or the first plurality of sequences, the second plurality of sequences, and the third plurality of sequences are a same set of sequences.
[0157] Aspect 5: The method of any of aspects 1 through 4, further comprising: receiving information indicative of a guard band or a plurality of non-adjacent frequency shifts in accordance with a device capability of the ambient IoT device or in accordance with the D2R message including at least one of the preamble portion, the midamble portion, or the postamble portion.
[0158] Aspect 6: The method of any of aspects 1 through 5, wherein a quantity of the one or more sequences indicated by the sequence generation configuration is based at least in part on a device capability of the ambient IoT device.
[0159] Aspect 7: The method of any of aspects 1 through 6, wherein a quantity of the one or more sequences indicated by the sequence generation configuration is based at least in part on whether the D2R message indicates a device identifier of the ambient IoT device.
[0160] Aspect 8: The method of any of aspects 1 through 7, wherein the one or more sequences are based at least in part on a SFO at the ambient IoT device.
[0161] Aspect 9: The method of aspect 8, wherein the one or more sequences comprise one or more m-sequences based at least in part the SFO at the ambient IoT device being less than an inverse of a quantity of the one or more sequences times a length of the one or more sequences, or one or more Gold or Golay sequences based at least in part on the SFO at the ambient IoT device being greater than or equal to the inverse of the quantity of the one or more sequences times the length of the one or more sequences.
[0162] Aspect 10: The method of any of aspects 1 through 9, wherein the sequence generation configuration indicates a plurality of sequences including the one or more sequences, and the plurality of sequences includes a plurality of bases sequences and a first base sequence of the plurality of bases sequences is associated with a first amount of repetition and a second base sequence of the plurality of bases sequences is associated with a second amount of repetition different than the first amount of repetition, and the one or more sequences are based at least in part on a selected one of the first base sequence or the second base sequence.
[0163] Aspect 11: The method of aspect 10, further comprising: selecting the first base sequence or the second base sequence based at least in part on a waveform type associated with a continuous wave transmission, wherein the D2R message is associated with a wireless backscattering of the continuous wave transmission.
[0164] Aspect 12: The method of any of aspects 10 through 11, further comprising: selecting the first base sequence or the second base sequence based at least in part on a system bandwidth associated with D2R messages.
[0165] Aspect 13: The method of any of aspects 10 through 12, further comprising: selecting the first base sequence or the second base sequence based at least in part on a waveform associated with a continuous wave transmission and a bandwidth associated with the D2R message, wherein the D2R message is associated with a wireless backscattering of the continuous wave transmission.
[0166] Aspect 14: The method of any of aspects 1 through 13, wherein the one or more sequences are based at least in part on a clock reliability of the ambient IoT device.
[0167] Aspect 15: The method of any of aspects 1 through 14, wherein the one or more sequences are based at least in part on a resource allocation associated with the D2R message.
[0168] Aspect 16: The method of any of aspects 1 through 15, further comprising: receiving, from the reader device, an indication of one or both of the one or more sequences, a rule, or a pattern associated with a selection of the one or more sequences from a plurality of sequences indicated by the sequence generation configuration.
[0169] Aspect 17: The method of any of aspects 1 through 16, wherein the preamble portion of the D2R message, the midamble portion of the D2R message, and the postamble portion of the D2R message are indicative of a D2R timing acquisition signal.
[0170] Aspect 18: An ambient IoT device for wireless communications, comprising one or more memories storing processor-executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the ambient IoT device to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 17.
[0171] Aspect 19: An ambient IoT device for wireless communications, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 1 through 17.
[0172] Aspect 20: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 17.
[0173] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations. The operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.
[0174] Although aspects of an LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR system may be described for purposes of example, and LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR terminology may be used in much of the description, the techniques described herein are applicable beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR networks. For example, the described techniques may be applicable to various other wireless communications systems such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) , Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, as well as other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein. These systems may be multiple-access systems capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power) . A wireless network, for example a wireless local area network (WLAN) , such as a Wi-Fi (e.g., IEEE 802.11) network may include an access point (AP) that may communicate with one or more wireless or mobile devices. The AP may be coupled to a network, such as the Internet, and may enable a mobile device to communicate via the network (or communicate with other devices coupled to the access point) . A wireless device may communicate with a network device bi-directionally. For example, in a WLAN, a device may communicate with an associated AP via downlink (e.g., the communication link from the AP to the device) and uplink (e.g., the communication link from the device to the AP) . A wireless personal area network (PAN) , which may include a Bluetooth connection, may provide for short range wireless connections between two or more paired wireless devices. For example, wireless devices such as cellular phones may utilize wireless PAN communications to exchange information such as audio signals with wireless headsets. Components within a wireless communication system may be coupled (for example, operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, and / or electrically) to each other.
[0175] The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, or any combination thereof. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, or functions, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein can be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
[0176] Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0177] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, a GPU, an NPU, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor but, in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration) . Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a processor may be performed by multiple processors that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0178] The functions described herein may be implemented using hardware, software (e.g., executed by a processor) , or any combination thereof. If implemented using software (e.g., executed by a processor) , the functions may be stored as or transmitted using one or more instructions or code of a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software (e.g., executed by a processor) , hardware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
[0179] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one location to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, phase change memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL) , or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of computer-readable medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD) , floppy disk, and Blu-ray disc. Disks may reproduce data magnetically, and discs may reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media. Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a memory may be performed by multiple memories that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0180] As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. ” As used herein, the term “and / or, ” when used in a list of two or more items, means that any one of the listed items can be employed by itself, or any combination of two or more of the listed items can be employed. For example, if a composition is described as containing components A, B, and / or C, the composition can contain A alone; B alone; C alone; A and B in combination; A and C in combination; B and C in combination; or A, B, and C in combination.
[0181] As used herein, including in the claims, the article “a” before a noun is open-ended and understood to refer to “at least one” of those nouns or “one or more” of those nouns. Thus, the terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. For example, if a claim recites “a component” that performs one or more functions, each of the individual functions may be performed by a single component or by any combination of multiple components. Thus, the term “a component” having characteristics or performing functions may refer to “at least one of one or more components” having a particular characteristic or performing a particular function. Subsequent reference to a component introduced with the article “a” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, a component introduced with the article “a” may be understood to mean “one or more components, ” and referring to “the component” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ” Similarly, subsequent reference to a component introduced as “one or more components” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, referring to “the one or more components” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ”
[0182] In the appended figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label or other subsequent reference label.
[0183] The description set forth herein, in connection with the appended drawings, describes example configurations and does not represent all the examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The term “example” used herein means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration” and not “preferred” or “advantageous over other examples. ” The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques. These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specific details. In some figures, known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.
[0184] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.An ambient internet of things (IoT) device, comprising:one or more memories storing processor-executable code; andone or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the ambient IoT device to:generate, using one or more sequences indicated by a sequence generation configuration, at least one of a preamble portion of a device-to-reader message, a midamble portion of the device-to-reader message, or a postamble portion of the device-to-reader message;generate the device-to-reader message including at least a payload portion and at least one of the preamble portion, the midamble portion, or the postamble portion in accordance with the sequence generation configuration; andtransmit the device-to-reader message to a reader device based at least in part on generation of the device-to-reader message.2.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein the sequence generation configuration indicates:a first plurality of sequences associated with the preamble portion;a second plurality of sequences associated with the midamble portion; anda third plurality of sequences associated with the postamble portion.3.The ambient IoT device of claim 2, wherein, to generate at least one of the preamble portion of the device-to-reader message, the midamble portion of the device-to-reader message, or the postamble portion of the device-to-reader message, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the ambient IoT device to:generate the preamble portion based at least in part on a first sequence from the first plurality of sequences;generate the midamble portion based at least in part on a second sequence from the second plurality of sequences; orgenerate the postamble portion based at least in part on a third sequence from the third plurality of sequences.4.The ambient IoT device of claim 2, wherein:each of the first plurality of sequences, the second plurality of sequences, and the third plurality of sequences are different from each other;the first plurality of sequences and the second plurality of sequences are a same set of sequences different from the third plurality of sequences; orthe first plurality of sequences, the second plurality of sequences, and the third plurality of sequences are a same set of sequences.5.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the ambient IoT device to:receive information indicative of a guard band or a plurality of non-adjacent frequency shifts in accordance with a device capability of the ambient IoT device or in accordance with the device-to-reader message including at least one of the preamble portion, the midamble portion, or the postamble portion.6.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein a quantity of the one or more sequences indicated by the sequence generation configuration is based at least in part on a device capability of the ambient IoT device.7.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein a quantity of the one or more sequences indicated by the sequence generation configuration is based at least in part on whether the device-to-reader message indicates a device identifier of the ambient IoT device.8.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein the one or more sequences are based at least in part on a sampling frequency offset at the ambient IoT device.9.The ambient IoT device of claim 8, wherein the one or more sequences comprise:one or more m-sequences based at least in part the sampling frequency offset at the ambient IoT device being less than an inverse of a quantity of the one or more sequences times a length of the one or more sequences; orone or more Gold or Golay sequences based at least in part on the sampling frequency offset at the ambient IoT device being greater than or equal to the inverse of the quantity of the one or more sequences times the length of the one or more sequences.10.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein:the sequence generation configuration indicates a plurality of sequences including the one or more sequences;the plurality of sequences includes a plurality of bases sequences and a first base sequence of the plurality of bases sequences is associated with a first amount of repetition and a second base sequence of the plurality of bases sequences is associated with a second amount of repetition different than the first amount of repetition, andthe one or more sequences are based at least in part on a selected one of the first base sequence or the second base sequence.11.The ambient IoT device of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the ambient IoT device to:select the first base sequence or the second base sequence based at least in part on a waveform type associated with a continuous wave transmission, wherein the device-to-reader message is associated with a wireless backscattering of the continuous wave transmission.12.The ambient IoT device of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the ambient IoT device to:select the first base sequence or the second base sequence based at least in part on a system bandwidth associated with device-to-reader messages.13.The ambient IoT device of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the ambient IoT device to:select the first base sequence or the second base sequence based at least in part on a waveform associated with a continuous wave transmission and a bandwidth associated with the device-to-reader message, wherein the device-to-reader message is associated with a wireless backscattering of the continuous wave transmission.14.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein the one or more sequences are based at least in part on a clock reliability of the ambient IoT device.15.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein the one or more sequences are based at least in part on a resource allocation associated with the device-to-reader message.16.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the ambient IoT device to:receive, from the reader device, an indication of one or both of the one or more sequences, a rule, or a pattern associated with a selection of the one or more sequences from a plurality of sequences indicated by the sequence generation configuration.17.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein the preamble portion of the device-to-reader message, the midamble portion of the device-to-reader message, and the postamble portion of the device-to-reader message are indicative of a device-to-reader timing acquisition signal.18.A method for wireless communications at an ambient internet of things (IoT) device, comprising:generating, using one or more sequences indicated by a sequence generation configuration, at least one of a preamble portion of a device-to-reader message, a midamble portion of the device-to-reader message, or a postamble portion of the device-to-reader message;generating the device-to-reader message including at least a payload portion and at least one of the preamble portion, the midamble portion, or the postamble portion in accordance with the sequence generation configuration; andtransmitting the device-to-reader message to a reader device based at least in part on generation of the device-to-reader message.19.The method of claim 18, wherein the sequence generation configuration indicates:a first plurality of sequences associated with the preamble portion;a second plurality of sequences associated with the midamble portion; anda third plurality of sequences associated with the postamble portion.20.An ambient internet of things (IoT) device for wireless communications, comprising:means for generating, using one or more sequences indicated by a sequence generation configuration, at least one of a preamble portion of a device-to-reader message, a midamble portion of the device-to-reader message, or a postamble portion of the device-to-reader message;means for generating the device-to-reader message including at least a payload portion and at least one of the preamble portion, the midamble portion, or the postamble portion in accordance with the sequence generation configuration; andmeans for transmitting the device-to-reader message to a reader device based at least in part on generation of the device-to-reader message.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Internet of Things reliable transmission wireless network communication physical layer transmitter
CN107623930A