Method and apparatus for message transmission
By associating messages with specific service requests, the method ensures efficient delivery to ZE-IoT devices, reducing energy consumption and contention in 5GS networks.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/111109
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-08-08
- Filing Date
- 2025-07-29
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-12
AI Technical Summary
In communication networks like 5GS, there is a challenge in ensuring that zero-energy IoT (ZE-IoT) devices receive paging messages effectively without unnecessary energy consumption and contention, especially when the number of devices is unknown, leading to multiple transmission rounds and increased energy use.
Implementing a mechanism where messages are associated with specific service requests, allowing ZE-IoT devices to determine if they should respond based on unique identifiers and session information, reducing redundant responses and contention.
This approach enhances message reachability, reduces energy consumption, and minimizes contention by ensuring ZE-IoT devices only respond when necessary, optimizing network efficiency.
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Figure CN2025111109_12022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MESSAGE TRANSMISSIONTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The non-limiting and exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the technical field of communications, and specifically to methods and apparatuses for message transmission.BACKGROUND
[0002] This section introduces aspects that may facilitate a better understanding of the disclosure. Accordingly, the statements of this section are to be read in this light and are not to be understood as admissions about what is in the prior art or what is not in the prior art.
[0003] In communication networks such as fifth generation system (5GS) as defined by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) , it may support various terminal devices such as Internet of Things (IoT) devices. For example, the IoT devices may comprise zero-energy (ZE) IoT (ZE-IoT) devices, Passive-IoT device, Ambient power-enabled IoT, or Ambient IoT (AIoT or A-IoT or AIOT) devices, etc. For example, Ambient IoT may support many different use cases such as inventory taking, sensor data collection, asset tracking, actuator control, etc. Ambient IoT devices may be expected to be able to communicate with the network (such as 5GS) . A message (e.g. paging message) may be used to deliver information to the terminal device e.g. AIoT device.SUMMARY
[0004] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.
[0005] It is possible that the network / reader / next generation NodeB (gNodeB or gNB) / intermediate user equipment (UE) may not reach all terminal devices e.g. A-IoT devices in a coverage area in one message (e.g. paging message) transmission round. This may be the case, especially when the message (e.g. paging message) targets a group of terminal devices e.g. A-IoT devices or all terminal devices e.g. A-IoT devices in the coverage area, due to e.g., contention when transmitting uplink (UL) response and / or unavailability (e.g., due to terminal device being out of energy) of the terminal devices e.g. A-IoT device (s) (the latter may happen also when the message targets a specific terminal device (s) e.g. A-IoT device (s) ) . Since it may be hard to estimate the number of terminal devices in a coverage area prior to, for example, inventory, collisions may not be avoided easily which would then require at least one additional round of message transmission to reach an intended terminal device (s) . There was a brief discussion in 3GPP Technical Specification Group (TSG) Radio Access Network (RAN) working group 2 (RAN2) about this problem and a proposal was made. A reader can send the A-IoT paging message associated with one A-IoT service request from the core network (CN) multiple times (see 3GPP documents: 3GPP TSG-RAN WG2 Meeting #126, R2-2405194 and 3GPP TSG-RAN WG2 Meeting #126, R2-2405495) . However, there may be the following issues.
[0006] New rounds of message transmission may be needed, but there may be no need for those terminal devices that have already responded to respond again for the same message (e.g. paging message) from the CN. This does not only increase the energy consumption at the terminal device, but also increases the probability of contention and thus increases the rounds of message transmission.
[0007] There should be a mechanism for the terminal device e.g. A-IoT device to know whether the message (e.g. A-IoT paging message) is triggered by the same or different (e.g. A-IoT) service request from the CN, so that the terminal device e.g. A-IoT device would be able to know whether / how it shall response.
[0008] To overcome or mitigate at least one of above mentioned problems or other problems, the embodiments of the present disclosure propose an improved solution for message transmission.
[0009] In a first aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method performed by a first terminal device. The method may comprise receiving a first message from a first network node or a second terminal device. The first message may comprise first information associating the first message with a specific service message for the first terminal device.
[0010] In a second aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method performed by a second terminal device. The method may comprise sending a first message to a first terminal device. The first message may comprise first information associating the first message with a specific service message for the first terminal device.
[0011] In a third aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a first network node. The method may comprise sending a first message to a first terminal device or a second terminal device. The first message may comprise first information associating the first message with a specific service message for the first terminal device.
[0012] In a fourth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a second network node. The method may comprise generating first information. The method may comprise sending the first information to a first network node. The first information is to associate a first message with a specific service message for a first terminal device.
[0013] In a fifth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a first terminal device. The first terminal device may comprise a processor and a memory coupled to the processor. Said memory contains instructions executable by said processor. Said first terminal device is operative to receive a first message from a first network node or a second terminal device. The first message may comprise first information associating the first message with a specific service message for the first terminal device.
[0014] In a sixth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a second terminal device. The second terminal device may comprise a processor and a memory coupled to the processor. Said memory contains instructions executable by said processor. Said second terminal device is operative to send a first message to a first terminal device. The first message may comprise first information associating the first message with a specific service message for the first terminal device
[0015] In a seventh aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a first network node. The first network node may comprise a processor and a memory coupled to the processor. Said memory contains instructions executable by said processor. Said first network node is operative to send a first message to a first terminal device or a second terminal device. The first message may comprise first information associating the first message with a specific service message for the first terminal device.
[0016] In an eighth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a second network node. The second network node may comprise a processor and a memory coupled to the processor. Said memory contains instructions executable by said processor. Said second network node is operative to generate first information. Said second network node is operative to send the first information to a first network node. The first information is to associate a first message with a specific service message for a first terminal device.
[0017] In ninth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a computer program product comprising instructions which when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform any of the methods according to any one of the first or second or third or fourth aspect.
[0018] In tenth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a computer-readable storage medium storing instructions which when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform any of the methods according to any one of the first or second or third or fourth aspect.
[0019] Embodiments herein may provide many advantages, of which a non-exhaustive list of examples follows. In some embodiments herein, the proposed solution may enable proper operation of sending a message (e.g. A-IoT paging message) to a terminal device multiple times when receiving one (e.g. A-IoT) service request from the CN. In some embodiments herein, the proposed solution may increase the reachability of the terminal device. In some embodiments herein, the proposed solution may make sure that the terminal device (e.g. A-IoT device) does not perform a procedure requested in a message (e.g., send UL response) more than an expected / required times (e.g. one times) , by this the reachability is increased while avoiding the terminal device (e.g. A-IoT device) to consume energy unnecessarily. In some embodiments herein, the proposed solution may reduce the probability of response message contention and thus reduce the number of message transmission associated with a specific service message for the terminal device. In some embodiments herein, the proposed solution may enable the terminal device to know whether the message is triggered by the same or different service request from the CN, so that the terminal device would be able to know whether / how it shall response. The embodiments herein are not limited to the features and advantages mentioned above. A person skilled in the art will recognize additional features and advantages upon reading the following detailed description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0020] The above and other aspects, features, and benefits of various embodiments of the present disclosure will become more fully apparent, by way of example, from the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals or letters are used to designate like or equivalent elements. The drawings are illustrated for facilitating better understanding of the embodiments of the disclosure and not necessarily drawn to scale, in which:
[0021] FIG. 1a shows an example of backscattering communication;
[0022] FIG. 1b illustrates an example of Topology 1;
[0023] FIG. 1c illustrates an example of Topology 2;
[0024] FIG. 2a illustrates system architecture of supporting AIoT devices using AIOTF for Topology 1;
[0025] FIG. 2b illustrates system architecture of supporting AIoT devices using AIOTF for Topology 2;
[0026] FIGs. 3a-3h, 4a-4d, 5a-5d and 6a-6e show flowcharts of methods according to embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 7 shows an apparatus in accordance with some embodiments;
[0028] FIG. 8 shows an example of a communication system in accordance with some embodiments;
[0029] FIG. 9 shows a UE in accordance with some embodiments;
[0030] FIG. 10 shows a network node in accordance with some embodiments;
[0031] FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized;DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0032] Zero-Energy IoT &Ambient-IoT
[0033] Wireless IoT devices may be often battery powered and both the need to change battery and the battery lifetime may be concerns for many potential applications such as asset tracking or environmental / industrial sensors. For this reason, the wireless communications industry has been interested in so-called zero-energy (ZE) devices. ZE devices refer to wireless IoT devices that do not require battery replacement, and often harvest energy from the environment. In some use cases, such as monitoring the temperature of foodstuffs, the ZE devices may have small batteries that are disposable (e.g., organic, compostable batteries) , rechargeable or have very limited capacity.
[0034] These ZE-IoT devices can in addition be of very small form factor and could even be printable and they target ultra-low power consumption to enable operation based on either energy-harvesting from an ambient sources or back-scattering communication (cf. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) ) . That is, instead of relying on energy for communication being provided by a battery it is instead harvested from an ambient source, such as vibrations, solar power, RF, etc. (harvesting) , or a charge carrier wave is provided to the device which is modulated and reflected back to a reader (in the back-scattering communication case) . This enables energy autonomous operation during the lifetime of the devices without need for either manual replacement or charging of the batteries. Compared to existing radio access technologies this puts new requirements on the radio interface and the protocols.
[0035] Recently work on this has started in 3GPP, then referred to as ‘Ambient-IoT’ . 3GPP TR 22.840 V19.0.0, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, has been developed by SA1 to capture potential use cases, traffic scenarios, device constraints of Ambient IoT (A-IoT) and identify new potential service requirements as well as new KPIs.
[0036] Meanwhile, a study item at 3GPP TSG RAN#97e, Electronic Meeting, RP-222685, ‘Study on Ambient IoT’ has been carried out with a focus on the feasibility of meeting design targets for relevant use cases of Ambient IoT. The outcome is reported in 3GPP TR 38.848 V18.0.0, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The work is being continued with a RAN1-led study item in 3GPP TSG RAN Meeting #102, RP-234058, ‘New SID: Study on solutions for Ambient IoT (Internet of Things) in NR’ with the some objectives such as paging.
[0037] Backscattering communication
[0038] FIG. 1a shows an example of backscattering communication.
[0039] In backscattering communication, passive devices may communicate by modulating and reflecting an incoming carrier wave. That is, a carrier wave transmitted by a carrier wave transmitter (CWT) may be modulated and reflected by the passive device ( ‘Tag’ in the FIG. 1a) , and the modulated signal may be then read by a Reader. In this way the CWT may provide the energy to the passive device (CWT-Tag) to enable it to send uplink data to the reader (Tag-Reader) .
[0040] The most well-known example of backscattering communication today is RFID. The 3-node setup illustrated in FIG. 1a may be referred to as the ‘bistatic’ backscattering communication, whereas the 2-node case where CWT and reader are located in the same node may be referred to as ‘monostatic’ backscattering communication.
[0041] Ambient IoT (A-IoT) paging
[0042] A-IoT paging may be used to deliver information such as inventory or access command (e.g., read, write, etc. ) to the A-IoT devices, which may trigger the A-IoT devices to execute e.g. the inventory or access command and then send a response to the reader. Reader may send the A-IoT paging based on the A-IoT service request received from higher layer (e.g., from CN) , where the A-IoT service request may be / contain the inventory or access command. A-IoT paging may be also denoted “initial trigger message” .
[0043] 3GPP RAN2 has made the following agreements related to A-IoT paging:
[0044] As baseline, the “inventory only” case is supported by the procedure:
[0045] Step A: A-IoT paging;
[0046] Step B: Device ID transmission (via Random Access or without using RA) . Details are for further study (FFS) .
[0047] As baseline, the “inventory and command” case is supported by the procedure:
[0048] Step A: A-IoT paging;
[0049] Step B: Device ID transmission (via Random Access or without using RA) . Details are FFS.
[0050] Step C: reader to device data transmission (e.g. the (reader-to-device) R2D command) , and
[0051] Step D: corresponding device to reader data transmission (e.g. the feedback) . FFS whether this is optional, pending other WG discussions.
[0052] Clarify in TR that inventory and command doesn’ t mean that A-IoT paging includes both Inventory and Command in the same message.
[0053] From 3GPP RAN2 point of view we will study “Command only” use case. FFS the options on how to support it:
[0054] Initial trigger message from the reader contains the command. Final feasibility depends on SA2 and SA3 work / conclusions.
[0055] Use baseline procedure for “inventory and command” (i.e. first triggers inventory procedure and then sends command) .
[0056] RAN2 will study the following cases for A-IoT first message:
[0057] a message containing an ID of a single A-IoT device.
[0058] a message containing a group ID that maps to multiple A-IoT devices.
[0059] a message that does not contain an ID, i.e., addressed for all devices that can receive the A-IoT message.
[0060] a message containing multiple IDs of A-IoT devices. Need to confirm the need for this use case based on SA2 discussion.
[0061] What device ID and group ID and scenarios are depending on SA2 discussion.
[0062] A-IoT first message indicates information from which the device can determine resources to be used for response (device to reader (D2R) message) . FFS how (e.g. implicit / explicit / configured / preconfigured) and what resources (dedicated and / or shared) are provided to the device taking into account RAN1 discussion.
[0063] Topology
[0064] There may be various connectivity topologies for Ambient IoT networks and devices as defined in 3GPP TR 38.848 V18.0.0. In the topologies, the Ambient IoT device may be provided with a carrier wave from other node (s) either inside or outside the topology. The links in each topology may be bidirectional or unidirectional.
[0065] Base station (BS) , UE, assisting node, or intermediate node could be multiple BSs or UEs, respectively. The mixture of indoor and outdoor placement of such nodes is regarded as a network implementation choice. Account would need to be taken of potential impact on device or node complexity. In the connectivity topologies, this does not imply the existence of multi-hop assisting or intermediate nodes.
[0066] FIG. 1b illustrates an example of Topology 1, which is same as Figure 4.2.1.1-1 of 3GPP TR 38.848 V18.0.0.
[0067] Topology 1: BS Ambient IoT device
[0068] In Topology 1, the Ambient IoT device directly and bidirectionally communicates with a base station. The communication between the base station and the ambient IoT device includes Ambient IoT data and / or signaling. This topology includes the possibility that the BS transmitting to the Ambient IoT device is a different from the BS receiving from the Ambient IoT device.
[0069] FIG. 1c illustrates an example of Topology 2, which is same as Figure 4.2.1.2-1 of 3GPP TR 38.848 V18.0.0.
[0070] Topology 2: BS intermediate node Ambient IoT device
[0071] In Topology 2, the Ambient IoT device communicates bidirectionally with an intermediate node between the device and base station. In this topology, the intermediate node can be a relay, IAB node, UE, repeater, etc. which is capable of Ambient IoT. The intermediate node transfers Ambient IoT data and / or signaling between BS and the Ambient IoT device.
[0072] Although the subject matter described herein may be implemented for any appropriate topologies e.g. as defined in 3GPP TR 38.848 V18.0.0, the embodiments disclosed herein are described in relation to topology 1 and topology 2.
[0073] Although the subject matter described herein may be implemented in any appropriate type of system using any suitable components, the embodiments disclosed herein are described in relation to a communication system complied with the exemplary system architecture illustrated in FIGs. 2a and 2b. For simplicity, the system architecture of FIGs. 2a and 2b only depicts some exemplary elements. In practice, a communication system may further include any additional elements suitable to support communication between terminal devices or between a wireless device and another communication device, such as a landline telephone, a service provider, or any other network node or terminal device. The communication system may provide communication and various types of services to one or more terminal devices to facilitate the terminal devices’a ccess to and / or use of the services provided by, or via, the communication system.
[0074] FIG. 2a illustrates system architecture of supporting AIoT devices using AIOTF for Topology 1, which is same as Figure 6.8.1-1 of 3GPP TR 23.700-13 V0.4.0, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. FIG. 2b illustrates system architecture of supporting AIoT devices using AIOTF for Topology 2, which is same as Figure 6.30.1.1-1 of 3GPP TR 23.700-13 V0.4.0. The functional entities such as AUSF, NEF, NRF, UDM, AIOTF, AIoT device, A-RAN, CHF, AF / AS, NG-RAN, etc. and the reference points such as Nausf, Nnef, Nnrf, Nudm, Namf, Nchf, Naf, Naiotf, etc. are defined in 3GPP TS 23.501 V19.0.0 and 3GPP TR 23.700-13 V0.4.0, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.
[0075] The message names in the procedures / methods of the embodiments are descriptive. It is assumed that the names may be updated e.g. with corresponding Service Based Interface (SBI) based names where applicable during the normative phase.
[0076] In below embodiments, the proposed solution and the corresponding procedures and configurations are applicable to any ultra-low power devices, zero-energy or Ambient IoT devices. However, the proposal should not be limited to such devices, and can be extended other service / device classes or categories, e.g., related to Enhanced Mobile Broadband (MBB) , massive-MTC, Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) , Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) , etc. The applicable services may be typically associated with a short data burst and large interval.
[0077] The term RAN node is used which can be a network node. Examples of network nodes are NodeB, base station (BS) , multi-standard radio (MSR) radio node such as MSR BS, eNodeB, gNodeB, MeNB, SeNB, location measurement unit (LMU) , integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, network controller, radio network controller (RNC) , base station controller (BCS) , relay, IAB, repeater, donor node controlling relay, base transceiver station (BTS) , Central Unit (e.g. in a gNB) , Distributed Unit (e.g. in a gNB) , Baseband Unit, Centralized Baseband, cloud RAN (C-RAN) , access point (AP) , transmission points, transmission nodes, transmission reception point (TRP) , RRU, RRH, nodes in distributed antenna system (DAS) , core network node (e.g. MCS, MME etc. ) , O&M, OSS, SON, positioning node (e.g. E-SMLC) , etc.
[0078] The terms “Tag” , “device” or “A-IoT device” may be interchangeably applicable without losing the meaning. The terms ‘intermediate node’ , ‘intermediate UE’ or ‘UE’ may be applied interchangeably without losing the meaning. The terms reader may stand for a node which may send a R2D transmission to devices. After that, the devices may report their IDs and / or perform UL transmissions towards the reader. It may be also possible that the reader may receive a device’s ID and / or UL transmissions, without sending a R2D transmission to the device first. The reader may be a RAN node (e.g., the gNB) or a UE (e.g., an intermediate / relay UE which relays / forwards data / transmission between a RAN node and devices. A device’s UL (D2R) transmission may be backscattered on a carrier wave or generated internally by the device. A gNB or an intermediate UE may operate as a reader in the below embodiments. In the embodiments below, it is assumed that the RAN node / reader / gNB / intermediate UE may send multiple A-IoT paging messages, i.e., multiple rounds of paging, after receiving A-IoT service request, e.g., from the CN, or A-IoT signaling from the higher layers (e.g., CN) , but embodiments may be also applicable when some other network (NW) node (e.g., a CN node, a gNB / reader / intermediate UE) may send multiple A-IoT signaling / paging messages based on A-IoT service request from AF. The below embodiments are described taking A-IoT paging as example, but it is equally applicable to other R2D transmission or A-IoT signaling that requires the A-IoT device to take some actions such as send UL response (i.e., D2R transmission) to the reader.
[0079] FIGs. 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g and 3h show flowcharts of methods according to embodiments of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a first terminal device or communicatively coupled to the first terminal device. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the methods as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components.
[0080] FIG. 3a shows a flowchart of a method 300 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0081] At block 302, the first terminal device may receive a first message from a first network node or a second terminal device. For example, in topology 1 the first terminal device may receive the first message from a first network node. In topology 2 the first terminal device may receive the first message from a second terminal device.
[0082] The first message may be any suitable message such as existing message or new message. In an embodiment, the first message may comprise at least one of a paging message, or a command message or an inventory message. In an embodiment, the paging message may comprise information related to the specific service message. For example, the paging message may comprise the A-IoT paging message.
[0083] In an embodiment, the first message may comprise first information associating the first message with a specific service message for the first terminal device. For example, the first information may associate multiple first messages with the specific service message for the first terminal device. The number of multiple first messages may be any suitable number. The number of multiple first messages may be determined in various ways and the present disclosure has no limit on it. For example, different service messages may be associated with different numbers of first messages.
[0084] The first message may further comprise any other suitable information such as the sequence number of the first message e.g. if there are multiple first messages associated with one specific service message. In an embodiment, the first message may comprise at least one of an identifier (ID) of the first network node or a second terminal device, an ID of a network, or a parameter determined based on an estimate for a number of first terminal devices that will respond to the first message. The network may be any suitable network such as Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) . In an embodiment, the ID of the network (such as PLMN ID) may be embedded / integrated in the ID of the first network node or the second terminal device, so that there is no need for providing the ID of the network explicitly. The parameter may be any suitable parameter such as the number of slots. The ID of the first network node or the second terminal device may be used by the first terminal device to differentiate between different first messages such as paging messages / (R2D) commands from different first network nodes or second terminal devices. The ID of the network may be used by the first terminal device to differentiate between different first messages such as paging messages / (R2D) commands from different networks. In an embodiment, the ID of the first network node or the second terminal device may be embedded / integrated in the first information such as paging / message ID, so that there is no need for providing the ID of the first network node or the second terminal device explicitly.
[0085] The first terminal device may be any suitable terminal device such as the above mentioned terminal device e.g. IoT device. For example, the IoT devices may comprise ZE-IoT devices, Passive-IoT device, Ambient power-enabled IoT, or Ambient IoT devices, etc. In an embodiment, the first terminal device may comprise an Ambient IoT device. In an embodiment, the Ambient IoT device may comprise the Ambient IoT Device as described in 3GPP TR 23.700-13 V0.4.0.
[0086] The second terminal device may be any suitable terminal device such as intermediate node. The second terminal device may be a relay, IAB node, Wireless Access Backhaul (WAB) node, UE, repeater, etc. The second terminal device may transfer information such as Ambient IoT data and / or signaling between the first network node such as BS and the first terminal device such as Ambient IoT device. In an embodiment, the second terminal device may comprise an intermediate user equipment. For example, the intermediate user equipment may be same as or similar to the intermediate user equipment or intermediate node as described in various 3GPP specifications such as 3GPP TR 23.700-13 V0.4.0, 3GPP TR 38.848 V18.0.0, etc.
[0087] The first network node may be deployed in any suitable network. In an embodiment, the first network node may be deployed in EPS, a 5GS or a 6G system (6GS) as defined by 3GPP. The first network node may be any suitable network device or network node or network function. For example, the first network node may implement radio access network function.
[0088] In an embodiment, the first network node may comprise a radio access network node. For example, the first network node may be same as or similar to the radio access network node (such as NG-RAN node, eNB, gNB) as described in various 3GPP specifications such as 3GPP TS 23.501 V19.0.0, 3GPP TS 23.682 V18.0.0, 3GPP TR 23.700-13 V0.4.0, 3GPP TR 38.848 V18.0.0.
[0089] The service of the first terminal device may comprise any suitable service. For example, the service of the first terminal device may comprise any suitable service related to Ambient IoT use case (s) as described in 3GPP TR 23.700-13 V0.4.0 and 3GPP TR 38.848 V18.0.0.
[0090] The specific service message may be any suitable message such as existing message or new message. In an embodiment, the specific service message may comprise at least one of an inventory request, or a command request. For example, the inventory request may be used for discovering one or more first terminal devices (e.g. AIoT devices) in a specific area via the second terminal device (e.g. Intermediate UEs) . The command request may be used for requesting one or more specific first terminal devices or a group of first terminal devices in an area to execute the command. The command may be any suitable command such as read, write, enable, disable, or execution request. In an embodiment, the inventory request and the command request may be similar to those as described in 3GPP TR 23.700-13 V0.4.0.
[0091] The first information may comprise any suitable information (such as identifier) which may associate the first message (e.g. multiple first messages) with the specific service message for the first terminal device. For example, the first information may be information which can uniquely identify the specific service message. In an embodiment, the first information may comprise at least one of a message identifier (ID) , an ID or a request ID. As an example, if there are service message 1 and service message 2, message ID 111 may be used to associate multiple first messages with service message 1 and message ID 112 may be used to associate multiple first messages with service message 2.
[0092] The first information may be used for various purposes. In an embodiment, the first information may be used for determining whether to perform a procedure requested in the first message. In an embodiment, the first information may be used for determining whether the first message is related to a same or different service message. For example, the first terminal device may store previous first information received in previous first message . If the first information in the first message is same as the stored first information, it may mean that the first message may be related to the same service message, i.e., the first message belongs to one of the multiple first messages for the specific service message. Otherwise the first message may be not related to the same service message, e.g., the first message may be a new first message which may belong to one of multiple first messages for a new specific service message.
[0093] The procedure requested in the first message may be any suitable procedure e.g. related to various use cases, such as such as inventory taking, sensor data collection, asset tracking, actuator control, etc.
[0094] FIG. 3b shows a flowchart of a method 310 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0095] At block 312, the first terminal device may determine whether the first information is different from stored first information. For example, the first terminal device may store previous first information received in previous first message and determine whether the first information is different from the stored first information. If the first terminal device can store one or more first information, the first terminal device may determine whether the first information is different from the stored one or more first information. For example, the first terminal device may check whether there is stored first information. If there is no stored first information, block 312 may be omitted. Otherwise block 312 may be performed.
[0096] At block 314, if the first information is different from the stored first information or there is no first information stored, the first terminal device may determine whether to perform a procedure requested in the first message based on second information in the first message. For example, if the first information is different from the stored first information, it may mean that the first message is not related to the same service message that was previously received by the first terminal device, i.e., the first message is a new first message which may belong to one of multiple first messages for a new specific service message. If there is no first information stored, it may means that the first message is a new first message or the first terminal device is energized. In this case, the first terminal device may determine whether to perform a procedure requested in the first message based on second information in the first message.
[0097] In an embodiment, the second information may indicate whether to perform the procedure requested in the first message. The second information may be any suitable information such as a bit, a flag, an indicator, an indication, etc.
[0098] In an embodiment, if the second information explicitly or implicitly indicates the first terminal device needs to perform the procedure, the first terminal device may perform the procedure.
[0099] In an embodiment, if the second information explicitly or implicitly indicates the first terminal device only needs to perform the requested procedure if the first terminal device has not completed the requested procedure before, the first terminal device may perform the requested procedure only if the first terminal device has not completed the requested procedure before, or ignore a rest part of the first message if the first terminal device has completed the requested procedure before.
[0100] At block 316, if the first information is same as the stored first information, the first terminal device may perform the procedure requested in the first message if the procedure has not been completed, or ignore a rest part of the first message if the procedure has been completed. For example, if the first information is same as the stored first information, it means that the first message is related to the same service message, e.g., the first message may belong to one of the multiple first messages for the specific service message. In this case, the first terminal device may perform the procedure requested in the first message if the procedure has not been completed, or ignore a rest part of the first message if the procedure has been completed.
[0101] FIG. 3c shows a flowchart of a method 320 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0102] At block 322, if the stored first information is lost, the first terminal device may set the stored first information to a reserved value when the first terminal device is energized.
[0103] For example, some first information e.g. ID / message ID / request ID may be reserved which the reader (e.g. the first network node or the second terminal device) does not use. If the first terminal device e.g. A-IoT device loses the energy for more than a certain time (denoted first information persistence time) and the stored first information is lost, the first terminal device e.g. A-IoT device may set the first information to the reserved value when the first terminal device is energized. This may mean the first terminal device will react as if the first information included in the received first message is different from the stored first information when the first terminal device lost the stored first information and is energized again. The first information persistence time may be up to the first terminal device implementation and a requirement on the minimum persistence time may be defined e.g. in 3GPP specifications.
[0104] FIG. 3d shows a flowchart of a method 330 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0105] At block 332, optionally, if the first message does not comprise the first information, the first terminal device may determine whether to perform a procedure requested in the first message based on second information in the first message.
[0106] For example, if the first message does not include the first information, the first terminal device may always whether to perform a procedure requested in the first message based on second information in the first message.
[0107] In an embodiment, the second information may indicate whether to perform the procedure requested in the first message. The second information may be any suitable information such as a bit, a flag, an indicator, an indication, etc.
[0108] In an embodiment, if the second information explicitly or implicitly indicates the first terminal device needs to perform the procedure, the first terminal device may perform the procedure.
[0109] In an embodiment, if the second information explicitly or implicitly indicates the first terminal device only needs to perform the requested procedure if the first terminal device has not completed the requested procedure before, the first terminal device may perform the requested procedure only if the first terminal device has not completed the requested procedure before, or ignore a rest part of the first message if the first terminal device has completed the requested procedure before.
[0110] At block 334, optionally, if the paging message does not comprise the first information, the first terminal device may perform a procedure requested in the first message. For example, if the paging message does not comprise the first information, the first terminal device may assume that it has to perform the corresponding procedure.
[0111] FIG. 3e shows a flowchart of a method 340 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0112] In an embodiment, the first message may further comprise third information for determining whether to perform a procedure requested in the first message.
[0113] The third information may be any suitable information (such as identifier) which may be used to determine whether to perform a procedure requested in the first message. For example, the third information may be information which can uniquely identify a session, e.g. a session between the first terminal device and the first network node or a session between the first terminal device and the second terminal device or any other suitable session. In an embodiment, the third information may comprise a session ID. As an example, if there are session 1 and session 2, session ID 211 may be assigned to session 1 and session ID 212 may be assigned to session 2.
[0114] At block 342, the first terminal device may determine whether the third information is different from stored third information. For example, the first terminal device may store previous third information in previous first message and determine whether the third information is different from the stored third information. If the first terminal device can store one or more third information, the first terminal device may determine whether the third information is different from the stored one or more third information. For example, the first terminal device may check whether there is stored third information. If there is no third information stored, block 342 may be omitted. Otherwise block 342 may be performed.
[0115] At block 344, if the third information is different from stored third information or there is no third information stored, the first terminal device may perform the procedure requested in the first message. For example, if the third information is different from the stored third information, it may mean that the first message is related to a new session. If there is no third information stored, it may that the first message is related to a new session. In this case, the first terminal device may determine whether to perform a procedure requested in the first message based on second information in the first message.
[0116] In an embodiment, if the third information is same as the stored third information, block 312 may be performed. For example, if the third information is same as the stored third information, it means that the first message is related to the same session. In this case, the first terminal device may determine whether the first information is different from stored first information as shown in block 312.
[0117] FIG. 3f shows a flowchart of a method 350 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0118] At block 352, if the stored third information is lost, the first terminal device may set the stored third information to a reserved value when the first terminal device is energized.
[0119] For example, some third information e.g. session ID may be reserved which the reader does not use. If the first terminal device e.g. A-IoT device loses the energy for more than a certain time (denoted third information persistence time) and the stored third information is lost, the first terminal device e.g. A-IoT device may set the third information to the reserved value when the first terminal device is energized. This may mean the first terminal device will react as if the third information included in the received first message is different from the stored third information when the first terminal device lost the stored third information and is energized again. The third information persistence time may be up to the first terminal device implementation and a requirement on the minimum persistence time may be defined e.g. in 3GPP specifications.
[0120] FIG. 3g shows a flowchart of a method 360 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0121] At block 362, optionally, the first terminal device may update the stored third information to the third information. For example, if the first terminal device can only store one third information and the first terminal device may update the stored third information to the third information. If the first terminal device can store multiple third information and the first terminal device may update the stored third information to the third information e.g. in a first-in first-out ways or other suitable ways. If the stored third information is same as the third information, block 362 may be omitted.
[0122] At block 364, optionally, the first terminal device may update the stored first information to the first information. For example, if the first terminal device can only store one first information and the first terminal device may update the stored third information to the third information. If the first terminal device can store multiple first information and the first terminal device may update the stored first information to the first information in a first-in first-out ways or other suitable ways. If the stored first information is same as the first information, block 364 may be omitted.
[0123] FIG. 3h shows a flowchart of a method 370 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0124] At block 372, if the first terminal device has (e.g. continuously) missed one or more of multiple first messages, the first terminal device may disregard the first information and / or the third information and perform the procedure requested in the first message. For example, if the first terminal device is not able to monitor the first message e.g. due to lack of energy, failure or something similar, so that it may be possible that the first terminal device might have (e.g. continuously) missed one or multiple rounds of first messages. In this case, the first terminal device may disregard the first information even when it matches with the last first information stored in the first terminal device and perform the corresponding procedure regardless. The first terminal device may disregard the third information even when it matches with the last third information stored in the first terminal device and perform the corresponding procedure regardless.
[0125] FIGs. 4a, 4b, 4c and 4d show flowcharts of methods according to embodiments of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a second terminal device or communicatively coupled to the second terminal device. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the methods as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.
[0126] FIG. 4a shows a flowchart of a method 400 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0127] At block 402, the second terminal device may send a first message to a first terminal device. In an embodiment, the first message may comprise first information associating the first message with a specific service message for the first terminal device.
[0128] For example, the second terminal device may receive the specific service message from a network node e.g. NG-RAN node, etc. and then it may send the first message to the first terminal device.
[0129] In an embodiment, the first message may be generated by the second terminal device or received from a first network node. For example, the second terminal device may receive the specific service message for the first terminal device and then generate the first message based on the specific service message. The first network node may receive the specific service message for the first terminal device from another network node (such as AMF, AIOTF, etc. ) , generate the first message based on the specific service message and send the first message to the second terminal device.
[0130] In an embodiment, the first network node may comprise a radio access network node. In an embodiment, the second terminal device may comprise an intermediate user equipment. In an embodiment, the first terminal device may comprise an Ambient Internet of Things device.
[0131] In an embodiment, the first information may be used for determining whether to perform a procedure requested in the first message. In an embodiment, the first message may further comprise second information indicating whether to perform the procedure requested in the first message. In an embodiment, the second information may explicitly or implicitly indicate the first terminal device needs to perform the procedure. In an embodiment, the second information may explicitly or implicitly indicate the first terminal device only needs to perform the requested procedure if the first terminal device has not completed the requested procedure before. In an embodiment, the first message further may comprise third information for determining whether to perform a procedure requested in the first message. In an embodiment, the third information may comprise a session ID. In an embodiment, the first information may comprise at least one of a message identifier (ID) , an ID, or a request ID. In an embodiment, the specific service message may comprise at least one of an inventory request, or a command request.
[0132] In an embodiment, the first information may be generated by at least one of a second network node, a first network node, or the second terminal device.
[0133] The second network node may be deployed in any suitable network. In an embodiment, the first network node may be deployed in EPS, a 5GS or a 6GS as defined by 3GPP. The second network node may be any suitable network device or network node or network function. For example, the second network node may comprise the core network node of EPS, a 5GS or a 6GS. In an embodiment, the second network node may comprise AIOTF or AF or application server.
[0134] In an embodiment, which one of the first network node, the second network node and the second terminal device generates the first information may be predefined or determined based on coordination among the first network node, the second network node and second terminal device.
[0135] In an embodiment, the first message may comprise at least one of a paging message, or a command message. In an embodiment, the first message may comprise at least one of an ID of the first network node or a second terminal device, an ID of a network, or a parameter determined based on an estimate for a number of first terminal devices that will respond to the first message.
[0136] FIG. 4b shows a flowchart of a method 410 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0137] At block 412, the second terminal device may determine whether an additional first message needs to be triggered for the specific service message. Such determination may be performed in various ways. For example, if the number of first terminal devices that has responded to the first message is smaller than a threshold, the second terminal device may determine the additional first message is needed. If a specific first terminal device (e.g., precious item) does not respond to the first message, the second terminal device may determine the additional first message is needed.
[0138] At block 414, optionally, if the additional first message needs to be triggered for the specific service message, the second terminal device may send the additional first message to the first terminal device.
[0139] At block 416, optionally, if the additional first message needs to be triggered for the specific service message, the second terminal device may send, to a first network node, a request comprising information indicating that the second terminal device wants to send a first message for the specific service message and receive a response comprising information indicating whether the requested first message is allowed.
[0140] In an embodiment, the additional first message may be sent to the first terminal device if the requested first message is allowed by the first network node.
[0141] In an embodiment, the request may be re-sent to the first network node after a time if the requested first message is rejected by the first network node. The time may any suitable time. For example, the time may be configured by a network node such as the reader (e.g. the second terminal device or the first network node, etc. ) , predefined, or randomly selected by the second terminal device.
[0142] In an embodiment, the request may comprise information indicating whether the requested first message is an initial message or an additional first message, or information indicating a sequence number of the requested first message. This information may be any suitable information such as bit, flag, number, etc. For example, if there are three first messages 1, 2 and 3 associated with the specific service message for the first terminal device, first messages 1 is the first message and its sequence number is “1” and first messages 2 and 3 are additional first messages and their sequence numbers are “2” and “3” . First messages 1 may be first sent to the first terminal device, then first messages 2 may be sent to the first terminal device, and so on.
[0143] In an embodiment, different priorities may be given to different first messages. For example, the first network node such as RAN node may give different priorities to the different first message e.g. A-IoT paging message, e.g., prioritizing additional first message e.g. A-IoT paging message over the first message e.g. A-IoT paging (e.g., prioritize ongoing procedure over procedure to be started) . What option (s) the first network node and / or the second terminal device shall / could adopt may be determined and configured by the first network node or to be defined in 3GPP specification.
[0144] FIG. 4c shows a flowchart of a method 420 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0145] At block 422, the second terminal device may receive from the first network node a message comprising information indicating that an additional first message needs to be triggered for the specific service message. For example, the first network node determine an additional first message needs to be triggered for the specific service message and send the message to the second terminal device. After receiving the message, the second terminal device may send the additional first message comprising the first information to the first terminal device.
[0146] FIG. 4d shows a flowchart of a method 430 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0147] At block 432, if the specific service message comprises an estimate for a number of first terminal devices that will respond to the first message, the second terminal device may determine a parameter based on the estimate. For example, a network node such as AMF or RAN node or AIOTF may comprise the estimate in the specific service message and the second terminal device may determine a parameter based on the estimate. The parameter may comprise any suitable parameter such as radio resource parameter e.g. the number of slots.
[0148] FIGs. 5a, 5b, 5c and 5d show flowcharts of methods according to embodiments of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a first network node or communicatively coupled to the first network node. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the methods as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.
[0149] FIG. 5a shows a flowchart of a method 500 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0150] At block 502, the first network node may send a first message to a first terminal device or a second terminal device. In an embodiment, the first message may comprise first information associating the first message with a specific service message for the first terminal device.
[0151] For example, the first network node may receive the specific service message from another network node e.g. AMF, AIOTF, AF, etc. and then it may send the first message to the first terminal device or the second terminal device based on the specific service message.
[0152] In an embodiment, the first information may be used for determining whether to perform a procedure requested in the first message. In an embodiment, the first message may further comprise second information indicating whether to perform the procedure requested in the first message. In an embodiment, the second information may explicitly or implicitly indicate the first terminal device needs to perform the procedure. In an embodiment, the second information may explicitly or implicitly indicate the first terminal device only needs to perform the requested procedure if the first terminal device has not completed the requested procedure before. In an embodiment, the first message may further comprise third information for determining whether to perform a procedure requested in the first message. In an embodiment, the third information may comprise a session ID. In an embodiment, the first information may be generated by at least one of a second network node, a first network node, or a second terminal device. In an embodiment, which one of the first network node, the second network node and the second terminal device generates the first information may be predefined, or determined based on coordination among the first network node, the second network node and second terminal device. In an embodiment, the first information comprises at least one of a message identifier (ID) , an ID, or a request ID. In an embodiment, the specific service message may comprise at least one of an inventory request, or a command request. In an embodiment, the first network node may comprise a radio access network node. In an embodiment, the second terminal device may comprise an intermediate user equipment. In an embodiment, the first terminal device may comprise an Ambient Internet of Things device. In an embodiment, the first message may comprise at least one of a paging message, or a command message. In an embodiment, the first message may comprise at least one of an ID of the first network node or a second terminal device, an ID of a network, or a parameter determined based on an estimate for a number of first terminal devices that will respond to the first message.
[0153] FIG. 5b shows a flowchart of a method 510 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0154] At block 512, the first network node may determine whether an additional first message needs to be triggered for the specific service message. Such determination may be performed in various ways. For example, if the number of first terminal devices that has responded to the first message is smaller than a threshold, the first network node may determine the additional first message is needed. If a specific first terminal device (e.g., precious item) does not respond to the first message, the first network node may determine the additional first message is needed.
[0155] At block 514, optionally, the first network node may send the additional first message to the first terminal device if the additional first message needs to be triggered for the specific service message. For example, block 514 may be applicable to topology 1.
[0156] At block 516, optionally, the first network node may send the additional first message to the second terminal device if the additional first message needs to be triggered for the specific service message For example, block 516 may be applicable to topology 2.
[0157] At block 518, optionally, the first network node may send a determining result to a second network node. In an embodiment, the determining result may be sent to the second network node in response to a request from the second network node. In an embodiment, the determining result may comprise a number of required first messages. For example, the second network node may take the determining result into account when e.g., determining whether / when to send a new (e.g. A-IoT) service request or (e.g. A-IoT) signaling.
[0158] At block 519, optionally, the first network node may send to the second terminal device a message comprising information indicating that an additional first message needs to be triggered for the specific service message. For example, block 516 may be applicable to topology 2. After receiving the message, the second terminal device may send an additional first message to the first terminal device.
[0159] FIG. 5c shows a flowchart of a method 520 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0160] At block 522, the first network node may receive, from a second terminal device, a request comprising information indicating that the second terminal device wants to send a first message for the specific service message. For example after receiving the request, the first network node may determine whether the requested first message is allowed based on various factors, such as load, radio resource, an estimate for a number of first terminal devices that will respond to the first message, etc.
[0161] At block 524, the first network node may send, to the second terminal device, a response comprising information indicating whether the requested first message is allowed. For example, after receiving the response, the second terminal device may send the first message if it is allowed or re-send the request after a time if it is not allowed.
[0162] In an embodiment, the request may comprise information indicating whether the requested first message is an initial message or an additional first message, or information indicating a sequence number of the requested first message. In an embodiment, different priorities may be given to different first messages.
[0163] FIG. 5d shows a flowchart of a method 530 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0164] At block 532, if the specific service message comprises an estimate for a number of first terminal devices that will respond to the first message, the first network node may determine a parameter based on the estimate. For example, a network node such as AMF or RAN node or AIOTF may comprise the estimate in the specific service message and the first network node may determine a parameter based on the estimate. The parameter may comprise any suitable parameter such as radio resource parameter e.g. the number of slots.
[0165] FIGs. 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d and 6e show flowcharts of methods according to embodiments of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in or at or as a second network node or communicatively coupled to the second network node. As such, the apparatus may provide means or modules or circuits for accomplishing various parts of the methods as well as means or modules or circuits for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts which have been described in the above embodiments, the description thereof is omitted here for brevity.
[0166] FIG. 6a shows a flowchart of a method 600 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0167] At block 602, the second network node may generate first information.
[0168] At block 604, the second network node may send the first information to a first network node.
[0169] For example, if the second network node receives the specific service message without the first information from another network node, it may generate the first information. If the received specific service message already comprises the first information, block 602 may be omitted. The first information may be sent to the first network node in any suitable message. For example, the first information may be comprised in the specific service message.
[0170] In an embodiment, the first information may be to associate a first message with a specific service message for a first terminal device. In an embodiment, the first information may be used for determining whether to perform a procedure requested in the first message. In an embodiment, the first information may comprise at least one of a message identifier (ID) , an ID, or a request ID. In an embodiment, the specific service message may comprise at least one of an inventory request, or a command request. In an embodiment, the specific service message may comprise an estimate for a number of first terminal devices that will respond to the first message. In an embodiment, the first network node may comprise a radio access network node, and / or the first terminal device comprises an Ambient Internet of Things device. In an embodiment, the first message may comprise at least one of a paging message, or a command message.
[0171] FIG. 6b shows a flowchart of a method 610 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0172] At block 612, the second network node may receive, from a first network node, a determining result regarding whether an additional first message needs to be triggered for the specific service message. In an embodiment, the determining result may be received in response to a request from the second network node. In an embodiment, the determining result may comprise a number of required first messages.
[0173] At block 614, the second network node may determine whether and / or when to send a specific service message to the first network node based on the determining result.
[0174] In an embodiment, it proposes mechanisms for A-IoT devices to know whether they need to respond to a particular paging message from the network / reader / gNB / intermediate UE based on the information provided as part of the paging message.
[0175] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, it introduces an ID / message ID / request ID which may associate an A-IoT paging message to an A-IoT paging request from the CN.
[0176] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, A-IoT device may perform the operation (s) when receiving an A-IoT paging message including the ID / message ID / request ID.
[0177] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, A-IoT device may perform the operation (s) when receiving an A-IoT paging message including session ID.
[0178] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, it provides a mechanism to generate the ID / message ID / request ID and exchange it between different nodes in the NW.
[0179] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, it provides a mechanism about which node determines the need of additional A-IoT paging, which node generates the additional A-IoT paging and the associated signaling.
[0180] Embodiments
[0181] In the first embodiment, an ID, which may be referred as message ID / request ID is transmitted as part of the A-IoT paging message (or any command from the reader to the devices) which may associate the A-IoT paging message with the A-IoT service request or A-IoT signaling message, e.g., from the CN, that triggers the A-IoT paging procedure. In an embodiment, the paging message may also be considered as inventory. When the reader sends the A-IoT paging messages, it may include the associated ID / message ID / request ID in the A-IoT paging messages. In an embodiment, two different A-IoT service requests may have exactly the same content (e.g., the same target A-IoT device (s) , the same procedure that the target A-IoT device (s) need to follow) but the corresponding ID / message ID / request ID may be different. When receiving an A-IoT paging message, a targeted A-IoT device may perform the at least one of following:
[0182] -If the ID / message ID / request ID included in the A-IoT paging message is different from the ID in the previous A-IoT paging message from the same reader, the A-IoT device may determine whether to start the requested procedure according to the A-IoT signaling included in the A-IoT paging message. E. g., if the A-IoT signaling explicitly / implicitly indicates the targeted A-IoT device (s) needs to perform the procedure (s) requested in the A-IoT paging message, e.g., resetting certain (internal) parameters of the A-IoT device, sending A-IoT device’s device ID, fetching data stored in a certain memory bank of the A-IoT device and transmitting it to the reader, storing / writing data contained in the A-IoT signaling in the memory of the A-IoT device and acknowledging this, etc. (what procedure to start may be specified and explicit indication may be not needed in some cases) , regardless of whether the A-IoT device has completed the same procedure requested in the A-IoT paging message in the previous round of A-IoT paging message, the A-IoT device will perform the procedure requested in the A-IoT paging message again.
[0183] -if the A-IoT paging message includes an ID / message ID / request ID which is same as the ID / message ID / request ID in the A-IoT paging message from the same reader transmitted in the previous round of the A-IoT paging message, the targeted A-IoT device (s) only needs to perform the procedure requested in the A-IoT paging message if the device (s) has not completed the procedure requested in the A-IoT paging message before in one of the rounds of the A-IoT paging messages that are associated with the same ID / message ID / request ID. Otherwise A-IoT device (s) may ignore the A-IoT paging message. Meanwhile, the A-IoT device may update the stored the ID / message ID / request ID to the newly received the ID / message ID / request ID.
[0184] -If the ID / message ID / request ID included in the A-IoT paging message is same as the stored ID / message ID / request ID, the A-IoT device may perform / continue to perform the corresponding procedure if it has not completed the procedure requested in the A-IoT paging message so far, otherwise the A-IoT device may ignore the the A-IoT paging message.
[0185] -if the A-IoT device is not able to monitor the A-IoT paging message e.g. due to lack of energy, failure or something similar, so that it may be possible that the A-IoT device might have (continuously) missed one or multiple rounds of paging messages, the A-IoT device may disregard the received ID / message ID / request ID even when it matches with the last ID / message ID / request ID stored in the A-IoT device and perform the corresponding procedure requested in the A-IoT paging message regardless. The A-IoT device may disregard the received session ID even when it matches with the last session ID stored in the A-IoT device and perform the corresponding procedure requested in the A-IoT paging message regardless.
[0186] FIG. 6c shows a flowchart of A-IoT device behavior according to the received ID / message ID / request ID.
[0187] Step 601. A-IoT device may receive an A-IoT paging message comprising e.g. message ID / request ID. The A-IoT paging message may further comprise any other information (e.g. A-IoT signaling) as described in various embodiments.
[0188] Step 602. A-IoT device may determine whether the received message ID / request ID is different from the stored message ID / request ID. In an embodiment, A-IoT device may check if there is message ID / request ID stored. If there is no message ID / request ID stored, step 602 may be omitted.
[0189] Step 603. If the received message ID / request ID is different from the stored message ID / request ID or there is no stored message ID / request ID, A-IoT device may determine whether to start the requested procedure according to e.g. A-IoT signaling (e.g. the second information) . Step 603 will be described in FIG. 6d.
[0190] Step 604. A-IoT device may update the stored message / request ID to the received message ID / request ID.
[0191] Step 605. If the received message ID / request ID is same as the stored message ID / request ID, A-IoT device may determine whether the procedure requested by the A-IoT signaling has been completed.
[0192] Step 606. If the procedure requested by the A-IoT signaling has been completed, A-IoT device may ignore the rest part of the A-IoT paging message.
[0193] Step 607. If the procedure requested by the A-IoT signaling has not been completed, A-IoT device may start or continue the procedure requested by the A-IoT signaling in the A-IoT paging message.
[0194] FIG. 6d shows a flowchart of an example of taking actions according to the A-IoT signaling in FIG. 6c.
[0195] Step 611. A-IoT device may determine whether to start the requested procedure according to the A-IoT signaling (e.g. second information) . Step 611 may comprise sub steps 612, 613 and 614.
[0196] Sub step 612. A-IoT device may determine whether the A-IoT signaling indicates that a new procedure requested by the A-IoT signaling needs to be started no matter the same procedure have been completed before.
[0197] Sub step 613. If the A-IoT signaling indicates that a new procedure requested by the A-IoT signaling needs to be started no matter the same procedure have been completed before, A-IoT device may start the procedure requested by the A-IoT signaling in the A-IoT paging message.
[0198] Sub step 614. If the A-IoT signaling does not indicate that a new procedure requested by the A-IoT signaling needs to be started no matter the same procedure have been completed before, A-IoT device may ignore the rest part of the A-IoT paging message.
[0199] In another embodiment, if the A-IoT signaling explicitly / implicitly indicates the targeted A-IoT device (s) only need to start the procedure if it has not completed the same procedure before, the A-IoT device may starts the procedure only if it has not completed the same procedure before, otherwise the A-IoT device may ignore the rest part of the A-IoT paging message.
[0200] In an embodiment, if the A-IoT paging message does not include the ID / message ID / request ID, the A-IoT device may always determine whether to perform the requested procedure according to the A-IoT signaling (e.g. second information) included in the A-IoT paging message. In another embodiment, if the A-IoT paging message does not include the ID / message ID / request ID, A-IoT device may assume that it has to perform the corresponding procedure.
[0201] In the second embodiment, an ID / message ID / request ID may be reserved which the reader does not use. If the A-IoT device is out of energy for more than a certain time (denoted ID / message ID / request ID persistence time) and the stored ID / message ID / request ID may be lost, the A-IoT device may set the ID to the reserved value when energized. This means the A-IoT device will react as if the ID / message ID / request ID included in the received A-IoT paging message is different from the stored ID / message ID / request ID when it lost the stored ID / message ID / request ID and energized again. The ID / message ID / request ID persistence time may be up to the A-IoT device implementation and a requirement on the minimum persistence time may be defined in the specs as a requirement.
[0202] In the third embodiment, the A-IoT device may take other information, e.g., session ID, into account when determining whether to perform or continue to perform a procedure request by an A-IoT signaling. In a session, multiple A-IoT signaling may be delivered which may require different procedures to be performed at the A-IoT device (e.g., in a session, the A-IoT device may first be requested to report its device ID, then some data is fetched from the A-IoT device, and then some data is written / stored at the A-IoT device) . For instance, if the session ID included in the received A-IoT paging message is different from the stored session ID, the A-IoT device may always perform the requested procedure according to the A-IoT signaling included in the A-IoT paging message no matter the ID / message ID / request ID included in the received A-IoT paging message is same as the stored ID / message ID / request ID or not, and A-IoT device may update the stored session ID to the newly received one. Otherwise the A-IoT device may compare the received ID / message ID / request ID with the stored one and determine whether to perform or continue to perform the requested procedure as described in the first embodiment.
[0203] FIG. 6e shows a flowchart of A-IoT device behavior according to the received session ID.
[0204] Step 621. A-IoT device may receive an A-IoT paging message comprising at least one of session ID or message ID or request ID. The A-IoT paging message may further comprise at least one of second information or third information.
[0205] Step 622. A-IoT device may determine whether the received session ID is different from the stored session ID. If there is no stored session ID, block 622 may be omitted.
[0206] Step 623. If the received session ID is different from the stored session ID or there is no stored session ID, A-IoT device may start the procedure requested by the A-IoT signaling in the A-IoT paging message.
[0207] Step 624. A-IoT device may update the stored session ID to the received session ID.
[0208] Step 625. If the received session ID is same as the stored session ID, A-IoT device may compare the received message / request ID with the stored message / request ID and determine whether to start or continue the requested procedure e.g. based on the second information in the paging message.
[0209] In an embodiment, a session ID may be reserved which the reader does not use. If the A-IoT device is out of energy for more than a certain time (denoted session ID persistence time) and the stored session ID may be lost, the A-IoT device may set the ID to the reserved value when energized. Also the session ID persistence time may be up to the A-IoT device implementation and a requirement on the minimum persistence time may be defined in a further 3GPP specification. Note that for a session ID, there may be a corresponding ID / message ID / request ID which can be updated based on the number of rounds executed for the same session ID.
[0210] In the fourth embodiment, in topology 1, the ID / message ID / request ID may be generated by the CN which may send it to the RAN node (which is the reader in topology 1) together with the corresponding A-IoT service request or the A-IoT signaling. Alternatively, the RAN node may generate the ID / message ID / request ID when receiving the A-IoT service request or the A-IoT signaling from the CN and may associate it with the received A-IoT service request or the A-IoT signaling. In topology 2, the intermediate UE (which is the reader in topology 2) may generate the ID / message ID / request ID when receiving the A-IoT signaling from the CN or the RAN node and may associate it with the received A-IoT signaling, or the intermediate UE may receive the ID / message ID / request ID together with the A-IoT signaling from the CN or the RAN node (the ID / message ID / request ID may be generated by either the CN or the RAN node when the RAN node sends the ID / message ID / request ID to the intermediate UE) . The different nodes (CN, RAN node, intermediate UE) may coordinate who shall generate the ID / message ID / request ID or this may be defined in a further 3GPP specification.
[0211] In the fifth embodiment, the RAN node may determine whether additional A-IoT paging needs to be triggered for an A-IoT service request or A-IoT signaling. The RAN node may inform the CN about the number of rounds required and CN may take this information into account when e.g., determining whether / when to send a new A-IoT service request or A-IoT signaling. The RAN node may only inform the CN when requested by the CN. In case of topology 2, the RAN node may inform the intermediate UE whether (additional) A-IoT paging is needed for a certain A-IoT signaling (represented by the ID / message ID / request ID) or the RAN node may directly generate the (additional) A-IoT paging message and send it to the intermediate UE. Alternatively, the intermediate UE may determine by itself whether (additional) A-IoT paging message is needed for an A-IoT signaling, if that is the case, the intermediate UE may send the A-IoT paging message (again) or send a request to its serving RAN node that it wants to send the A-IoT paging message (again) for the A-IoT signaling (represented by the ID / message ID / request ID) . The intermediate UE may only send (additional) A-IoT paging message for the A-IoT signaling if allowed by the serving RAN node. If the request is rejected, the intermediate UE may send the request again after certain time where the time may be configured by the reader, predefined, or randomly selected by the intermediate UE. In the request the intermediate UE may inform the RAN node whether the requested A-IoT paging is the first A-IoT paging or an additional A-IoT paging, or explicitly inform the sequence number of the A-IoT paging. The RAN node may give different priorities to the different A-IoT paging message, e.g., prioritize additional A-IoT paging message over the first A-IoT paging message (i.e., prioritize ongoing procedure over procedure to be started) . What option (s) the RAN node and / or the intermediate UE shall / could adopt may be determined and configured by the RAN node or defined in the spec.
[0212] In the sixth embodiment, in case both the initial and the subsequent A-IoT paging message are triggered by the reader itself w / o A-IoT service request or A-IoT signaling from CN, the reader (or its serving RAN node in case of topology 2) may generate a new message ID or request ID when triggering an initial A-IoT paging (which may be different from the old ID / message ID / request ID) and associate the initial and the corresponding subsequent A-IoT paging messages with that ID / message ID / request ID. When receiving an A-IoT paging message, a targeted A-IoT device may perform at least one of the following:
[0213] -If the ID / message ID / request ID included in the A-IoT paging message is different from the stored ID, message ID or request ID or there is no stored ID, message ID or request ID, the A-IoT device may start the procedure that is allowed / requested by the A-IoT signaling to perform.
[0214] Meanwhile, the A-IoT device may updates the stored the ID / message ID / request ID to the newly received ID / message ID / request ID.
[0215] -If the ID / message ID / request ID included in the A-IoT paging message is same as the stored ID / message ID / request ID, the A-IoT device may continue to perform a procedure it has started but not completed when receiving a previous A-IoT paging with the same ID / message ID / request ID, or start a new procedure that is allowed / requested to perform where the procedure is different from the one it has started when receiving a previous A-IoT paging with the same ID / message ID / request ID, or ignore the rest part of the A-IoT paging message.
[0216] In another embodiment, the paging request from the CN may include an estimate for the number of A-IoT devices that may respond to the paging message so that the reader can provide the related parameters, e.g., number of slots, accordingly.
[0217] In another embodiment, the paging message from the reader to the A-IoT devices in a coverage area may include information about the ID of the reader, so that the A-IoT devices can differentiate between different paging messages / (R2D) commands. In another embodiment such reader ID may be embedded / integrated in the paging / message ID, so that there is no need for providing the reader ID explicitly.
[0218] In another embodiment, the reader may include information about the ID of the PLMN in the paging message from the reader to the A-IoT devices. In another embodiment such PLMN ID may be embedded / integrated in the reader ID, so that there is no need for providing the PLMN ID explicitly.
[0219] Embodiments herein may provide many advantages, of which a non-exhaustive list of examples follows. In some embodiments herein, the proposed solution may enable proper operation of sending a message (e.g. A-IoT paging message) to a terminal device multiple times when receiving one (e.g. A-IoT) service request from the CN. In some embodiments herein, the proposed solution may increase the reachability of the terminal device. In some embodiments herein, the proposed solution may make sure that the terminal device (e.g. A-IoT device) does not perform a procedure requested in a message (e.g., send UL response) more than an expected / required times (e.g. one times) , by this the reachability is increased while avoiding the terminal device (e.g. A-IoT device) to consume energy unnecessarily. In some embodiments herein, the proposed solution may reduce the probability of response message contention and thus reduce the number of message transmission associated with a specific service message for the terminal device. In some embodiments herein, the proposed solution may enable the terminal device to know whether the message is triggered by the same or different service request from the CN, so that the terminal device would be able to know whether / how it shall response. The embodiments herein are not limited to the features and advantages mentioned above. A person skilled in the art will recognize additional features and advantages upon reading the following detailed description.
[0220] FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing an apparatus suitable for practicing some embodiments of the disclosure. For example, the first network node, the second network node, the first terminal device or the second terminal device described above may be implemented as or through the apparatus 700.
[0221] The apparatus 700 comprises at least one processor 721, such as a digital processor (DP) , and at least one memory (MEM) 722 coupled to the processor 721. The apparatus 700 may comprise a transmitter TX and receiver RX 723 coupled to the processor 721. The MEM 722 stores a program (PROG) 724. The PROG 724 may include instructions that, when executed on the associated processor 721, enable the apparatus 700 to operate in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure. A combination of the at least one processor 721 and the at least one MEM 722 may form processing means 725 adapted to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0222] Various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by computer program executable by one or more of the processor 721, software, firmware, hardware or in a combination thereof.
[0223] The MEM 722 may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memories and removable memories, as non-limiting examples.
[0224] The processor 721 may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment, and may include one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples.
[0225] With function units, the first network node, the second network node, the first terminal device or the second terminal device may not need a fixed processor or memory, any computing resource and storage resource may be arranged from the first network node, the second network node, the first terminal device or the second terminal device in the communication system. The introduction of virtualization technology and network computing technology may improve the usage efficiency of the network resources and the flexibility of the network.
[0226] Further, the exemplary overall commutation system including the terminal device (e.g. the first terminal device or the second terminal device) and the network node (such as the first network node or the second network node) will be introduced as below.
[0227] FIG. 8 shows an example of a communication system 9100 in accordance with some embodiments.
[0228] In the example, the communication system 9100 includes a telecommunication network 9102 that includes an access network 9104, such as a radio access network (RAN) , and a core network 9106, which includes one or more core network nodes 9108. The access network 9104 includes one or more access network nodes, such as network nodes 9110a and 9110b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as network nodes 9110) , or any other similar 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access nodes or non-3GPP access points. Moreover, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, a network node is not necessarily limited to an implementation in which a radio portion and a baseband portion are supplied and integrated by a single vendor. Thus, it will be understood that network nodes include disaggregated implementations or portions thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the telecommunication network 9102 includes one or more Open-RAN (ORAN) network nodes. An ORAN network node is a node in the telecommunication network 9102 that supports an ORAN specification (e.g., a specification published by the O-RAN Alliance, or any similar organization) and may operate alone or together with other nodes to implement one or more functionalities of any node in the telecommunication network 9102, including one or more network nodes 9110 and / or core network nodes 9108.
[0229] Examples of an ORAN network node include an open radio unit (O-RU) , an open distributed unit (O-DU) , an open central unit (O-CU) , including an O-CU control plane (O-CU-CP) or an O-CU user plane (O-CU-UP) , a RAN intelligent controller (near-real time or non-real time) hosting software or software plug-ins, such as a near-real time control application (e.g., xApp) or a non-real time control application (e.g., rApp) , or any combination thereof (the adjective “open” designating support of an ORAN specification) . The network node may support a specification by, for example, supporting an interface defined by the ORAN specification, such as an A1, F1, W1, E1, E2, X2, Xn interface, an open fronthaul user plane interface, or an open fronthaul management plane interface. Moreover, an ORAN access node may be a logical node in a physical node. Furthermore, an ORAN network node may be implemented in a virtualization environment (described further below) in which one or more network functions are virtualized. For example, the virtualization environment may include an O-Cloud computing platform orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface defined by the O-RAN Alliance or comparable technologies. The network nodes 9110 facilitate direct or indirect connection of user equipment (UE) , such as by connecting UEs 9112a, 9112b, 9112c, and 9112d (one or more of which may be generally referred to as UEs 9112) to the core network 9106 over one or more wireless connections.
[0230] Example wireless communications over a wireless connection include transmitting and / or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and / or other types of signals suitable for conveying information without the use of wires, cables, or other material conductors. Moreover, in different embodiments, the communication system 9100 may include any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, UEs, and / or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and / or signals whether via wired or wireless connections. The communication system 9100 may include and / or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, radio network, and / or other similar type of system.
[0231] The UEs 9112 may be any of a wide variety of communication devices, including wireless devices arranged, configured, and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with the network nodes 9110 and other communication devices. Similarly, the network nodes 9110 are arranged, capable, configured, and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with the UEs 9112 and / or with other network nodes or equipment in the telecommunication network 9102 to enable and / or provide network access, such as wireless network access, and / or to perform other functions, such as administration in the telecommunication network 9102.
[0232] In the depicted example, the core network 9106 connects the network nodes 9110 to one or more host computing systems, such as host 9116. These connections may be direct or indirect via one or more intermediary networks or devices. In other examples, network nodes may be directly coupled to hosts. The core network 9106 includes one more core network nodes (e.g., core network node 9108) that are structured with hardware and software components. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the UEs, network nodes, and / or hosts, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the core network node 9108. Example core network nodes include functions of one or more of a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) , Mobility Management Entity (MME) , Home Subscriber Server (HSS) , Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) , Session Management Function (SMF) , Authentication Server Function (AUSF) , Subscription Identifier De-concealing function (SIDF) , Unified Data Management (UDM) , Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP) , Network Exposure Function (NEF) , and / or a User Plane Function (UPF) .
[0233] The host 9116 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider other than an operator or provider of the access network 9104 and / or the telecommunication network 9102. The host 9116 may host a variety of applications to provide one or more service. Examples of such applications include live and pre-recorded audio / video content, data collection services such as retrieving and compiling data on various ambient conditions detected by a plurality of UEs, analytics functionality, social media, functions for controlling or otherwise interacting with remote devices, functions for an alarm and surveillance center, or any other such function performed by a server.
[0234] As a whole, the communication system 9100 of FIG. 8 enables connectivity between the UEs, network nodes, and hosts. In that sense, the communication system may be configured to operate according to predefined rules or procedures, such as specific standards that include, but are not limited to: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) ; Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) ; Long Term Evolution (LTE) , and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G standards, or any applicable future generation standard (e.g., 6G) ; wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards (WiFi) ; and / or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) , Bluetooth, Z-Wave, Near Field Communication (NFC) ZigBee, LiFi, and / or any low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) standards such as LoRa and Sigfox.
[0235] In some examples, the telecommunication network 9102 is a cellular network that implements 3GPP standardized features. Accordingly, the telecommunications network 9102 may support network slicing to provide different logical networks to different devices that are connected to the telecommunication network 9102. For example, the telecommunications network 9102 may provide Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) services to some UEs, while providing Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services to other UEs, and / or Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) / Massive IoT services to yet further UEs.
[0236] In some examples, the UEs 9112 are configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a UE may be designed to transmit information to the access network 9104 on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the access network 9104. Additionally, a UE may be configured for operating in single-or multi-RAT or multi-standard mode. For example, a UE may operate with any one or combination of Wi-Fi, NR (New Radio) and LTE, i.e. being configured for multi-radio dual connectivity (MR-DC) , such as E-UTRAN (Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) New Radio –Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) .
[0237] In the example, the hub 9114 communicates with the access network 9104 to facilitate indirect communication between one or more UEs (e.g., UE 9112c and / or 9112d) and network nodes (e.g., network node 9110b) . In some examples, the hub 9114 may be a controller, router, content source and analytics, or any of the other communication devices described herein regarding UEs. For example, the hub 9114 may be a broadband router enabling access to the core network 9106 for the UEs. As another example, the hub 9114 may be a controller that sends commands or instructions to one or more actuators in the UEs. Commands or instructions may be received from the UEs, network nodes 9110, or by executable code, script, process, or other instructions in the hub 9114. As another example, the hub 9114 may be a data collector that acts as temporary storage for UE data and, in some embodiments, may perform analysis or other processing of the data. As another example, the hub 9114 may be a content source. For example, for a UE that is a VR device, display, loudspeaker, or other media delivery device, the hub 9114 may retrieve VR assets, video, audio, or other media or data related to sensory information via a network node, which the hub 9114 then provides to the UE either directly, after performing local processing, and / or after adding additional local content. In still another example, the hub 9114 acts as a proxy server or orchestrator for the UEs, in particular if one or more of the UEs are low energy IoT devices.
[0238] The hub 9114 may have a constant / persistent or intermittent connection to the network node 9110b. The hub 9114 may also allow for a different communication scheme and / or schedule between the hub 9114 and UEs (e.g., UE 9112c and / or 9112d) , and between the hub 9114 and the core network 9106. In other examples, the hub 9114 is connected to the core network 9106 and / or one or more UEs via a wired connection. Moreover, the hub 9114 may be configured to connect to an M2M service provider over the access network 9104 and / or to another UE over a direct connection. In some scenarios, UEs may establish a wireless connection with the network nodes 9110 while still connected via the hub 9114 via a wired or wireless connection. In some embodiments, the hub 9114 may be a dedicated hub –that is, a hub whose primary function is to route communications to / from the UEs from / to the network node 9110b. In other embodiments, the hub 9114 may be a non-dedicated hub –that is, a device which is capable of operating to route communications between the UEs and network node 9110b, but which is additionally capable of operating as a communication start and / or end point for certain data channels.
[0239] FIG. 9 shows a UE 1000 in accordance with some embodiments. The UE 1000 presents additional details of some embodiments of the UE 9112 of FIG. 8. As used herein, a UE refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and / or other UEs. Examples of a UE include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, mobile phone, cell phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phone, wireless local loop phone, desktop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA) , wireless cameras, gaming console or device, music storage / playback device, wearable terminal device, wireless endpoint, mobile station, tablet, laptop, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , an Augmented Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR) device, wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE) , vehicle, vehicle-mounted or vehicle embedded / integrated wireless device, etc. Other examples include any UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) , including a narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE.
[0240] A UE may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) , vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) , vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) , or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) . In other examples, a UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the relevant device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller) . Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter) .
[0241] The UE 1000 includes processing circuitry 1002 that is operatively coupled via a bus 1004 to an input / output interface 1006, a power source 1008, a memory 1010, a communication interface 1012, and / or any other component, or any combination thereof. Certain UEs may utilize all or a subset of the components shown in FIG. 9. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.
[0242] The processing circuitry 1002 is configured to process instructions and data and may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory 1010. The processing circuitry 1002 may be implemented as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , etc. ) ; programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored computer programs, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) , together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry 1002 may include multiple central processing units (CPUs) .
[0243] In the example, the input / output interface 1006 may be configured to provide an interface or interfaces to an input device, output device, or one or more input and / or output devices. Examples of an output device include a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. An input device may allow a user to capture information into the UE 1000. Examples of an input device include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc. ) , a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, etc., or any combination thereof. An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port may be used to provide an input device and an output device.
[0244] In some embodiments, the power source 1008 is structured as a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet) , photovoltaic device, or power cell, may be used. The power source 1008 may further include power circuitry for delivering power from the power source 1008 itself, and / or an external power source, to the various parts of the UE 1000 via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Delivering power may be, for example, for charging of the power source 1008. Power circuitry may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from the power source 1008 to make the power suitable for the respective components of the UE 1000 to which power is supplied.
[0245] The memory 1010 may be or be configured to include memory such as random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , programmable read-only memory (PROM) , erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives, and so forth. In one example, the memory 1010 includes one or more application programs 1014, such as an operating system, web browser application, a widget, gadget engine, or other application, and corresponding data 1016. The memory 1010 may store, for use by the UE 1000, any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.
[0246] The memory 1010 may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID) , flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM) , synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) , external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as tamper resistant module in the form of a universal integrated circuit card (UICC) including one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs) , such as a USIM and / or ISIM, other memory, or any combination thereof. The UICC may for example be an embedded UICC (eUICC) , integrated UICC (iUICC) or a removable UICC commonly known as ‘SIM card. ’ The memory 1010 may allow the UE 1000 to access instructions, application programs and the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied as or in the memory 1010, which may be or comprise a device-readable storage medium.
[0247] The processing circuitry 1002 may be configured to communicate with an access network or other network using the communication interface 1012. The communication interface 1012 may comprise one or more communication subsystems and may include or be communicatively coupled to an antenna 1022. The communication interface 1012 may include one or more transceivers used to communicate, such as by communicating with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication (e.g., another UE or a network node in an access network) . Each transceiver may include a transmitter 1018 and / or a receiver 1020 appropriate to provide network communications (e.g., optical, electrical, frequency allocations, and so forth) . Moreover, the transmitter 1018 and receiver 1020 may be coupled to one or more antennas (e.g., antenna 1022) and may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively be implemented separately.
[0248] In the illustrated embodiment, communication functions of the communication interface 1012 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, LPWAN communication, data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. Communications may be implemented in according to one or more communication protocols and / or standards, such as IEEE 802.11, Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , GSM, LTE, New Radio (NR) , UMTS, WiMax, Ethernet, transmission control protocol / internet protocol (TCP / IP) , synchronous optical networking (SONET) , Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) , QUIC, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) , and so forth.
[0249] Regardless of the type of sensor, a UE may provide an output of data captured by its sensors, through its communication interface 1012, via a wireless connection to a network node. Data captured by sensors of a UE can be communicated through a wireless connection to a network node via another UE. The output may be periodic (e.g., once every 15 minutes if it reports the sensed temperature) , random (e.g., to even out the load from reporting from several sensors) , in response to a triggering event (e.g., when moisture is detected an alert is sent) , in response to a request (e.g., a user initiated request) , or a continuous stream (e.g., a live video feed of a patient) .
[0250] As another example, a UE comprises an actuator, a motor, or a switch, related to a communication interface configured to receive wireless input from a network node via a wireless connection. In response to the received wireless input the states of the actuator, the motor, or the switch may change. For example, the UE may comprise a motor that adjusts the control surfaces or rotors of a drone in flight according to the received input or to a robotic arm performing a medical procedure according to the received input.
[0251] A UE, when in the form of an Internet of Things (IoT) device, may be a device for use in one or more application domains, these domains comprising, but not limited to, city wearable technology, extended industrial application and healthcare. Non-limiting examples of such an IoT device are a device which is or which is embedded in: a connected refrigerator or freezer, a TV, a connected lighting device, an electricity meter, a robot vacuum cleaner, a voice controlled smart speaker, a home security camera, a motion detector, a thermostat, a smoke detector, a door / window sensor, a flood / moisture sensor, an electrical door lock, a connected doorbell, an air conditioning system like a heat pump, an autonomous vehicle, a surveillance system, a weather monitoring device, a vehicle parking monitoring device, an electric vehicle charging station, a smart watch, a fitness tracker, a wearable for tactile augmentation or sensory enhancement, a water sprinkler, an animal-or item-tracking device, a sensor for monitoring a plant or animal, an industrial robot, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) , and any kind of medical device, like a heart rate monitor or a remote controlled surgical robot. A UE in the form of an IoT device comprises circuitry and / or software in dependence of the intended application of the IoT device in addition to other components as described in relation to the UE 1000 shown in FIG. 9.
[0252] As yet another specific example, in an IoT scenario, a UE may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another UE and / or a network node. The UE may in this case be an M2M device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, the UE may implement the 3GPP NB-IoT standard. In other scenarios, a UE may represent a vehicle, such as a car, a bus, a truck, a ship and an airplane, or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and / or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.
[0253] In practice, any number of UEs may be used together with respect to a single use case. For example, a first UE might be or be integrated in a drone and provide the drone’s speed information (obtained through a speed sensor) to a second UE that is a remote controller operating the drone. When the user makes changes from the remote controller, the first UE may adjust the throttle on the drone (e.g. by controlling an actuator) to increase or decrease the drone’s speed. The first and / or the second UE can also include more than one of the functionalities described above. For example, a UE might comprise the sensor and the actuator, and handle communication of data for both the speed sensor and the actuators.
[0254] FIG. 10 shows a network node 1100 in accordance with some embodiments. As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a UE and / or with other network nodes or equipment, in a telecommunication network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points) , base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs) ) , O-RAN nodes or components of an O-RAN node (e.g., O-RU, O-DU, O-CU) .
[0255] Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and so, depending on the provided amount of coverage, may be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. A base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units, distributed units (e.g., in an O-RAN access node) and / or remote radio units (RRUs) , sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) . Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS) .
[0256] Other examples of network nodes include multiple transmission point (multi-TRP) 5G access nodes, multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs) , base transceiver stations (BTSs) , transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell / multicast coordination entities (MCEs) , Operation and Maintenance (O&M) nodes, Operations Support System (OSS) nodes, Self-Organizing Network (SON) nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centers (E-SMLCs) ) , and / or Minimization of Drive Tests (MDTs) .
[0257] The network node 1100 includes a processing circuitry 1102, a memory 1104, a communication interface 1106, and a power source 1108. The network node 1100 may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and a RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc. ) , which may each have their own respective components. In certain scenarios in which the network node 1100 comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components) , one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeBs. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, the network node 1100 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs) . In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate memory 1104 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., a same antenna 1110 may be shared by different RATs) . The network node 1100 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node 1100, for example GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, Zigbee, Z-wave, LoRaWAN, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node 1100.
[0258] The processing circuitry 1102 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and / or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other network node 1100 components, such as the memory 1104, to provide network node 1100 functionality.
[0259] In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1102 includes a system on a chip (SOC) . In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1102 includes one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 1112 and baseband processing circuitry 1114. In some embodiments, the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 1112 and the baseband processing circuitry 1114 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips) , boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry 1112 and baseband processing circuitry 1114 may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units.
[0260] The memory 1104 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer-readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , mass storage media (for example, a hard disk) , removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD) ) , and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and / or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuitry 1102. The memory 1104 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, and / or other instructions capable of being executed by the processing circuitry 1102 and utilized by the network node 1100. The memory 1104 may be used to store any calculations made by the processing circuitry 1102 and / or any data received via the communication interface 1106. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1102 and memory 1104 is integrated.
[0261] The communication interface 1106 is used in wired or wireless communication of signaling and / or data between a network node, access network, and / or UE. As illustrated, the communication interface 1106 comprises port (s) / terminal (s) 1116 to send and receive data, for example to and from a network over a wired connection. The communication interface 1106 also includes radio front-end circuitry 1118 that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, the antenna 1110. Radio front-end circuitry 1118 comprises filters 1120 and amplifiers 1122. The radio front-end circuitry 1118 may be connected to an antenna 1110 and processing circuitry 1102. The radio front-end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna 1110 and processing circuitry 1102. The radio front-end circuitry 1118 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or UEs via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuitry 1118 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 1120 and / or amplifiers 1122. The radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna 1110. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna 1110 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry 1118. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry 1102. In other embodiments, the communication interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.
[0262] In certain alternative embodiments, the network node 1100 does not include separate radio front-end circuitry 1118, instead, the processing circuitry 1102 includes radio front-end circuitry and is connected to the antenna 1110. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of the RF transceiver circuitry 1112 is part of the communication interface 1106. In still other embodiments, the communication interface 1106 includes one or more ports or terminals 1116, the radio front-end circuitry 1118, and the RF transceiver circuitry 1112, as part of a radio unit (not shown) , and the communication interface 1106 communicates with the baseband processing circuitry 1114, which is part of a digital unit (not shown) .
[0263] The antenna 1110 may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and / or receive wireless signals. The antenna 1110 may be coupled to the radio front-end circuitry 1118 and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and / or signals wirelessly. In certain embodiments, the antenna 1110 is separate from the network node 1100 and connectable to the network node 1100 through an interface or port.
[0264] The antenna 1110, communication interface 1106, and / or the processing circuitry 1102 may be configured to perform any receiving operations and / or certain obtaining operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals may be received from a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna 1110, the communication interface 1106, and / or the processing circuitry 1102 may be configured to perform any transmitting operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals may be transmitted to a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment.
[0265] The power source 1108 provides power to the various components of network node 1100 in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component) . The power source 1108 may further comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry to supply the components of the network node 1100 with power for performing the functionality described herein. For example, the network node 1100 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., the power grid, an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry of the power source 1108. As a further example, the power source 1108 may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry. The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail.
[0266] Embodiments of the network node 1100 may include additional components beyond those shown in FIG. 10 for providing certain aspects of the network node’s functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and / or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, the network node 1100 may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into the network node 1100 and to allow output of information from the network node 1100. This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for the network node 1100. In some embodiments providing a core network node, such as core network node 9108 of FIG. 8, some components, such as the radio front-end circuitry 1118 and the RF transceiver circuitry 1112 may be omitted.
[0267] FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment 1200 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In the present context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to any device described herein, or components thereof, and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components. Some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines (VMs) implemented in one or more virtual environments 1200 hosted by one or more of hardware nodes, such as a hardware computing device that operates as a network node, UE, core network node, or host. Further, in embodiments in which the virtual node does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node or host) , then the node may be entirely virtualized. In some embodiments, the virtualization environment 1200 includes components defined by the O-RAN Alliance, such as an O-Cloud environment orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface. Virtualization may facilitate distributed implementations of a network node, UE, core network node, or host.
[0268] Applications 1202 (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc. ) are run in the virtualization environment Q400 to implement some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein.
[0269] Hardware 1204 includes processing circuitry, memory that stores software and / or instructions executable by hardware processing circuitry, and / or other hardware devices as described herein, such as a network interface, input / output interface, and so forth. Software may be executed by the processing circuitry to instantiate one or more virtualization layers 1206 (also referred to as hypervisors or virtual machine monitors (VMMs) ) , provide VMs 1208a and 1208b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as VMs 1208) , and / or perform any of the functions, features and / or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein. The virtualization layer 1206 may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to the VMs 1208.
[0270] The VMs 1208 comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer 1206. Different embodiments of the instance of a virtual appliance 1202 may be implemented on one or more of VMs 1208, and the implementations may be made in different ways. Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV) . NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment.
[0271] In the context of NFV, a VM 1208 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of the VMs 1208, and that part of hardware 1204 that executes that VM, be it hardware dedicated to that VM and / or hardware shared by that VM with others of the VMs, forms separate virtual network elements. Still in the context of NFV, a virtual network function is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more VMs 1208 on top of the hardware 1204 and corresponds to the application 1202.
[0272] Hardware 1204 may be implemented in a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware 1204 may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware 1204 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g. such as in a data center or CPE) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration 1210, which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications 1202. In some embodiments, hardware 1204 is coupled to one or more radio units that each includes one or more transmitters and one or more receivers that may be coupled to one or more antennas. Radio units may communicate directly with other hardware nodes via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station. In some embodiments, some signaling can be provided with the use of a control system 1212 which may alternatively be used for communication between hardware nodes and radio units.
[0273] Although the devices described herein may include the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise computing devices with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that these computing devices may comprise any suitable combination of hardware and / or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions and methods disclosed herein. Determining, calculating, obtaining or similar operations described herein may be performed by processing circuitry, which may process information by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and / or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. Moreover, while components are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, computing devices may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component, and functionality may be partitioned between separate components. For example, a communication interface may be configured to include any of the components described herein, and / or the functionality of the components may be partitioned between the processing circuitry and the communication interface. In another example, non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.
Claims
A method (300) performed by a first terminal device, comprising:receiving (302) a first message from a first network node or a second terminal device,wherein the first message comprises first information associating the first message with a specific service message for the first terminal device.The method according to claim 1, wherein the first information is used for determining whether to perform a procedure requested in the first message.The method according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising:determining (312) whether the first information is different from stored first information;if the first information is different from the stored first information or there is no first information stored, determining (314) whether to perform a procedure requested in the first message based on second information in the first message, wherein the second information indicates whether to perform the procedure requested in the first message; andif the first information is same as the stored first information, performing (316) the procedure requested in the first message if the procedure has not been completed, or ignoring a rest part of the first message if the procedure has been completed.The method according to claim 1, further comprising:if the paging message does not comprise the first information, determining (332) whether to perform a procedure requested in the first message based on second information in the first message; orif the paging message does not comprise the first information, performing (334) a procedure requested in the first message,wherein the second information indicates whether to perform the procedure requested in the first message.The method according to any of claims 3-4, wherein determining whether to perform a procedure requested in the first message based on second information in the first message comprises:if the second information explicitly or implicitly indicates the first terminal device needs to perform the procedure, performing the procedure; and / orif the second information explicitly or implicitly indicates the first terminal device only needs to perform the requested procedure if the first terminal device has not completed the requested procedure before, performing the requested procedure only if the first terminal device has not completed the requested procedure before or ignoring a rest part of the first message if the first terminal device has completed the requested procedure before.The method according to any of claims 1-5, wherein the specific service message comprises an estimate for a number of first terminal devices that will respond to the first message, the method further comprises:determining (432) a parameter based on the estimate.The method according to any of claims 1-6, further comprising:if the first terminal device has missed one or more of multiple first messages, disregarding (372) the first information and performing (372) the procedure requested in the first message.The method according to any of claims 1-7, further comprising:updating (364) the stored first information to the first information.The method according to any of claims 1-8, wherein the first information comprises at least one of:a message identifier (ID) , or a request ID.The method according to any of claims 1-9, wherein the specific service message comprises at least one of:an inventory request, or a command request.The method according to any of claims 1-10, whereinthe first network node comprises a radio access network node,the second terminal device comprises an intermediate user equipment, and / orthe first terminal device comprises an Ambient Internet of Things device.The method according to any of claims 1-11, wherein the first message comprises at least one of:a paging message, or a command message.A method (400) performed by a second terminal device, comprising:sending (402) a first message to a first terminal device,wherein the first message comprises first information associating the first message with a specific service message for the first terminal device.The method according to claim 13, wherein the first information is used for determining whether to perform a procedure requested in the first message.The method according to claim 13 or 14, wherein the first message further comprises second information indicating whether to perform the procedure requested in the first message.The method according to claim 15, wherein:the second information explicitly or implicitly indicates the first terminal device needs to perform the procedure; and / orthe second information explicitly or implicitly indicates the first terminal device only needs to perform the requested procedure if the first terminal device has not completed the requested procedure before.The method according to any of claims 13-16, wherein the first information is generated by at least one of:a second network node, a first network node, or a second terminal device.The method according to claim 17, wherein which one of the first network node, the second network node and the second terminal device generates the first information is predefined or determined based on coordination among the first network node, the second network node and second terminal device.The method according to any of claims 13-18, wherein the first information comprises at least one of:a message identifier (ID) , or a request ID.The method according to any of claims 13-19, wherein the specific service message comprises at least one of:an inventory request, or a command request.The method according to any of claims 13-20, wherein the specific service message comprises an estimate for a number of first terminal devices that will respond to the first message, the method further comprises:determining (432) a parameter based on the estimate.The method according to any of claims 13-21, whereinthe first network node comprises a radio access network node,the second terminal device comprises an intermediate user equipment, and / orthe first terminal device comprises an Ambient Internet of Things device.The method according to any of claims 13-22, wherein the first message is generated by the second terminal device or received from a first network node.The method according to any of claims 13-23, wherein the first message comprises at least one of:a paging message, or a command message.A method (500) performed by a first network node, comprising:sending (502) a first message to a first terminal device or a second terminal device,wherein the first message comprises first information associating the first message with a specific service message for the first terminal device.The method according to claim 25, wherein the first information is used for determining whether to perform a procedure requested in the first message.The method according to claim 25 or 26, wherein the first message further comprises second information indicating whether to perform the procedure requested in the first message.The method according to claim 27, wherein:the second information explicitly or implicitly indicates the first terminal device needs to perform the procedure; and / orthe second information explicitly or implicitly indicates the first terminal device only needs to perform the requested procedure if the first terminal device has not completed the requested procedure before.The method according to any of claims 25-28, wherein the first information is generated by at least one of:a second network node, a first network node, or a second terminal device.The method according to claim 29, wherein which one of the first network node, the second network node and the second terminal device generates the first information is predefined, or determined based on coordination among the first network node, the second network node and second terminal device.The method according to any of claims 25-30, wherein the first information comprises at least one of:a message identifier (ID) , or a request ID.The method according to any of claims 25-31, wherein the specific service message comprises at least one of:an inventory request, or a command request.The method according to any of claims 25-32, wherein the specific service message comprises an estimate for a number of first terminal devices that will respond to the first message, the method further comprises:determining (532) a parameter based on the estimate.The method according to any of claims 25-33, whereinthe first network node comprises a radio access network node,the second terminal device comprises an intermediate user equipment, and / orthe first terminal device comprises an Ambient Internet of Things device.The method according to any of claims 25-34, wherein the first message comprises at least one of:a paging message, or a command message.A method (600) performed by a second network node, comprising:sending a first message to a first network node, wherein the first message is used for triggering a specific service message;receiving (612) , from a first network node, a determining result regarding whether an additional first message needs to be triggered for the specific service message; anddetermining (614) whether and / or when to send a specific service message to the first network node based on the determining result.The method according to claim 36, wherein the determining result is received in response to a request from the second network node and / or wherein the determining result comprises a number of required first messages.The method according to any of claims 36-37, wherein the first information comprises at least one of:a message identifier (ID) , or a request ID.The method according to any of claims 36-38, wherein the specific service message comprises at least one of:an inventory request, or a command request.The method according to any of claims 36-39, wherein the specific service message comprises an estimate for a number of first terminal devices that will respond to the first message.The method according to any of claims 36-40, whereinthe first network node comprises a radio access network node, and / orthe first terminal device comprises an Ambient Internet of Things device.The method according to any of claims 36-41, wherein the first message comprises at least one of:a paging message, or a command message.
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