Method and device for performing internet of things-based communication in wireless communication system

Abstract

Disclosed are a method and a device for performing Internet of things (IoT)-based communication in a wireless communication system. A method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may comprise the steps of: identifying, by a first device, at least one of a modulation and coding scheme (MCS), repeated transmission, and transmission power for physical device-to-reader channel (PDRCH) transmission on the basis of a configuration or an indication from a second device; and transmitting, by the first device, a PDRCH to the second device on the basis of an energy level of the first device. Here, on the basis that the energy level of the first device does not satisfy a predetermined condition, transmission of the PDRCH may be performed by changing at least one of the MCS, the repeated transmission, and the transmission power.

Description

Method and device for performing Internet of Things-based communication in a wireless communication system

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a wireless communication system, and more particularly, to a method and device for performing Internet of Things (IoT)-based communication in a wireless communication system.

[0002] The fifth generation (5G) wireless communication system, the successor to 4G LTE (long-term evolution), is a new, clean-slate mobile communication system characterized by high performance, low latency, and high availability. 5G NR (New Radio) can utilize all available spectrum resources, from low-frequency bands below 1 GHz, to intermediate-frequency bands between 1 GHz and 10 GHz, and to high-frequency (or millimeter wave) bands above 24 GHz. 6G wireless communication systems are being developed based on the underlying technologies of 5G wireless communication.

[0003] The 6G wireless communication system is being developed with the goals of (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) reduced energy consumption of battery-free Internet of Things (IoT) devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The vision of the 6G system can be divided into four aspects: intelligent connectivity, deep connectivity, holographic connectivity, and ubiquitous connectivity. Considering the requirements of the 6G system, such as a peak data rate of 1 Tbps per device, an end-to-end latency of 1 ms, a maximum spectrum efficiency of 100 bps / Hz, support for mobility of 1000 km / h, satellite integration, artificial intelligence (AI), autonomous vehicles, extended reality (XR), and haptic communication, various technologies are being researched.

[0004] The technical problem of the present disclosure relates to a method and device for performing Internet of Things (IoT)-based communication in a wireless communication system.

[0005] The technical problem of the present disclosure relates to a method and device for setting / instructing an operation related to repetitive transmission in ambient IoT communication.

[0006] The technical problems to be achieved in the present disclosure are not limited to the technical problems mentioned above, and other technical problems not mentioned can be clearly understood by a person having ordinary skill in the technical field to which the present disclosure belongs from the description below.

[0007] A method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure may include: determining, by a first device, at least one of a modulation and coding scheme (MCS), repetition transmission, or transmission power for a physical device-to-reader channel (PDRCH) transmission based on a setting or instruction from a second device; and transmitting, by the first device, the PDRCH to the second device based on an energy level of the first device. Here, based on the energy level of the first device not satisfying a predetermined condition, transmission of the PDRCH may be performed by changing at least one of the MCS, the repetition transmission, or the transmission power.

[0008] According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, a method may include the steps of transmitting, by a second device, information regarding at least one of a modulation and coding scheme (MCS), repetition transmission, or transmission power for a physical device-to-reader channel (PDRCH) transmission to a first device; and receiving, by the second device, a PDRCH transmitted from the first device based on an energy level of the first device. Here, transmission of the PDRCH may be performed by changing at least one of the MCS, the repetition transmission, or the transmission power based on a condition that the energy level of the first device does not satisfy a predetermined condition.

[0009] According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a method and device for performing Internet of Things (IoT)-based communication in a wireless communication system can be provided.

[0010] According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a method and device for setting / instructing an operation related to repetitive transmission in ambient IoT communication may be provided.

[0011] The effects that can be obtained from the present disclosure are not limited to the effects mentioned above, and other effects that are not mentioned will be clearly understood by a person having ordinary skill in the art to which the present disclosure pertains from the description below.

[0012] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and are part of the detailed description to aid in understanding the present disclosure, provide embodiments of the present disclosure and, together with the detailed description, describe the technical features of the present disclosure.

[0013] Figure 1 illustrates a flexible network topology to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0014] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a communication system to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0015] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a wireless device to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0016] FIG. 4 exemplarily illustrates a communication procedure between a first node and a second node to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0017] FIG. 5 illustrates a functional framework for AI operations to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0018] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0019] FIG. 7 illustrates another example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0020] FIG. 8 illustrates another example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0021] FIG. 9 illustrates an electromagnetic spectrum to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0022] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a system information transmission / reception procedure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0023] FIG. 11 exemplarily illustrates a beam management procedure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0024] Figure 12 illustrates an example NTN scenario to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0025] Figure 13 illustrates another example of an NTN scenario to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0026] FIG. 14 illustrates examples of sensing operations to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0027] FIG. 15 illustrates topologies that can be supported in ambient IoT communications to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0028] FIG. 16 illustrates a specific example of a topology supported in ambient IoT communication to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0029] FIG. 17 illustrates a PRDCH generation method and a PDRCH generation method to which some examples of the present disclosure can be applied.

[0030] Figure 18 is a flowchart illustrating a procedure for an ambient IoT device to connect to a reader device.

[0031] FIG. 19 illustrates a control information and PRDCH / PDRCH transmission structure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0032] FIG. 20 illustrates preamble / postamble and PRDCH / PDRCH transmissions to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0033] FIG. 21 illustrates a MAC payload structure in a PRDCH / PDRCH to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0034] FIG. 22 illustrates repeated transmission of a PDRCH according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0035] FIG. 23 illustrates the operation of a first device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0036] FIG. 24 illustrates the operation of a second device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0037] FIG. 25 is a block diagram illustrating the configuration of device 1 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0038] FIG. 26 is a block diagram illustrating the configuration of device 2a according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0039] FIG. 27 is a block diagram illustrating the configuration of device 2b according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0040] Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The detailed description set forth below, together with the accompanying drawings, is intended to explain exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure and is not intended to represent the only embodiments in which the present disclosure may be practiced. The following detailed description includes specific details to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the present disclosure may be practiced without these specific details.

[0041] In some cases, to avoid obscuring the concepts of the present disclosure, known structures and devices may be omitted or illustrated in block diagram form focusing on the core functions of each structure and device.

[0042] In the present disclosure, when a component is said to be "connected," "coupled," or "connected" to another component, this may include not only a direct connection but also an indirect connection in which another component exists between them. Furthermore, the terms "comprises" or "has" in the present disclosure specify the presence of the mentioned features, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.

[0043] In this disclosure, terms such as “first,” “second,” etc. are used only to distinguish one component from another and are not used to limit the components, and do not limit the order or importance between the components unless specifically stated otherwise. Accordingly, within the scope of this disclosure, a first component in one embodiment may be referred to as a second component in another embodiment, and similarly, a second component in one embodiment may be referred to as a first component in another embodiment.

[0044] The terminology used in this disclosure is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of the claims. As used in the description of the embodiments and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0045] In this disclosure, "A or B" can mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." In other words, "A or B" in this disclosure can be interpreted as "A and / or B." For example, "A, B or C" in this disclosure can mean "only A," "only B," "only C," or "any combination of A, B and C."

[0046] As used herein, a slash ( / ) or a comma may mean "and / or." For example, "A / B" may mean "A and / or B." Accordingly, "A / B" may mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." For example, "A, B, C" may mean "A, B, or C."

[0047] In the present disclosure, “at least one of A and B” may mean “only A,” “only B,” or “both A and B.” Additionally, in the present disclosure, the expressions “at least one of A or B” or “at least one of A and / or B” may be interpreted identically to “at least one of A and B.”

[0048] Additionally, in the present disclosure, “at least one of A, B and C” can mean “only A,” “only B,” “only C,” or “any combination of A, B and C.” Additionally, “at least one of A, B or C” or “at least one of A, B and / or C” can mean “at least one of A, B and C.”

[0049] Additionally, parentheses used in the present disclosure may mean "for example." Specifically, when indicated as "control information (PDCCH)", "PDCCH" may be described as an example of "control information." In other words, "control information" in the present disclosure is not limited to "PDCCH," and "PDCCH" may be described as an example of "control information." Furthermore, even when indicated as "control information (i.e., PDCCH)", "PDCCH" may be described as an example of "control information."

[0050] In the following description, 'when, if, in case of' can be replaced with 'based on'.

[0051] Technical features individually described in one drawing in this disclosure may be implemented individually or simultaneously.

[0052] In the present disclosure, a terminal or user equipment (UE) may be a portable device and may be a first node that receives a signal from a base station / second node / IAB (integrated access backhaul) node.

[0053] In the present disclosure, a base station (BS) may be a second node / IAB node / Transmission-Reception Point (TRP).

[0054] In the present disclosure, higher layer parameters may be parameters configured, pre-configured, or pre-defined for the terminal. For example, a base station or a network may transmit higher layer parameters to the terminal. For example, the higher layer parameters may be transmitted via radio resource control (RRC) signaling or medium access control (MAC) signaling.

[0055] In the present disclosure, "setting or defining" may be interpreted as being set to a device through predefined signaling (e.g., SIB (system information block), MAC, RRC) from a base station or network. In the present disclosure, "setting or defining" may be interpreted as being set to a device through separate signaling or being defined in advance without separate signaling.

[0056] In the present disclosure, transmitting or receiving a channel means transmitting or receiving information or a signal through the channel. For example, transmitting a control channel means transmitting control information or a signal through the control channel. Similarly, transmitting a data channel means transmitting data information or a signal through the data channel.

[0057] The technology described in the present disclosure can be used in various wireless communication systems such as CDMA (code division multiple access), FDMA (frequency division multiple access), TDMA (time division multiple access), OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access), and SC-FDMA (single carrier frequency division multiple access). CDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as UTRA (universal terrestrial radio access) or CDMA2000. TDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as GSM (global system for mobile communications) / GPRS (general packet radio service) / EDGE (enhanced data rates for GSM evolution). OFDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802-20, E-UTRA (evolved UTRA), LTE (long term evolution), and 5G NR.

[0058] The technology described in the present disclosure can be implemented with 6G wireless technology and applied to various 6G systems. For example, the 6G system can have key factors such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), artificial intelligence (AI) integrated communication, tactile internet, high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion, and enhanced data security.

[0059] Network structure

[0060] Figure 1 illustrates a flexible network topology to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0061] To compensate for incomplete network coverage areas, a network topology that allows for more flexible and resilient split radio access networks (RANs) may be considered. For this purpose, various nodes, such as integrated access backhaul (IAB) nodes, relays, and radio frequency (RF) repeaters, as illustrated in Figure 1, may be applied, or a non-terrestrial network (NTN) may be integrated. For example, an IAB node may correspond to a node that provides wireless backhaul. For example, a relay may refer to any intermediate point, and in the case of a sidelink relay where a terminal functions as a relay, it may collectively refer to a terminal-to-network (U2N) relay and a terminal-to-terminal (U2U) relay. For example, an RF repeater may correspond to a node that simply performs the function of signal amplification and forwarding, or in the case of a network-controlled repeater, it may not only amplify and forward signals but also adjust its transmission and reception settings based on information provided by the network. For example, NTN nodes could be satellites or aircraft that provide NTN coverage that terrestrial networks struggle to provide. Beyond these examples, various intermediate points can be introduced to improve the network topology.

[0062] Referring to Figure 1, a split RAN can support the division of a base station into a centralized unit (CU) and one or more distributed units (DUs). The CU and DU can correspond to logical units. The CU can be further divided into a control plane (CP) portion and one or more user plane (UP) portions. Since a failure in the CU-CP affects not only the CU-UP but also the DUs, various intermediate points can be introduced to compensate for this.

[0063] An intermediate point may correspond to a terminal or a base station, depending on its relationship to other nodes. For example, an IAB node may include a mobile-termination (MT) portion and a unit (DU). The MT may connect the IAB node to a donor node. The unit (DU) of an IAB node may serve other terminals or connect to other IAB nodes to provide multi-hop wireless backhaul to the terminal. For example, an IAB node may correspond to a base station in its relationship to a user-side node, and to a terminal in its relationship to a network-side node.

[0064] In some examples of the present disclosure, the description of a terminal may equally apply not only to a user-side endpoint, but also to an intermediate point corresponding to a terminal in a relative relationship with a network-side endpoint. Similarly, in some examples of the present disclosure, the description of a base station may equally apply not only to a network-side endpoint, but also to an intermediate point corresponding to a base station in a relative relationship with a user-side endpoint. In most cases where there is no additional description of the operations of three or more entities, the communicating entities in the present disclosure are briefly described as terminals and / or base stations (or first nodes and / or second nodes), where the terms terminal and / or base stations (or first nodes and / or second nodes) are interpreted to include / replace any endpoint or any intermediate point in relation to other nodes.

[0065] As such, in some examples of the present disclosure, for the sake of simplicity of explanation, the subjects of the operation may be referred to as terminals and / or base stations (or first nodes and / or second nodes). In addition, the terms terminal and / or base station (or first node and / or second node) may also be interpreted / replaced as in the following examples: For example, the terminal (or first node) and the base station (or second node) may respectively correspond to the first endpoint and the second endpoint; may respectively correspond to the endpoint and the intermediate point; may respectively correspond to the intermediate point and the endpoint; or may respectively correspond to the first intermediate point and the second intermediate point.

[0066] In the present disclosure, there may be zero or more intermediate points between the base station and the terminal. If an intermediate point exists, it may correspond to an IAB node / relay / RF repeater / NTN node, or a node supporting other functions. The intermediate point may be a node with a fixed location or a node with an unfixed location.

[0067] Systems applicable to this disclosure

[0068] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a communication system to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0069] The communication system (100) applied to the present disclosure includes a wireless device (110), a network device (120), and a network (130). Here, the wireless device (110) refers to a device that performs communication using a wireless access technology (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A pro, NR, 5G, 5G-A, 6G) and may be referred to as a communication / wireless / 5G / 6G device. Although not limited thereto, the wireless device (110) may include a robot (110a), a vehicle (110b-1, 110b-2), an XR (extended reality) device (110c), a hand-held device (110d), a home appliance (110e), an IoT (Internet of Things) device (110f), and an AI (artificial intelligence) device / server (110g). For example, the vehicle may include a vehicle equipped with a wireless communication function, an autonomous vehicle, a vehicle capable of performing vehicle-to-vehicle communication, etc. Here, the vehicle (110b-1, 110b-2) may include an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). The XR device (110c) includes an augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) / mixed reality (MR) device, and may be implemented in the form of a head-mounted device (HMD), a head-up display (HUD) equipped in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. The portable device (110d) may include a smartphone, a smart pad, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart glasses), a computer (e.g., a laptop, etc.), etc. The home appliance (110e) may include a TV, a refrigerator, a washing machine, etc. The IoT device (110f) may include a sensor, a smart meter, etc. The wireless device (110) may correspond to a terminal (or first node) or an intermediate point.The network device (120) may correspond to a base station (or second node) or another intermediate point. For example, the network device (120) may also be implemented as a wireless device (110), and a specific wireless device (120a) may act as a network device (120) to another wireless device (110).

[0070] Wireless devices (110a to 110f) can be connected to a network (130) via a network device (120). AI technology can be applied to the wireless devices (110a to 110f), and the wireless devices (110a to 110f) can be connected to an AI server (110g) via a network (130). The network (130) can be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, a 5G (e.g., NR), or a 6G network. The wireless devices (110a to 110f) can communicate with each other via the network device (120) / network (130), but can also communicate directly (e.g., sidelink communication) without going through the network device (120) / network (130). For example, vehicles (110b-1, 110b-2) can communicate directly (e.g., V2V (vehicle to vehicle) / V2X (vehicle to everything) communication). Additionally, an IoT device (110f) (e.g., a sensor) can communicate directly with another IoT device (e.g., a sensor) or another wireless device (110a to 110f).

[0071] Wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can be established between wireless devices (110a to 110f) / network devices (120), network devices (120) / network devices (120). Here, the wireless communication / connection can be established through various wireless access technologies such as uplink / downlink communication (150a), sidelink communication (150b) (or D2D communication), and communication between network devices (150c) (e.g., relay, IAB (integrated access backhaul)). Through the wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c), the wireless device and the network device / wireless device, and the network device and the network device can transmit / receive wireless signals to each other. For example, the wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can transmit / receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, based on various descriptions of the present disclosure, at least some of various configuration information setting processes for transmitting / receiving wireless signals, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, resource mapping / demapping, etc.), resource allocation processes, etc., may be performed.

[0072] Device applicable to the present disclosure

[0073] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a wireless device to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0074] Referring to FIG. 3, the wireless device (200) can transmit and receive wireless signals via various wireless access technologies (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A pro, NR, 5G, 5G-A, 6G). The wireless device (200) includes at least one processor (202) and at least one memory (204), and may additionally include at least one transceiver (206) and / or at least one antenna (208).

[0075] The processor (202) controls the memory (204) and / or the transceiver (206), and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. For example, the processor (202) may process information in the memory (204) to generate first information / signal, and then transmit a wireless signal including the first information / signal via the transceiver (206). In addition, the processor (202) may receive a wireless signal including second information / signal via the transceiver (206), and then store information obtained from signal processing of the second information / signal in the memory (204). The memory (204) may be connected to the processor (202) and may store various information related to the operation of the processor (202). For example, the memory (204) may store software code including instructions for performing some or all of the processes controlled by the processor (202), or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. Here, the processor (202) and the memory (204) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement wireless communication technology. The transceiver (206) may be connected to the processor (202) and may transmit and / or receive wireless signals via at least one antenna (208). The transceiver (206) may include a transmitter and / or a receiver. The transceiver (206) may be used interchangeably with an RF (radio frequency) unit. In the present disclosure, a wireless device may also mean a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0076] Hereinafter, the hardware elements of the wireless device (200) will be described in more detail. Although not limited thereto, at least one protocol layer may be implemented by at least one processor (202). For example, at least one processor (202) may implement at least one layer (e.g., a functional layer such as physical (PHY), media access control (MAC), radio link control (RLC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), radio resource control (RRC), and service data adaptation protocol (SDAP)). At least one processor (202) may generate at least one Protocol Data Unit (PDU) and / or at least one Service Data Unit (SDU) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document. At least one processor (202) may generate a message, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document. At least one processor (202) can generate a signal (e.g., a baseband signal) comprising a PDU, an SDU, a message, control information, data or information according to the functions, procedures, proposals and / or methods disclosed in this document, and provide the signal to at least one transceiver (206). At least one processor (202) can receive a signal (e.g., a baseband signal) from at least one transceiver (206) and obtain the PDU, SDU, message, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document.

[0077] At least one processor (202) may be referred to as a controller, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, or a microcomputer. The at least one processor (202) may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, at least one application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), at least one digital signal processor (DSP), at least one digital signal processing device (DSPD), at least one programmable logic device (PLD), or at least one field programmable gate array (FPGA) may be included in the at least one processor (202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software, and the firmware or software may be implemented to include modules, procedures, functions, etc. The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document may be included in the at least one processor (202), or may be stored in at least one memory (204) and driven by the at least one processor (202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and / or flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of code, instructions and / or sets of instructions.

[0078] At least one memory (204) can be connected to at least one processor (202) and can store various forms of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions and / or commands. The at least one memory (204) can be configured as a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), an erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), a flash memory, a hard drive, a register, a cache memory, a computer readable storage medium and / or a combination thereof. The at least one memory (204) can be located internally and / or externally to the at least one processor (202). In addition, the at least one memory (204) can be connected to the at least one processor (202) via various technologies such as a wired or wireless connection.

[0079] At least one transceiver (206) can transmit user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., mentioned in the methods and / or flowcharts of this document to at least one other device. At least one transceiver (206) can receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or flowcharts disclosed in this document from at least one other device. For example, at least one transceiver (206) can be connected to at least one processor (202) and can transmit and receive wireless signals. For example, at least one processor (202) can control at least one transceiver (206) to transmit user data, control information, or wireless signals to at least one other device. Furthermore, at least one processor (202) can control at least one transceiver (206) to receive user data, control information, or wireless signals from at least one other device. Additionally, at least one transceiver (206) may be connected to at least one antenna (208), and at least one transceiver (206) may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document via at least one antenna (208). In this document, at least one antenna may be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports). At least one transceiver (206) may convert the received wireless signals / channels, etc. from RF band signals to baseband signals in order to process the received user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. using at least one processor (202).At least one transceiver (206) may convert user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. processed by at least one processor (202) from a baseband signal to an RF band signal. For this purpose, at least one transceiver (206) may include an (analog) oscillator and / or filter.

[0080] The components of the wireless device described with reference to FIG. 3 may be referred to by different terms in terms of functionality. For example, the processor (202) may be referred to as a control unit, the transceiver (206) as a communication unit, and the memory (204) as a storage unit. In some cases, the communication unit may be used to mean at least a portion of the processor (202) and the transceiver (206).

[0081] The structure of the wireless device described with reference to FIG. 3 can be understood as the structure of at least a portion of various devices. For example, the structure of the wireless device illustrated in FIG. 3 can be at least a portion of various devices described with reference to FIG. 2 (e.g., a robot (110a), a vehicle (110b-1, 110b-2), an XR device (110c), a portable device (110d), a home appliance (110e), an IoT device (110f), an AI device / server (110g)). Furthermore, according to various embodiments, in addition to the components illustrated in FIG. 3, the device may further include other components.

[0082] For example, the device may be a portable device such as a smartphone, a smart pad, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart glasses), or a portable computer (e.g., a laptop, etc.). In this case, the device may further include at least one of a power supply unit that supplies power and includes a wired / wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc., an interface unit that includes at least one port for connection with another device (e.g., an audio input / output port, a video input / output port), and an input / output unit for inputting and outputting image information / signals, audio information / signals, data, and / or information input from a user.

[0083] For example, the device may be a mobile device such as a mobile robot, a vehicle, a train, an aerial vehicle (AV), a ship, etc. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a driving unit including at least one of an engine, a motor, a power train, wheels, brakes, and a steering unit of the device, a power supply unit including a wired / wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc. that supplies power, a sensor unit that senses status information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings, an autonomous driving unit that performs functions such as path maintenance, speed control, and destination setting, and a position measurement unit that obtains location information of the mobile device through a global positioning system (GPS) and various sensors.

[0084] For example, the device may be an XR device such as an HMD, a head-up display (HUD) installed in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, a digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a power supply unit that supplies power and includes a wired / wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc., an input / output unit that obtains control information, data, etc. from the outside and outputs the generated XR object, and a sensor unit that senses status information, environmental information, and user information of the device or the surroundings of the device.

[0085] For example, the device may be a robot that can be classified into industrial, medical, household, military, etc. types depending on the purpose or field of use. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a sensor unit that senses status information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings, and a driving unit that performs various physical actions, such as moving the robot joints.

[0086] For example, the device may be an AI device such as a TV, a projector, a smartphone, a PC, a laptop, a digital broadcasting terminal, a tablet PC, a wearable device, a set-top box (STB), a radio, a washing machine, a refrigerator, digital signage, a robot, a vehicle, etc. In this case, the device may further include at least one of an input unit that acquires various types of data from the outside, an output unit that generates output related to sight, hearing, or touch, a sensor unit that senses status information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings, and a training unit that trains a model composed of an artificial neural network using learning data.

[0087] The structure of the wireless device illustrated in FIG. 3 may be understood as a part of a terminal (or first node), or as a part of an intermediate point, or as a part of a base station (or second node). If the device illustrated in FIG. 3 is a base station (or second node), the device may further include a wired transceiver for front haul and / or back haul communications. If the front haul and / or back haul communications are based on wireless communications, at least one transceiver (206) illustrated in FIG. 3 may be used for front haul and / or backhaul communications, and a wired transceiver may not be included.

[0088] Communication procedures

[0089] FIG. 4 exemplarily illustrates a communication procedure between a first node and a second node to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0090] FIG. 4 illustrates operations of a first node (110) (e.g., a terminal) and a second node (120) (e.g., a base station) transmitting and / or receiving data and operations performed prior thereto.

[0091] In step S101, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can perform synchronization. For example, the terminal (110) performs an initial cell search operation. Specifically, the terminal (110) can detect at least one synchronization signal transmitted from the base station (120) according to a predefined rule. Here, the synchronization signal can include a plurality of synchronization signals (e.g., a primary synchronization signal, a secondary synchronization signal) classified according to a structure or purpose. Through this, the terminal (110) can confirm the boundaries of the frame, subframe, slot, and / or symbol of the base station (120) and obtain information (e.g., a cell identifier) ​​about the base station (120).

[0092] In step S103, the first node (110) can obtain system information transmitted from the second node (120). For example, the system information is information related to the properties, characteristics, and / or capabilities of the base station (120) required to access the base station (120) and use the service, and can be classified according to the content (e.g., whether it is essential for access), transmission structure (e.g., the channel used, whether it is provided in an on-demand manner), etc., and can be classified into, for example, a master information block (MIB) and a system information block (SIB). If necessary, the terminal (110) can transmit a signal requesting system information before receiving the system information. Such requesting and providing of system information may be performed after a random access procedure described below.

[0093] In step S105, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can perform a random access procedure. For example, the terminal (110) can transmit and / or receive at least one message (e.g., a random access preamble, a random access response (RAR) message, etc.) for a random access procedure based on information related to a random access channel of the base station (120) obtained through system information (e.g., channel position, channel structure, structure of a supported preamble, etc.). For example, the terminal (110) may transmit a preamble (e.g., message 1 (MSG1)) over a random access channel, receive a random access response (RAR) message (e.g., message 2 (MSG2)), transmit a message (e.g., message 3 (MSG3)) including information related to the terminal (110) (e.g., identification information) using scheduling information included in the RAR message to the base station (120), and receive a message for contention resolution and / or connection establishment (e.g., message 4 (MSG4)). As another example, MSG1 and MSG3 may be transmitted and received as one message (e.g., message A (MSG A)), or MSG2 and MSG4 may be transmitted and received as one message (e.g., message B (MSG B)).

[0094] In step S107, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can perform signaling of control information. For example, the control information can be defined in various layers, such as a layer that controls a connection (e.g., a radio resource control (RRC) layer), a layer that handles mapping between logical channels and transmission channels (e.g., a media access control (MAC) layer), and a layer that handles physical channels (e.g., a physical (PHY) layer). For example, the terminal (110) and the base station (120) can perform at least one of signaling for establishing a connection, signaling for determining settings related to communication, and signaling for indicating allocated resources.

[0095] In step S109, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can transmit and / or receive data. For example, the terminal (110) and the base station (120) can process, transmit, and / or receive data based on signaling of control information. For example, when transmitting data, the terminal (110) or the base station (120) can perform at least one of channel encoding, rate matching, scrambling, constellation mapping, layer mapping, waveform modulation, antenna mapping, and resource mapping on information bits. For example, when receiving data, the terminal (110) or the base station (120) can perform at least one of signal extraction from resources, waveform demodulation for each antenna, signal arrangement considering layer mapping, constellation demapping, descrambling, and channel decoding.

[0096] 6G system core technologies

[0097] As core implementation technologies of the 6G system, technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), THz (terahertz) communication, optical wireless technology, free space optics (FSO) backhaul network, massive MIMO (multiple input multiple output) technology, blockchain, 3D networking, quantum communication, unmanned aerial vehicles, cell-free communication, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET), integration of sensing and communication, integration of access backhaul networks, holographic beamforming, big data analysis, and large intelligent surface (LIS) can be adopted.

[0098] artificial intelligence

[0099] Incorporating AI into communications can streamline and improve real-time data transmission. AI can use numerous analytics to determine how complex target tasks should be performed. AI can increase efficiency and reduce processing delays. Time-consuming tasks such as handovers, network selection, and resource scheduling can be performed instantly using AI. AI can also play a crucial role in machine-to-machine (M2M), machine-to-human, and human-to-machine communications. Furthermore, AI can facilitate rapid communication in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). AI-based communication systems can be supported by metamaterials, intelligent structures, intelligent networks, intelligent devices, intelligent cognitive radios, self-sustaining wireless networks, and machine learning.

[0100] FIG. 5 illustrates a functional framework for AI operations to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0101] Below, to explain AI (or AI / ML (machine learning)) in more detail, the terms can be defined as follows.

[0102] - Data collection: Data collected from network nodes, management entities, or terminals as a basis for AI model training, data analysis, and inference.

[0103] - AI model: A data-driven algorithm that applies AI technology to generate a set of outputs containing predictive information and / or decision parameters based on a set of inputs.

[0104] - AI / ML training: An online or offline process of training an AI model by learning features and patterns that best represent the data and obtain a trained AI / ML model for inference.

[0105] - AI / ML inference: The process of making predictions or inducing decisions based on collected data and the AI ​​model using a trained AI model.

[0106] Referring to FIG. 5, the data collection function (10) is a function that collects input data and provides processed input data to the model training function (20) and the model inference function (30).

[0107] Examples of input data may include measurements from terminals or other network entities, feedback from actors, and output from AI models.

[0108] The data collection function (10) performs data preparation based on input data and provides input data processed through the data preparation. Here, the data collection function (10) does not perform data preparation specific to each AI algorithm (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation), but can perform data preparation common to all AI algorithms.

[0109] After the data preparation process is performed, the data collection function (10) may provide training data (11) to the model training function (20) and may provide inference data (12) to the model inference function (30). Here, the training data (11) may correspond to data required as input for the AI ​​model training function (20), and the inference data (12) may correspond to data required as input for the AI ​​model inference function (30).

[0110] The data collection function (10) may be performed by a single entity (e.g., a terminal, a RAN node, a network node, etc.), but may also be performed by multiple entities. In this case, training data (11) and inference data (12) may be provided to the model training function (20) and model inference function (30), respectively, from multiple entities.

[0111] The model training function (20) may correspond to a function that performs AI model training, validation, and testing, which can generate model performance metrics as part of the AI ​​model testing procedure. If necessary, the model training function (20) may also be responsible for data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation, etc.) based on training data (11) provided by the data collection function (10).

[0112] Here, model deployment / update (13) can be used to initially deploy a trained, validated and tested AI model to the model inference function (30) or to provide an updated model to the model inference function (30).

[0113] The model inference function (30) may correspond to a function that provides AI model inference output (16) (e.g., prediction or decision). If applicable, the model inference function (30) may provide model performance feedback (14) to the model training function (20). In addition, the model inference function (30) may also be responsible for data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting and transformation, etc.) based on inference data (12) provided by the data collection function (10), if necessary.

[0114] Here, output (16) refers to the inference output of the AI ​​model generated by the model inference function (30), and the details of the inference output may vary depending on the use case.

[0115] Model performance feedback (14) can be used to monitor the performance of the AI ​​model, if available, and this feedback may be omitted.

[0116] An actor function (40) is a function that receives an output (16) from a model inference function (30) and triggers or performs a corresponding task / action. The actor function (40) can trigger tasks / actions for other entities (e.g., one or more terminals, one or more RAN nodes, one or more network nodes, etc.) or for itself.

[0117] Feedback (15) can be used to derive training data (11), inference data (12), or to monitor the performance of the AI ​​model, its impact on the network, etc.

[0118] Meanwhile, the definitions of training / validation / test in data sets used in AI / ML can be distinguished as follows.

[0119] - Training data: refers to a data set for learning a model.

[0120] - Validation data: This refers to a dataset used to validate a model that has already completed training. Validation data can typically be used to prevent overfitting of the training data set. It can also be used to select the best model among the various models learned during the training process. Therefore, validation can be considered a type of learning.

[0121] - Test data: This refers to the data set for final evaluation. This data is unrelated to learning.

[0122] For example, the training and validation data can be divided into an 8:2 or 7:3 ratio within the entire data set. Alternatively, the training data:validation data:test data can be divided into a 6:2:2 ratio within the entire data set.

[0123] The level of cooperation can be defined as follows depending on whether the base station and the terminal have capabilities for AI / ML functions, and variations due to combination of multiple levels or separation of any one level are also possible.

[0124] Category 0a: This category corresponds to a no-collaboration framework. In this case, AI / ML algorithms are purely implementation-based and may not require any changes to the wireless interface.

[0125] Category 0b: Frameworks that involve a wireless interface modified to fit efficient implementation-based AI / ML algorithms, but without collaboration.

[0126] Category 1: This category applies to cases where inter-node support is required to improve the AI / ML algorithms of each node. For example, this applies when a terminal receives support from a base station (for training, adaptation, etc.), and vice versa. At this level, model exchange between network nodes is not required.

[0127] Category 2: This applies to cases where joint ML tasks can be performed between terminals and base stations. This level requires exchange of AI / ML model commands or network nodes.

[0128] The functions exemplified in FIG. 5 above may be implemented in a RAN node (e.g., a base station, a TRP, a CU of a base station, etc.), a network node, an OAM (operation administration maintenance) of a network operator, or a terminal.

[0129] Alternatively, two or more entities, such as a RAN, a network node, a network operator's OAM, or a terminal, may cooperate to implement the functions illustrated in FIG. 5. For example, one entity may perform some of the functions of FIG. 5, and another entity may perform the remaining functions. In this way, since some of the functions illustrated in FIG. 5 are performed by a single entity (e.g., a terminal, a RAN node, a network node, etc.), the transmission / provision of data / information between each function may be omitted. For example, if the model training function (20) and the model inference function (30) are performed by the same entity, the transmission / provision of model deployment / update (13) and model performance feedback (14) may be omitted.

[0130] Alternatively, any one of the functions illustrated in FIG. 5 may be performed collaboratively by two or more entities, including a RAN, a network node, a network operator's OAM, or a terminal. This may be referred to as a split AI operation.

[0131] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0132] For example, the AI ​​model training function may be performed by a network node (e.g., a core network node, an OAM of a network operator, etc.), and the AI ​​model inference function may be performed by a RAN node (e.g., a base station, a TRP, a CU of a base station, etc.).

[0133] Step 1: RAN node 1 and RAN node 2 can transmit input data (e.g., training data) for AI model training to the network node. Here, RAN node 1 and RAN node 2 can also transmit data collected from the terminal (e.g., terminal measurements related to RSRP (reference signal received power), RSRQ (reference signal received quality), SINR (signal to interference-plus-noise ratio) of the serving cell and neighboring cells, terminal location, speed, etc.) to the network node.

[0134] Step 2: Network nodes can train AI models using the received training data.

[0135] Step 3: The network node may distribute / update the AI ​​model to RAN node 1 and / or RAN node 2. RAN node 1 (and / or RAN node 2) may also continue model training based on the received AI model.

[0136] For convenience of explanation, we assume that the AI ​​model is deployed / updated only to RAN node 1.

[0137] Step 4: RAN node 1 can receive input data (e.g., inference data) for AI model inference from the terminal and RAN node 2.

[0138] Step 5: RAN node 1 can perform AI model inference using the received inference data to generate output data (e.g., prediction or decision).

[0139] Step 6: If applicable, RAN node 1 may send model performance feedback to the network nodes.

[0140] Step 7: RAN node 1, RAN node 2, and the terminal (or 'RAN node 1 and the terminal', or 'RAN node 1 and RAN node 2') may perform actions based on the output data. For example, in the case of a load balancing operation, the terminal may move from RAN node 1 to RAN node 2.

[0141] Step 8: RAN node 1 and RAN node 2 can transmit feedback information to the network nodes.

[0142] FIG. 7 illustrates another example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0143] For example, both AI model training functions and AI model inference functions can be performed by RAN nodes (e.g., base stations, TRPs, CUs of base stations, etc.).

[0144] Step 1: The terminal and RAN node 2 can transmit input data (e.g., training data) for AI model training to RAN node 1.

[0145] Step 2: RAN node 1 can train an AI model using the received training data.

[0146] Step 3: RAN node 1 can receive input data (e.g., inference data) for AI model inference from the terminal and RAN node 2.

[0147] Step 4: RAN node 1 can perform AI model inference using the received inference data to generate output data (e.g., prediction or decision).

[0148] Step 5: RAN node 1, RAN node 2, and the terminal (or 'RAN node 1 and the terminal', or 'RAN node 1 and RAN node 2') may perform actions based on the output data. For example, in the case of a load balancing operation, the terminal may move from RAN node 1 to RAN node 2.

[0149] Step 6: RAN node 2 may transmit feedback information to RAN node 1.

[0150] FIG. 8 illustrates another example of operations related to AI model training and AI model inference to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0151] For example, the AI ​​model training function may be performed by a RAN node (e.g., a base station, a TRP, a CU of a base station, etc.), and the AI ​​model inference function may be performed by a terminal.

[0152] Step 1: The terminal may transmit input data (e.g., training data) for AI model training to the RAN node. Here, the RAN node may collect data (e.g., terminal measurements related to RSRP, RSRQ, SINR of the serving cell and neighboring cells, terminal location, speed, etc.) from various terminals and / or from other RAN nodes.

[0153] Step 2: RAN nodes can train AI models using the received training data.

[0154] Step 3: The RAN node can distribute / update the AI ​​model to the terminal. The terminal can also continue model training based on the received AI model.

[0155] Step 4: Input data (e.g., inference data) for AI model inference can be received from the terminal and RAN node (and / or from another terminal).

[0156] Step 5: The terminal can perform AI model inference using the received inference data to generate output data (e.g., prediction or decision).

[0157] Step 6: If applicable, the terminal may send model performance feedback to the RAN node.

[0158] Step 7: The terminal and RAN node can perform actions based on the output data.

[0159] Step 8: The terminal may transmit feedback information to the RAN node.

[0160] THz communication (terahertz communication)

[0161] Data transmission rates can be increased by increasing bandwidth. This can be achieved by utilizing sub-THz communications with wide bandwidths and applying advanced massive MIMO technology. THz waves, also known as sub-millimeter waves, typically refer to the frequency range between 0.1 THz and 10 THz, with corresponding wavelengths ranging from 0.03 mm to 3 mm. The 100 GHz to 300 GHz band (the sub-THz band) is considered a key part of the THz spectrum for cellular communications. Adding the sub-THz band to the mmWave band will increase 6G cellular capacity. Among the defined THz bands, 300 GHz to 3 THz lies in the far infrared (IR) frequency band. While part of the optical band, the 300 GHz to 3 THz band lies at the boundary of the optical band, immediately following the RF band. Therefore, this 300 GHz to 3 THz band exhibits similarities to RF.

[0162] FIG. 9 illustrates an electromagnetic spectrum to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0163] Key characteristics of THz communications include (i) the widely available bandwidth to support very high data rates, and (ii) the high path loss at high frequencies (which necessitates highly directional antennas). The narrow beamwidths generated by highly directional antennas reduce interference. The small wavelength of THz signals allows for a significantly larger number of antenna elements to be integrated into devices and base stations operating in this band. This enables the use of advanced adaptive array technologies to overcome range limitations.

[0164] Transmitting system information (e.g., MIB) in a cell in the THz frequency band can be inefficient because the beam width in high-frequency bands narrows, requiring more beam sweeps to cover the entire cell area. This method is particularly inefficient when there are only a few users within the cell.

[0165] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a system information transmission / reception procedure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0166] The example of Fig. 10 is applicable not only to THz communication environments but also to 6G communication environments where THz communication is not applicable. Furthermore, the procedure illustrated in Fig. 10 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure described below. For example, the embodiments described below can be performed based on system information acquired through the procedure illustrated in Fig. 10.

[0167] In step S1010, the second node (120) (e.g., base station) can transmit system information of cell #1 via cell #2. For example, the base station provides at least two cells, cell #1 uses a THz frequency band, and cell #2 uses a frequency band other than the THz frequency band. Here, the system information may include at least one of an SFN (system frame number), a PDCCH configuration for SIB1, cell barring, cell re-selection, and subcarrier spacing generated in a higher layer, and may include at least one of an SFN, a half frame indicator, and an SSB index (synchronization signal / PBCH (physical broadcast channel) block index) generated in a physical layer. For this purpose, as an example, cell #1 and cell #2 may have a relationship of a secondary cell and a primary cell.

[0168] At step S1030, the first node (110) (e.g., terminal) can acquire synchronization for cell #1. Synchronization can be acquired by detecting a synchronization signal. Typically, synchronization is acquired before receiving system information, but since the system information for cell #1 is received from cell #2, synchronization acquisition for cell #1 can be performed after receiving the system information. For example, the terminal can acquire synchronization based on the system information. Alternatively, synchronization acquisition can be performed before step S1010.

[0169] At step S1050, the first node (110) may transmit a signal for accessing cell #1. For example, the signal may include a random access preamble. The structure of this signal and the resources (e.g., channels) for transmitting the signal may be identified through system information. Thereafter, at step S1070, the first node (110) and the second node (120) may perform an access procedure for cell #1 and communicate.

[0170] The procedure described with reference to FIG. 10 may be performed when the first node (110) initially connects to cell #1 of the second node (120). Alternatively, a similar procedure may be performed when the first node (110) hands over to cell #1 of the second node (120). However, in the case of handover, the system information of cell #1 may be received from a cell of a base station other than cell #2 of the second node (120).

[0171] Communications in the THz band are expected to experience extremely severe path loss, and to overcome this, terminals and base stations may be required to use very sharp beams. The use of sharp beams means that terminals and base stations must perform beam control in addition to beamforming, and the number of beams used increases significantly. Consequently, it takes a very long time to align the transmit and receive beams between the base station and terminals. Furthermore, if the beam alignment between the base station and terminals is misaligned due to movement or movement of the terminals, frequent re-alignment of the beams may be required, resulting in link instability.

[0172] FIG. 11 exemplarily illustrates a beam management procedure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0173] Although FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a procedure for searching and / or selecting beams for THz communication, this procedure is not limited to a THz environment and can also be applied to a 6G communication environment where THz communication is not applied.

[0174] Here, beam may be interpreted as other terms having equivalent technical meanings that can distinguish beams, such as 'spatial domain filter', 'spatial domain transmit filter', 'spatial domain receive filter', reference signal (RS) resource that distinguishes beams, SSB index, etc.

[0175] In step S1110, the second node (120) (e.g., base station) can set resources for beam management to the first node (110) (e.g., terminal). Here, the resources can include at least one of time-frequency resources, channels, and spatial resources (e.g., antenna ports). For example, the base station can utilize a beam search signal (BSS) that is transmitted spatially separated from an existing downlink signal / channel for beam search. Here, the BSS can be transmitted based on a dedicated port for beam search. The dedicated port can be a different port from a port for transmitting an existing downlink signal / channel (e.g., SSB, PDSCH (physical downlink shared channel), etc.). BSS is a term defined for convenience of explanation, and the technical concept according to the present embodiment is not limited to the term BSS itself. For example, a signal transmitted based on a dedicated port defined / set for beam search can be included in the technical concept according to the present embodiment.

[0176] In step S1130, the second node (120) (e.g., base station) transmits measurement signals using a plurality of transmission beams. For example, the measurement signals may include at least one of a reference signal and a synchronization signal. At this time, the measurement signals may be transmitted as many times as the number of beams that require measurement, and may also be transmitted in a multi-beam transmission method that forms a plurality of beams simultaneously to reduce sweeping time. Here, the multi-beam transmission may be performed based on at least one of a multi-panel, a sub-array, and a true time delay (TTD).

[0177] At step S1150, a first node (110) (e.g., a terminal) may transmit a feedback signal to a second node (120) (e.g., a base station). The feedback signal may indicate at least one beam selected by the terminal. The terminal may select at least one preferred beam based on the measurement signals received at step S1130.

[0178] In step S1170, the first node (110) and the second node (120) can perform communication. For example, the second node (120) can perform transmission to the first node (110) using the reception beam of the first node (110) selected in step S1150. If channel reciprocity is established, the transmission beam of the first node (110) can also be determined through steps S1130 and S1150, so that the transmission operation from the first node (110) can also be performed using a beam that has a reciprocal relationship with the beam selected in step S1150. If channel reciprocity is not established, a procedure including transmission of measurement signal(s) by the first node (110) and transmission of feedback signal(s) by the second node (120) may be performed first to determine the transmission beam of the first node (110).

[0179] non-terrestrial networks (NTN)

[0180] Figures 12 and 13 illustrate examples of NTN scenarios to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0181] NTN can represent a network or network segment that uses radio frequency (RF) resources mounted on a satellite (or unmanned aerial system (UAS) platform).

[0182] Figure 12 shows an example of a typical scenario of NTN based on transparent payload, and Figure 13 shows an example of a typical scenario of NTN based on regenerative payload.

[0183] Referring to Figure 12, a satellite (or UAS platform) can establish a service link with a terminal. The satellite (or UAS platform) can be connected to a gateway via a feeder link. The satellite can be connected to a data network via the gateway. The beam footprint can refer to the area where the signal transmitted by the satellite can be received.

[0184] Referring to Figure 13, a satellite (or UAS platform) can establish a service link with a terminal. A satellite (or UAS platform) connected to a terminal can be connected to another satellite (or UAS platform) via an inter-satellite link (ISL). The other satellite (or UAS platform) can be connected to a gateway via a feeder link. Based on the regenerated payload, the satellite can be connected to a data network through another satellite and the gateway. If an ISL does not exist between the satellite and another satellite, a feeder link between the satellite and the gateway may be required.

[0185] Figures 12 and 13 are merely examples of NTN scenarios, and NTN can be implemented based on various scenarios. For example, a satellite (or UAS platform) can implement a transparent or regenerative (e.g., with onboard processing) payload. For example, a satellite (or UAS platform) can generate multiple beams across a designated service area depending on the field of view of the satellite (or UAS platform). For example, the field of view of the satellite (or UAS platform) can vary depending on the onboard antenna diagram and minimum elevation angle.

[0186] For example, a transparent payload may include radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion, and amplification. Therefore, the waveform signal repeated by the payload may remain unchanged.

[0187] For example, a regenerative payload may include radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion and amplification, demodulation / decoding, switching and / or routing, and coding / modulation. For example, a regenerative payload may be substantially equivalent to mounting all or part of a base station function on a satellite (or UAS platform).

[0188] Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC)

[0189] Wireless sensing is a technology that uses radio frequencies to determine the instantaneous linear velocity, angle, distance (or range) of an object, and thus obtain information about the characteristics of the environment and / or objects within the environment. Because radio frequency sensing does not require a networked device to connect to the object, it can provide a service for object positioning without a device. The ability to obtain range, velocity, and angle information from radio frequency signals can enable a wide range of new capabilities, such as various object detection, object recognition (e.g., vehicles, humans, animals, UAVs), and high-precision localization, tracking, and activity recognition. Wireless sensing services can provide information to a variety of industries (e.g., drones, smart homes, V2X, factories, railways, public safety, etc.), enabling applications such as intruder detection, assisted vehicle steering and navigation, trajectory tracking, collision avoidance, traffic management, and health and traffic management. In some cases, wireless sensing can utilize non-3GPP type sensors (e.g., radar, cameras) to further support 3GPP-based sensing. For example, the operation of wireless sensing services, such as sensing operations, may depend on the transmission, reflection, and scattering of wireless sensing signals. Therefore, wireless sensing offers an opportunity to enhance existing communication systems from a communications network to a wireless communication and sensing network.

[0190] FIG. 14 illustrates examples of sensing operations to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0191] Specifically, Fig. 14(a) shows an example of a monostatic sensing operation using a sensing receiver and a sensing transmitter located in the same location. Fig. 14(b) shows an example of a bistatic sensing operation using a sensing receiver and a sensing transmitter located in separate locations. A sensing signal transmitted from a sensing transmitter is reflected / scattered by a sensing object, and the sensing receiver can receive the signal, and extract / obtain sensing data based on the received signal. A sensing result can be generated / determined through appropriate processing of the sensing data. The sensing result can be provided to a trusted third-party entity / service outside the 3GPP system through an entity / service within the 3GPP system.

[0192] Ambient IoT (ambient internet of things)

[0193] The Internet of Things (IoT) has recently attracted significant attention in the wireless communications world. By reducing the size, complexity, and power consumption of IoT devices and installing and connecting hundreds of billions to trillions of IoT devices, it can be applied to a wide range of applications.

[0194] In this regard, the IoT technology is being developed for various use cases, scenarios, requirements, signaling, settings, etc. under the name of ambient IoT (AmIoT).

[0195] For example, active signal generation and / or backscattering may be among the communication technologies considered to achieve low-power operation of AmIoT devices. For example, backscattering could allow the device to communicate with the network by reflecting incident waves after modulating them with information to be transmitted. For example, the device could be powered by the incident RF signal or by stored energy.

[0196] AmIoT devices can be categorized into various device types, such as passive, semi-passive, and active, based on how they store energy and generate transmission signals. For example, passive devices do not have energy storage devices (e.g., capacitors) and can communicate based on backscatter communication technology. For example, semi-passive devices have energy storage devices and can communicate using backscatter communication technology with the help of energy storage devices. For example, active devices have energy storage devices and can actively generate signals using active RF components and stored energy to communicate.

[0197] In the present disclosure, the following types of IoT devices may be considered.

[0198] Device Type 1 has a maximum power consumption of approximately 1 uW and can perform uplink transmission by backscattering a carrier wave (CW) provided from an external source (e.g., a reader such as a base station / terminal or a separate node). For example, Device Type 1 may be a device without energy storage or independent signal generation.

[0199] Device Type 2 has a maximum power consumption of approximately several hundred microwatts (µW) and can perform uplink transmission by backscatter-ing a carrier wave provided from an external source (e.g., a leader such as a base station / terminal or a separate node) or by internally generating a signal. Specifically, a device type that performs signal transmission by backscatter may be referred to as device type 2a, and a device type that performs signal transmission by internally generating a signal may be referred to as device type 2b. For example, device type 2a is a device that has energy storage and no independent signal generation, in which case the use of stored energy may include amplification of a reflected signal. Also, for example, device type 2b may be a device that has energy storage and independent signal generation (e.g., a device with an active RF component for transmission).

[0200] In addition to the above-described classification methods, the type / class of an AmIoT device can be distinguished based on parameters associated with device characteristics (e.g., presence / capacity of energy storage, energy / power consumption, presence / capacity of amplification, presence / capacity of BPF (band-pass filter), supported DL / UL transmission method(s), etc.) or a combination of parameters.

[0201] In relation to AmIoT communications, various basic topologies may be considered to support AmIoT devices in indoor and outdoor scenarios. For example, basic topologies may include a direct connection topology between a base station and an AmIoT device, a topology in which the base station and an AmIoT device are connected via an intermediate node, a topology in which connections are supported by auxiliary nodes, and / or a connection topology between a terminal and an AmIoT device.

[0202] The basic topology described in this disclosure is merely an example, and the proposals of this disclosure can be extended and applied to other types of topologies.

[0203] FIG. 15 illustrates topologies that can be supported in ambient IoT communications to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0204] FIG. 15 (a) illustrates a direct connection topology (e.g., topology 1) between a base station and an AmIoT device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0205] Referring to (a) of FIG. 15, an AmIoT device can communicate directly and bidirectionally with a base station. For example, communication between the base station and the AmIoT device may include AmIoT data and / or signals. For example, the AmIoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel). In this regard, the base station that performs transmission to the AmIoT device and the base station that performs reception from the AmIoT device may be different. For example, in topology 1, the base station and the AmIoT device in a micro-cell environment may perform direct communication with each other. For example, the base station may be located at a co-site with a base station equipped with an existing 3GPP technology.

[0206] Figure 15 (b) shows a topology (e.g., topology 2) in which a base station and an AmIoT device are connected through an intermediate node according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0207] Referring to (b) of FIG. 15, an AmIoT device can bidirectionally communicate with an intermediate node between the device and a base station. For example, the intermediate node may be an AmIoT-capable relay, an IAB node, a terminal, a repeater, etc. The intermediate node may transmit AmIoT data and / or signals between the base station and the AmIoT device. The AmIoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel). In this regard, the intermediate node that performs transmission to the AmIoT device and the intermediate node that performs reception from the AmIoT device may be different. For example, in topology 2, an intermediate node may exist between a base station and an AmIoT device in a macro-cell environment. For example, the base station may be co-sited with a base station equipped with existing 3GPP technology. For example, the intermediate node may be limited to a terminal, and the intermediate node may be located indoors.

[0208] Figure 15 (c) shows a topology (e.g., topology 3) in which connection by an auxiliary node is supported according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0209] Referring to the left topology of Fig. 15 (c), an auxiliary node may be supported for downlink reception. For example, an AmIoT device may transmit data / signals to a base station, and the AmIoT device may receive data / signals from the auxiliary node. Also, referring to the right topology of Fig. 15 (c), an auxiliary node may be supported for uplink transmission. For example, an AmIoT device may receive data / signals from a base station, and the AmIoT device may transmit data / signals to an auxiliary node. For example, the auxiliary node may be an AmIoT-capable relay, an IAB node, a terminal, a repeater, etc.

[0210] Figure 15 (d) shows a connection topology (e.g., topology 4) between a terminal and an AmIoT device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0211] Referring to (d) of FIG. 15, an AmIoT device can communicate bidirectionally with a terminal. For example, communication between a terminal and an AmIoT device may include AmIoT data and / or signals. The AmIoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel).

[0212] FIG. 16 illustrates a specific example of a topology supported in ambient IoT communication to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0213] Figure 16 (a) illustrates various cases of topology 1, and Figure 16 (b) illustrates various cases of topology 2.

[0214] Referring to (a) of FIG. 16, in the case of the D1T1-A1, different leaders, the R1 node (e.g., leader 1) and the R2 node (e.g., leader 2), can be responsible for R2D channel transmission and D2R channel reception, respectively. At this time, the CW signal can be transmitted by the R1 node. In the case of the D1T1-A2, the same leader, the R node, can be responsible for both R2D channel transmission and D2R channel reception. At this time, the CW signal can be transmitted by the R node. In the case of the D1T1-B, the same leader, the R node, can be responsible for both R2D channel transmission and D2R channel reception. At this time, the CW signal can be transmitted by a separate CW node. In this regard, the R / R1 / R2 nodes can all be base stations or network nodes connected to the base station.

[0215] Referring to (b) of FIG. 16, in the case of the D2T2-A1, different leaders, the R1 node (e.g., leader 1) and the R2 node (e.g., leader 2), can be responsible for R2D channel transmission and D2R channel reception, respectively. At this time, the CW signal can be transmitted by the R1 node. In the case of the D2T2-A2, the same leader, the R node, can be responsible for both R2D channel transmission and D2R channel reception. At this time, the CW signal can be transmitted by the R node. In the case of the D2T2-B case, the same leader, the R node, can be responsible for both R2D channel transmission and D2R channel reception. At this time, the CW signal can be transmitted by a separate CW node. In this regard, the R / R1 / R2 nodes can all be terminals that perform the role of intermediate nodes (IN). Alternatively, in the D2T2-A1 case, the R1 node may be a base station and the R2 node may be a terminal, or the R1 node may be a terminal and the R2 node may be a base station.

[0216] Additionally, AmIoT devices may require externally provided CW for backscatter transmission. For example, CW may be used to power AmIoT devices or as CW for downlink transmission, regardless of the transmission mode (e.g., backscatter transmission or internally generated transmission).

[0217] In this regard, CW waveforms can be supported in various types. For example, the CW waveform type can be a single-tone CW waveform or a more complex multi-tone CW waveform type. For example, single-tone CW can be advantageous over multi-tone CW in terms of multiplexing capacity of tags or readers and interference reduction due to its lower resource consumption. In contrast, multi-tone CW has advantages such as being able to transmit more energy when transmitting CW in DL and securing greater coverage from a single device.

[0218] Considering the advantages of these different CW waveform types, multiple CW waveform types can be supported in the AmIoT system, and the base station / IN / AN / UE can configure the CW waveform type. For example, one or more CW waveform types supported in the AmIoT communication system can be configured / defined in advance, and the base station / IN / AN / UE can select one of the one or more supported CW waveform types and transmit it to the AmIoT device. For example, the base station / IN / AN / UE can configure / instruct / indicate the selected CW waveform type to the AmIoT device in the form of a command / message transmitted as a preamble / frame-sync or payload.

[0219] In the present disclosure, for AmIoT communication, at least one of the following may be proposed: frame structure, synchronization and timing, random access, numerology, bandwidth, multiple access, waveform, modulation, channel coding, channel / signal aspects, scheduling and timing relationships, and / or required characteristics of carrier waveforms for carriers provided external to the AmIoT device (including interference handling at the AmIoT device UL receiver and the NR base station). In addition, in the present disclosure, for AmIoT communication, at least one of the following may be proposed: paging, random access, data transmission including required radio resource control aspects to comply with general range limitations, interaction with upper layers (e.g., RRC layer, non-access stratum (NAS) layer, application layer, etc.), device context management, data transmission, coexistence of AmIoT and 6G / NR / LTE, and / or RF requirements for AmIoT.

[0220] Technical terms used in this disclosure may be as follows.

[0221] - SSB: Synchronization Signal Block

[0222] - MIB: Master Information Block

[0223] - RMSI: Remaining Minimum System Information

[0224] - FR1: Frequency Range 1. Refers to the frequency range below 6 GHz (e.g., 450 MHz to 6000 MHz).

[0225] - FR2: Frequency range 2. Refers to the millimeter wave (mmWave) range above 24 GHz (e.g., 24250 MHz to 52600 MHz).

[0226] - BW: Bandwidth

[0227] - BWP: Bandwidth Part

[0228] - RNTI: Radio Network Temporary Identifier

[0229] - CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check

[0230] - SIB: System Information Block

[0231] - SIB1: SIB1 for NR devices (e.g., RMSI). Broadcasts information necessary for NR terminals to access the cell.

[0232] - CORESET: Control Resource Set. Time / frequency resources for NR terminals to attempt candidate PDCCH decoding.

[0233] - CORESET#0: CORESET for Type0-PDCCH CSS set for NR devices (set in MIB)

[0234] - Type0-PDCCH CSS set: A search space set for which NR terminals monitor PDCCH candidate sets for DCI formats with CRC scrambled with SI-RNTI.

[0235] - MO: PDCCH monitoring opportunity for Type0-PDCCH CSS set

[0236] - SIB1-R: (Additional) SIB1 for NR devices with reduced capabilities. May be limited to cases where it is generated as a separate TB from SIB1 and transmitted on a separate PDSCH.

[0237] - CORESET#0-R: CORESET#0 for reduced capability NR devices

[0238] - Type0-PDCCH-R CSS set: A search space set with redcap UEs monitoring a set of PDCCH candidates for DCI formats with CRC scrambled with SI-RNTI.

[0239] - MO-R: PDCCH monitoring opportunity for Type0-PDCCH CSS set

[0240] - Cell defining SSB (CD-SSB): SSB containing RMSI scheduling information among NR SSBs

[0241] Non-cell defining SSB (non-CD-SSB): An SSB that is placed in the NR sync raster but does not contain RMSI scheduling information for the corresponding cell for measurement purposes. However, it may contain information indicating the location of the cell defining SSB.

[0242] - SCS: subcarrier spacing

[0243] - SI-RNTI: System Information-RNTI

[0244] - Camp On: “Camp On” is a terminal state in which the UE is staying in the cell and ready to initiate a potential dedicated service or receive an ongoing broadcast service.

[0245] - TB: Transport Block

[0246] - RSA (Redcap standalone): A cell that supports only Redcap devices or services.

[0247] - SIB1(-R)-PDSCH: PDSCH transmitting SIB1(-R)

[0248] - SIB1(-R)-DCI: DCI scheduling SIB1(-R)-PDSCH. DCI format 1_0 CRC scrambled by SI-RNTI.

[0249] - SIB1(-R)-PDCCH: PDCCH transmitting SIB1(-R)-DCI

[0250] - FDRA: Frequency Domain Resource Allocation

[0251] - TDRA: Time Domain Resource Allocation

[0252] - RA: Random Access

[0253] - MSGA: Preamble and payload transmission of a two-step RA type random access procedure.

[0254] - MSGB: A response to an MSGA in a two-phase random access procedure. MSGB may consist of responses to contention resolution, fallback instructions, and backoff instructions.

[0255] - RO-N: RO (RACH Occasion) for general terminal 4-step RACH and 2-step RACH (if configured)

[0256] - RO-N1, RO-N2: When a separate RO is set for the general terminal 2-stage RACH, it is divided into RO-N1 (stage 4) and RO-N2 (stage 2).

[0257] - RO-R: RO (RACH Occasion) set separately from RO-N for redcap terminal 4-stage RACH and 2-stage RACH (if set)

[0258] - RO-R1, RO-R2: When a separate RO is set for the redcap terminal 2nd stage RACH, it is divided into RO-R1 (stage 4) and RO-R2 (stage 2).

[0259] - PG-R: MsgA-preamble group for redcap terminals

[0260] - RAR: Random Access Response

[0261] - RAR Window: Time window to monitor RA responses

[0262] - FH: Frequency Hopping

[0263] - iBWP: Initial BWP

[0264] - iBWP-DL(-UL): Initial DL(UL) BWP

[0265] - iBWP-DL(-UL)-R: (separated) initial DL(UL) BWP for redcap

[0266] - CS: Cyclic shift

[0267] - NB: Narrowband

[0268] - TO: Traffic Offloading

[0269] - mMTC: Massive Machine Type Communications

[0270] - eMBB: enhanced Mobile Broadband Communication

[0271] - URLLC: Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication

[0272] - RedCap: Reduced Capability

[0273] - eRedCap: Enhanced RedCap

[0274] - FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

[0275] - HD-FDD: Half-Duplex-FDD

[0276] - DRX: Discontinuous Reception

[0277] - RRC: Radio Resource Control

[0278] - RRM: Radio Resource Management

[0279] - MM: Mobility Management

[0280] - IWSN: Industrial Wireless Sensor Network

[0281] - LPWA: Low Power Wide Area

[0282] - RB: Resource Block

[0283] - CCE: Control Channel Element

[0284] - AL: Aggregation Level

[0285] - PRG: Physical Resource-block Group

[0286] - DFT-s-OFDM: DFT-spread OFDM

[0287] - PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel

[0288] - A-PBCH: Additional PBCH

[0289] - BD: blind detection

[0290] - EPRE: Energy Per RE

[0291] - SNR: Signal-to-Noise Ratio

[0292] - TDM: Time Division Multiplexing

[0293] - FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing

[0294] - DMRS: Demodulation Reference Signal

[0295] - TDD: Time Division Duplex

[0296] - PCI: Physical layer Cell ID

[0297] - EH: Energy Harvesting

[0298] - EH device: A device that operates based on EH. It can include all device types in AmIoT. In addition, although this disclosure primarily considers RF EH, an EH device does not necessarily have to be RF EH-based.

[0299] - ES: Energizing Signal. A signal / channel transmitted by a base station / IN / AN / UE to supply RF energy to devices operating on RF-based EH. ES can be (modulated) CW, NR / LTE DL / UL signals, etc., and dedicated signals / channels can be designed to support ES.

[0300] - ET: Energy Transfer

[0301] CW: Carrier wave. AmIoT devices supporting backscattering-based UL transmission transmit information by modulating and backscattering "externally provided" CW. AmIoT devices supporting independent signal generation-based UL transmission transmit information by modulating "internal generated" CW. Unless otherwise specified, "externally provided" CW for backscattering is assumed. CW can be used as an energizing signal (ES) for RF energy transfer.

[0302] - CWN: CW Node. A node that provides CW. It can be a base station / IN / AN / UE, and there may be a separate CWN for CW provisioning purposes.

[0303] - R: Reader / Interrogator. In the AmIoT description, readers can be gNB / eNB, intermediate node (IN) / assisting node (AN), or terminals depending on the topology. Furthermore, AmIoT is not limited to 4G / 5G communication systems, and can include base stations, intermediate / assisting nodes, and terminals of next-generation communication systems. This can also mean an AmIoT leader.

[0304] - T: Tag / AmIoT device. In this disclosure, it can be interchanged with EH device, and in the AmIoT description, it mainly refers to AmIoT device, device type 1 / 2a / 2b.

[0305] - D: AmIoT device (may have the same meaning as T mentioned above)

[0306] - R=>T: Leader-to-tag or leader-to-tag communication link. When the base station or intermediate node / auxiliary node is the leader, it may have the same meaning as DL or forward link.

[0307] - R2D: Reader (R)-to-Device (D) link (can be synonymous with R=>T or AmIoT DL. Can also be written as R=>D.)

[0308] - CW2D: CWN-to-Device (D) link (CW node-to-AmIoT device link)

[0309] - T=>R: Tag-to-reader or tag-to-reader communication link. When the base station or intermediate / auxiliary node is the leader, this may be synonymous with UL or reverse / backward link.

[0310] - D2R: Device (D)-to-Reader (R) link (can be the same meaning as T=>R or AmIoT UL. Can be written as D=>R.)

[0311] - R<=>T: Includes cases where R=>T and T=>R, or R=>T or T=>R. It may be the case that both R=>T and T=>R apply.

[0312] - R<=>D: Includes R2D and D2R, or either R2D or D2R. This may apply to both R2D and D2R. (This may have the same meaning as R<=>T.)

[0313] - RF-EH: RF energy harvesting

[0314] - PRDCH: Physical R2D Channel (may be written as PR2DCH). A physical channel for R2D communications.

[0315] - PDRCH: Physical D2R Channel (may be denoted as PD2RCH). A physical channel for D2R communication.

[0316] - BS: Base Station

[0317] - IN: Intermediate node. In topology 2 (BS <-> IN <-> AmIoT device), IN acts as the leader. Relays, IABs, terminals, repeaters, etc. can be INs.

[0318] - AN: Assisting node. It can assist DL transmission in topology 3-1 (BS -> AN -> AmIoT device -> BS), or assist UL transmission in topology 3-2 (BS -> AmIoT device -> AN -> BS). ANs can be relays, IABs, terminals, repeaters, etc.

[0319] - UE: User Equipment. For LTE, NR, or next-generation communication systems, this refers to the LTE, NR, or next-generation communication system UE / terminal, respectively. It is a general wireless communication terminal type, distinct from AmIoT devices or device types 1 / 2a / 2b. In topology 4 (UE <-> AmIoT device), the UE acts as the leader.

[0320] - Device: Unless otherwise stated, and when used alone, refers to EH devices, AmIoT devices or device types 1 / 2a / 2b indiscriminately.

[0321] - AmIoT: Ambient IoT

[0322] - F-gap: Frequency gap

[0323] - T-gap: Time gap

[0324] - TD: Time Domain

[0325] - FD: Frequency Domain

[0326] - PEI: Paging Early Indication

[0327] - LP-WUS: Low-Power Wake-Up Signal

[0328] - LP-SS: Low-Power Synchronization Signal

[0329] - RSRP: Reference Signal Received Power

[0330] - ESRP: ES Received Power. This may refer to RSRP measured using ES. It may have the same meaning as ES-RSRP.

[0331] - PRB: Physical Resource Block

[0332] - EH circuit: A circuit that performs EH operations. An EH device can be viewed as containing an EH circuit as a component.

[0333] - PHR: Power Headroom Report

[0334] - EHR: Energy Headroom Report

[0335] - BPF: Band-Pass Filter

[0336] - SM: Subcarrier Modulation

[0337] - PIE: pulse interval encoding

[0338] Ambient IoT (AmIoT)-based communication

[0339] The present disclosure describes a method for transmitting and receiving signals in topologies 1 and 2, in which direct communication (i.e., mono-static communication) is performed between a base station (or / and intermediate node) and an IoT device among four topologies. However, this is only one embodiment, and the present disclosure may also be applied to topologies 3 and / or 4.

[0340] For example, in topology 1, the direction from a base station (e.g., gNB) to a device (e.g., AmIoT device) may be referred to as DL, R2T, or R2D, and the direction from the device to the base station may be referred to as UL, T2R, or D2R. The base station may transmit an R2D message or data information to the device via an R2D signal, and the device may transmit a D2R message or data information to the base station via a D2R signal.

[0341] For example, in topology 2, a direction from an intermediate node (IN) to a device (e.g., an AmIoT device) may be referred to as DL, R2T, or R2D, and a direction from a device to the intermediate node (IN) may be referred to as UL, T2R, or D2R. The intermediate node (IN) may transmit an R2D message or data information to the device via an R2D signal, and the device may transmit a D2R message or data information to the intermediate node (IN) via a D2R signal.

[0342] Additionally, in the present disclosure, the preamble, midamble, and postamble of a D2R transmission and an R2D transmission may mean a sequence transmitted at the very front, a sequence transmitted in the middle, and a sequence transmitted at the very back of the corresponding D2R transmission and R2D transmission.

[0343] For example, the physical channels PRDCH (physical reader device channel) and PDRCH (physical device reader channel) can transmit a transport block (TB) of an upper layer (e.g., MAC PDU) and also transmit layer 1 (L1) control information or layer 2 (L2) control information (e.g., MAC header or MAC control element). For example, in the case of PRDCH or PDRCH, transmission can start with a preamble and end with a postamble. In addition, a midamble can be included between the transmission of L1 / L2 control information or TB. In the present disclosure, the expression x-amble can be used as a word indicating all of the preamble, the midamble, and the postamble. Additionally, the preamble, midamble, and postamble described in the present disclosure may be transmitted together with a D2R transmission, an R2D transmission (e.g., a PDRCH, a PRDCH), etc., or may be transmitted by being included in the corresponding D2R transmission, the corresponding R2D transmission.

[0344] FIG. 17 illustrates a PRDCH generation method and a PDRCH generation method to which some examples of the present disclosure can be applied.

[0345] Referring to FIG. 17, the generation of PRDCH / PDRCH may consist of CRC attachment, forward error correction (FEC) encoding, TB repetitions, line code encoding, modulation, chip repetitions, and waveform generation.

[0346] Referring to (a) of FIG. 17, a PRDCH can be generated for R2D information bits through CRC attachment, line coding, and OOK (On-Off Keying)-1 / OOK-4 generation based on OFDM waveforms. Also, referring to (b) of FIG. 17, a PDRCH can be generated for D2R information bits through CRC attachment, coding, and modulation.

[0347] For example, PRDCH / PDRCH generation may be based on one or more of the seven steps described below.

[0348] - Step 1 (CRC Append): K CRC bits {c_0^CRC, c_1^CRC, ..., c_(K-1)^CRC} are added to the N data bits of the original transmission block {b_0, b_1, b_2, 쪋, b_N-1}.

[0349] - Step 2 (FEC): The (N + K) bits {b_0, b_1, b_2, ..., b_N-1, c_0^CRC, c_1^CRC, ..., c_(K-1)^CRC} obtained in Step 1 are encoded with a convolutional code having a code rate of, for example, 1 / 3, and a code block {c_0^FEC, c_1^FEC, ..., c_(3(N+K)-1)^FEC} containing a total of 3(N+K) bits is output.

[0350] - Step 3 (TB repetition): If repeated transmission is scheduled, the code block generated in Step 2 is repeated according to the scheduled number of repetitions (e.g., 2), and bit blocks {c_0^FEC, c_1^FEC, ..., c_(3(N+K)-1)^FEC, c_0^FEC, c_1^FEC, ..., c_(3(N+K)-1)^FEC} containing a total of 6(N+K) bits are output.

[0351] - Step 4 (Line Code Encoding): The repeated code block in Step 3 is encoded using a line code of length 2, for example, and an encoded block {c_(0,0)^LC, c_(0,1)^LC, c_(1,0)^LC, c_(1,1)^LC, ..., c_(3(N+K)-1,0)^LC, c_(3(N+K)-1,1)^FEC, c_(0,0)^LC, c_(0,1)^LC, c_(1,0)^LC, c_(1,1)^LC, ..., c_(3(N+K)-1,0)^LC, c_(3(N+K)-1,1)^FEC} containing a total of 12(N+K) bits is output.

[0352] - Step 5 (Modulation): Each bit of the encoded block generated in Step 4 is mapped to 1 / 0 for OOK or +1 / -1 for BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying). Each OOK or BPSK symbol is considered a chip of backscatter modulation. In OOK, 1 and 0 represent high and low voltages, respectively, which are reflected in the envelope amplitude of the chip generated by the analog circuit. In BPSK, +1 and -1 represent phase shifts of 0 and 180 degrees, respectively, which are reflected in the envelope phase of the chip generated during the backscatter modulation process. The modulator outputs a chip block containing a total of 12(N+K) chips, for example, {s_0, s_1, s_2, ..., s_(12(N+K)-1)}.

[0353] - Step 6 (Chip Repetition): If a repetitive transmission is scheduled, each chip in the chip block generated in Step 5 is repeated according to the scheduled number of chip repetitions (e.g., 2), and a chip block {s_0, s_0, s_1, s_1, s_2, s_2, ..., s_(12(N+K)-1), s_(12(N+K)-1)} containing a total of 24(N+K) chips is output.

[0354] - Step 7 (Waveform Generation): A single carrier waveform is proposed for D2R transmission.

[0355] Below, various methods for determining the transport block size (TB size, TBS) of PRDCH and / or PDRCH in relation to AmIoT communication are described.

[0356] In describing the present disclosure, “ / ” means “and”, “or”, or “and / or”, depending on the context.

[0357] The embodiments described below are written separately for clarity of explanation, and each embodiment may be applied independently, or the proposed method / configuration of one embodiment may be combined or replaced with the proposed method / configuration of another embodiment.

[0358] Example 1

[0359] Embodiment 1 relates to a process for an ambient IoT device to access a reader device. As an example of the present disclosure, FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating a process for an ambient IoT device to access a reader device. Specifically, the connection process may be comprised of an MSG0 transmission / reception process (Embodiment 1-1), an MSG1 transmission / reception process (Embodiment 1-2), an MSG2 transmission / reception process (Embodiment 1-3), an MSG3 transmission / reception process (Embodiment 1-4), an MSG4 transmission / reception process, and an MSG5 transmission / reception process (Embodiment 1-5).

[0360] (Example 1-1)

[0361] As an example of the present disclosure, a base station / intermediate node can transmit MSG0 (e.g., a query signal and / or PDCCH order, etc.) to an ambient IoT device, and the ambient IoT device can receive MSG0. One or more leaders can transmit MSG0 according to the instruction of an upper node. For example, multiple intermediate nodes (INs) (e.g., multiple terminals) managed by the same base station can transmit MSG0 according to the instruction of the base station.

[0362] For example, if MSG0 is a query signal, the terminal can determine whether to transmit MSG1 based on MSG0. MSG0 can be used as a DL sync signal, such as PSS / SSS. For example, MSG0 can be reused as a DL sync signal, such as PSS / SSS, or defined as a new sync signal.

[0363] At this time, MSG0 may include connection-related system information. For example, the connection-related system information may include a timer value for connection operations, information related to the time interval during which MSG1 transmission is possible (e.g., information related to the start time, length, window pattern, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, the connection-related system information may be transmitted via a separate MSG 0 for each specific device type, and the MSG 0 may indicate that the system information applies only to the specific device type.

[0364] Additionally or alternatively, MSG0 may include information for resolving conflicts. For example, MSG0 may include probability-based access information, UE ID-based access information, early indication-based access information, UE group / type-based access information, service / access type-based access information, etc.

[0365] (Example 1-2)

[0366] The ambient IoT device can (re)transmit MSG1 to the reader device. For example, the ambient IoT device can (re)transmit MSG1 to the reader device using backscattering. The method described below can also be applied to transmitting and receiving messages subsequent to MSG1 (e.g., MSG 3 / 5).

[0367] As an example of the present disclosure, when MSG1 is transmitted in a slotted ALOHA manner, the ambient IoT device can transmit MSG1 at a time aligned with a specific time point (e.g., a transmission time of a DL sync signal or MSG0 transmitted by a reader device, a CW (carrier wave) transmission time, a backscattering transmission time (e.g., ambient IoT device A or B), etc.). The slotted ALOHA manner is a method of transmitting data by unit time (e.g., slot). As another example, the ambient IoT device can transmit MSG1 by selectively backscattering CW.

[0368] Additionally, MSG 1 may include a sequence for collision avoidance. The sequence for collision avoidance may be determined based on at least one of the options described below.

[0369] When multiple leaders transmit MSG0, a terminal can only respond to one MSG0 transmission. For example, a terminal can transmit MSG1 in response to the first MSG0 transmission it received, or it can only respond to the MSG0 received with the highest intensity.

[0370] (Example 1-3)

[0371] The ambient IoT device may receive MSG2 (from the reader device) after performing (re)transmission of MSG1. In one example of the present disclosure, MSG2 may include / indicate ACK and / or NACK information. For example, if the reader device successfully receives MSG1 and allows connection, MSG2 may include / indicate ACK. If the reader device does not successfully receive MSG1 or / and does not allow connection, MSG2 may include / indicate NACK.

[0372] For example, if MSG2 includes / indicates ACK, MSG2 may include at least one of information included in MSG1 (e.g., sequence information), transmission / reception resources of MSG1 (e.g., time / frequency resources), time / frequency for transmitting / receiving MSGs (e.g., MSG0, MSG1, MSG2, MSG3, MSG4, and / or MSG5, etc.), or CW time / frequency information for backscattering. If MSG2 includes / indicates NACK, MSG2 may include a back-off time.

[0373] (Example 1-4)

[0374] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, when an ACK including / indicating an ACK is received, the ambient IoT device may transmit MSG3 (to the reader device). For example, the ambient IoT device may transmit MSG3 in a backscattering manner. The selection of a time interval / point in time / frequency / resource for transmitting MSG3 may be determined / selected based on at least one of the transmission / reception time interval / point in time / frequency / resource selection methods of MSG2.

[0375] MSG3 may contain at least one of UE ID, sequence, early indication, UE group / type, connection type, RRC connection / resume request message for initial connection, and C-RNTI MAC CE for UE within RRC_CONNECTED.

[0376] Here, the UE ID (e.g., C-RNTI) may be scrambled, masked, or attached to all UL messages. The sequence may be part or all of the sequence selected for MSG1. In another example, the sequence may be part or all of a newly selected sequence using at least one of the MSG1 sequence selection methods described above. The early indication may include the device type (e.g., device A, device B, or device C) and / or other processing times. The RRC connection / resume request message may include the UE ID (e.g., s-TMSI or resumption ID), etc.

[0377] (Example 1-5)

[0378] An ambient IoT device that transmitted MSG 3 may receive MSG4 (from a reader device). MSG4 may include a UE ID (or / and contention resolution MAC CE) and / or sequence information. Here, the sequence may be selected / determined based on at least one of the MSG1 sequence selection methods described above.

[0379] If MSG4 contains the UE ID (or device ID) or sequence of the ambient IoT device, the ambient IoT device may transmit MSG5 (to the reader device).

[0380] For example, MSG5 may include terminal capability information. For example, the terminal capability information may include capability information related to device type (e.g., device type A, B, C), other processing times, early indication (e.g., device type, other processing times), terminal group / type, connection type, etc. Additionally or alternatively, MSG5 may include at least one of a UE ID, a sequence, and user data.

[0381] Example 2

[0382] This embodiment relates to the transmission structure of control information and PRDCH / PDRCH in relation to R2D / D2R transmission in AmIoT communication.

[0383] FIG. 19 illustrates a control information and PRDCH / PDRCH transmission structure to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0384] Referring to FIG. 19, each transmission structure option may be transmitted immediately after the preamble. Additionally, a postamble may be transmitted immediately after the transmission of each transmission structure option.

[0385] For example, when PRDCH transmission or PDRCH transmission based on the transmission structure of option a or option b is performed including a preamble and a postamble, it can be based on a structure such as FIG. 20.

[0386] FIG. 20 illustrates preamble / postamble and PRDCH / PDRCH transmissions to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0387] Referring to FIG. 20, R2D / D2R transmission can be performed based on the Manchester code method, which is an example, and can also be performed based on other methods. In addition, the preamble and postamble illustrated in FIG. 20 can also be examples. As a specific example, the D2R preamble can be transmitted only as a clock acquisition part for D2R timing acquisition without a start indicator. And / or, the postamble can be transmitted at a different length while maintaining a high voltage, or in the form of a specific sequence composed of high voltage and low voltage. And / or, the R2D / D2R transmission can be performed by transmitting only the preamble and PRDCH / PDRCH without a postamble.

[0388] Additionally, as illustrated in FIG. 19, L1 control information of R2D transmission may be transmitted based on one or more of the following methods.

[0389] (Method 2-1) L1 control information may be present at the end of the R2D preamble as part of the R2D preamble. In this case, the chip duration of the L1 control information may be the same as the chip duration of the preamble. For example, L1 control information may be added immediately after the clock acquisition part of FIG. 20, and the PRDCH may be transmitted thereafter. At this time, the structure of the PRDCH transmission may be the same as option a or option b of FIG. 19. In the case of option b, the PRDCH may start with L2 control information.

[0390] (Method 2-2) L1 control information may exist between the R2D preamble and the PRDCH. In this case, the structure of the PRDCH transmission may be the same as option c, option d, or option e of FIG. 19. For option d, the L1 control information may be transmitted through a separate R2D control channel. For option c or option e, the L1 control information may be transmitted as a separate portion without a separate channel.

[0391] (Method 2-3) L1 control information may be present at the beginning of the PRDCH as part of the PRDCH. In this case, the chip duration of the L1 control information may be identical to the chip duration of the PRDCH. In this case, the structure of the PRDCH transmission may be the same as option b of FIG. 19, and the PRDCH may begin with L1 control information.

[0392] FIG. 21 illustrates a MAC payload structure in a PRDCH / PDRCH to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied.

[0393] The MAC payload structure illustrated in Fig. 21 may be an example of the structure of the payload (e.g., MAC payload) in Fig. 19. Here, the MAC payload may correspond to one transport block (TB).

[0394] In options a, c, and d of FIG. 21, the L2 control information may or may not be located at the very beginning of the MAC payload. In this case, whether the L2 control information is included may be indicated in the L1 control information described in FIG. 19 or the clock acquisition portion of the preamble. Alternatively, without a separate indication, the MAC payload may or may not always include the L2 control information. Alternatively, whether the L2 control information is included may be indicated in the first bit / field of the L2 control information or the bit / field immediately before the L2 control information. Alternatively, the L2 control information may be included in the MAC CE after the MAC subheader of FIG. 21. Additionally, padding may be added to the last part of the payload of FIG. 21.

[0395] When a payload (e.g., TB) is configured as shown in FIG. 21 in the MAC layer, the payload can be transmitted to the physical layer, and the physical layer can configure a PRDCH or PDRCH by adding a CRC to the payload. At this time, whether a CRC is added to the TB can be indicated in L1 control information, L2 control information, or MAC CE. And / or, in FIG. 21, the L2 control information can be classified as a specific MAC CE (always) located in front of the payload, or as a MAC header.

[0396] Additionally, for R2D / D2R transmissions, a midamble may be included in addition to the preamble and / or postamble. For example, in the case of D2R transmission, the D2R transmission may be performed in the following order: D2R preamble, PDRCH, D2R midamble, PDRCH, ..., D2R midamble, PDRCH, D2R postamble.

[0397] Example 3

[0398] This embodiment relates to a repeated transmission method of PRDCH / PDRCH.

[0399] - For PDRCH (or PRDCH) that uses a fixed transport block size (TBS), R2D / D2R control information may not be required. For example, a D2R response with a fixed size, such as MSG1 for contention-based access, may not require a postamble or R2D / D2R control information.

[0400] For PDRCH (or PRDCH) using chip / bit / TB repetition of transport blocks (TB) with fixed size, the leader and / or device may perform one of the following options:

[0401] (Option 1) PDRCH (or PRDCH) repetition information (e.g., repetition count) may be indicated by R2D / D2R control information. In this case, PDRCH (or PRDCH) transmission may be repeated without a midamble and terminated without a postamble.

[0402] (Option 2) PDRCH (or PRDCH) repetition information (e.g., repetition count) may not be indicated by R2D / D2R control information. In this case, PDRCH (or PRDCH) transmissions may be repeated using a midamble and terminated using a postamble. That is, a midamble may be transmitted between consecutive PDRCHs (or PRDCHs), and a postamble may be transmitted after the last PDRCH (or PRDCH).

[0403] Here, when both a midamble and a postamble are used, the midamble sequence may not be identical to the postamble sequence.

[0404] - On the other hand, in case of a PDRCH (or PRDCH) having a variable TBS in response to R2D control information, if a TBS indication is indicated in the R2D control information, the device can generate a TB of a size up to the indicated TBS.

[0405] Here, if the actual TBS (i.e., the size of the TB that actually needs to be transmitted) does not exactly match the TBS indicated by the R2D control information (e.g., is smaller than the indicated TBS), a postamble may be added immediately after the TB.

[0406] For example, if the total size of the TB and the postamble is greater than the indicated TBS, L2 padding may be added to the TB instead of the postamble. In other words, the postamble may be added immediately after the TB only if the total size of the TB and the postamble is less than the indicated TBS.

[0407] If the actual TBS exactly matches the TBS specified in the R2D control information, no postamble or padding may be added to the TB.

[0408] If the actual required TBS (i.e., the size of the TB that actually needs to be transmitted) is larger than the specified TBS, the device may indicate the actual required TBS in the D2R L2 control information. In this case, a packet fragmented together with the D2R control information in the PDRCH (or PRDCH) may be transmitted based on the TBS indicated in the D2R L2 control information.

[0409] - For PDRCH (or PRDCH) using chip / bit / TB repetition for variable-sized TB, regardless of whether the number of PDRCH (or PRDCH) repetitions is indicated in the R2D control information, PDRCH (or PRDCH) transmission may be repeated through the midamble and terminated through the postamble. That is, the midamble may be transmitted between consecutive PDRCHs (or PRDCHs), and the postamble may be transmitted after the last PDRCH (or PRDCH).

[0410] For Topology 2, the base station (e.g., gNB) can determine whether to repeat D2R transmissions based on D2R measurements of the IN UE. The IN UE can perform measurements on D2R transmissions and report the measurement results to the base station. Based on the reports, the base station can determine whether to repeat D2R transmissions and perform one of the following:

[0411] (Option 1): The base station may transmit downlink control information (DCI) to the IN UE. The DCI may indicate chip / bit / TB unit repetition information (e.g., the number of PDRCH repetitions).

[0412] (Option 2): The base station may configure a D2R resource pool for the IN UE, which consists of D2R resources that support PDRCH repetition. The base station may also configure repetition information (e.g., the number of PDRCH repetitions) per chip / bit / TB.

[0413] In this case, the UE can autonomously select multiple PDRCH resources up to the repetition count for PDRCH repetition within the D2R resource pool set by the base station.

[0414] As described above, the PRDCH or PDRCH can be repeatedly transmitted at the chip / bit / TB level, and such repeated transmission can be indicated by control information. Specifically, for example, repeated transmission of the PRDCH or PDRCH can be indicated by a TBS indication or a specific field of L1 or L2 control information. Here, repeated transmission of the PRDCH or PDRCH can be repeated transmission of the same chip / bit / TB, or can be consecutive transmissions of different TBs. For example, whether the PRDCH or PDRCH transmission is repeated at the chip level, bit level, or TB level can be indicated by a specific field of the L1 or L2 control information in the R2D direction. Alternatively, whether the PDRCH transmission is repeated at the chip level, bit level, or TB level can be indicated by a specific field of the L1 or L2 control information in the D2R direction. When repeated transmission of the PDRCH transmission is indicated, the device repeatedly transmits the PDRCH according to the indication. Here, a specific field in the R2D direction or D2R direction can indicate / provide repetition information (e.g., number of repetitions).

[0415] If the control information does not indicate / provide PRDCH repetition or PDRCH repetition information (e.g., if the specific field is not included in the control information, or if the specific field does not indicate / provide PRDCH repetition or PDRCH repetition information), the transmitter (e.g., a reader or a device) may transmit a preamble, a midamble, or a postamble to distinguish between repetitions of the PRDCH or PDRCH (or to distinguish between repeated TBs). For example, assuming that the PRDCH or PDRCH (e.g., the same TB or different TBs) is repeatedly transmitted N times (where N is an integer greater than 1), in order to distinguish between the first transmission and the second repetition transmission of the PRDCH or PDRCH, the preamble / midamble / postamble may be transmitted immediately after the first transmission, followed by the second repetition transmission of the PRDCH or PDRCH. Then, the k-th repeated transmission of the PRDCH or PDRCH may be performed after the preamble / midamble / postamble is transmitted at the end of the k-1th repeated transmission of the PRDCH or PDRCH or at the start of the k-th repeated transmission. Afterwards, the postamble may be transmitted at the end of the last N-th repeated transmission. Here, the preamble / midamble / postamble transmitted at the end of the k-1th repeated transmission of the PRDCH or PDRCH may indicate the interval between the k-1th repeated transmission and the k-th repeated transmission or may indicate the number of repeated transmissions remaining after the k-1th repeated transmission.

[0416] In addition, if the k-1th transmission of PRDCH or PDRCH ends and the kth transmission starts immediately after each other without a gap, a midamble may be transmitted between the two consecutive transmissions. If a gap occurs between the k-1th transmission of PRDCH or PDRCH ends and the kth transmission starts, a postamble may be transmitted immediately after the k-1th transmission ends, the kth transmission may start after a predetermined gap, and the postamble may be transmitted immediately after the last Nth transmission. Here, the presence of a gap, the length of the gap, and / or the end of repeated transmission (i.e., the last transmission) may be indicated in the postamble. In addition, the initial transmission (i.e., the first transmission) may start with a preamble (i.e., the preamble is transmitted immediately before the initial transmission).

[0417] In addition, if the k-1th transmission of PRDCH or PDRCH ends and the kth transmission starts immediately after each other without a gap, a midamble may be transmitted between the two consecutive transmissions. If a gap occurs between the k-1th transmission of PRDCH or PDRCH ending and the kth transmission starting, a preamble may be transmitted immediately after the k-1th transmission ends, the kth transmission may start after a predetermined gap, and a postamble may be transmitted immediately after the last Nth transmission. Here, the presence of a gap, the length of the gap, and / or the start of a repeated transmission (i.e., a first / initial transmission) may be indicated in the preamble.

[0418] In N repeated transmissions of PRDCH or PDRCH (where N is an integer greater than 1), i) the (k-1)th transmission and the kth transmission (i.e., a part of N repeated transmissions) or ii) all individual transmissions may be transmissions of the same TB or transmissions of different TBs. Here, in the case of the same TB, it may correspond to repeated transmissions of the same TB. In the case of repeated transmissions of the same TB, the first transmission of the TB (e.g., the first PRDCH or PDRCH) may be transmitted including L1 or L2 control information, and subsequent repeated transmissions (i.e., subsequent repeated transmissions including the second transmission) may or may not include the control information. Here, whether control information is included in subsequent repeated transmissions may be indicated by the L1 or L2 control information of the first transmission. In addition, the L1 or L2 control information of the first transmission may indicate the number of repetitions and / or indicate whether the next transmission(s) is a repeated transmission of the same TB or a transmission of a new TB.

[0419] In addition, in the N-th (N is an integer greater than 1) repeated transmission of PRDCH or PDRCH, i) the k-1th transmission and the k-th transmission (i.e., a part of the N-th repeated transmission), or ii) all individual transmissions may be transmitted scrambled with the same sequence / code, or may be transmitted scrambled with different sequences / codes. In addition, in the N-th (N is an integer greater than 1) repeated transmission of PRDCH or PDRCH, i) the k-1th transmission and the k-th transmission (i.e., a part of the N-th repeated transmission), or ii) all individual transmissions may be transmitted coded with the same code rate, or may be transmitted coded with different code rates. In addition, in N (where N is an integer greater than 1) repeated transmissions of PRDCH or PDRCH, i) the (k-1)th transmission and the kth transmission (i.e., some of the N repeated transmissions) or ii) all individual transmissions may be transmitted on the same frequency resource / channel or may be transmitted by hopping / moving to different frequency resources / channels. Here, information about the code rate or frequency hopping information / pattern for R2D or D2R repeated transmission may be indicated by L1 or L2 control information of the first transmission. In addition, in case of D2R repeated transmission, information about the code rate or frequency hopping information / pattern for D2R repeated transmission may also be indicated by R2D control information.

[0420] If i) the number of repetitions for R2D or D2R repeat transmissions is fixed, or ii) the number of repetitions is indicated by a TBS instruction or L1 or L2 control information (e.g., a specific field), the transmitter may omit the postamble after the last repetition transmission, or the receiver may omit the postamble reception by stopping reception immediately after the last repetition transmission, regardless of whether the transmitter omitted the postamble.

[0421] If a midamble is transmitted between two consecutive transmissions in R2D or D2R repetitive transmissions, the midamble and the postamble may be of different sequences (i.e., they may be distinguished because they are generated based on different sequences). Alternatively, if a preamble is transmitted between two consecutive transmissions in R2D or D2R repetitive transmissions, the preamble transmitted before the first transmission and the preamble transmitted between the two consecutive transmissions may be of different sequences (i.e., they may be distinguished because they are generated based on different sequences). Alternatively, if a postamble is transmitted between two consecutive transmissions in R2D or D2R repetitive transmissions, the postamble transmitted immediately after the last repetitive transmission and the postamble transmitted between the two consecutive transmissions may be of different sequences (i.e., they may be distinguished because they are generated based on different sequences). In cases where preambles / midambles / postambles are included between repeated transmissions, control information in the R2D or D2R direction may be transmitted without including a TBS indication for the PDRCH. Furthermore, control information in the R2D direction may be transmitted without including a TBS indication for the PRDCH.

[0422] If the TB size or TB transmission length can be determined based on the command ID or TBS indication, and PRDCH or PDRCH repetition information is indicated / provided by control information (e.g., the specific field above), the transmitter can perform repeated transmission of the PRDCH or PDRCH without transmitting a preamble / midamble / postamble to distinguish PRDCH or PDRCH repetitions. For example, if the TB size or TB transmission length is determined to be 50 bits or 10 ms by the command ID or TBS indication, and N repeated transmissions are indicated by the control information, the receiver can determine that there is no preamble / midamble / postamble between two consecutive repeated transmissions of the PRDCH or PDRCH TB (i.e., between the k-1th transmission and the kth repeated transmission), and determine that the corresponding TB is repeated at every multiple of 50 bits or every multiple of 10 ms according to the determined TB size.

[0423] Alternatively, the inclusion of a midamble (or preamble / postamble) between two consecutive transmissions in R2D or D2R repeated transmissions may be indicated by the L1 / L2 control information in the R2D direction or the L1 / L2 control information in the D2R direction. For example, whether a midamble is included between two consecutive transmissions in PDRCH repeated transmissions may be indicated by a specific field of the L1 or L2 control information in the R2D direction, and if a midamble is included, at what time interval (or data size / length interval) the midamble is included may be indicated. In other words, the transmission interval of the midamble may be indicated by a specific field of the L1 or L2 control information in the R2D direction, and in this case, the transmission interval of the midamble may be indicated in units of time, bits, etc. Alternatively, a specific field in the L1 or L2 control information in the D2R direction may indicate whether a midamble is included between two consecutive transmissions in PDRCH repeat transmissions, and if so, at what time interval the midamble is included (i.e., the transmission interval of the midamble).

[0424] According to the above description, a midamble is set to be transmitted between two consecutive repeated transmissions of a PRDCH or a PDRCH, and if the receiver detects the midamble before the end point of the PRDCH or the PDRCH, it can determine that the transmission of the TB of the PRDCH or the PDRCH has ended. Then, the receiver can determine that a new TB is transmitted after the midamble, or that the repeated transmission of the TB received so far continues after the midamble, and accordingly, the receiver can continue receiving the PRDCH or the PDRCH. Additionally, if the receiver detects a midamble before the end of a repeated transmission of a PRDCH or PDRCH, it can be indicated whether the new transmission after the midamble is a repeat transmission of the previous TB or a new TB transmission by i) L1 / L2 control information transmitted within the TB received so far or immediately before the TB received so far, or ii) L1 / L2 control information or midamble transmitted within the new TB or immediately before the new TB.

[0425] FIG. 22 illustrates repeated transmission of a PDRCH according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0426] Figure 22 illustrates a case where a midamble is indicated to be included between repeated transmissions of two consecutive PDRCHs by L1 / L2 control information in the R2D direction or L1 / L2 control information in the D2R direction.

[0427] Referring to FIG. 22, in repeated transmissions of PDRCH, a (D2R) preamble may be transmitted before the first PDRCH transmission begins. A (D2R) midamble may be included between two consecutive PDRCH transmissions, and a (D2R) postamble may be transmitted after the last PDRCH transmission.

[0428] Meanwhile, in Fig. 22, only the repeated transmission of PDRCH is exemplified, but the repeated transmission of PRDCH can also be performed with the same structure.

[0429] In the above-described method, when multiple PRDCHs for the same or different TBs are transmitted, the L1 / L2 R2D control information of the ith PRDCH may transmit R2D control information for a subsequent PRDCH (e.g., the i+1th or subsequent PRDCH) and / or D2R control information of a PDRCH transmitted in response to the subsequent PRDCH. For example, the L1 control information of the first PRDCH may include time domain resource allocation information and / or frequency domain resource allocation information of the second PRDCH. Alternatively, the L1 control information of the first PRDCH may include time domain resource allocation information and / or frequency domain resource allocation information of a PDRCH transmitted in response to the second PRDCH. Additionally, the L1 control information of the first PRDCH may include repetition transmission settings (e.g., command ID, MCS, TBS, repetition count, etc.) for the second PRDCH or the PDRCH transmitted in response thereto, R2D / D2R control information (e.g., device ID, device group ID, device type, cast type, etc.), etc.

[0430] With respect to PRDCH / PDRCH repetition transmission in the present disclosure, chip-level repetition, bit-level repetition, and block-level repetition may all be applied together, or one or more of these methods may be applied. For example, block-level repetition transmission may mean repeated transmission of PRDCH / PDRCH in units of TB (transport blocks).

[0431] In the present disclosure, when block-level repetitive transmission is applied, the CRC for the block may be transmitted before the transmission of the block. For example, when a block is repetitively transmitted three times, the repetitive transmission may be performed in such a manner that the CRC for the block is transmitted first, then the block is transmitted first, then the block is transmitted second, and finally the CRC for the block is transmitted first, then the block is transmitted third. Alternatively, when a block is repetitively transmitted three times, the CRC for the block may be transmitted first, followed by the block being repetitively transmitted three times. Alternatively, when a block is repetitively transmitted three times, the CRC may be transmitted between the first and second block transmissions, or between the second and third block transmissions.

[0432] In the present disclosure, the maximum length may be calculated excluding or including the preamble / midamble / postamble. In addition, the maximum length may be calculated excluding or including the CRC.

[0433] Example 4

[0434] This embodiment relates to a method for stopping repetitive transmission based on energy level.

[0435] When transmitting a PDRCH in response to a PRDCH transmission, the transmission or repeated transmission of the PDRCH may be indicated through the preamble of the R2D transmission or the control information of the PRDCH, and information regarding the maximum length of the PRDCH and the minimum power of the PDRCH may be indicated. Alternatively, the transmission or repeated transmission of the PDRCH may be indicated through the preamble of the D2R transmission or the control information of the PDRCH. In this case, the indication for repeated transmission may be based on an indication for one or more of chip-level repetition, bit-level repetition, or block-level repetition.

[0436] If the minimum power of the PRDCH is not indicated through the preamble of the R2D transmission or the control information of the PRDCH, the minimum power may be determined based on a specific value indicated by the system information transmitted by the leader. Alternatively, if no indicated value exists, a fixed minimum power may be determined for each device, device group, or device type.

[0437] As described above, when the PDRCH is repeatedly transmitted and the minimum power of the PDRCH is indicated / determined, if the device cannot perform all of the PDRCH repeated transmissions that satisfy the minimum power due to its energy level, the device may stop the repeated transmissions. For example, if four repeated transmissions are indicated through the preamble of the R2D transmission or the control information of the PRDCH, and the minimum power for this is indicated / determined, all three repeated transmissions may be performed with power above the minimum power, but all four repeated transmissions may not be performed with power above the minimum power. In this case, the device may either skip only the fourth repeated transmission or perform the fourth repeated transmission with power below the minimum power.

[0438] Example 5

[0439] This embodiment relates to a method for early termination based on energy level for D2R repeated transmission.

[0440] If block-level repetition is indicated / determined and N blocks for PDRCH are repeatedly transmitted based on block-level repetition, the device transmits the Kth block (where, k <N)까지 전송한 후 또는 K+1번째 블록을 전송하는 동안에 에너지 레벨이 특정 임계값 미만으로 낮아지거나, 현재 에너지 레벨로는 지시 / 결정된 최소 전력으로 PDRCH를 전송하는 것이 불가능할 수 있다. 이 경우, 해당 디바이스는 충분한 에너지 하베스팅 이전에는 해당 블록에 대한 반복 전송을 계속하여 수행할 수 없다.

[0441] Alternatively, if block-level repetition is directed / determined and N blocks for PDRCH are repeatedly transmitted based on block-level repetition, the device is ON in the Kth block (where, k <N)까지 전송한 후 또는 K+1번째 블록을 전송하는 동안에 오프(OFF) / 수면(Sleep) 상태로 전환하는 경우, 해당 디바이스는 PDRCH를 반복적으로 전송하지 않을 수 있다. 이와 관련하여, 해당 디바이스는 매 블록 반복 전송의 시작마다 오프 / (깊은) 수면 상태로의 천이를 판단 / 수행할 수 있다. 또는, 해당 디바이스는 매 블록 반복 전송의 직후 또는 블록 반복 전송마다 추가되는 x-앰블 전후에 오프 / (깊은) 수면 상태로의 천이를 판단 / 수행할 수 있다.

[0442] If the device cannot continue the repeat transmission due to energy level / minimum power or transition to off / sleep state as mentioned above, the device will wait for the Kth block (where k <N)까지 전송한 후 또는 K+1번쨰 블록을 전송하는 동안에 특정 패턴의 D2R 프리앰블 / 미드앰블 / 포스트앰블 또는 L1 / L2 제어 정보를 전송하여 이에 대한 사항을 리더에게 보고할 수 있다. 이후, 충분한 에너지 하베스팅을 통해 에너지 레벨 / 최소 전력을 만족하거나, 온 상태로 전환함에 따라 반복 전송이 가능한 경우, 디바이스는 특정 패턴의 D2R 프리앰블 / 미드앰블 / 포스트앰블 또는 L1 / L2 제어 정보를 전송하여 이에 대한 사항을 리더에게 보고할 수 있으며, 리더에게 나머지 반복 전송을 재개하도록 요청할 수 있다. 이후, 리더가 특정 패턴의 R2D 프리앰블 / 미드앰블 / 포스트앰블 또는 L1 / L2 제어 정보를 전송하여 반복 전송의 재개를 지시할 수 있으며, 이를 수신한 디바이스는 해당 반복 전송을 재개할 수 있다.

[0443] Additionally or alternatively, the device may report to the leader by transmitting a D2R preamble / midamble / postamble or L1 / L2 control information in a specific pattern, and then immediately resume repetitive transmission or after a specific gap. The report may include information about energy level / minimum power or transition to an off / sleep state, or information about the resumption of repetitive transmission. The report may also include information about the length of a specific gap associated with the resumption of repetitive transmission.

[0444] If the leader that has received up to the Kth block fails to successfully decode the TB and does not detect repeated PDRCH transmissions after the Kth block, the leader may transmit a specific pattern of R2D preamble / midamble / postamble or L1 / L2 control information to instruct block-level repeated transmissions from the K+1th block. For example, the resumption of repeated transmissions may be instructed through a pattern of preamble / midamble / postamble or a specific field of the R2D control information, or information about the Kth block received so far or information about the K+1th block to be received thereafter may be instructed.

[0445] Additionally or alternatively, a preamble / midamble / postamble may be transmitted between blocks that are repeatedly transmitted, or may be repeatedly transmitted M times. Here, M and N may be the same or different. Alternatively, a gap may be established between blocks that are repeatedly transmitted. For this purpose, information about the presence of a gap and the length of the gap may be indicated through the preamble of the R2D transmission, control information of the PRDCH, the preamble of the D2R transmission, or control information of the PDRCH. If a gap exists, the leader may instruct to stop the repeated transmission of the subsequent block during the gap.

[0446] A specific example operation of the proposed method of this embodiment may be as follows.

[0447] The reader can perform R2D / D2R transmission and reception with a specific device by setting a duty cycle. At this time, each repetitive transmission is performed during the ON period of the duty cycle, and charging is performed for the remaining time, so that the repetitive transmission can continue as follows. For example, if the duty cycle is 50 ms, the first repetitive transmission is performed for 5 ms, and for the remaining 45 ms, energy harvesting can be performed and transmission can not be performed in the OFF / sleep state. When a trigger signal indicating the start of the ON period in the next duty cycle (e.g., R2D preamble / midamble / postamble of the specific pattern described above or L1 / L2 control information) is received from the reader, the device can perform the second repetitive transmission for 5 ms again. If the leader successfully receives a D2R transmission after two repeat transmissions, the leader can indicate that no more repeat transmissions are necessary in the next duty cycle's ON period, and the receiving device can stop the repeat transmissions.

[0448] (Example 5-1)

[0449] Additionally, with respect to the proposed method of the aforementioned embodiment 5, a method of performing repeated transmission decisions and early termination for R2D / D2R based on reporting of energy levels may be additionally considered.

[0450] Specifically, when transmitting a PDRCH in response to a PRDCH transmission, the leader can request an energy level report of the device through the preamble of the R2D transmission or the control information of the PRDCH. The device receiving the request from the leader can determine the energy level information and report the current energy level information of the device to the leader by transmitting a D2R preamble of a specific pattern mapped to the determined energy level information, D2R L1 / L2 control information indicating the determined energy level information, or MAC CE of the PDRCH. At this time, the device can be configured to always report upon request, or can be configured to report upon request only when one or more of the conditions described below are satisfied.

[0451] Alternatively, without the aforementioned leader request, if the system information transmitted by the leader configures reporting of the current energy level information of the device, or if the device has the capability to report energy level information, the device may be configured to report the current energy level information to the leader if one or more of the conditions described below are satisfied. In this case, the reporting may be performed through transmission of a D2R preamble of a specific pattern mapped to the current energy level information, D2R L1 / L2 control information indicating the current energy level information, or MAC CE of the PDRCH.

[0452] At this time, the conditions mentioned above are as follows.

[0453] - If this occurs during every D2R transmission

[0454] - In case of repeat transmission, if every D2R repeat transmission occurs

[0455] - When the reporting cycle arrives according to the cycle indicated by system information, R2D L1 / L2 control information, R2D x-amble, or specification, at every D2R transmission or at every D2R repeat transmission.

[0456] - When the current energy level is above or below the threshold, at every D2R transmission or at every D2R repeat transmission.

[0457] In this regard, information on threshold values ​​may be set / indicated by system information, R2D L1 / L2 control information, R2D x-amble, or specifications.

[0458] Additionally or alternatively, the threshold may be determined based on the length of the D2R transmission transmitted in response to the R2D. Alternatively, the threshold may be determined based on the length of the next D2R transmission following the D2R transmission transmitted in response to the R2D. For example, a high threshold may be applied when the D2R transmission length is long, and a low threshold may be applied when the D2R transmission length is short. The mapping relationship between the transmission length and the threshold may be set / indicated by system information, R2D L1 / L2 control information, R2D x-amble, or the specification. For example, if there is sufficient energy for the entire D2R transmission length, a value of 1 may be indicated, and if not, a value of 0 may be indicated. Alternatively, if there is sufficient energy for a D2R transmission for a hypothetical 1000-bit or 10ms transmission length, a value of 1 may be indicated, and if not, a value of 0 may be indicated.

[0459] Additionally or alternatively, the threshold may be determined based on the number of D2R repetition transmissions N transmitted in response to the R2D. For example, a high threshold may be applied when the N value is large, and a low threshold may be applied when the N value is small. The mapping relationship between the N value and the threshold may be set / indicated by system information, R2D L1 / L2 control information, R2D x-amble, or specifications.

[0460] Additionally, the aforementioned energy level information may include the following contents / information:

[0461] - If currently ON, the time it takes to switch to OFF / sleep state

[0462] Here, information about the time may include absolute time, or may indicate whether it is above or below a certain threshold time.

[0463] - Current energy level of the device

[0464] Here, the energy level may include an absolute level value, or may indicate information about whether the level is above a certain threshold or below a certain threshold.

[0465] - Whether the leader's R2D transmission is possible and / or, if possible, the time for R2D transmission.

[0466] A device may report information regarding whether or not it can receive an R2D transmission during a specific time period immediately after / following a report, or may report information regarding a specific time period during which it can receive the transmission, taking into account the current energy level. In this regard, when indicating whether to transmit or receive, the specific time period may be a fixed value, a value set via system information, or a value indicated via R2D L1 / L2 control information. The specific time period may start / apply immediately after or at the start of a D2R transmission including an energy level report, or may start / apply after a certain offset from that point in time.

[0467] Additionally, a leader that receives a report that R2D transmission is possible can perform R2D transmission within the specific time period. Alternatively, a leader that receives a report that R2D transmission is not possible can suspend R2D transmission for a second specific time period and resume R2D transmission to the corresponding device after the second specific time period. Here, the second specific time period may be a fixed specific value, a value set through system information, a value indicated through R2D L1 / L2 control information, or a value reported by the device through energy level information. The second specific time period may start / apply from or immediately after the start of a D2R transmission including an energy level report, or may start / apply after a certain offset from the time period.

[0468] Example 6

[0469] This embodiment relates to a method for changing MCS based on energy level.

[0470] When transmitting a PDRCH in response to a PRDCH transmission, the transmission or repeated transmission of the PDRCH may be indicated through the preamble of the R2D transmission or the control information of the PRDCH, and information regarding the maximum length of the PDRCH and the minimum power of the PDRCH may be indicated. Alternatively, the transmission or repeated transmission of the PDRCH may be indicated through the preamble of the D2R transmission or the control information of the PDRCH. In this case, the indication for repeated transmission may be based on an indication for one or more of chip-level repetition, bit-level repetition, or block-level repetition.

[0471] If the minimum power of the PDRCH is not indicated through the preamble of the R2D transmission or the control information of the PRDCH, the minimum power may be determined based on a specific value indicated by the system information transmitted by the leader. Alternatively, if there is no specific value indicated by the system information transmitted by the leader, a fixed minimum power may be determined for each device, device group, or device type.

[0472] As described above, when the minimum power of the PDRCH is indicated / determined, if the device's energy level does not meet the minimum power, transmission may be aborted or the MCS may be changed to perform transmission. For example, if there is not enough power to transmit a full TB at a 1 / 3 coding rate, the TB may be transmitted at a shorter length based on a 1 / 2 coding rate that can fully transmit the TB with the device's minimum power. In this case, the device may be indicated to use the 1 / 2 coding rate via the L1 control information of the PDRCH.

[0473] Additionally, if the maximum length of the PDRCH and the minimum power of the PDRCH are indicated / determined, if the minimum power is not satisfied by the energy level of the device, the transmission may be stopped, or the transmission may be performed by changing to an MCS that satisfies the maximum length of the PDRCH. For example, if there is no power to transmit a full TB at a 1 / 3 coding rate, the TB may be transmitted based on a 1 / 2 coding rate that can fully transmit the TB within the maximum length with the minimum power of the device. In this case, the device may be indicated to use the 1 / 2 coding rate through the L1 control information of the PDRCH.

[0474] Example 7

[0475] This embodiment is about a method for stopping repeated transmission based on a maximum length.

[0476] When transmitting a PDRCH in response to a PRDCH transmission, repeated transmission of the PDRCH may be indicated through the preamble of the R2D transmission or the control information of the PRDCH, and the maximum length of the PDRCH may be indicated. Alternatively, transmission or repeated transmission of the PDRCH may be indicated through the preamble of the D2R transmission or the control information of the PDRCH. In this case, the indication for repeated transmission may be based on an indication for one or more of chip-level repetition, bit-level repetition, or block-level repetition.

[0477] If the maximum length is not indicated by the preamble of the R2D transmission or the control information of the PRDCH, the maximum length may be determined as a specific value indicated by the system information transmitted by the leader, or if no indicated value is present, a fixed maximum length may be determined for each device, device group, or device type.

[0478] As described above, when the maximum length of the PDRCH and the repeated transmission are indicated / determined, if the length of the PDRCH repeated transmission exceeds the indicated maximum length, the device may stop the repeated transmission. In this case, in the case of block-level repetition, the repeated transmission is stopped, and in the case of chip-level repetition or bit-level repetition, the repeated transmission may not be stopped.

[0479] For example, if a 4-time repeat transmission is indicated through the control information of the preamble or PRDCH of an R2D transmission and the maximum length is also indicated / determined, only 3-time repeat transmissions may fall within the maximum length, while the 4th repeat transmission may exceed the maximum length. In this case, only the 4th repeat transmission may be skipped entirely, or only the bits / chips equal to the maximum length may be transmitted in the 4th repeat transmission. Alternatively, in the case of the 4th repeat transmission, only the length excluding the preamble may be repeated within the maximum length.

[0480] Example 8

[0481] This embodiment relates to a method for indicating early termination of D2R repeat transmission.

[0482] When transmitting a PDRCH in response to a PRDCH transmission, transmission or repeated transmission of the PDRCH may be indicated through the preamble of the R2D transmission or the control information of the PRDCH. Alternatively, transmission or repeated transmission of the PDRCH may be indicated through the preamble of the D2R transmission or the control information of the PDRCH. In this case, the indication for repeated transmission may be based on an indication for one or more of chip-level repetition, bit-level repetition, or block-level repetition.

[0483] If block-level repetition is indicated / determined and the device repeatedly transmits N blocks for PDRCH based on block-level repetition, the Kth block (where, k <N)까지 수신한 리더는 성공적으로 TB를 디코딩할 수 있다. 이 경우, 리더는 R2D 프리앰블, 미드앰블, 또는 포스트앰블을 전송하거나, R2D 제어 정보를 전송하여 디바이스의 K번째 블록 이후의 반복 전송의 중단을 지시할 수 있다. 예를 들어, R2D 프리앰블 / 미드앰블 / 포스트앰블의 특정 패턴 또는 PRDCH의 L1 / L2 제어 정보의 특정 필드를 통해 반복 전송의 중단이 지시될 수 있다.

[0484] A device that successfully receives this may terminate the PDRCH repeated transmission by stopping the repeated transmission after the Kth block. At this time, the device may transmit a postamble after the Kth block to inform / transmit information about the termination of the PDRCH repeated transmission to the leader. Alternatively, a device that successfully receives this may terminate the PDRCH repeated transmission by stopping the repeated transmission after the block that has been or is currently being transmitted. At this time, the device may transmit a postamble after the block that has been or is currently being transmitted to inform / transmit information about the termination of the PDRCH repeated transmission to the leader.

[0485] If the R2D transmission instructing the leader to stop the repetitive transmission fails, the leader may retransmit the R2D preamble / midamble / postamble or retransmit the R2D control information to instruct the leader to stop the repetitive transmission again. For example, if the D2R response to the R2D transmission instructing the leader to stop the repetitive transmission is not received, or if the device continues to perform the repetitive transmission even after the instruction, the leader may retransmit the R2D preamble / midamble / postamble or retransmit the R2D control information to instruct the leader to stop the repetitive transmission again.

[0486] A device that successfully receives this can terminate the PDRCH repeated transmission by stopping the repeated transmission after the currently transmitted or currently transmitting block. At this time, the device can transmit a postamble after the currently transmitted or currently transmitting block to inform / convey information about the termination of the PDRCH repeated transmission to the leader.

[0487] Example 9

[0488] This embodiment relates to a method for performing repeated transmission of L1 control information.

[0489] When PRDCH / PDRCH is repeatedly transmitted, the repeated transmission may be applied only to the payload excluding L1 control information, or R2D / D2R L1 control information may also be repeatedly transmitted.

[0490] The R2D preamble may indicate repeated transmission of R2D L1 control information and / or D2R L1 control information. For example, a specific pattern of the R2D preamble may indicate repeated transmission of R2D L1 control information transmitted subsequently, repeated transmission of D2R L1 control information transmitted in response thereto, or repeated transmission of both R2D L1 control information and D2R L1 control information transmitted in response thereto.

[0491] Alternatively, the R2D preamble may indicate repeated transmission of the PRDCH and / or PDRCH. In this case, the PRDCH and PDRCH may each be configured to include L1 control information and a payload. For example, repeated transmission of the PRDCH following a specific pattern in the R2D preamble may be indicated, repeated transmission of the PDRCH transmitted in response to the PDRCH may be indicated, or repeated transmission of both the PRDCH and its corresponding PDRCH may be indicated.

[0492] Example 10

[0493] When transmitting or repeatedly transmitting PRDCH / PDRCH, repeated transmission may be applied only to the payload excluding L1 control information, or R2D / D2R L1 control information may also be repeatedly transmitted. At this time, the MCS or chip duration of the R2D / D2R L1 control information may be changed based on the number of repeated transmissions of PRDCH / PDRCH, as described below. At this time, transmission may be performed by applying all of the options described below, or by applying one or some of the options.

[0494] (Option 1) If the payload is repeatedly transmitted N times at the chip / bit / block level during PRDCH or PDRCH transmission, the MCS of the L1 control information of the PRDCH or PDRCH may be adjusted in proportion to the N value. For example, if the payload is not repeatedly transmitted, the MCS of the L1 control information may be determined as a coding rate of 1 / 2. Conversely, if the payload is repeatedly transmitted twice, the MCS of the L1 control information may be determined as a coding rate of 1 / 3.

[0495] (Option 2) If the payload is repeatedly transmitted N times at the chip / bit / block level during PRDCH or PDRCH transmission, the chip interval of the L1 control information of the PRDCH or PDRCH can be adjusted in proportion to the N value. For example, if the payload is not repeatedly transmitted, the chip interval of the L1 control information is determined by the length of C_1, and if the payload is repeatedly transmitted twice, the chip interval of the L1 control information can be determined by the length of C_2. In this case, C_2 can be 2*C_1. Similarly, if the payload is repeatedly transmitted N times, the chip interval of the L1 control information can be determined by the length of C_N, and C_N can be N*C_1.

[0496] (Option 3) The R2D / D2R preamble may indicate the MCS or chip duration of the R2D / D2R L1 control information (or PRDCH / PDRCH). For example, a specific MCS value (e.g., coding rate or coding scheme) of the R2D L1 control information (or PRDCH) may be indicated and the chip duration may be indicated through a specific pattern of the R2D preamble. Additionally, a specific MCS value (e.g., coding rate or coding scheme) of the D2R L1 control information (or PDRCH) transmitted in response to the R2D preamble transmission may be indicated and the chip duration may be indicated through a specific pattern of the R2D preamble or D2R preamble. If there is no such indication, the same MCS / chip duration as the MCS / chip duration of the R2D / D2R L1 control information (or PRDCH / PDRCH) may be applied to the MCS / chip duration of the R2D / D2R L1 control information (or PRDCH / PDRCH).

[0497] Additionally or alternatively, the R2D preamble may indicate repeated transmission of R2D L1 control information and / or D2R L1 control information. For example, a specific pattern of the R2D preamble may indicate repeated transmission of subsequently transmitted R2D L1 control information, repeated transmission of D2R L1 control information transmitted in response thereto, or repeated transmission of both the R2D L1 control information and the D2R L1 control information transmitted in response thereto.

[0498] Additionally or alternatively, the R2D preamble may indicate repeated transmission of the PRDCH and / or PDRCH. The PRDCH and PDRCH may each be configured to include L1 control information and a payload. For example, a specific pattern in the R2D preamble may indicate repeated transmission of a subsequent PRDCH, repeated transmission of a PDRCH transmitted in response to a PDRCH, or repeated transmission of both the PRDCH and its corresponding PDRCH.

[0499] The embodiments of the present disclosure described above are described separately only for convenience / clarity of explanation, and the proposed methods described in the embodiments can be applied by combining / merging / replacing each other.

[0500] FIG. 23 and FIG. 24 illustrate the operation of a device and a network node in relation to a method of performing AmIoT communication according to embodiments of the present disclosure described above.

[0501] In FIGS. 23 and 24, the first device and / or the second device may correspond to any one of a base station, an intermediate node (IN), an auxiliary node (AN), a terminal, and an AmIoT device, respectively, based on various topologies in AmIoT communication. For example, in the case of FIGS. 23 and 24, based on topology 1 / 2, the first device may correspond to an AmIoT device, and the second device may correspond to a leader (e.g., a base station, an intermediate node (IN), an auxiliary node (AN), a terminal).

[0502] FIG. 23 illustrates the operation of a first device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0503] Referring to FIG. 23, the first device can check at least one of MCS, repeat transmission, or transmission power for PDRCH transmission based on a setting or instruction from the second device (S2310).

[0504] For example, information about MCS, repetition transmission, and / or transmission power for PDRCH transmission may be set / indicated via x-amble or R2D control information for R2D transmission.

[0505] The first device can transmit a PDRCH to the second device based on the energy level of the first device (S2320).

[0506] In this regard, if the energy level of the first device does not satisfy a certain condition, transmission of the corresponding PDRCH may be performed by changing at least one of the set / indicated MCS, repeated transmission, or transmission power.

[0507] For example, information about changes in at least one of MCS, repeat transmission, or transmit power may be included in device-to-reader (D2R) control information transmitted along with the corresponding PDRCH.

[0508] Additionally, according to the present disclosure, transmission of a PDRCH may be performed based on repeated transmission based on a transmission block unit for the PDRCH (e.g., block-level repetition). In this case, a change in at least one of the aforementioned MCS, repeated transmission, or transmission power may be performed during the repeated transmission.

[0509] At this time, if the energy level of the first device does not satisfy a certain condition, the repeated transmission for the subsequent transmission block may be stopped. In this regard, the first device may report information indicating that the repeated transmission for the subsequent transmission block has been stopped to the second device. In addition, the first device may report information indicating that the repeated transmission for the subsequent transmission block has been resumed to the second device.

[0510] Additionally, according to the present disclosure, the determination of whether the energy level of the first device satisfies a certain condition may be performed at the start or end of repeated transmission of each transmission block.

[0511] Additionally, according to the present disclosure, information about the energy level of the first device can be reported to the second device via a specific pattern of D2R preamble or D2R control information.

[0512] Additionally, according to the present disclosure, with respect to whether the energy level of the first device satisfies a certain condition, the certain condition may be related to i) a preset threshold value or ii) whether PDRCH transmission can be performed according to the setting or the instruction.

[0513] The method described in the example of FIG. 23 can be performed by the wireless device (200) of FIG. 3. That is, the first device of FIG. 23 can be implemented as the wireless device (200). For example, one or more processors (202) of the wireless device (200) of FIG. 3 can be configured to check at least one of an MCS, a repeat transmission, or a transmission power for PDRCH transmission based on a setting or instruction from a second device, and transmit the PDRCH to the second device based on an energy level of the first device.

[0514] Furthermore, one or more memories (204) of the wireless device (200) may store instructions for performing the method described in the example of FIG. 23 or the examples described above when executed by one or more processors (202).

[0515] FIG. 24 illustrates the operation of a second device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0516] Referring to FIG. 24, the second device can transmit information about at least one of MCS, repetitive transmission, or transmission power for PDRCH transmission to the first device (S2410).

[0517] For example, information about MCS, repetition transmission, and / or transmission power for PDRCH transmission may be set / indicated via x-amble or R2D control information for R2D transmission.

[0518] The second device can receive a PDRCH transmitted from the first device based on the energy level of the first device (S2420).

[0519] In this regard, if the energy level of the first device does not satisfy a certain condition, transmission of the corresponding PDRCH may be performed by changing at least one of the set / indicated MCS, repeated transmission, or transmission power.

[0520] In the example of Fig. 24, the specific features of the operation of changing at least one of the set / instructed MCS, repetitive transmission, or transmission power based on the energy level, the repetitive transmission of the PDRCH and the suspension / resumption of the repetitive transmission, and the determination of whether the energy level satisfies a certain condition are the same as the description referring to Fig. 23, and therefore, the redundant description is omitted.

[0521] The method described in the example of FIG. 24 can be performed by the wireless device (200) of FIG. 3. That is, the network node of FIG. 24 can be implemented by the wireless device (200). For example, one or more processors (202) of the wireless device (200) of FIG. 3 can be configured to transmit information about at least one of MCS, repetitive transmission, or transmission power for PDRCH transmission to a first device, and receive a PDRCH transmitted from the first device based on an energy level of the first device.

[0522] Furthermore, one or more memories (204) of the wireless device (200) may store instructions for performing the method described in the example of FIG. 24 or the examples described above when executed by one or more processors (202).

[0523] FIGS. 25 to 27 illustrate types and configurations of AmIoT devices to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied. Each of devices 1, 2a, and 2b of FIGS. 25 to 27 may correspond to device type 1, device type 2, and device type 3 described above in the present disclosure, respectively.

[0524] Device 1 may be collectively referred to as a device having a peak power consumption of less than 1 μW, capable of storing energy, having an initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) of up to 10X ppm, and having no DL or UL amplification capability. The UL transmission of Device 1 may be backscattered from an externally provided carrier wave.

[0525] Device 2a may have a peak power consumption of less than a few hundred μW, may store energy, may have an initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) of up to 10X ppm, and may have DL and / or UL amplification capabilities. The UL transmission of device 2a may be backscattered from an externally provided carrier wave.

[0526] Device 2b may have a peak power consumption of less than a few hundred μW, may store energy, may have an initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) of up to 10X ppm, and may have DL and / or UL amplification capabilities. The UL transmissions of the device may be generated internally in the device.

[0527] FIG. 25 is a diagram of a configuration of device 1 to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied. As an example of the present disclosure, as illustrated in FIG. 25, device 1 may include at least one of an antenna, a matching network, an RF energy harvester, an energy storage, a power management unit, a digital BB logic, a memory, a clock generator, a reception-related block, and a transmission-related block.

[0528] The antenna may be shared or separate for the RF energy harvester and receiver / transmitter. A matching network may match the impedance between the antenna and other components (e.g., including blocks related to the RF energy harvester and receiver). The RF energy harvester may include a rectifier that converts the RF signal (AC) to DC.

[0529] An energy storage unit (e.g., a capacitor) can store energy harvested from an RF energy harvester. A power management unit (PMU) can store energy from the energy harvester in the energy storage unit and supply power to the active component blocks that require power.

[0530] Digital BB logic may include functional blocks such as encoders, decoders, and controllers. Memory may include 1) non-volatile memory (NVM), such as EEPROM, for permanent storage of device IDs and other information, and 2) registers for temporarily storing information necessary for operation while the energy storage device is powered. A clock generator may provide the necessary clock signals.

[0531] The receiver-related block may include an RF BPF, an RF envelope detector, a BB LPF, and a comparator. The RF BPF may be used to improve selectivity. However, the RF BPF may not be present depending on the implementation. RAN4 RF requirements (if any, e.g., ACS) and peak power consumption targets may be considered. The RF envelope detector may convert the RF signal to baseband. The BB (baseband) LPF may improve the input signal quality to the comparator by filtering out harmonics and high frequency components. However, the BB LPF may not be present depending on the implementation. The comparator may determine whether the input signal is high or low.

[0532] The transmission-related block may include a backscatter modulator. The backscatter modulator can switch impedances to modulate a backscatter signal with the transmit signal of the BB logic. The waveform / modulation type is FFS.

[0533] FIG. 26 is a diagram of a configuration of a device 2a to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied. As an example of the present disclosure, as illustrated in FIG. 26, the device 2a may include at least one of an antenna, a matching network, an energy harvester, an energy storage, a power management unit, a digital BB logic, a memory, a clock generator, a reflection amplifier, a reception-related block, and a transmission-related block.

[0534] A reflective amplifier can amplify the reflected backscatter signal. At least one of the R2D / CW2D and D2R can be amplified by the reflective amplifier or LNA.

[0535] The receiving related block may include at least one of an RF band-pass filter (BPF), a low noise amplifier (LNA), an RF envelope detector, a BB amplifier, a BB low-pass filter (LPF), and a comparator or an N-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC).

[0536] An LNA can be used to improve the signal strength and sensitivity of a receiver, and at least one of the R2D / CW2D and D2R can be amplified by a reflective amplifier or LNA. An RF envelope detector (RF-ED) can detect the envelope in an RF signal. A BB amplifier can amplify the BB signal to improve signal strength. A BB LPF can filter out harmonics and high-frequency components to improve the input signal quality to the comparator / ADC.

[0537] The transmission-related block may include a backscatter modulator and a large frequency shifter. The backscatter modulator can modulate the backscatter signal into a transmit signal for the BB logic by switching the impedance. A large frequency shifter may be used to shift the backscatter signal from one frequency (e.g., an FDD-DL frequency) to another frequency (e.g., an FDD-UL frequency).

[0538] The overlapping configuration between device 2a and device 1 is described in Fig. 25, so the overlapping description is omitted.

[0539] FIG. 27 illustrates a configuration of a device 2b to which some examples of the present disclosure may be applied. As an example of the present disclosure, as illustrated in FIG. 27, the device 2b may include at least one of an antenna, a matching network, an energy harvester, an energy storage, a power management unit, a digital BB logic, a memory, a clock generator, a reception-related block, and a transmission-related block. Here, the energy harvester may harvest energy from RF signals, sunlight, vibrations / motions, temperature differences, and the like.

[0540] The receiving-related block may include an RF BPF, an LNA, an RF envelope detector, a BB amplifier, a BB LPF, a comparator, and an N-bit ADC. The transmitting-related block may include at least one of a transmitting modulator, a DAC, a low-pass filter, a mixer, a local oscillator, and a power amplifier.

[0541] The baseband bits can be modulated by a modulator, depending on the modulation method. The modulator block can be part of the BB logic. A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) can convert digital signals to analog signals. A low-pass filter can filter out unwanted signals. A mixer can convert the baseband signal to the RF range. A local oscillator can generate a carrier frequency. A power amplifier (PA) can amplify the transmitted signal.

[0542] In describing the present disclosure, each of the configurations of FIGS. 25 to 27 may be included in at least one transceiver illustrated in FIG. 3.

[0543] The above-described embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied independently. Additionally or alternatively, all or part of the operations of the above-described embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed in combination.

[0544] The method proposed in this disclosure is explained with a focus on examples applied to 3GPP LTE / LTE-A, 5G, and 6G systems, but can be applied to various wireless communication systems in addition to 3GPP LTE / LTE-A, 5G, and 6G systems.

Claims

1. A step of checking, by a first device, at least one of a modulation and coding scheme (MCS), repetition transmission, or transmission power for a physical device-to-reader channel (PDRCH) transmission based on a setting or instruction from a second device; and A step of transmitting a PDRCH to the second device based on an energy level of the first device, by the first device, A method in which transmission of the PDRCH is performed by changing at least one of the MCS, the repeated transmission, or the transmission power based on the energy level of the first device not satisfying a certain condition.

2. In paragraph 1, A method wherein information about changes in at least one of the MCS, the repeated transmission, or the transmission power is included in device-to-reader (D2R) control information transmitted together with the PDRCH.

3. In paragraph 1, A method in which the transmission of the above PDRCH is performed based on repeated transmission based on a transmission block unit for the above PDRCH.

4. In paragraph 3, A method wherein a change in at least one of the MCS, the repetitive transmission, or the transmission power is performed during the repetitive transmission.

5. In paragraph 3, A method in which repeated transmissions for subsequent transmission blocks are stopped based on the energy level of the first device not satisfying a certain condition.

6. In paragraph 5, A method further comprising the step of reporting, by the first device, information indicating that repeated transmission for the subsequent transmission block is stopped to the second device.

7. In paragraph 5, A method further comprising the step of reporting, by the first device, information indicating that repeated transmission for the subsequent transmission block is resumed to the second device.

8. In paragraph 3, A method in which the determination of whether the energy level of the first device satisfies a certain condition is performed at the start or end of repeated transmission of each transmission block.

9. In paragraph 1, A method in which information about the energy level of the first device is reported to the second device through a specific pattern of D2R preamble or D2R control information.

10. In paragraph 1, The above-mentioned conditions are i) a preset threshold value or ii) a method related to whether PDRCH transmission can be performed according to the above-mentioned setting or the above-mentioned instruction.

11. In paragraph 1, The above first device corresponds to a device in ambient Internet of Things communication, The above second device corresponds to a reader in ambient IoT communication, and corresponds to a reader that is a base station or an intermediate node.

12. One or more transceivers; and comprising one or more processors connected to said one or more transceivers, One or more of the above processors: By a first device, based on a setting or instruction from a second device, at least one of a modulation and coding scheme (MCS), repetition transmission, or transmission power for a physical device-to-reader channel (PDRCH) transmission is determined; By the first device, a PDRCH is set to be transmitted to the second device based on the energy level of the first device, A device wherein, based on the energy level of the first device not satisfying a certain condition, transmission of the PDRCH is performed by changing at least one of the MCS, the repeated transmission, or the transmission power.

13. A step of transmitting, by a second device, information about at least one of a modulation and coding scheme (MCS), repetition transmission, or transmission power for PDRCH (physical device-to-reader channel) transmission to a first device; and A step of receiving, by the second device, a PDRCH transmitted based on an energy level of the first device from the first device, A method in which transmission of the PDRCH is performed by changing at least one of the MCS, the repeated transmission, or the transmission power based on the energy level of the first device not satisfying a certain condition.

14. One or more transceivers; and comprising one or more processors connected to said one or more transceivers, One or more of the above processors: By the second device, information about at least one of a modulation and coding scheme (MCS), repetition transmission, or transmission power for a physical device-to-reader channel (PDRCH) transmission is transmitted to the first device; By the second device, a PDRCH transmitted based on the energy level of the first device is set to be received from the first device, A device wherein, based on the energy level of the first device not satisfying a certain condition, transmission of the PDRCH is performed by changing at least one of the MCS, the repeated transmission, or the transmission power.

15. One or more processors; and A processing device comprising one or more computer memories operatively connected to said one or more processors and storing instructions for performing a method according to any one of claims 1 to 11 based on execution by said one or more processors.

16. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing one or more instructions that are executed by one or more processors to control the performance of a method according to any one of claims 1 to 11.

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