Model performance monitoring for wireless communication

Abstract

There is disclosed method of operating a radio node in a wireless communication network, the radio node being adapted for operation based on measurement information compression, the method comprising performing monitoring operation pertaining to the compression based on a monitoring configuration. The disclosure also pertains to related devices and methods.

Description

[0001] Model performance monitoring for wireless communication

[0002] Technical field

[0003] This disclosure pertains to wireless communication technology, in particular in the context of managing wireless communication utilising artificial intelligence-related techniques.

[0004] Background

[0005] For future wireless communication systems, increased use of artificial intelligence is envisaged, e.g., for physical layer operation, or higher layer operation. Approaches to manage Al and / or Al controlled network operation and / or large amounts of data are desirable.

[0006] Summary

[0007] It is an object of this disclosure to provide improved approaches of compression of data like measurement information, in particular using Al, in the context of wireless communication.

[0008] The approaches are particularly suitable for millimeter wave communication, in particular for radio carrier frequencies around and / or above 52.6 GHz, which may be considered high radio frequencies (high frequency) and / or millimeter waves. The carrier frequency / ies may be between 52.6 and 140 GHz, e.g. with a lower border between 52.6, 55, 60, 71 GHz and / or a higher border between 71 , 72, 90, 114, 140 GHz or higher, in particular between 55 and 90 GHz, or between 60 and 72 GHz; however, higher frequencies may be considered, in particular frequency of 71 GHz or 72GHz or above, and / or 100 GHz or above, and / or 140 GHz or above. The carrier frequency may in particular refer to a center frequency or maximum frequency of the carrier. The radio nodes and / or network described herein may operate in wideband, e.g. with a carrier bandwidth of 1 GHz or more, or 2 GHz or more, or even larger, e.g. up to 8 GHz; the scheduled or allocated bandwidth may be the carrier bandwidth, or

[0009] P111890W001 1 / 82 be smaller, e.g. depending on channel and / or procedure. In some cases, operation may be based on an OFDM waveform or a SC-FDM waveform (e.g., downlink and / or uplink), in particular a FDF-SC-FDM-based waveform. However, operation based on a single carrier waveform, e.g. SC-FDE (which may be pulse-shaped or Frequency Domain Filtered, e.g. based on modulation scheme and / or MCS), may be considered for downlink and / or uplink. In general, different waveforms may be used for different communication directions. Communicating using or utilising a carrier and / or beam may correspond to operating using or utilising the carrier and / or beam, and / or may comprise transmitting on the carrier and / or beam and / or receiving on the carrier and / or beam. Operation may be based on and / or associated to a numerology, which may indicate a subcarrier spacing and / or duration of an allocation unit and / or an equivalent thereof, e.g., in comparison to an OFDM based system. A subcarrier spacing or equivalent frequency interval may for example correspond to 960kHZ, or 1920 kHz, e.g. representing the bandwidth of a subcarrier or equivalent.

[0010] The approaches are particularly advantageously implemented in a future 6thGeneration (6G) telecommunication network or 6G radio access technology or network (RAT / RAN), in particular according to 3GPP (3rdGeneration Partnership Project, a standardisation organization). A suitable RAN may in particular be a RAN according to NR, for example release 18 or later, or LTE Evolution. However, the approaches may also be used with other RAT, for example future 5.5G systems or IEEE based systems.

[0011] There is disclosed a method of operating a radio node in a wireless communication network. The radio node is adapted for operation based on measurement information compression. The method comprising performing monitoring operation pertaining to the compression based on a monitoring configuration.

[0012] A radio node for a wireless communication network is described. The radio node is adapted for operation based on measurement information compression. The radio node is also adapted for performing monitoring operation pertaining to the compression based on a monitoring configuration.

[0013] P111890W001 2 / 82 Moreover, a signalling radio node in a wireless communication network is proposed. The signalling radio node is adapted for operation based on measurement information compression. The method comprises configuring a wireless device with a monitoring configuration pertaining to the compression.

[0014] A signalling radio node for a wireless communication network is considered. The signalling radio node is adapted for operation based on measurement information compression. The signalling radio node further is adapted for configuring a wireless device with a monitoring configuration pertaining to the compression.

[0015] Approaches described herein facilitate monitoring of compression, e.g., on the physical layer, in particular for cases with high reporting overhead and / or ML-based compression. Re-training of a model, or model switching, or signalling operation may be performed based the monitoring, e.g., to adapt to detected issues and / or changing conditions.

[0016] Operation based on measurement information compression for a signalling radio node may in particular comprise and / or be based on decompressing compressed measurement report / ing. Operation based on measurement information compression for a radio node may in particular comprise and / or be based on compressing measurement information and / or a measurement result or report.

[0017] A radio node may adapt signalling operation based on monitoring and / or a monitoring result. Compression may be switched on and / or off, and / or a different model may be utilised, and / or retraining may be performed. This may be based on a signalling operation indication, which may be indicative of signalling operation and / or signalling operation adaption; such indication may be provided by a signalling radio node to a radio node, e.g., to reconfigure a monitoring configuration (e.g., with configuration signalling) and / or as lower layer signalling, e.g., physical layer signalling or MAC layer signalling, for example to turn on and / or off a model.

[0018] In general, the monitoring configuration may indicate timing for monitoring operation, e.g., timing for monitoring and / or timing for reporting. Timing may pertain to occasions

[0019] P111890W001 3 / 82 for monitoring and / or reporting (transmission of monitoring signalling), e.g., indicated based number of occasions and / or location of occasions and / or periodicity and / or window and / or number of reports. The monitoring configuration may indicate parameter / s and / or characteristics of the monitoring, and / or may indicate whether to reset historical information, and / or which parameter / s and / or values to report with monitoring signalling. For example, it may be configured whether to report time-step information or not. Thus, efficient control of the monitoring may be configured.

[0020] Monitoring operation may be performed based on, and / or in accordance with, a monitoring indication. The monitoring indication may be transmitted by, and / or received from, a or the signalling radio node, e.g., as DCI or on a control channel like PDCCH or PSCCH. It may be considered that in general the monitoring indication may be in separate signalling from, and / or on a different (e.g., lower) signalling layer than, and / or in a different message and / or data block than, configuration signalling and / or the monitoring configuration. This may allow triggering and / or ending of monitoring according to the configuration with low signalling overhead.

[0021] The monitoring configuration may indicate historical information to be considered for monitoring and / or reporting. The compression and / or decompression and / or operation based on measurement information compression may be based on the historical information, or a part thereof. Thus, time domain compression may be optimised, and / or the time behaviour of compression may be monitored.

[0022] Historical information may pertain to, and / or represent, and / or be based on, earlier measurement results and / or measurement report, and / or earlier monitoring results, and / or earlier internal parameters of the model monitored. Historical information may be and / or represent and / or be based on historical CSI information and / or results and / or report / s. Earlier may refer to earlier in time domain, e.g., at one or more previous occasions for measurements and / or monitoring, e.g., one or mor earlier slots than a slot in which monitoring is performed. Historical information (also referred to as historical data) may be stored in a memory and / or internally in a model. A model may refer to a compression model and / or decompression model, and / or AE model, and / or an Al model or ML model.

[0023] P111890W001 4 / 82 Measurement information compression and / or decompression may be based on historical information and / or may comprise time domain compression. This may facilitate efficient compression, with low signalling overhead.

[0024] The measurement information compression may pertain to CSI information, e.g., a CSI result and / or CSI report. Such reports may be provided with high frequency, and / or may require considerable resources, such that compression may be particularly suitable. However, other reports may be considered, e.g., higher layer reports, e.g., pertaining to positioning or other reports, e.g., for sensing / radar (in this case, the measurements may be performed on sensing signalling and / or radar signalling).

[0025] Measurement information compression may be based on a Machine Learning, ML, model and / or Artificial Intelligence (Al), which may be based on historical information.

[0026] In general, measurement information compression may be based on an Autoencoder, AE, encoder and an AE decoder, which may be implemented on different radio nodes. For example, a transmitter or wireless device or UE may provide compressed measurement reporting to a signalling radio node or network node, which may decompress such. Efficient use of radio resources may be achieved.

[0027] Operation based on measurement information compression may pertain to compression of measurement information (also referred to compressed measurement report / ing), or decompression of compressed information (e.g., compressed measurement report / ing), and / or may be referring to operation as part of an autoencoder, and / or providing one side of an autoencoding system, e.g., the compression model or decompression model. Analogously, operation based on measurement information compression may comprise, and / or be based on transmitting compressed measurement information, or on receiving compressed measurement information.

[0028] Operation based on measurement information compression may be based on and / or comprise performing measurements on reference signalling. The reference signalling may be CSI-RS, or DM-RS, or PT-RS. The measurement may be CSI measurement

[0029] P111890W001 5 / 82 or DM-RS measurement or PT-RS measurement. Performing measurement may be basis for a measurement result and / or measurement report, which may be provided as input for compression (and / or preprocessing for compression), e.g., for a compression model and / or AE encoder. A measurement report subject to compression may provide an output, which may be referred to as compressed measurement report. Such a compressed report may be transmitted to a receiver, e.g., as measurement report or CSI report or feedback signalling. Compression in general may comprise preprocessing and / or quantisation, e.g., to provide an output. Measurement information in general may represent and / or comprise and / or correspond to measurement report / ing and / or result / s of performed measurements.

[0030] A monitoring configuration may in general indicate parameter / s and / or resources and / or occasions for performing monitoring, and / or reporting thereon, and / or for transmitting monitoring signalling. Monitoring signalling may comprise and / or represent reporting on monitoring and / or monitoring result. In some cases, monitoring signalling may represent and / or comprise information for monitoring, e.g., such that the receiver of the monitoring signalling may perform monitoring and / or determine one or more monitoring results.

[0031] A ML model may be used for compression and / or decompression, e.g., of measurement information. Different models may be available for the same functionality, e.g., to be switched between, and / or to be run in parallel (e.g., for monitoring, such that a suitable model may be used for operation). A ML model may be pre-trained, and / or may be trainable. A radio node, and / or transmitter and / or receiver may be adapted for operating in one or more modes, e.g., transmitter and / or receiver modes; the modes may be operated in parallel (e.g., for monitoring), or individually; this may depend on hardware and / or software capability of the receiver.

[0032] Monitoring signalling may be transmitted for monitoring at least one ML model, e.g., a model for compression and / or decompressing of measurement information. The monitoring configuration may pertain to at least on ML model; different configurations may be considered, wherein different monitoring configurations may be associated to, and / or pertain, to different models and / or modes. The monitoring signalling in particular may be radio signalling. Monitoring signalling may comprise, and / or

[0033] P111890W001 6 / 82 represent reporting on monitoring (e.g., for UE-side monitoring, e.g. monitoring results), or reporting for monitoring (e.g., to provide information based on which monitoring may be performed, e.g., for NW-side monitoring)

[0034] Monitoring signalling may indicate and / or carry information pertaining to monitoring, e.g., information indication monitoring result (e.g., if the transmitter of the monitoring signalling performs monitoring), or information pertaining to measurements and / or input for compression, e.g., ground truth information and / or target measurement information like target CSI (it may be considered target as subject of measurement information compression). Monitoring signalling may alternatively, or additionally, comprise compressed information, e.g., as a result of measurement information compression, and / or historical information, e.g., compressed information from earlier compressions and / or pertaining to earlier measurements, and / or internal historical information, e.g., pertaining to a compression model and / or encoder.

[0035] A monitoring configuration may in general be configured or configurable to a radio node (e.g., transmitter radio node) by a signalling radio node, which may be a receiver radio node, e.g., using configuration signalling, which may be higher layer signalling, e.g., RRC layer signalling and / or MAC layer signalling. A monitoring indication may be transmitted on and / or carried by and / or represented by lower layer signalling, and / or physical layer signalling, e.g., DCI signalling, or MAC layer signalling may be utilised to indicate and / or trigger use or activation of a configuration, and / or its deactivation, and / or reset of historical information. Configuration signalling and / or such lower layer signalling or physical layer signalling may be transmitted by the network, e.g., one or more network nodes and / or receivers.

[0036] Monitoring operation may comprise monitoring (e.g., of a compression model and / or decompression model, and / or its performance and / or behaviour, in particular relative to ground truth and / or a reference like target CSI). It may be considered that monitoring operation may comprise transmitting monitoring signalling, which may be based on monitoring, or to provide information for monitoring to be performed by another radio node (like a signalling radio node or receiver radio node) receiving the information for monitoring; in the latter case, monitoring operation may allow omitting monitoring.

[0037] P111890W001 7 / 82 Monitoring may comprise evaluation and / or determining performance of a model, e.g., determining and / or evaluating one or more characteristics or parameters like KPIs. It may be considered that monitoring comprises comparing one or more parameters, e.g., with target values, and / or between different modes. Monitoring may comprise and / or be based on comparing an output of a compression (e.g., of a ML model) and / or a decompressed output with an input (e.g., if performed UE-side, or based on received monitoring signalling) and / or compressed input. Monitoring may be based on historical information, e.g., earlier measurement reports and / or results and / or earlier monitoring results. Such comparing may be basis for determining one or more characteristics or parameters. Monitoring may provide a monitoring result, which may be indicate of performance of the monitored model and / or compression and / or decompression. Monitoring signalling may be indicative of, and / or indicate, and / or represent monitoring result / s, e.g., if transmitted by a radio node performing monitoring.

[0038] Signalling operation may for example comprise switching a ML model, or activating or deactivating a ML model, and / or adapting transmission and / or reception and / or a receiver, and / or initiating re-training of the ML model.

[0039] A transmitter radio node may be also referred to as a transmitting radio node or as transmitter. It may for example be implemented as a wireless device or UE or terminal, or in some cases a network node or BS or gNB or similar. A receiver radio node may also be referred to as receiving radio node or receiver or signalling radio node. It may for example be implemented as a network node or BS or gNB, or in some cases a wireless device (WD) or UE or terminal.

[0040] A radio node or transmitting radio node may comprise, and / or be adapted to utilise, processing circuitry and / or radio circuitry, in particular a transmitter and / or transceiver, to process (e.g., trigger and / or schedule) and / or transmit control signalling and / or reference signalling and / or feedback signalling and / or monitoring signalling. A signalling radio node or receiving radio node may comprise, and / or be adapted to utilise, processing circuitry and / or radio circuitry, in particular a receiver and / or transmitter and / or transceiver, to receive and / or process (e.g. receive and / or demodulate and / or decode and / or perform blind detection and / or schedule or trigger such) reference signalling and / or control signalling and / or monitoring signalling.

[0041] P111890W001 8 / 82 Receiving may comprise demodulating and / or decoding signalling, e.g. based on associated reference signalling, in particular DMRS and / or tracking reference signalling, based on which timing and / or channel estimation may be performed. A signalling radio node or receiving radio node may comprise, and / or be adapted to utilise, processing circuitry and / or radio circuitry, in particular a transmitter and / or transceiver, to process (e.g., trigger and / or schedule) and / or transmit control signalling and / or reference signalling and / or configuration signalling, which may in general configure a monitoring configuration, and / or a monitoring indication, e.g., as control signalling.

[0042] Monitoring signalling may be associated to a transmission beam and / or a beam pair, and / or may comprise (as signalling type) reference signalling and / or data signalling, and / or in some cases control signalling. A beam or beam pair and / or resources for monitoring signalling, and / or type of monitoring signalling may be indicated with the monitoring configuration.

[0043] Measurements may be performed on reference signalling like CSI-RS and / or PT-RS which may be transmitted to the radio node, e.g., by the signalling radio node. Measurements may pertain to, and / or be performed on, one or more beams or beam pairs, and / or one or more types or sequences of RS. Thus, significant measurement information may be provided to be reported on.

[0044] There is also described a program product comprising instructions causing processing circuitry to control and / or perform a method as described herein. Moreover, a carrier medium arrangement carrying and / or storing a program product as described herein is considered. An information system comprising, and / or connected or connectable, to a radio node is also disclosed.

[0045] Brief description of the drawings

[0046] The drawings are provided to illustrate concepts and approaches described herein, they are not intended to limit their scope. The drawings comprise:

[0047] P111890W001 9 / 82 Figure 1 , showing an exemplary neural network for encoding;

[0048] Figure 2, showing an exemplary approach for CSI compression;

[0049] Figure 3, showing an exemplary approach for quantisation operation;

[0050] Figure 4, showing an exemplary approach of pre-processing;

[0051] Figure 5, showing another exemplary approach of pre-processing;

[0052] Figure 6, showing an exemplary approach of CSI compression;

[0053] Figure 7, showing another exemplary approach of CSI compression;

[0054] Figure 8, showing an exemplary radio node like a terminal or UE, e.g., operating based on a model; and

[0055] Figure 9, showing another exemplary radio node like a network node, e.g., operating the model and / or monitoring operation according to the model.

[0056] Detailed description

[0057] Artificial Intelligence (Al) and Machine Learning (ML) have been investigated, both in academia and industry, as promising tools to optimize the air interface design in wireless communication networks. One example of AI / ML implementation for the physical layer (Al PHY) is using AI / ML for autoencoder functionality to improve the channel compression accuracy and / or to reduce the channel state information (CSI) feedback overhead.

[0058] In the legacy mechanism (i.e., non-AI / ML-based CSI compression), the UE reports the measured CSI-RS to the NW as a CSI report, based on a certain mechanism, the so- called codebook. The codebook generally may define how the UE arranges the

[0059] P111890W001 10 / 82 reported bits based on (the number of) beams and taps selected by the UE to be reported to the NW and how the UE quantises the precoding matrix.

[0060] In AI / ML-based CSI compression, an AI / ML-based autoencoder (AE) may replace at least part of the legacy mechanism. AEs can have different architectures. For example, AEs can be based on dense NNs, multi-dimensional convolution NNs, variational, recurrent NNs, transformer networks, or any combination thereof. However, all AE architectures possess an encoder-bottleneck-decoder structure illustrated in Figure 1.

[0061] The codeword’s size (denoted by Y in Figure 1) of an AE is smaller than the input data’s size (X in Figure 1). The AE encoder thus reduces the dimensionality of the input features X down to Y. The decoder part of the AE (which may be located at a different node / device than the encoder, e.g., be implemented on a network node that receives the codeword Y provided by a UE / wireless device) tries to invert the encoder and reconstruct X with minimal error, according to some predefined loss function. The term autoencoder (AE) may refer to the system comprising AE encoder and AE decoder, and / or may comprise a communication path.

[0062] Figure 2 illustrates how an AE might be used for AI / ML-enhanced CSI reporting in NR. The UE measures the channel in the downlink using CSI-RS. The UE estimates that channel for each subcarrier (SC) from each base station TX antenna and at each UE RX antenna. The estimate can be viewed as a three-dimensional channel matrix. The 3D channel matrix represents the MIMO channel estimated over several SCs and is input to the encoder.

[0063] The AE encoder is implemented in the UE, and the AE decoder is implemented in the NW. The output of the AE encoder is signaled from the UE to the NW over the uplink. The codeword may be viewed as a learned latent representation of the channel.

[0064] Properties of the data (e.g., CSI-RS channel estimates), the channel size, uplink feedback rate, and hardware limitations of the encoder and decoder may be considered when optimizing the AE’s architecture.

[0065] P111890W001 11 / 82 The weights and biases of an AE (with a fixed architecture) may be trained to minimize the reconstruction error (the error between the input X and output X-) on some training datasets. For example, the weights and biases can be trained to minimize the mean squared error, MSE To achieve good performance during live operation, the training data set should represent the actual data the AE will encounter during live operation as closely as possible.

[0066] In the two-sided CSI compression, the output of the UE-side encoder needs to be communicated over the air interface to the gNB decoder with the assigned CSI reporting payload and, therefore, needs to be quantised to a finite number of bits (e.g., 1-4 bits per encoder output’s neuron) to obtain an efficient transmission as shown in Figure 3. Accordingly, a quantisation layer is connected to the output of the encoder or directly included in the encoder. In an example, the quantisation layer may implement scalar quantisation, which quantises the output of each neuron of the encoder output layer (the bottleneck layer of AE) to generate bits to fit the CSI reporting payload in the UCI. Other quantisation methods, e.g., vector quantisation, may also be used.

[0067] Pre-processing on the input to the encoder can greatly reduce the size and complexity of designing and / or training an AI / ML model, and / or may improve the scalability and transferability of the model. In addition, pre-processing may reduce the need for multiple models depending on bandwidth variation and variation in the number of antenna ports at the gNB. By using pre-processing, instead of directly compressing the channel (e.g., with dimensions of RX x TX x SC as in Figure 2, the channels may be first processed to obtain another representation of the channel).

[0068] One example of pre-processing may include transforming the channel into eigenvectors (as shown in Figure 4). The UE (providing the input for the AE encoder) may conduct one or more of the following actions:

[0069] 1. Compute the covariance matrix of the channel and extract the relevant eigenvectors.

[0070] 2. The covariance matrix is summed over 4 “f-units”, to get 13 “sub-chunks” (subbands) in frequency.

[0071] P111890W001 12 / 82 3. For each of the 13 averaged covariance matrices, compute an eigen- decomposition and extract the 4 eigenvectors corresponding to the 4 largest eigenvalues.

[0072] 4. Normalize the phase and magnitude of the eigenvectors.

[0073] 5. The number of eigenvectors to feedback should be the same for all sub-chunks and depends on the rank hypothesis testing with a value between 1 and 4.

[0074] In another example, pre-processing may include transforming the channel into the beam-delay domain. The feature extraction for beam-delay reduced eigenvectorbased feedback is illustrated in Figure 5. This is also called a “W2 compressor”, as the feature extraction is similar to the standardized 3GPP procedures and the jargon for the matrix left to compress for the AI / ML is “W2”. The steps are as follows:

[0075] 1 . The UE does a spatial domain DFT on the 32x4 matrix, per RB, and selects the L strongest beams out of 16 (for one polarization). This is done in a wideband manner, including the spatial oversampling of the SD basis. Note that the same beams are used for both polarizations. The covariance of the beam-space channel is summed over, e.g., 4 RBs to produce a covariance matrix for each subband.

[0076] 2. For each covariance matrix (per subband) the UE extracts a number of eigenvectors and may select the rank, i.e. number of layers.

[0077] 3. The UE does a frequency domain DFT per layer, transforming to a delay domain, whereafter it selects the M strongest taps. The resulting tensor of dimensions 2L x number of layers x M is called the linear combination coefficients, in 3GPP jargon “W2”. The W2 matrix can be used to reconstruct the, by the UE suggested, precoding matrices.

[0078] 4. The data is used as input in the AI / ML model. This could be the raw linear combination coefficients, or it could be enhanced with information about the selected beams and taps, noise levels, etc.

[0079] Performance monitoring for Al-based spatial-frequency (SF) domain CSI compression (or for other compression approaches) may be considered. To make sure that the performance of the AI / ML is and / or stays acceptable, monitoring the performance of the AI / ML model may be performed. Note that here, the term acceptable may not only be in the form of absolute value but also the form of relative value, e.g., by comparing

[0080] P111890W001 13 / 82 the performance with the (expected) performance of the legacy mechanism. Performance monitoring can be done by using an KPI like an intermediate KPI (e.g., normalized mean square error (NMSE), squared generalized cosine similarity (SGCS), etc.), eventual KPI (e.g., user perceived throughput (UPT), the expected block error rate (BLER), etc.), or by monitoring the data drift either in the AI / ML input or in the AI / ML output (or both). Performance monitoring can be done either on the UE side or the NW side (or both).

[0081] In UE-side monitoring, a UE may be configured to measure one or more channel samples and transmit a performance metric of the (UE part) model for the respective channels. In one example, the UE can achieve this by measuring the channel, conducting the required preprocessing, conducting the model inference, and using the output of the UE part model to a nominal decoder. The output of the nominal decoder is then compared to the ground-truth (i.e., the measured channels or the pre- processed measured channels). The nominal decoder may be a reference decoder agreed in the standard, a decoder provided by the NW, a decoder produced by the UE during the model training, etc. In another alternative, the UE may also train a performance metric estimator model which may use the measured channels as the input and directly output the (estimated) performance metric of the UE part model.

[0082] Alternatively, or additionally, NW-side monitoring may be considered. To achieve reliable model performance assessment results, the UE can be configured to measure one or more channel samples, and then report the ground truth / label (s) and the model output(s) of one or multiple UE-part model(s) associated with these one or more channel samples. In the case of multiple samples of channels are used, the UE may first accumulate the ground truthZlabel(s) and the model output(s) for multiple samples within a time window and then report the accumulated data together, or the UE may report the ground truthZlabel(s) and model output(s) per sample.

[0083] This ground truth / label(s) (e.g., called and / or representing target CSI sample(s)), in return, may be used by the NW to do performance monitoring, model retraining, fine- tuning, etc. The NW, may, for example, first generate one or more reconstructed CSI samples by feeding the one or more UE-part model output samples as inputs to the NW-part model, and then calculate one or more intermediate KPI values by comparing

[0084] P111890W001 14 / 82 the one or more generated reconstructed CSI with the target CSI samples. Some of the possible intermediate KPIs, for example, are the GCS (generalized cosine similarity), SGCS (squared generalized cosine similarity), etc.

[0085] To achieve higher accuracy in performance monitoring, data collection, etc., the target- CSI needs to be as accurate as possible. However, this may bring a significant amount of overhead. The target-CSI may be quantised to reduce the overhead. The quantisation may be done, e.g., with scalar quantisation, with e-Type Il-like quantisation, etc.

[0086] Al-based temporal-spatial-frequency (TSF) domain CSI Compression may be considered. Next to Al CSI compression of a channel measurement in the spatial and frequency domain, CSI compression may also include temporal domain compression aspects. One category of considered Al CSI compression may utilise past CSI information (historical information) to compress and reconstruct present CSI at the UE side (encoder) and NW side (decoder), respectively. The Al model can store past CSI information, e.g., from the one or more previous slot(s) and / or subframes or other transmission timing structure, and may use this information to better compress / recover the CSI of the present slot. The past information, e.g., from previous slot(s), can be regarded as past CSI information, and the Al-generated CSI feedback over the airinterface for the current slot can be considered as delta CSI information (representing deviation / difference) on top of the past CSI information. If the channel of the current slot is correlated with the previous slot(s), and if the UE side (encoder) and NW side (decoder) have aligned past CSI information available, then, the CSI feedback overhead is expected to be further reduced as compared to utilising only spatial and frequency domain CSI compression.

[0087] One example of using historical CSI information as the input for Al-based CSI compression can be seen in Figure 6. In Figure 6, the measured channel at time step t (e.g., corresponding to a slot t) is used as the encoder input together with the historical CSI information at time step t-1 (representing past information). The measured channel may also be pre-processed before it is used as the encoder input (e.g., to a form of eigenvector, W2-like format, etc.), see also Figure 7. Note that in the above example, the multiple encoder blocks may not necessarily need to represent a

[0088] P111890W001 15 / 82 single, separate, encoder at different time steps. Depending on the model architecture, the encoder at different time steps may have different parameter values, memory, states, etc. Similarly, historical CSI information may include “internal” information, where the updates / information exchanges may happen inside the model itself, including the model parameter, memory, states, etc. The encoder’s output, before being transmitted to the NW, may be quantised to match the uplink / CS I report payload size.

[0089] On the NW side, the CSI report at time t is used as inputs for the decoder together with historical CSI information’ at time t-1 . The historical CSI information’ on the NW side may be different from the historical CSI information on the UE side. Note that in this disclosure, the term historical information may refer to both the historical CSI information on the UE side and on the NW side. The main output of the decoder is the reconstructed channels. Note that this is only an example, the output may also be in other terms, e.g., in terms of a precoder matrix.

[0090] In another example, exploiting historical CSI information may also be in terms of using the same side information from the previous CSI. For example, the side information may be the I / I / 1 and / or I / I used in the pre-processing process of the previously measured channels (e.g., channels at time step 1 ). Information on I / I / 1 and / or Wf may be transmitted to the NW once in every cycle. For example, in the case of one cycle containing 4 CSI reports, the I / I / 1 and Wf may be transmitted to the NW at time step 1 alongside the (quantised) encoder outputs. At time step 2, 3, and 4, only the encoder output will be transmitted to the NW. The cycle then repeated.

[0091] Note the above descriptions are only examples and different architectures for exploiting the historical CSI information may also be used. In addition, a combination of the examples may also be applied. Note also that CSI compression with historical may be referred to as temporal-spatial-frequency (TSF) domain CSI compression.

[0092] In Al TSF domain compression, the model’s performance depends on the number and quality of historical CSI information that is considered to produce the current CSI report. Performance monitoring mechanisms that are designed to manage TSF domain compression and their characteristics are desirable to efficiently operate Al TSF domain CSI compression.

[0093] P111890W001 16 / 82 There are disclosed mechanisms and approaches for performance monitoring for Al- based TSF CSI compression. In particular, the following are disclosed: performance monitoring configuration for Al-based TSF compression; and performance monitoring indication for Al-based TSF compression; as well as UE and the NW behavior when the performance monitoring indication is received.

[0094] Performance characteristics of Al-based CSI compression in the time domain may be captured. By knowing the performance characteristics, the NW may determine whether the model performance is acceptable. In addition, the NW may also use it as a consideration for its scheduler.

[0095] The concept of ‘network (NW)’ and / or a gNB can be understood as referring to and / or including at least one of generic network node, gNB, base station, unit within the base station, relay node, core network node, a core network node, or a device supporting D2D communication. The node may be deployed in a 5G network, or a 6G network. Moreover, although the term AI / ML model uses a single form, it should be well understood that it should not prevent the implementation of more than one AI / ML model. A WD or UE may either be configured or autonomously switch between the models depending on certain conditions and / or proprietary implementations.

[0096] The UE (and the NW for two-sided model cases) may be assumed to have the capability of running AI / ML models supporting the AI / ML-enabled features and its respective performance monitoring procedures.

[0097] Note that although the mechanisms described below mostly mention Al-based CSI compression as a method to compress the CSI, this should not limit the implementation of the invention toward non-AI-based CSI compression, should performance monitoring be required for such compression mechanism. For example, heuristic non-AI based compression approaches may be considered, e.g., for handling large measurement reports (e.g., CSI reports) and / or report having a small granularity in frequency domain (e.g., on subcarrier-level, or below PRB level), and / or occurring often in time domain, and / or pertaining to a large number or beams / beam pairs.

[0098] P111890W001 17 / 82 Historical CSI information may comprise, and / or represent, CSI information from previous occasion / s (times, e.g., slots) but may additionally, or optionally, comprise and / or represent (e.g., intrinsic or internal of the model) information generated when producing the previous CSI report, e.g., memory in the model, state of the model, etc.

[0099] There may in general be considered a method of operating a wireless device or UE: The WD or UE may be adapted for implementing measurement report compression, in particular, Al-based temporal-spatial-frequency (TSF) domain CSI compression. The WD or UE may also be adapted for performance monitoring, in particular of the compression and / or model (e.g., an AE encoder) used for compression. The method may comprise receiving a performance monitoring configuration, e.g., from a NW node; and / or receiving a monitoring indication, e.g., from the NW node (or another node) to perform performance monitoring (e.g., of the compression); and / or transmitting, to the NW node or another node, a CSI-report based on the compression, and / or the model); alternatively, or additionally, target-CSI and / or performance monitoring results may be transmitted.

[0100] In general, compression may be based on historical information. A transmitted CSI report or measurement report may be based on compression (and may be referred to as a compressed report), a target CSI may represent an uncompressed report, and / or may represent a report not having subject to the monitored compression (e.g., it may be compressed with a loss-less compression and / or to provide quantised information in a form retrievable for the network). A UE part model may correspond to an AE encoder; a NW part model may correspond to an AE decoder. In general, it may be considered that the ground truth may refer to the input to a model and / or to a compression, in particular to an AE encoder, and / or may represent the input to a model and / or to a compression.

[0101] The UE may reset the historical information contained in and / or used by the UE-part model when the UE receives the indication to perform performance monitoring procedure (monitoring indication).

[0102] P111890W001 18 / 82 The indication to perform performance monitoring (also referred to as monitoring indication) may contain and / or comprise a bitfield which informs the UE whether to reset the historical CSI information contained in the UE-part model.

[0103] The performance monitoring may be, and / or comprise, at least one of: transmitting the ground truth corresponding to the monitored CSI report; and / or monitoring the model performance corresponding to the reported CSI and transmitting the monitoring results to the NW node.

[0104] A performance monitoring configuration generally may be at least one of UE-side performance monitoring configuration / s, and / or NW-side monitoring configuration / s. The performance monitoring configuration may include the resource information and / or time domain information of the ground truth transmission, e.g. time and / or frequency and / or code resources for such.

[0105] A performance monitoring configuration may include time domain information on which CSI report the UE needs to conduct performance monitoring and transmits its corresponding performance monitoring result on.

[0106] One or more performance monitoring configuration / s may be utilised, e.g., configured to the WD or UE; at different times, different configurations may be basis for operation, and / or overlapping configurations may be used. A monitoring indication may indicate and / or trigger and / or activate which configuration to use for operation.

[0107] For conducting or supporting performance monitoring operation, the UE may be configured with performance monitoring configurations.

[0108] For the case of NW side performance monitoring, the UE may be configured with a configuration related to the target CSI transmission. Note that target CSIs may be provided to a corresponding CSI report. To enable the NW to capture the performance of the model for different number of historical CSI(s), while minimizing the UCI transmission (for transmitting the ground truth) and performance monitoring indication, the UE may be configured with the time domain information of the ground truth transmission.

[0109] P111890W001 19 / 82 In one example, the UE may be configured with the number of ground truth that needs to be transmitted after receiving a performance monitoring indication. For example, the UE may be configured with ground_truth_report = X, meaning that the UE needs to transmit X ground truth for X consecutive CSI report after the performance monitoring indication is received. The maximum value of X may depend on the UE capability, or the model information reported by the UE. For example, a first UE may support a first model which uses up to X1 historical CSI information as the model input and a second UE may support a second model which uses up to X2 historical CSI information. In this case, X1 or X2 may serve as the maximum X values that can be configured for the UE. Note that the term input here may not necessarily be inputs from the outside of the models but may also be inputs from the inside of the model itself, e.g., the model state. Note that the value of X, X1 , or X2 may also depend on other configurations. For example, for the case of the Al TSF compression model having I i and IM as the past CSI information, the I 1 and IM may for example only be used until a certain number of time steps where afterward, the UE will transmit a new value of I 1 and IM to be used in another CSI reporting cycle. In this case, the reporting cycle (e.g., configuration on the number of time steps before a new value of IM and IM is required by the NW), may be reused as the performance monitoring configuration.

[0110] In an alternative example, instead of starting from the first CSI report after the performance monitoring indication is received, the UE may also be configured with the starting point of CSI reports that the UE needs to transmit the ground truth with. For example, the UE may, on top of ground_truth_report parameter mentioned above, be configured with ground_truth_report_start. E.g., a UE configured with ground_truth_report = X and ground_truth_report_start = Y need to transmit ground truth that corresponds to Yth, (Y+1)th, ... , (Y+X-1)thCSI reports that occur after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE.

[0111] In another example, the UE may be configured with a set of values which corresponds to which CSI report occasions the UE needs to transmit the ground truth. For example, a parameter of ground_truth_report = Xi , X2, ... , Xnmay be included in performance monitoring configurations. If a UE is configured with, e.g., ground_truth_report = 1 , 2, 4, the UE may transmit the ground truth that corresponds to the first, second, and the

[0112] P111890W001 20 / 82 fourth CSI reports that occur after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE. Similar to the above examples, the maximum value of Xnmay depend on the UE capability of the model information reported by the UE.

[0113] In another example, the configuration may be in the form of a pattern of which CSI reports the UE needs to transmit the ground truth with. For example, the performance monitoring configuration may contain the ground truth reporting periodicity. E.g., the UE may be configured with ground_truth_reporting_periodicity = T. E.g., if the UE is configured with parameter ground_truth_report = 3 and ground_truth_reporting_periodicity = 2, the UE may need to report the ground truth that corresponds to the first, third, and fifth CSI report after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE. Note that similar to the previous examples, the configuration in this example may also include ground_truth_report_start parameter.

[0114] In another example, the UE may be configured with a semi-persistent CSI reporting such that the UE starts reporting ground truth after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE. The semi-persistent CSI reporting for ground truth reporting may be considered to be activated via the performance monitoring indication. In some embodiments, the number X of ground truths for X consecutive CSI reports after activation of the semi-persistent CSI reporting may be configured to the UE as part of semi-persistent CSI reporting configuration. The UE may report X ground truths after activation of the semi-persistent CSI reporting. In another embodiment, the periodicity (denoted as Z) and the offset (denoted as Y) of semi-persistent CSI reporting for ground truth reporting may be configured to the UE as part of semi- persistent CSI reporting configuration.

[0115] In on example, a UE may be configured with one or more of the following semi- persistent CSI reporting configuration parameters (according to a monitoring configuration):

[0116] • X (for number of ground truths reported),

[0117] • Y (offset parameter defining the starting CSI report for which the first ground truth is reported after performance monitoring indication), and

[0118] P111890W001 21 / 82 • Z (a periodicity defining number of consecutive CSI reports in between two ground truth reports)

[0119] When the UE is configured with the above parameters, the UE needs to transmit ground truths that corresponds to the Yth, (Y+Z)th, (Y+2Z)th, (Y+(X-1)Z)thCSI reports that occur after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE. This approach as described is applied to ground truth reporting, but is also applicable to the case of target CSI reporting in place of ground truth reporting.

[0120] For the case of UE side performance monitoring, the UE may report the performance monitoring results of the performance monitoring operation done by the UE. The performance monitoring configuration may include the time domain information on which CSI reports the UE needs to conduct performance monitoring and transmits its corresponding performance monitoring results on.

[0121] In one example, the UE may be configured with a number of performance monitoring operations the UE should conduct after receiving the UE-side performance monitoring indication. For example, the UE may be configured with monitoring_occasions = X, meaning that the UE may need to conduct performance monitoring and transmits its related performance monitoring results for X consecutive CSI reports after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE. The maximum value of X may depend on the UE capability, or the model information reported by the UE. For example, a first UE may support a first model which uses up to X1 historical CSI information as the model input and a second UE may support a second model which uses up to X2 historical CSI information. In this case, X1 or X2 may serve as the maximum X values that can be configured or configurable for the UE. Note that the term input here may not necessarily be inputs from the outside of the models but may also be inputs from the inside of the model itself, e.g., the model state.

[0122] Instead of starting from the first CSI report after the performance monitoring indication is received, the UE may be configured with the starting point of CSI reports that the UE needs to monitor the performance (and transmits the monitoring results accordingly) on. For example, the UE may also be configured with monitoring_start. When the UE is configured with monitoring_occasions = X and monitoring_start = Y,

[0123] P111890W001 22 / 82 the UE conducts performance monitoring corresponding to the Yth, (Y+1 )th, (Y+X- 1 )th CSI reports that occur after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE and transmits the performance monitoring results to the network.

[0124] The UE may be configured with a set of values which may correspond to which CSI report occasions the UE needs to conduct performance monitoring and transmits the performance monitoring results to the network. For example, a parameter of monitored_csi_report may be introduced in the performance monitoring configurations. The parameter may have one more values, e.g., Xi, X2, ... , Xn. If a UE is configured with, e.g., monitored_csi_report = 1 , 2, 4, the UE monitors the model performance toward the 1st, 2nd, and 4thCSI reports that occur after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE, and transmits the performance monitoring results to the NW. Similar to the above examples, the maximum value of Xnmay depend on the UE capability of the model information reported by the UE.

[0125] In another example, the configuration may be in the form of a pattern of which CSI reports the UE needs to monitor the performance. For example, the performance monitoring configuration may contain the monitoring periodicity. E.g., the UE may be configured with monitoring_periodicity = T. For example, if a UE is configured with parameter monitoring_occasions = 3 and monitoring_periodicity = 2, the UE conducts performance monitoring using the first, third, and fifth CSI reports that occur after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE. Note that the configuration in this example may also include monitoring_start parameter.

[0126] In another example, the UE may be configured with a semi-persistent CSI reporting for performance monitoring and reporting performance monitoring results wherein the UE conducts performance monitoring after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE. The semi-persistent CSI reporting for performance monitoring and reporting performance monitoring results may be considered to be activated via the performance monitoring indication.

[0127] In some examples, the number X of CSI reports for which performance is monitored after activation of the semi-persistent CSI reporting may be configured to the UE as part of semi-persistent CSI reporting configuration. The UE may conduct performance

[0128] P111890W001 23 / 82 monitoring and performance monitoring result reporting corresponding to X CSI reports after activation of the semi-persistent CSI reporting. In another variant, the periodicity (denoted as Z) and the offset (denoted as Y) of semi-persistent CSI reporting for performance monitoring and reporting the performance monitoring results may be alternatively, or additionally, configured to the UE as part of semi-persistent CSI reporting configuration.

[0129] There may be considered as an example a UE configured with one or more of the following semi-persistent CSI reporting configuration parameters:

[0130] • X (for number of CSI reports corresponding to which the UE conducts performance monitoring and reports results),

[0131] • Y (offset parameter defining the starting CSI report corresponding to which the UE first conducts performance monitoring after performance monitoring indication), and

[0132] • Z (a periodicity defining number of consecutive CSI reports in between two consecutive occurrences of performance monitoring by the UE)

[0133] A UE configured with such parameters may conduct (e.g., upon this being activated or triggered by a monitoring indication) performance monitoring and reporting of the performance monitoring results corresponding to the Yth, (Y+Z)th, (Y+2Z)th, ... , (Y+(X- 1 )Z)thCSI reports that occur after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE.

[0134] Note that the time domain information mentioned in the above examples, both for the NW-side monitoring (i.e., ground truth reporting configurations) and UE-side monitoring (performance monitoring and performance monitoring result reporting configurations) cases, may correspond to the time domain information in one performance monitoring cycle. To obtain sufficient data for performance monitoring, more than one cycle of performance monitoring may be needed. Another configuration (e.g., additionally, e.g., separate orwithing the monitoring configuration) on how many performance monitoring cycles and the pattern of the performance monitoring cycles may be further configured.

[0135] P111890W001 24 / 82 In one example, a new parameter, e.g., monitoring_cycles can be included in the performance monitoring configuration. The parameter may determine the number of cycles of the performance monitoring operations needed to be done by the UE. The configured value may be, for example, one of several possible integer values.

[0136] The UE may be configured with, e.g., monitoring_cycles = 3 and monitoring_occasions = 2. A UE configured with such config u rati on / s may conducts (e.g., upon this being activated or triggered by a monitoring indication) performance monitoring operation for the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth CSI reports that occur after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE. Note that while this configuration may imply similar monitoring operation with a configuration of monitoring_cycles = 2 and monitoring_occasions = 3 (or monitor! ng_cycles = 1 and monitoring_occasions = 6), there may be different details on how the performance monitoring report and / or the CSI reports will be generated for the two different configurations, e.g., on how the resetting mechanism will take place.

[0137] In another alternative or additional example, the UE may be configured with e.g., monitoring_cycles = 2 and monitored_csi_report = 1 , 2, 4. A UE configured with such configuration / s, may conducts (e.g., upon this being activated or triggered by a monitoring indication) the performance monitoring operation for the first, second, fourth, fifth, sixth, and eighth CSI reports that occur after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE.

[0138] Another parameter, e.g., monitoring_window may be further introduced. The parameter may determine the length of the performance monitoring window in one performance monitoring cycle.

[0139] The UE may be configured with, e.g., monitoring_occasions = 2, monitor! ng_cycles = 3, and monitoring_window = 4. A UE configured with such configuration / s may conduct (e.g., upon this being activate or trigger by a monitoring indication) the performance monitoring operation for the first, second, fifth, sixth, ninth, and tenth CSI reports that occur after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE. Here, the first and the second CSI reports may correspond to the first performance monitoring

[0140] P111890W001 25 / 82 window; the fifth and sixth CSI reports may correspond to the second performance monitoring window; and so on.

[0141] The UE may be configured with e.g., monitored_csi_report = 1 , 2, 4, monitoring_cycles = 2, and monitoring_window = 5. A UE configured with such configuration / s may conduct (e.g., upon this being activate or trigger by a monitoring indication) the performance monitoring operation for the first, second, fourth, sixth, seventh, and ninth CSI reports that occur after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE. Here, first, second, and fourth CSI reports may correspond to the first performance monitoring window while the sixth, seventh, and ninth CSI reports may correspond to the second performance monitoring window.

[0142] A monitoring_window parameter along with a bitmap_pattern with length equal to the size of monitoring_window parameter may be configured. While monitoring_window may provide the length of the performance monitoring window in one performance monitoring cycle, bitmap_pattern may be used to determine which CSI reports corresponding to which the UE conducts the performance monitoring operation and reports the performance monitoring results to the network. Each cycle may correspond to the monitoring_window length, and the bitmap pattern may be reapplied to each cycle.

[0143] The UE may be configured with e.g., monitoring_window = 5 and bitmap_pattern = ‘10011’. Here, the most significant bit of the bitmap_pattern may correspond to the first CSI report within the monitoring window, and the least significant bit of the bitmap_pattern may correspond to the fifth CSI report within the monitoring window. A UE configured with such configuration / s may conduct (e.g., upon this being activate or trigger by a monitoring indication) the performance monitoring operation for the first, fourth, and fifth CSI reports that occur after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE. The same bitmap_pattern is applied to the next cycle with duration of monitoring ^ indow.

[0144] In another example of implementation, the UE may be configured with e.g., monitoring_window = 7 and bitmap_pattern = ‘1001011’. Here, the most significant bit of the bitmap_pattern may correspond to the first CSI report within the monitoring

[0145] P111890W001 26 / 82 window and the least significant bit of the bitmap_pattern may correspond to the seventh CSI report within the monitoring window. A UE configured with such configuration / s may conduct (e.g., upon this being activate or trigger by a monitoring indication) the performance monitoring operation for the first, fourth, sixth and seventh CSI reports that occur after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE. The same bitmap_pattern is applied to the next cycle with duration of monitoring indow.

[0146] For TSF domain Al-based CSI compression, the expected performance depends on the number of historical CSIs considered by the UE to produce the current CSI report. That is, the expected performance for the case where there is no historical CSI compared to the case where historical CSI information exists and is used by the UE to produce the current CSI report is different (typically lower). It is beneficial if the NW could capture the performance for each possible scenario.

[0147] The performance monitoring configuration may include the configuration on whether the UE needs to reset the historical CSI information when the performance monitoring operation is held. For example, a parameter of historical_csi_reset_parameter can be included in the performance monitoring configuration. The possible value of the parameter, may be, for example, yes and no. This may be associated to a number of historical reports and / or ground-truths configured.

[0148] A performance monitoring indication (also referred to as monitoring indication) may be considered, e.g., transmitted on physical layer signalling and / or a control channel (e.g., PDCCH or PSCCH), or MAC layer signalling or higher layer signalling.

[0149] Conducting performance monitoring operation for every reported CSI may be costly both in terms of uplink resources and complexity. An indication may be utilised to indicate to the UE when performance monitoring operations need to be done and / or when to stop doing them, allowing control of monitoring operation. For example, an explicit performance monitoring indication, e.g., via MAC-CE or DCI may be used.

[0150] The performance monitoring indication may serve as an implicit indication to reset the historical CSI information owned by the UE. That is, when the performance monitoring

[0151] P111890W001 27 / 82 indication is received, for example, the UE may erase the historical CSI information and assume there is no historical CSI information considered as the input of the model. Note that when the UE resets the historical CSI information, the NW may also need to do the corresponding action (i.e., resetting the historical CSI information owned by the NW).

[0152] The performance monitoring indication may serve as and / or indicate as implicit indication to reset the historical CSI information may be NW configurable. For example, a UE may be configured with historical_csi_reset with a value of “yes". Configured with this value, the UE mayl reset the historical CSI information when it receives the performance monitoring indication. Conversely, if the UE is configured with a value of “no”, the UE may be indicate to not reset the historical CSI information when it receives a performance monitoring indication.

[0153] The performance monitoring indication may contain a bitfield indicating (e.g., explicitly) to the UE to reset the historical CSI information when the UE starts the performance monitoring procedure. For example, a bitfield of historical_csi_reset may be included in the performance monitoring indication. The bitfield may, for example, have a size of 1 bit. E.g., the value of 0 in the historical_csi_reset bitfield may represent an indication that the UE does not need to reset the historical CSI information when the performance monitoring indication is received while the value of 1 may represent an indication that the UE needs to reset the historical CSI information when the performance monitoring indication is received. In another example, the bitfield may have a size of more than 1 bit, e.g., 2 bits. This, for example, may be implemented for the case of there is more than one factor of the historical CSI information. For example, for the case of the historical CSI information contains a bit value of 00, 01 , 10, and 1 1 may represent an indication to not resetting the historical CSI information, to reset the I / I / 1.past, to reset Wf,Past, and to reset both l / IZi ,Past and I / I ,Past, respectively. In another term, the first bit of the bitfield may represent an indication to reset l / l / i ,past while the second bit represents an indication to reset the 1 / 14,Past. In general, bits of the bit field may be associated to different historical information, e.g., different sets of information, and / or may indicate and / or flag the different historical information (sets) independently and / or separately to be reset or not.

[0154] P111890W001 28 / 82 A performance monitoring indication may comprise, and / or be, an indication to stop the performance monitoring operations. In one example, this indication may be applicable for the case of semi-persistent performance monitoring reporting. In an example, such indication may be via DCI or MAC-CE. This kind of indication, for example, may be transmitted by the NW when the NW feels that the statistical data obtained from the performance monitoring operations are sufficient to determine the subsequent LCM operation (e.g., model switching, model deactivation), if needed. If there is no further indication / configuration received by the UE after receiving the indication, the UE continues to transmit the CSI report as usual (e.g., no resetting is needed, the time step continues, etc.).

[0155] Resetting the historical CSI information may be considered as part of performance monitoring operation (also referred to as monitoring operation in general).

[0156] The UE may need to, and / or be indicated to, reset the historical CSI information when the (implicit or explicit) performance monitoring indication is received by the UE.

[0157] A resetting procedure may be done as soon as the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE, e.g., the resetting may already be considered from the first CSI report after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE. In one example, for the case the UE needs to transmit the ground truth / target CSI or performance monitoring results for the first, second, third, and fourth CSI reports that occur after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE, the UE may need to reset the historical CSI information before it generates the first CSI report after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE.

[0158] In another example, for the case of the UE needs to transmit the ground truth / target CSI or performance monitoring results for the second and fourth CSI report after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE, the UE also needs to reset the historical CSI information before it generates the first CSI report after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE.

[0159] The resetting procedure may be done starting from the first performance monitoring occasion after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE. In general,

[0160] P111890W001 29 / 82 980 the resetting procedure may be considered a separate procedure, or be part of monitoring operation.

[0161] In one example, for the case of the UE is indicated to transmit the ground truth / target CSI or performance monitoring results for the first, second, third, and fourth CSI

[0162] 985 reports after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE, the UE may reset the historical CSI information before it generates the first CSI report after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE. On the other hand, for the case that the UE is indicated to transmit the ground truth / target CSI or performance monitoring results for the second and fourth CSI report after the performance

[0163] 990 monitoring indication is received by the UE, the UE may reset the historical CSI information before it generates the second CSI report after the performance monitoring indication is received by the UE.

[0164] The UE may be configured to conduct performance monitoring for more than one

[0165] 995 cycle, e.g., configured with monitoring_cycles > 1. The UE may conduct resetting mechanism / procedure in every start of the performance monitoring cycles. For the case of semi persistent performance monitoring, the resetting may be done in every first occasion within one semi-persistent cycle.

[0166] 1000 For NW-side performance monitoring, there may be X monitoring data samples, where each of the data sample x may consist of and / or comprise at least the target CSI (x) and CSI report (x). The monitoring data samples may additionally consist of and / or comprise time step index (x). Here, the term time step may refer to the number of times the CSI is generated after the resetting operation happened. For example, time step

[0167] 1005 1 means the first time the CSI report is generated after the resetting operation happens, while time step 3 means the third time the CSI report is generated after the resetting operation happens. In time step 1 , there is no historical CSI information that is considered as the input for the encoder and / or decoder, while in time step 3, the encoder and / or decoder may have used historical CSI information generated from the

[0168] 1010 CSI-report generation at time step 1 and / or 2.

[0169] The usage of the time step index in the target-CSI report from the UE may be beneficial, e.g., for the case where the UE has the flexibility to determine which target

[0170] P111890W001 30 / 82 CSI report the UE shall transmit to the NW. The UE may be configured with a set of

[0171] 1015 configurations (e.g., part of the configuration described herein) which may limit the possibility on which target-CSI may be transmitted, but may independently determine which target-CSI shall be transmitted by the UE as long as it complies with the limitation set by the NW. Note that the limitation may also be predetermined in the standard text (e.g., in a 3GPP or IEEE standard).

[0172] 1020

[0173] In one example, the UE may be configured with a monitoring window of 6 and monitoring occasion of 3. It may then be up to the UE decide which target CSI the UE shall transmit as long as the UE transmits 3 target-CSI within 6 CSI reports.

[0174] 1025 One or more additional predetermined / configured rule / s may apply within the configuration, and / or may be configured with the configuration. For example, the UE may be configured or predetermined to report the first and the last target-CSI within 6 CSI reports (i.e. , within one monitoring window). In this case, it may be up to the UE whether to transmit the target-CSI which corresponds to {1st, 2nd, 6th}, {1st, 3rd, 6th}, {1st,

[0175] 1030 4th, 6th}, or {1st, 5th, 6th} within the 6 CSI reports.

[0176] Note that the time-step index may also be optional, e.g., if the UE does not report the time-step index, the NW may assume the time-step of the reported target-CSI according to a predetermined rule. In one example, for the case where the UE is

[0177] 1035 configured with a monitoring window of 6, monitoring occasion of 3, and shall transmit the target-CSI which corresponds to the first CSI report, and the UE does not report the time step index in its target CSI report, the NW may assume that the target CSI reported by the UE corresponds to the first, second, and third CSI reports that occur after the performance monitoring indication received by the UE. In another example,

[0178] 1040 for the case where the UE is also configured / predetermined to transmit the target CSI corresponding to the last CSI report within a monitoring window, the NW may assume that the UE transmits target CSIs that correspond to the first, second, and sixth CSI report occur after the UE receives the performance monitoring indication. The predetermined rule may be the transmitted target CSI is the target-CSI corresponding

[0179] 1045 to the smallest time step except the target CSI that is explicitly configured or predetermined.

[0180] P111890W001 31 / 82 After receiving the X data samples, the NW side may:

[0181] - for time step index x = 1 , feed the CSI report (x) to its decoder to generate the

[0182] 1050 reconstructed CSI, V1 -reconstructed (x), and a historical CSI info W(x)’;

[0183] - for time step index i > 1 , feed the CSI report (x), or any of its predecessors CSI report (x-n), and the historical CSI info W(x-1)’, or any of its predecessors W(x- 1-n)’, to its decoder to generate the reconstructed CSI, V1 -reconstructed (x) and update the historical CSI info W(x)’;

[0184] 1055 - The NW-side may then use the generated V1 -reconstructed (x) and the received target CSI, V1_target (x), to derive intermediate KPI like squared generalized cosine similarity, SGCS, (x) for each monitoring sample x.

[0185] - The NW may also additionally calculate the statistic SGCS based performance metrics like mean SGCS, minimum SGCS, etc. Note that here, the statistic may

[0186] 1060 be in terms of statistic inside on monitoring window / cycle, statistic between the monitoring window / cycle, or both. For example, the mean SGCS may represent the mean SGCS within one monitoring window or may represent the mean SGCS of a certain time step from all monitoring window / cycle.

[0187] 1065 For the case of UE-side monitoring, the monitoring may be done at the UE side, and the UE may report the performance monitoring result to the NW. In each of the monitoring occasion (x), the UE may report, e.g., the intermediate KPI (e.g., SGCS) for the monitoring occasion (x). The UE may also be predetermined / configured to report and / or indicate the statistical / aggregated value from X monitoring data samples,

[0188] 1070 e.g., the mean value, minimum value, etc. Note that, here, the term reported value may not necessarily be the exact value but may also be in terms of information indicative on which value range, the performance monitoring results on. In addition, the report may also be in term of the difference between the current monitoring result and the previous monitoring result.

[0189] 1075

[0190] The performance monitoring results may be reported separately for each monitoring occasion, or may be reported once in every monitoring window / cycle, i.e. , one report consists of performance monitoring results for X data samples / monitoring occasions. In one embodiment, where the UE has reported capability for multiple UE part Al

[0191] 1080 models (e.g., encoders), the UE may be configured to report performance monitoring result for more than one UE part Al model. In this case, the Al models can take the

[0192] P111890W001 32 / 82 same input (which may include the same historical CSI) and the performance monitoring results can be generated corresponding to each model. Depending on the reported performance monitoring result, the NW can decide to either continue with the

[0193] 1085 same UE part model or switch to a different model for subsequent CSI reporting. One example can be where the UE has multiple UE-part Al models trained for different channel conditions or configurations. In this particular case, the configuration or the indication of the resetting procedure may apply generally or specifically for each UE part Al model. In one example, for the case of the resetting indication applies for all

[0194] 1090 UE part models, all UE part model shall start from time step 1 when generates its first (monitored) encoder output after the UE receives a performance monitoring indication. In another example, for the case of the resetting indication may be applied differently for each UE part model, the resetting indication (e.g., in the resetting bitfield inside the performance monitoring indication) may be a bitmap corresponding to each UE part

[0195] 1095 model. Alternatively, it may be predetermined that the resetting indication may be applied only to the inactive UE part model (the UE part model that is not currently active and is used to generate the CSI report transmitted to the NW).

[0196] In general, the performance monitoring result may additionally consist of, and / or

[0197] 1100 comprise, the time step information, e.g., information on which CSI report the performance monitoring is done on. Similar to the case of the NW-side monitoring with ground truth reporting, this information may be beneficial, in particular for the case of the UE has some flexibility in determining which CSI report the UE shall conduct the performance monitoring on. For example, the UE may be configured to report 3

[0198] 1105 performance monitoring occasions inside a monitoring window consisting of 6 possible monitoring occasions. The UE may have flexibility on which monitoring occasions the UE will conduct performance monitoring on (and transmit the performance monitoring results). Note that although the UE may have some degree of flexibility, the UE may be configured / predetermined with a certain limitation on which CSI report the UE shall

[0199] 1110 conduct performance monitoring. In the above example, the UE may be configured or predetermined to report at least the performance monitoring result for the first monitoring occasion, and it is up to UE to determine the remaining two monitoring occasions.

[0200] P111890W001 33 / 82 1115 The time step information, may for example, be a bitmap consisting of, and / or comprising, / V bits, where each bit represents information on whether the UE reports the performance monitoring results for the respective time steps in one performance monitoring cycle. For example, a bitmap of 5 bits with a value of 10101 may represent an indication from the UE that the UE reports the performance metric for time steps 1 ,

[0201] 1120 3, and 5.

[0202] In another example, the time step information may be attached to each performance monitoring report. In one example, for the case of time step information has a size of 3 bits, a bit value of 010 in the performance monitoring report represents information

[0203] 1125 that the performance monitoring result corresponds to the CSI report with time step 2 (or time step 3 depending on the codepoint mapping rules and time step naming). Similarly, a bit value of 100 in the performance monitoring report represents information that the performance monitoring result corresponds to the CSI report with time step 4 (or time step 5 depending on the codepoint mapping rules and time step

[0204] 1130 naming).

[0205] Machine learning (ML) or Machine learning algorithms may refer to, and / or be based on, and / or comprise techniques using a set of training data for one or more training model / s (or model in general) and / or using trained model / s for various applications,

[0206] 1135 e.g., including one or more of inference, classification, prediction. Machine learning algorithms may be classified into online and offline algorithms, where offline algorithms may rely on pre-trained models, while online algorithms may train the model on the fly (and / or during operation), e.g., while receiving new data samples. An online approach may be based on a previous offline pre-training of a model. ML may be further

[0207] 1140 classified according to be supervised, unsupervised and / or reinforcement learning; learning approaches may be combined, in particular for online learning, e.g., based on offline learning.

[0208] A ML, or a ML system and / or model and / or algorithm and / or technique, may be

[0209] 1145 implemented in software and / or with data, and may alternatively referred to as ML model; in some cases, it may be implemented as and / or comprise hardware and / or firmware and / or associated components. A ML system may in general be adapted to obtain input, extract information based on the input and its training, and provide an

[0210] P111890W001 34 / 82 output. ML, a ML system or model may be based on, and / or comprise a neural

[0211] 1150 network, and / or may be based on a machine learning approach. The ML system may be based on a regressive or linear approach. In some cases, a deep learning system may be used as ML model. A model, ML or a ML system may be considered an (artificial) neural network, and / or may comprise one or more neural networks and / or one or more layers. A model may have component models, e.g. , associated to different

[0212] 1155 nodes. For example, an AE encoder may be on one node, and an AE decoder may be on another. Different nodes may be in communication connection, e.g., via wireless communication.

[0213] A neural network may generally be an artificial neural network; in some cases, it may

[0214] 1160 be referred to a model, and / or represented by a model. A model or neural network may comprise multiple layers. The layers may be of different type; in particular, the neural network or model may comprise an input layer, for receiving data to be evaluated and / or as training data as input or base data, and an output layer, providing processed data as output and / or result. Between input layer and output layer, there

[0215] 1165 may be one or more hidden layers, which may be interconnected to receive output of one layer as input, and / or to provide its output as input for another layer. The neural network may be linear, or non-linear. In some cases, the neural network may be recursive, e.g., such that the same layer (at least one layer) may be provided with output of a layer (e.g., itself, or a different layer) multiple times. A layer may operate

[0216] 1170 based on matrix multiplication being applied on input. In some cases, a layer may operate based on convolution being applied on input. Base input may correspond to original data the network as a whole is intended to operate on to provide a result, which may be considered output of the last / output layer and / or the neural network as a whole. A neural network may be a convolutional neural network, e.g., comprising at least one

[0217] 1175 convolutional layer. Inference may refer to the model providing prediction / s and / or conclusions based on new data, e.g., provided as input data to the (trained) model, e.g., during operation or application of the model.

[0218] An artificial neural network may represent a class of machine learning algorithms

[0219] 1180 provide a capability to approximate a general function based on training data set / s, and may facilitate parallel processing, which make these techniques attractive candidates for implementation on emerging Al accelerator hardware. A neural network

[0220] P111890W001 35 / 82 may be based on interconnected processing units called neurons as depicted in Figure 1 , where each neuron (shown as circular nodes, and arranged in layers) receives

[0221] 1185 weighted version (indicated by the lines, weights indicated by wjn for input weight, w_out for output weight, w_hidden for weights of layer / s between input and output layers) of the other neuron’s outputs and compute the output based on a nonlinear transformation of the aggregated inputs using an activation function. Input data may represent input to the model and / or a layer, in particular an input layer. Output data

[0222] 1190 may represent output of the network or a layer, in particular an output layer. Network data may represent the neural network (e.g., as software and / or with associated data / weights and / o connections and / or layers and / or nodes and / or neurons). Auxiliary data or intermediate data may comprise intermediate results, and / or additional information, in particular control information, e.g., pertaining to a target layer for output,

[0223] 1195 and / or formatting of data, or similar.

[0224] AI / ML may be utilised for a wireless network or radio access network, e.g., an air interface like a NR Air Interface. Life cycle management (LCM) may be considered for such. AI / ML may be used for the physical layer of the wireless network, e.g., for design

[0225] 1200 and / or operation of the physical layer and / or the radio access network. Model performance monitoring (or short model monitoring) may be considered. Model performance monitoring may refer to, and / or comprise, and / or be based on, a procedure that monitors an inference performance of an AI / ML model.

[0226] 1205 In general, one or more of metrics / methods for monitoring, e.g., AI / ML model monitoring may be considered:

[0227] Monitoring based on inference accuracy, which may include metrics related to intermediate KPIs (KPI may in general refer to key performance indicator, e.g., predefined parameters of performance, which may be indicative of individual radio links

[0228] 1210 or overall link performance, e.g., based on (weighed) average and / or combined parameter / s and / or parameter sets); and / or

[0229] Monitoring based on system performance, including metrics related to system performance KPIs;

[0230] Monitoring based on data distribution, which can further include one or more

[0231] 1215 of Input-based monitoring, monitoring the input data, e.g., validity of the AI / ML

[0232] P111890W001 36 / 82 input based on out-of-distribution detection, drift detection of input data, etc.; and / or

[0233] Output-based monitoring: e.g., drift detection of output data; and / or

[0234] Monitoring based on applicable conditions and / or parameters, e.g. pre-defined

[0235] 1220 and / or preconfigurable conditions and / or operational conditions.

[0236] Model monitoring may be continuous or performed at a set of time occasions, periodically or on-demand. A network node or gNB may signal a monitoring configuration, and / or initiation and termination of monitoring, and / or trigger single¬

[0237] 1225 instance monitoring support from one or more UEs. The UEs may signal model monitoring support capability to the NW, e.g. with capability information, which may be transmitted in an RRC layer message.

[0238] In general, a transmitter like a UE or network node may be adapted to transmit

[0239] 1230 signalling pertaining to model monitoring (monitoring signalling) In general, monitoring signalling may be transmitted based on a monitoring configuration. A monitoring configuration may indicate transmitting parameters specific to the monitoring signalling.

[0240] 1235 A transmitter may be configured or configurable with multiple (different) monitoring configurations. Monitoring signalling and / or an associated configuration may be intended for, and / or specific to, and / or facilitate monitoring of a model and / or evaluating model performance; the model may be a receiver model, which may be operable for receiving signalling from the transmitter and / or receiving monitoring

[0241] 1240 signalling. Monitoring signalling and / or a monitoring configuration may correspond to parameters and / or be according to parameters corresponding to a specific operation mode of the transmitter and / or receiver, e.g. , using a model for controlling transmission and / or for controlling reception.

[0242] 1245 In general, a transmitter may operate based on a transmitter model, and / or a receiver may operate based on a receiver model. The transmitter model may represent and / or comprise a compression model and / or an encoder, e.g., an AE encoder. The receiver model may represent and / or comprise decompression model and / or a decoder, e.g., an AE decoder. An encoder may be an example for a compression model, and / or a

[0243] P111890W001 37 / 82 1250 decoder may be an example of a decompression model. A compression model may be ML and / or Al-based, but compression models using non-AI approaches may be considered in general, e.g., to save power and / or limit processing cost. A decompression model may be ML and / or Al-based, but decompression models using non-AI approaches may be considered in general, e.g., to save power and / or limit

[0244] 1255 processing cost.

[0245] In some cases, signalling operation may comprise transmitting / transmission of signalling, and / or adapting such, and / or operating in a transmitter mode (also referred

[0246] 1260 to as transmitting mode or transmission mode).

[0247] In general, a model may be used for one or more functions and / or components for a transmitter or receiver, in particular one or more functions and / or components associated to the physical layer of a radio access network, e.g., for receiver and / or

[0248] 1265 transmitter. Such a function may for example pertain to encoding and / or decoding, and / or compressing and / or decompressing, e.g., of CSI information and / or data.

[0249] Signalling operation based on monitoring may comprise performing one or more actions or operations based on monitoring results, or in some cases, not performing

[0250] 1270 one or more actions. Actions may comprise switching a model, and / or adapting a model, and / or adapting or setting one or more parameters for a model and / or receiver and / or transmitter, transmitting signalling. The transmitted signalling may indicate, e.g., to a transmitter, a monitoring result and / or one or more actions to perform, and / or a transmission configuration or reception configuration (e.g., reconfiguring, and / or

[0251] 1275 indicating an already configured configuration to use), and / or to activate a model or to deactivate a model or which model to switch to (e.g., for transmitting). Alternatively, or additionally, it may indicate one or more transmission parameters for the transmitter to use, e.g., pertaining to PA backoff and / or MPR and / or MPR relaxation). Signalling operation may be based on and / or comprise evaluating monitoring and / or monitoring

[0252] 1280 result / s.

[0253] Monitoring, and / or performing monitoring may comprise, and / or be based on, determining a monitoring result, and / or determining and / or evaluating one or more

[0254] P111890W001 38 / 82 parameter / s and / or KPIs, which may pertain to reception, e.g., of monitoring signalling.

[0255] 1285 The reception and / or monitoring may pertain to a receiver mode and / or transmitting mode (e.g., of the transmitter).

[0256] 1290 In general, a receiver may be represented by, and / or comprise, at least one receiver and / or transceiver circuitry and / or associated software and / or hardware and / or firmware and / or modules and / or components. A receiver may be a device adapted for receiving signalling, and may be included in a larger device with additional functionality, e.g., for transmitting and / or user functions and / or server functions. A

[0257] 1295 receiver may be implemented as a receiving device, in particular a receiving radio node, which may for example be a network node, or a user equipment or terminal or wireless device. A receiver may encompass and / or provide one or more functions and / or associated modules and / or components, which may be involved in receiving functions. A receiver may be a receiver for receiving monitoring signalling, and / or

[0258] 1300 measurement reports.

[0259] In general, a transmitter may be represented by, and / or comprise, at least one transmitter and / or transceiver circuitry and / or associated software and / or hardware and / or firmware and / or modules and / or components. A transmitter may be a device

[0260] 1305 adapted for transmitting signalling, and may be included in a larger device with additional functionality, e.g., for receiving and / or user functions and / or server functions. A transmitter may be implemented as a transmitting device, in particular a transmitting radio node, which may for example be a network node, or a user equipment or terminal or wireless device. A transmitter may encompass and / or provide

[0261] 1310 one or more functions and / or associated modules and / or components, which may be involved in transmitting functions. A transmitter may be a transmitter for transmitting monitoring signalling and / or measurement reports.

[0262] In some cases, the term receiver may refer to the receiver / transceiver circuitry and / or

[0263] 1315 functions actually involved in reception of signalling, in others it may refer to the device / arrangement which comprises such circuitry and functions (e.g., radio node); unless it is clear from the context which interpretation is referred to, it should be

[0264] P111890W001 39 / 82 assumed that both, or either, apply. In some cases, the term transmitter may refer to the transmitter / transceiver circuitry and / or functions actually involved in transmission

[0265] 1320 of signalling, in others it may refer to the device / arrangement which comprises such circuitry and functions (e.g., radio node); unless it is clear from the context which interpretation is referred to, it should be assumed that both, or either, apply.

[0266] Figure 8 schematically shows a radio node, in particular a wireless device or terminal

[0267] 1325 10 or a UE (User Equipment), which may be an example of a transmitter. Radio node 10 comprises processing circuitry (which may also be referred to as control circuitry) 20, which may comprise a controller connected to a memory. Any module of the radio node 10, e.g. a communicating module or determining module, may be implemented in and / or executable by, the processing circuitry 20, in particular as module in the

[0268] 1330 controller. Radio node 10 also comprises radio circuitry 22 providing receiving and transmitting or transceiving functionality (e.g., one or more transmitters and / or receivers and / or transceivers), the radio circuitry 22 being connected or connectable to the processing circuitry. An antenna circuitry 24 of the radio node 10 is connected or connectable to the radio circuitry 22 to collect or send and / or amplify signals. Radio

[0269] 1335 circuitry 22 and the processing circuitry 20 controlling it are configured for cellular communication with a network, e.g. a RAN as described herein, and / or for sidelink communication (which may be within coverage of the cellular network, or out of coverage; and / or may be considered non-cellular communication and / or be associated to a non-cellular wireless communication network). Radio node 10 may

[0270] 1340 generally be adapted to carry out any of the methods of operating a radio node like terminal or UE disclosed herein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processing circuitry, and / or modules, e.g. software modules. It may be considered that the radio node 10 comprises, and / or is connected or connectable, to a power supply.

[0271] 1345

[0272] Figure 9 schematically show a radio node 100, which may in particular be implemented as a network node 100, for example an eNB or gNB or similar for NR, and which may be an example of a receiver. Radio node 100 comprises processing circuitry (which may also be referred to as control circuitry) 120, which may comprise a controller

[0273] 1350 connected to a memory. Any module, e.g. transmitting module and / or receiving module and / or configuring module of the node 100 may be implemented in and / or

[0274] P111890W001 40 / 82 executable by the processing circuitry 120. The processing circuitry 120 is connected to control radio circuitry 122 of the node 100, which provides receiver and transmitter and / or transceiver functionality (e.g., comprising one or more transmitters and / or

[0275] 1355 receivers and / or transceivers). An antenna circuitry 124 may be connected or connectable to radio circuitry 122 for signal reception or transmittance and / or amplification. Node 100 may be adapted to carry out any of the methods for operating a radio node or network node disclosed herein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processing circuitry, and / or modules. The antenna

[0276] 1360 circuitry 124 may be connected to and / or comprise an antenna array. The node 100, respectively its circuitry, may be adapted to perform any of the methods of operating a network node or a radio node as described herein; in particular, it may comprise corresponding circuitry, e.g. processing circuitry, and / or modules. The radio node 100 may generally comprise communication circuitry, e.g. for communication with another

[0277] 1365 network node, like a radio node, and / or with a core network and / or an internet or local net, in particular with an information system, which may provide information and / or data to be transmitted to a user equipment.

[0278] The term “receiver” may be considered with broad meaning, e.g., to refer to an entity

[0279] 1370 like a device and / or radio node and / or arrangement and / or circuitry and / or algorithm for receiving signalling, e.g., certain transmitted data, and / or for detecting and / or monitoring for and / or decoding and / or demodulating the signalling and / or transmitted data; signalling and / or transmitted data may be transmitted by a transmitter, which may be another entity like a device and / or radio node and / or arrangement and / or

[0280] 1375 circuitry and / or algorithm for transmitting signalling, e.g., certain transmitted data. In general, a device or arrangement or node or entity may encompass both a transmitter and a receiver and / or corresponding functionality; in general, a transmitter of specific signalling and / or transmitted data may be considered to be a different entity of the receiver of such.

[0281] 1380

[0282] In some cases, a transmitter may be represented by, and / or be part of, and / or be associated to, a wireless device. A receiver may for example be represented by, and / or be part of, and / or be associated to, a network node. However, cases in which a transmitter corresponds to a network node, and / or a receiver corresponds to a

[0283] 1385 wireless device may be considered.

[0284] P111890W001 41 / 82 Communicating may comprise transmitting or receiving. It may be considered that communicating like transmitting signalling is based on a SC-FDM based waveform, and / or corresponds to a Frequency Domain Filtered (FDF) DFTS-OFDM waveform.

[0285] 1390 However, the approaches may be applied to a Single Carrier based waveform, e.g. a SC-FDM or SC-FDE-waveform, which may be pulse-shaped / FDF-based. It should be noted that SC-FDM may be considered DFT-spread OFDM, such that SC-FDM and DFTS-OFDM may be used interchangeably. Alternatively, or additionally, the signalling (e.g., first signalling and / or second signalling) and / or beam / s (in particular,

[0286] 1395 the first received beam and / or second received beam) may be based on a waveform with CP or comparable guard time. The received beam and the transmission beam of the first beam pair may have the same (or similar) or different angular and / or spatial extensions; the received beam and the transmission beam of the second beam pair may have the same (or similar) or different angular and / or spatial extensions. It may

[0287] 1400 be considered that the received beam and / or transmission beam of the first and / or second beam pair have angular extension of 20 degrees or less, or 15 degrees or less, or 10 or 5 degrees or less, at least in one of horizontal or vertical direction, or both; different beams may have different angular extensions. An extended guard interval or switching protection interval may have a duration corresponding to essentially or at

[0288] 1405 least N CP (cyclic prefix) durations or equivalent duration, wherein N may be 2, or 3 or 4. An equivalent to a CP duration may represent the CP duration associated to signalling with CP (e.g., SC-FDM-based or OFDM-based) for a waveform without CP with the same or similar symbol time duration as the signalling with CP. Pulse-shaping (and / or performing FDF for) a modulation symbol and / or signalling, e.g. associated to

[0289] 1410 a first subcarrier or bandwidth, may comprise mapping the modulation symbol (and / or the sample associated to it after FFT) to an associated second subcarrier or part of the bandwidth, and / or applying a shaping operation regarding the power and / or amplitude and / or phase of the modulation symbol on the first subcarrier and the second subcarrier, wherein the shaping operation may be according to a shaping

[0290] 1415 function. Pulse-shaping signalling may comprise pulse-shaping one or more symbols; pulse-shaped signalling may in general comprise at least one pulse-shaped symbol. Pulse-shaping may be performed based on a Nyquist-filter. It may be considered that pulse-shaping is performed based on periodically extending a frequency distribution of modulation symbols (and / or associated samples after FFT) over a first number of

[0291] P111890W001 42 / 82 1420 subcarrier to a larger, second number of subcarriers, wherein a subset of the first number of subcarriers from one end of the frequency distribution is appended at the other end of the first number of subcarriers.

[0292] In some variants, communicating may be based on a numerology (which may, e.g.,

[0293] 1425 be represented by and / or correspond to and / or indicate a subcarrier spacing and / or symbol time length) and / or an SC-FDM based waveform (including a FDF-DFTS-FDM based waveform) or a single-carrier based waveform. Whether to use pulse-shaping or FDF on a SC-FDM or SC-based waveform may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., MCS) used. Such waveforms may utilise a cyclic prefix and / or benefit particularly

[0294] 1430 from the described approaches. Communicating may comprise and / or be based on beamforming, e.g. transmission beamforming and / or reception beamforming, respectively. It may be considered that a beam is produced by performing analog beamforming to provide the beam, e.g. a beam corresponding to a reference beam. Thus, signalling may be adapted, e.g. based on movement of the communication

[0295] 1435 partner. A beam may for example be produced by performing analog beamforming to provide a beam corresponding to a reference beam. This allows efficient postprocessing of a digitally formed beam, without requiring changes to a digital beamforming chain and / or without requiring changes to a standard defining beam forming precoders. In general, a beam may be produced by hybrid beamforming,

[0296] 1440 and / or by digital beamforming, e.g. based on a precoder. This facilitates easy processing of beams, and / or limits the number of power amplifiers / ADC / DCA required for antenna arrangements. It may be considered that a beam is produced by hybrid beamforming, e.g. by analog beamforming performed on a beam representation or beam formed based on digital beamforming. Monitoring and / or performing cell search

[0297] 1445 may be based on reception beamforming, e.g. analog or digital or hybrid reception beamforming. The numerology may determine the length of a symbol time interval and / or the duration of a cyclic prefix. The approaches described herein are particularly suitable to SC-FDM, to ensure orthogonality, in particular subcarrier orthogonality, in corresponding systems, but may be used for other waveforms. Communicating may

[0298] 1450 comprise utilising a waveform with cyclic prefix. The cyclic prefix may be based on a numerology, and may help keeping signalling orthogonal. Communicating may comprise, and / or be based on performing cell search, e.g. for a wireless device or terminal, or may comprise transmitting cell identifying signalling and / or a selection

[0299] P111890W001 43 / 82 indication, based on which a radio node receiving the selection indication may select

[0300] 1455 a signalling bandwidth from a set of signalling bandwidths for performing cell search.

[0301] A beam or beam pair may in general be targeted at one radio node, or a group of radio nodes and / or an area including one or more radio nodes. In many cases, a beam or beam pair may be receiver-specific (e.g., UE-specific), such that only one radio node

[0302] 1460 is served per beam / beam pair. A beam pair switch or switch of received beam (e.g., by using a different reception beam) and / or transmission beam may be performed at a border of a transmission timing structure, e.g. a slot border, or within a slot, for example between symbols Some tuning of radio circuitry, e.g. for receiving and / or transmitting, may be performed. Beam pair switching may comprise switching from a

[0303] 1465 second received beam to a first received beam, and / or from a second transmission beam to a first transmission beam. Switching may comprise inserting a guard period to cover retuning time; however, circuitry may be adapted to switch sufficiently quickly to essentially be instantaneous; this may in particular be the case when digital reception beamforming is used to switch reception beams for switching received

[0304] 1470 beams.

[0305] A reference beam may be a beam comprising reference signalling, based on which for example a of beam signalling characteristics may be determined, e.g. measured and / or estimated. A signalling beam may comprise signalling like control signalling

[0306] 1475 and / or data signalling and / or reference signalling. A reference beam may be transmitted by a source or transmitting radio node, in which case one or more beam signalling characteristics may be reported to it from a receiver, e.g. a wireless device. However, in some cases it may be received by the radio node from another radio node or wireless device. In this case, one or more beam signalling characteristics may be

[0307] 1480 determined by the radio node. A signalling beam may be a transmission beam, or a reception beam. A set of signalling characteristics may comprise a plurality of subsets of beam signalling characteristics, each subset pertaining to a different reference beam. Thus, a reference beam may be associated to different beam signalling characteristics.

[0308] 1485

[0309] A beam signalling characteristic, respectively a set of such characteristics, may represent and / or indicate a signal strength and / or signal quality of a beam and / or a

[0310] P111890W001 44 / 82 delay characteristic and / or be associated with received and / or measured signalling carried on a beam. Beam signalling characteristics and / or delay characteristics may

[0311] 1490 in particular pertain to, and / or indicate, a number and / or list and / or order of beams with best (e.g., lowest mean delay and / or lowest spread / range) timing or delay spread, and / or of strongest and / or best quality beams, e.g. with associated delay spread. A beam signalling characteristic may be based on measurement / s performed on reference signalling carried on the reference beam it pertains to. The measurement / s

[0312] 1495 may be performed by the radio node, or another node or wireless device. The use of reference signalling allows improved accuracy and / or gauging of the measurements. In some cases, a beam and / or beam pair may be represented by a beam identity indication, e.g. a beam or beam pair number. Such an indication may be represented by one or more signalling sequences (e.g., a specific reference signalling sequences

[0313] 1500 or sequences), which may be transmitted on the beam and / or beam pair, and / or a signalling characteristic and / or a resource / s used (e.g., time / frequency and / or code) and / or a specific RNTI (e.g., used for scrambling a CRC for some messages or transmissions) and / or by information provided in signalling, e.g. control signalling and / or system signalling, on the beam and / or beam pair, e.g. encoded and / or provided

[0314] 1505 in an information field or as information element in some form of message of signalling, e.g. DCI and / or MAC and / or RRC signalling.

[0315] A reference beam may in general be one of a set of reference beams, the second set of reference beams being associated to the set of signalling beams. The sets being

[0316] 1510 associated may refer to at least one beam of the first set being associated and / or corresponding to the second set (or vice versa), e.g. being based on it, for example by having the same analog or digital beamforming parameters and / or precoder and / or the same shape before analog beamforming, and / or being a modified form thereof, e.g. by performing additional analog beamforming. The set of signalling beams may

[0317] 1515 be referred to as a first set of beams, a set of corresponding reference beams may be referred to as second set of beams.

[0318] Communicating utilising a beam pair or a beam may comprise receiving signalling on a received beam (which may be a beam of a beam pair), and / or transmitting signalling

[0319] 1520 on a beam, e.g. a beam of a beam pair. The following terms are to be interpreted from the point of view of the referred radio node: a received beam may be a beam carrying

[0320] P111890W001 45 / 82 signalling received by the radio node (for reception, the radio node may use a reception beam, e.g. directed to the received beam, or be non-beamformed). A transmission beam may be a beam used by the radio node to transmit signalling. A

[0321] 1525 beam pair may consist of a received beam and a transmission beam. The transmission beam and the received beam of a beam pair may be associated to each and / or correspond to each other, e.g. such that signalling on the received beam and signalling on a transmission beam travel essentially the same path (but in opposite directions), e.g. at least in a stationary or almost stationary condition. It should be noted that the

[0322] 1530 terms “first” and “second” do not necessarily denote an order in time; a second signalling may be received and / or transmitted before, or in some cases simultaneous to, first signalling, or vice versa. The received beam and transmission beam of a beam pair may be on the same carrier or frequency range or bandwidth part, e.g. in a TDD operation; however, variants with FDD may be considered as well. Different beam

[0323] 1535 pairs may operate on the same frequency ranges or carriers or bandwidth parts (e.g., such that transmission beams operate on the same frequency range or carriers or bandwidth part, and received beams on the same frequency range or carriers or bandwidth part (the transmission beam and received beams may be on the same or different ranges or carriers or BWPs). Communicating utilizing a first beam pair and / or

[0324] 1540 first beam may be based on, and / or comprise, switching from the second beam pair or second beam to the first beam pair or first beam for communicating. The switching may be controlled by the network, for example a network node (which may be the source or transmitter of the received beam of the first beam pair and / or second beam pair, or be associated thereto, for example associated transmission points or nodes in

[0325] 1545 dual connectivity). Such controlling may comprise transmitting control signalling, e.g. physical layer signalling and / or higher layer signalling. In some cases, the switching may be performed by the radio node without additional control signalling, for example based on measurements on signal quality and / or signal strength of beam pairs (e.g., of first and second received beams), in particular the first beam pair and / or the second

[0326] 1550 beam pair. For example, it may be switched to the first beam pair (or first beam) if the signal quality or signal strength measured on the second beam pair (or second beam) is considered to be insufficient, and / or worse than corresponding measurements on the first beam pair indicate. Measurements performed on a beam pair (or beam) may in particular comprise measurements performed on a received beam of the beam pair.

[0327] 1555 It may be considered that the timing indication may be determined before switching

[0328] P111890W001 46 / 82 from the second beam pair to the first beam pair for communicating. Thus, the synchronization may be in place 8and / or the timing indication may be available for synchronising) when starting communication utilizing the first beam pair or first beam. However, in some cases the timing indication may be determined after switching to

[0329] 1560 the first beam pair or first beam. This may be in particular useful if first signalling is expected to be received after the switching only, for example based on a periodicity or scheduled timing of suitable reference signalling on the first beam pair, e.g. first received beam.

[0330] 1565 In some variants, reference signalling may be and / or comprise CSI-RS, e.g. transmitted by the network node. In other variants, the reference signalling may be transmitted by a UE, e.g. to a network node or other UE, in which case it may comprise and / or be Sounding Reference Signalling. Other, e.g. new, forms of reference signalling may be considered and / or used. In general, a modulation symbol of

[0331] 1570 reference signalling respectively a resource element carrying it may be associated to a cyclic prefix.

[0332] Data signalling may be on a data channel, for example on a PDSCH or PSSCH or PUSCH, or on a dedicated data channel, e.g. for low latency and / or high reliability,

[0333] 1575 e.g. a URLLC channel. Control signalling may be on a control channel, for example on a common control channel or a PDCCH or PSCCH or PUCCH, and / or comprise one or more DCI messages or SCI messages. Reference signalling may be associated to control signalling and / or data signalling, e.g. DM-RS and / or PT-RS.

[0334] 1580 Reference signalling, for example, may comprise DM-RS and / or pilot signalling and / or discovery signalling and / or synchronisation signalling and / or sounding signalling and / or phase tracking signalling and / or cell-specific reference signalling and / or userspecific signalling, in particular CSI-RS. Reference signalling in general may be signalling with one or more signalling characteristics, in particular transmission power

[0335] 1585 and / or sequence of modulation symbols and / or resource distribution and / or phase distribution known to the receiver. Thus, the receiver can use the reference signalling as a reference and / or for training and / or for compensation. The receiver can be informed about the reference signalling by the transmitter, e.g. being configured and / or signalling with control signalling, in particular physical layer signalling and / or higher

[0336] P111890W001 47 / 82 1590 layer signalling (e.g., DCI and / or RRC signalling), and / or may determine the corresponding information itself, e.g. a network node configuring a UE to transmit reference signalling. Reference signalling may be signalling comprising one or more reference symbols and / or structures. Reference signalling may be adapted for gauging and / or estimating and / or representing transmission conditions, e.g. channel conditions

[0337] 1595 and / or transmission path conditions and / or channel (or signal or transmission) quality. It may be considered that the transmission characteristics (e.g., signal strength and / or form and / or modulation and / or timing) of reference signalling are available for both transmitter and receiver of the signalling (e.g., due to being predefined and / or configured or configurable and / or being communicated). Different types of reference

[0338] 1600 signalling may be considered, e.g. pertaining to uplink, downlink or sidelink, cellspecific (in particular, cell-wide, e.g., CRS) or device or user specific (addressed to a specific target or user equipment, e.g., CSI-RS), demodulation-related (e.g., DMRS) and / or signal strength related, e.g. power-related or energy-related or amplitude- related (e.g., SRS or pilot signalling) and / or phase-related, etc.

[0339] 1605

[0340] References to specific resource structures like an allocation unit and / or block symbol and / or block symbol group and / or transmission timing structure and / or symbol and / or slot and / or mini-slot and / or subcarrier and / or carrier may pertain to a specific numerology, which may be predefined and / or configured or configurable. A

[0341] 1610 transmission timing structure may represent a time interval, which may cover one or more symbols. Some examples of a transmission timing structure are transmission time interval (TTI), subframe, slot and mini-slot. A slot may comprise a predetermined, e.g. predefined and / or configured or configurable, number of symbols, e.g. 6 or 7, or 12 or 14. A mini-slot may comprise a number of symbols (which may in particular be

[0342] 1615 configurable or configured) smaller than the number of symbols of a slot, in particular 1 , 2, 3 or 4, or more symbols, e.g. less symbols than symbols in a slot. A transmission timing structure may cover a time interval of a specific length, which may be dependent on symbol time length and / or cyclic prefix used. A transmission timing structure may pertain to, and / or cover, a specific time interval in a time stream, e.g. synchronized for

[0343] 1620 communication. Timing structures used and / or scheduled for transmission, e.g. slot and / or mini-slots, may be scheduled in relation to, and / or synchronized to, a timing structure provided and / or defined by other transmission timing structures. Such transmission timing structures may define a timing grid, e.g., with symbol time intervals

[0344] P111890W001 48 / 82 within individual structures representing the smallest timing units. Such a timing grid

[0345] 1625 may for example be defined by slots or subframes (wherein in some cases, subframes may be considered specific variants of slots). A transmission timing structure may have a duration (length in time) determined based on the durations of its symbols, possibly in addition to cyclic prefix / es used. The symbols of a transmission timing structure may have the same duration, or may in some variants have different duration.

[0346] 1630 The number of symbols in a transmission timing structure may be predefined and / or configured or configurable, and / or be dependent on numerology. The timing of a minislot may generally be configured or configurable, in particular by the network and / or a network node. The timing may be configurable to start and / or end at any symbol of the transmission timing structure, in particular one or more slots.

[0347] 1635

[0348] A transmission quality parameter may in general correspond to the number R of retransmissions and / or number T of total transmissions, and / or coding (e.g., number of coding bits, e.g. for error detection coding and / or error correction coding like FEC coding) and / or code rate and / or BLER and / or BER requirements and / or transmission

[0349] 1640 power level (e.g., minimum level and / or target level and / or base power level PO and / or transmission power control command, TPC, step size) and / or signal quality, e.g. SNR and / or SIR and / or SINR and / or power density and / or energy density. A transmission quality parameter may be considered an example of a KPI.

[0350] 1645 There is generally considered a program product comprising instructions adapted for causing processing and / or control circuitry to carry out and / or control any method described herein, in particular when executed on the processing and / or control circuitry. Also, there is considered a carrier medium arrangement carrying and / or storing a program product as described herein.

[0351] 1650

[0352] A carrier medium arrangement may comprise one or more carrier media. Generally, a carrier medium may be accessible and / or readable and / or receivable by processing or control circuitry. Storing data and / or a program product and / or code may be seen as part of carrying data and / or a program product and / or code. A carrier medium

[0353] 1655 generally may comprise a guiding / transporting medium and / or a storage medium. A guiding / transporting medium may be adapted to carry and / or carry and / or store signals, in particular electromagnetic signals and / or electrical signals and / or magnetic

[0354] P111890W001 49 / 82 signals and / or optical signals. A carrier medium, in particular a guiding / transporting medium, may be adapted to guide such signals to carry them. A carrier medium, in

[0355] 1660 particular a guiding / transporting medium, may comprise the electromagnetic field, e.g. radio waves or microwaves, and / or optically transmissive material, e.g. glass fiber, and / or cable. A storage medium may comprise at least one of a memory, which may be volatile or non-volatile, a buffer, a cache, an optical disc, magnetic memory, flash memory, etc.

[0356] 1665

[0357] A system comprising one or more radio nodes as described herein, in particular a network node and a user equipment, is described. The system may be a wireless communication system, and / or provide and / or represent a radio access network.

[0358] 1670 Moreover, there may be generally considered a method of operating an information system, the method comprising providing information. Alternatively, or additionally, an information system adapted for providing information may be considered. Providing information may comprise providing information for, and / or to, a target system, which may comprise and / or be implemented as radio access network and / or a radio node,

[0359] 1675 in particular a network node or user equipment or terminal. Providing information may comprise transferring and / or streaming and / or sending and / or passing on the information, and / or offering the information for such and / or for download, and / or triggering such providing, e.g. by triggering a different system or node to stream and / or transfer and / or send and / or pass on the information. The information system may

[0360] 1680 comprise, and / or be connected or connectable to, a target, for example via one or more intermediate systems, e.g. a core network and / or internet and / or private or local network. Information may be provided utilising and / or via such intermediate system / s. Providing information may be for radio transmission and / or for transmission via an air interface and / or utilising a RAN or radio node as described herein. Connecting the

[0361] 1685 information system to a target, and / or providing information, may be based on a target indication, and / or adaptive to a target indication. A target indication may indicate the target, and / or one or more parameters of transmission pertaining to the target and / or the paths or connections over which the information is provided to the target. Such parameter / s may in particular pertain to the air interface and / or radio access network

[0362] 1690 and / or radio node and / or network node. Example parameters may indicate for example type and / or nature of the target, and / or transmission capacity (e.g., data rate)

[0363] P111890W001 50 / 82 and / or latency and / or reliability and / or cost, respectively one or more estimates thereof. The target indication may be provided by the target, or determined by the information system, e.g. based on information received from the target and / or

[0364] 1695 historical information, and / or be provided by a user, for example a user operating the target or a device in communication with the target, e.g. via the RAN and / or air interface. For example, a user may indicate on a user equipment communicating with the information system that information is to be provided via a RAN, e.g. by selecting from a selection provided by the information system, for example on a user application

[0365] 1700 or user interface, which may be a web interface. An information system may comprise one or more information nodes. An information node may generally comprise processing circuitry and / or communication circuitry. In particular, an information system and / or an information node may be implemented as a computer and / or a computer arrangement, e.g. a host computer or host computer arrangement and / or

[0366] 1705 server or server arrangement. In some variants, an interaction server (e.g., web server) of the information system may provide a user interface, and based on user input may trigger transmitting and / or streaming information provision to the user (and / or the target) from another server, which may be connected or connectable to the interaction server and / or be part of the information system or be connected or

[0367] 1710 connectable thereto. The information may be any kind of data, in particular data intended for a user of for use at a terminal, e.g. video data and / or audio data and / or location data and / or interactive data and / or game-related data and / or environmental data and / or technical data and / or traffic data and / or vehicular data and / or circumstantial data and / or operational data. The information provided by the

[0368] 1715 information system may be mapped to, and / or mappable to, and / or be intended for mapping to, communication or data signalling and / or one or more data channels as described herein (which may be signalling or channel / s of an air interface and / or used within a RAN and / or for radio transmission). It may be considered that the information is formatted based on the target indication and / or target, e.g. regarding data amount

[0369] 1720 and / or data rate and / or data structure and / or timing, which in particular may be pertaining to a mapping to communication or data signalling and / or a data channel. Mapping information to data signalling and / or data channel / s may be considered to refer to using the signalling / channel / s to carry the data, e.g. on higher layers of communication, with the signalling / channel / s underlying the transmission. A target

[0370] 1725 indication generally may comprise different components, which may have different

[0371] P111890W001 51 / 82 sources, and / or which may indicate different characteristics of the target and / or communication path / s thereto. A format of information may be specifically selected, e.g. from a set of different formats, for information to be transmitted on an air interface and / or by a RAN as described herein. This may be particularly pertinent since an air

[0372] 1730 interface may be limited in terms of capacity and / or of predictability, and / or potentially be cost sensitive. The format may be selected to be adapted to the transmission indication, which may in particular indicate that a RAN or radio node as described herein is in the path (which may be the indicated and / or planned and / or expected path) of information between the target and the information system. A (communication)

[0373] 1735 path of information may represent the interface / s (e.g., air and / or cable interfaces) and / or the intermediate system / s (if any), between the information system and / or the node providing or transferring the information, and the target, over which the information is, or is to be, passed on. A path may be (at least partly) undetermined when a target indication is provided, and / or the information is provided / transferred by

[0374] 1740 the information system, e.g. if an internet is involved, which may comprise multiple, dynamically chosen paths. Information and / or a format used for information may be packet-based, and / or be mapped, and / or be mappable and / or be intended for mapping, to packets. Alternatively, or additionally, there may be considered a method for operating a target device comprising providing a target indicating to an information

[0375] 1745 system. More alternatively, or additionally, a target device may be considered, the target device being adapted for providing a target indication to an information system. In another approach, there may be considered a target indication tool adapted for, and / or comprising an indication module for, providing a target indication to an information system. The target device may generally be a target as described above.

[0376] 1750 A target indication tool may comprise, and / or be implemented as, software and / or application or app, and / or web interface or user interface, and / or may comprise one or more modules for implementing actions performed and / or controlled by the tool. The tool and / or target device may be adapted for, and / or the method may comprise, receiving a user input, based on which a target indicating may be determined and / or

[0377] 1755 provided. Alternatively, or additionally, the tool and / or target device may be adapted for, and / or the method may comprise, receiving information and / or communication signalling carrying information, and / or operating on, and / or presenting (e.g., on a screen and / or as audio or as other form of indication), information. The information may be based on received information and / or communication signalling carrying

[0378] P111890W001 52 / 82 1760 information. Presenting information may comprise processing received information, e.g. decoding and / or transforming, in particular between different formats, and / or for hardware used for presenting. Operating on information may be independent of or without presenting, and / or proceed or succeed presenting, and / or may be without user interaction or even user reception, for example for automatic processes, or target

[0379] 1765 devices without (e.g., regular) user interaction like MTC devices, of for automotive or transport or industrial use. The information or communication signalling may be expected and / or received based on the target indication. Presenting and / or operating on information may generally comprise one or more processing steps, in particular decoding and / or executing and / or interpreting and / or transforming information.

[0380] 1770 Operating on information may generally comprise relaying and / or transmitting the information, e.g. on an air interface, which may include mapping the information onto signalling (such mapping may generally pertain to one or more layers, e.g. one or more layers of an air interface, e.g. RLC (Radio Link Control) layer and / or MAC layer and / or physical layer / s). The information may be imprinted (or mapped) on communication

[0381] 1775 signalling based on the target indication, which may make it particularly suitable for use in a RAN (e.g., for a target device like a network node or in particular a UE or terminal). The tool may generally be adapted for use on a target device, like a UE or terminal. Generally, the tool may provide multiple functionalities, e.g. for providing and / or selecting the target indication, and / or presenting, e.g. video and / or audio,

[0382] 1780 and / or operating on and / or storing received information. Providing a target indication may comprise transmitting or transferring the indication as signalling, and / or carried on signalling, in a RAN, for example if the target device is a UE, or the tool for a UE. It should be noted that such provided information may be transferred to the information system via one or more additionally communication interfaces and / or paths and / or

[0383] 1785 connections. The target indication may be a higher-layer indication and / or the information provided by the information system may be higher-layer information, e.g. application layer or user-layer, in particular above radio layers like transport layer and physical layer. The target indication may be mapped on physical layer radio signalling, e.g. related to or on the user-plane, and / or the information may be mapped on physical

[0384] 1790 layer radio communication signalling, e.g. related to or on the user-plane (in particular, in reverse communication directions). The described approaches allow a target indication to be provided, facilitating information to be provided in a specific format particularly suitable and / or adapted to efficiently use an air interface. A user input may

[0385] P111890W001 53 / 82 for example represent a selection from a plurality of possible transmission modes or

[0386] 1795 formats, and / or paths, e.g. in terms of data rate and / or packaging and / or size of information to be provided by the information system.

[0387] In general, a numerology and / or subcarrier spacing may indicate the bandwidth (in frequency domain) of a subcarrier of a carrier, and / or the number of subcarriers in a

[0388] 1800 carrier and / or the numbering of the subcarriers in a carrier, and / or the symbol time length. Different numerologies may in particular be different in the bandwidth of a subcarrier. In some variants, all the subcarriers in a carrier have the same bandwidth associated to them. The numerology and / or subcarrier spacing may be different between carriers in particular regarding the subcarrier bandwidth. A symbol time

[0389] 1805 length, and / or a time length of a timing structure pertaining to a carrier may be dependent on the carrier frequency, and / or the subcarrier spacing and / or the numerology. In particular, different numerologies may have different symbol time lengths, even on the same carrier.

[0390] 1810 Signalling may generally comprise one or more (e.g., modulation) symbols and / or signals and / or messages. A signal may comprise or represent one or more bits. An indication may represent signalling, and / or be implemented as a signal, or as a plurality of signals. One or more signals may be included in and / or represented by a message. Signalling, in particular control signalling, may comprise a plurality of signals

[0391] 1815 and / or messages, which may be transmitted on different carriers and / or be associated to different signalling processes, e.g. representing and / or pertaining to one or more such processes and / or corresponding information. An indication may comprise signalling, and / or a plurality of signals and / or messages and / or may be comprised therein, which may be transmitted on different carriers and / or be associated to different

[0392] 1820 acknowledgement signalling processes, e.g. representing and / or pertaining to one or more such processes. Signalling associated to a channel may be transmitted such that represents signalling and / or information for that channel, and / or that the signalling is interpreted by the transmitter and / or receiver to belong to that channel. Such signalling may generally comply with transmission parameters and / or format / s for the

[0393] 1825 channel.

[0394] P111890W001 54 / 82 An antenna arrangement may comprise one or more antenna elements (radiating elements), which may be combined in antenna arrays. An antenna array or subarray may comprise one antenna element, or a plurality of antenna elements, which may be

[0395] 1830 arranged e.g. two dimensionally (for example, a panel) or three dimensionally. It may be considered that each antenna array or subarray or element is separately controllable, respectively that different antenna arrays are controllable separately from each other. A single antenna element / radiator may be considered the smallest example of a subarray. Examples of antenna arrays comprise one or more multi¬

[0396] 1835 antenna panels or one or more individually controllable antenna elements. An antenna arrangement may comprise a plurality of antenna arrays. It may be considered that an antenna arrangement is associated to a (specific and / or single) radio node, e.g. a configuring or informing or scheduling radio node, e.g. to be controlled or controllable by the radio node. An antenna arrangement associated to a UE or terminal may be

[0397] 1840 smaller (e.g., in size and / or number of antenna elements or arrays) than the antenna arrangement associated to a network node. Antenna elements of an antenna arrangement may be configurable for different arrays, e.g. to change the beamforming characteristics. In particular, antenna arrays may be formed by combining one or more independently or separately controllable antenna elements or subarrays. The beams

[0398] 1845 may be provided by analog beamforming, or in some variants by digital beamforming, or by hybrid beamforming combing analog and digital beamforming. The informing radio nodes may be configured with the manner of beam transmission, e.g. by transmitting a corresponding indicator or indication, for example as beam identify indication. However, there may be considered cases in which the informing radio

[0399] 1850 node / s are not configured with such information, and / or operate transparently, not knowing the way of beamforming used. An antenna arrangement may be considered separately controllable in regard to the phase and / or amplitude / power and / or gain of a signal feed to it for transmission, and / or separately controllable antenna arrangements may comprise an independent or separate transmit and / or receive unit

[0400] 1855 and / or ADC (Analog-Digital-Converter, alternatively an ADC chain) or DCA (Digital-to- Analog Converter, alternatively a DCA chain) to convert digital control information into an analog antenna feed for the whole antenna arrangement (the ADC / DCA may be considered part of, and / or connected or connectable to, antenna circuitry) or vice versa. A scenario in which an ADC or DCA is controlled directly for beamforming may

[0401] 1860 be considered an analog beamforming scenario; such controlling may be performed

[0402] P111890W001 55 / 82 after encoding / decoding and7or after modulation symbols have been mapped to resource elements. This may be on the level of antenna arrangements using the same ADC / DCA, e.g. one antenna element or a group of antenna elements associated to the same ADC / DCA. Digital beamforming may correspond to a scenario in which

[0403] 1865 processing for beamforming is provided before feeding signalling to the ADC / DCA, e.g. by using one or more precoder / s and / or by precoding information, for example before and / or when mapping modulation symbols to resource elements. Such a precoder for beamforming may provide weights, e.g. for amplitude and / or phase, and / or may be based on a (precoder) codebook, e.g. selected from a codebook. A

[0404] 1870 precoder may pertain to one beam or more beams, e.g. defining the beam or beams. The codebook may be configured or configurable, and / or be predefined. DFT beamforming may be considered a form of digital beamforming, wherein a DFT procedure is used to form one or more beams. Hybrid forms of beamforming may be considered.

[0405] 1875

[0406] A beam may be defined by a spatial and / or angular and / or spatial angular distribution of radiation and / or a spatial angle (also referred to as solid angle) or spatial (solid) angle distribution into which radiation is transmitted (for transmission beamforming) or from which it is received (for reception beamforming). Reception beamforming may

[0407] 1880 comprise only accepting signals coming in from a reception beam (e.g., using analog beamforming to not receive outside reception beam / s), and / or sorting out signals that do not come in in a reception beam, e.g. in digital postprocessing, e.g. digital beamforming. A beam may have a solid angle equal to or smaller than 4*pi sr (4*pi correspond to a beam covering all directions), in particular smaller than 2* pi, or pi, or

[0408] 1885 pi / 2, or pi / 4 or pi / 8 or pi / 16. In particular for high frequencies, smaller beams may be used. Different beams may have different directions and / or sizes (e.g., solid angle and / or reach). A beam may have a main direction, which may be defined by a main lobe (e.g., center of the main lobe, e.g. pertaining to signal strength and / or solid angle, which may be averaged and / or weighted to determine the direction), and may have

[0409] 1890 one or more sidelobes. A lobe may generally be defined to have a continuous or contiguous distribution of energy and / or power transmitted and / or received, e.g. bounded by one or more contiguous or contiguous regions of zero energy (or practically zero energy). A main lobe may comprise the lobe with the largest signal strength and / or energy and / or power content. However, sidelobes usually appear due

[0410] P111890W001 56 / 82 1895 to limitations of beamforming, some of which may carry signals with significant strength, and may cause multi-path effects. A sidelobe may generally have a different direction than a main lobe and / or other side lobes, however, due to reflections a sidelobe still may contribute to transmitted and / or received energy or power. A beam may be swept and / or switched overtime, e.g., such that its (main) direction is changed,

[0411] 1900 but its shape (angular / solid angle distribution) around the main direction is not changed, e.g. from the transmitter's views for a transmission beam, or the receiver's view for a reception beam, respectively. Sweeping may correspond to continuous or near continuous change of main direction (e.g., such that after each change, the main lobe from before the change covers at least partly the main lobe after the change, e.g.

[0412] 1905 at least to 50 or 75 or 90 percent). Switching may correspond to switching direction non-continuously, e.g. such that after each change, the main lobe from before the change does not cover the main lobe after the change, e.g. at most to 50 or 25 or 10 percent.

[0413] 1910 Signal strength may be a representation of signal power and / or signal energy, e.g. as seen from a transmitting node or a receiving node. A beam with larger strength at transmission (e.g., according to the beamforming used) than another beam does may not necessarily have larger strength at the receiver, and vice versa, for example due to interference and / or obstruction and / or dispersion and / or absorption and / or reflection

[0414] 1915 and / or attrition or other effects influencing a beam or the signalling it carries. Signal quality may in general be a representation of how well a signal may be received over noise and / or interference. A beam with better signal quality than another beam does not necessarily have a larger beam strength than the other beam. Signal quality may be represented for example by SIR, SNR, SINR, BER, BLER, Energy per resource

[0415] 1920 element over noise / interference or another corresponding quality measure. Signal quality and / or signal strength may pertain to, and / or may be measured with respect to, a beam, and / or specific signalling carried by the beam, e.g. reference signalling and / or a specific channel, e.g. a data channel or control channel. Signal strength may be represented by received signal strength, and / or relative signal strength, e.g. in

[0416] 1925 comparison to a reference signal (strength).

[0417] Uplink or sidelink signalling may be OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) or SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) signalling.

[0418] P111890W001 57 / 82 Downlink signalling may in particular be OFDMA signalling. However, signalling is not

[0419] 1930 limited thereto (Filter-Bank based signalling and / or Single-Carrier based signalling, e.g. SC-FDE signalling, may be considered alternatives).

[0420] A radio node may generally be considered a device or node adapted for wireless and / or radio (and / or millimeter wave) frequency communication, and / or for

[0421] 1935 communication utilising an air interface, e.g. according to a communication standard.

[0422] A radio node may be a network node, or a user equipment or terminal. A network node may be any radio node of a wireless communication network, e.g. a base station and / or gNodeB (gNB) and / or eNodeB (eNB) and / or relay node and / or

[0423] 1940 micro / nano / pico / femto node and / or transmission point (TP) and / or access point (AP) and / or other node, in particular for a RAN or other wireless communication network as described herein.

[0424] The terms user equipment (UE) and terminal may be considered to be interchangeable

[0425] 1945 in the context of this disclosure. A wireless device, user equipment or terminal may represent an end device for communication utilising the wireless communication network, and / or be implemented as a user equipment according to a standard. Examples of user equipments may comprise a phone like a smartphone, a personal communication device, a mobile phone or terminal, a computer, in particular laptop, a

[0426] 1950 sensor or machine with radio capability (and / or adapted for the air interface), in particular for MTC (Machine-Type-Communication, sometimes also referred to M2M, Machine-To-Machine), or a vehicle adapted for wireless communication. A user equipment or terminal may be mobile or stationary. A wireless device generally may comprise, and / or be implemented as, processing circuitry and / or radio circuitry, which

[0427] 1955 may comprise one or more chips or sets of chips. The circuitry and / or circuitries may be packaged, e.g. in a chip housing, and / or may have one or more physical interfaces to interact with other circuitry and / or for power supply. Such a wireless device may be intended for use in a user equipment or terminal.

[0428] 1960 A radio node may generally comprise processing circuitry and / or radio circuitry. A radio node, in particular a network node, may in some cases comprise cable circuitry and / or

[0429] P111890W001 58 / 82 communication circuitry, with which it may be connected or connectable to another radio node and / or a core network.

[0430] 1965 Circuitry may comprise integrated circuitry. Processing circuitry may comprise one or more processors and / or controllers (e.g., microcontrollers), and / or ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuitry) and / or FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Array), or similar. It may be considered that processing circuitry comprises, and / or is (operatively) connected or connectable to one or more memories or memory

[0431] 1970 arrangements. A memory arrangement may comprise one or more memories. A memory may be adapted to store digital information. Examples for memories comprise volatile and non-volatile memory, and / or Random Access Memory (RAM), and / or Read-Only-Memory (ROM), and / or magnetic and / or optical memory, and / or flash memory, and / or hard disk memory, and / or EPROM or EEPROM (Erasable

[0432] 1975 Programmable ROM or Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM).

[0433] Radio circuitry may comprise one or more transmitters and / or receivers and / or transceivers (a transceiver may operate or be operable as transmitter and receiver, and / or may comprise joint or separated circuitry for receiving and transmitting, e.g. in

[0434] 1980 one package or housing), and / or may comprise one or more amplifiers and / or oscillators and / or filters, and / or may comprise, and / or be connected or connectable to antenna circuitry and / or one or more antennas and / or antenna arrays. An antenna array may comprise one or more antennas, which may be arranged in a dimensional array, e.g. 2D or 3D array, and / or antenna panels. A remote radio head (RRH) may

[0435] 1985 be considered as an example of an antenna array. However, in some variants, an RRH may also be implemented as a network node, depending on the kind of circuitry and / or functionality implemented therein.

[0436] Communication circuitry may comprise radio circuitry and / or cable circuitry.

[0437] 1990 Communication circuitry generally may comprise one or more interfaces, which may be air interface / s and / or cable interface / s and / or optical interface / s, e.g. laser-based. Interface / s may be in particular packet-based. Cable circuitry and / or a cable interfaces may comprise, and / or be connected or connectable to, one or more cables (e.g., optical fiber-based and / or wire-based), which may be directly or indirectly (e.g., via

[0438] P111890W001 59 / 82 1995 one or more intermediate systems and / or interfaces) be connected or connectable to a target, e.g. controlled by communication circuitry and / or processing circuitry.

[0439] Any one or all of the modules disclosed herein may be implemented in software and / or firmware and / or hardware. Different modules may be associated to different

[0440] 2000 components of a radio node, e.g. different circuitries or different parts of a circuitry. It may be considered that a module is distributed over different components and / or circuitries. A program product as described herein may comprise the modules related to a device on which the program product is intended (e.g., a user equipment or network node) to be executed (the execution may be performed on, and / or controlled

[0441] 2005 by the associated circuitry).

[0442] A wireless communication network may be or comprise a radio access network and / or a backhaul network (e.g. a relay or backhaul network or an IAB network), and / or a Radio Access Network (RAN) in particular according to a communication standard. A

[0443] 2010 communication standard may in particular a standard according to 3GPP and / or 5G, e.g. according to NR or LTE, in particular LTE Evolution.

[0444] A wireless communication network may be and / or comprise a Radio Access Network (RAN), which may be and / or comprise any kind of cellular and / or wireless radio

[0445] 2015 network, which may be connected or connectable to a core network. The approaches described herein are particularly suitable for a 5G network, e.g. LTE Evolution and / or NR (New Radio), respectively successors thereof. A RAN may comprise one or more network nodes, and / or one or more terminals, and / or one or more radio nodes. A network node may in particular be a radio node adapted for radio and / or wireless

[0446] 2020 and / or cellular communication with one or more terminals. A terminal may be any device adapted for radio and / or wireless and / or cellular communication with or within a RAN, e.g. a user equipment (UE) or mobile phone or smartphone or computing device or vehicular communication device or device for machine-type-communication (MTC), etc. A terminal may be mobile, or in some cases stationary. A RAN or a

[0447] 2025 wireless communication network may comprise at least one network node and a UE, or at least two radio nodes. There may be generally considered a wireless communication network or system, e.g. a RAN or RAN system, comprising at least one radio node, and / or at least one network node and at least one terminal.

[0448] P111890W001 60 / 82 2030 Transmitting in downlink may pertain to transmission from the network or network node to the terminal. Transmitting in uplink may pertain to transmission from the terminal to the network or network node. Transmitting in sidelink may pertain to (direct) transmission from one terminal to another. Uplink, downlink and sidelink (e.g., sidelink transmission and reception) may be considered communication directions. In some

[0449] 2035 variants, uplink and downlink may also be used to described wireless communication between network nodes, e.g. forwireless backhaul and / or relay communication and / or (wireless) network communication for example between base stations or similar network nodes, in particular communication terminating at such. It may be considered that backhaul and / or relay communication and / or network communication is

[0450] 2040 implemented as a form of sidelink or uplink communication or similar thereto.

[0451] Control information or a control information message or corresponding signalling (control signalling) may be transmitted on a control channel, e.g. a physical control channel, which may be a downlink channel or (or a sidelink channel in some cases,

[0452] 2045 e.g. one UE scheduling another UE). For example, control information / allocation information may be signaled by a network node on PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) and / or a PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) and / or a HARQ- specific channel. Acknowledgement signalling, e.g. as a form of control information or signalling like uplink control information / signalling, may be transmitted by a terminal

[0453] 2050 on a PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) and / or PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) and / or a HARQ-specific channel. Multiple channels may apply for multi-component / multi-carrier indication or signalling.

[0454] Transmitting acknowledgement signalling may in general be based on and / or in

[0455] 2055 response to subject transmission, and / or to control signalling scheduling subject transmission. Such control signalling and / or subject signalling may be transmitted by a signalling radio node (which may be a network node, and / or a node associated to it, e.g. in a dual connectivity scenario. Subject transmission and / or subject signalling may be transmission or signalling to which ACK / NACK or acknowledgement information

[0456] 2060 pertains, e.g. indicating correct or incorrect reception and / or decoding of the subject transmission or signalling. Subject signalling or transmission may in particular comprise and / or be represented by data signalling, e.g. on a PDSCH or PSSCH, or

[0457] P111890W001 61 / 82 some forms of control signalling, e.g. on a PDCCH or PSSCH, for example for specific formats.

[0458] 2065

[0459] A signalling characteristic may be based on a type or format of a scheduling grant and / or scheduling assignment, and / or type of allocation, and / or timing of acknowledgement signalling and / or the scheduling grant and / or scheduling assignment, and / or resources associated to acknowledgement signalling and / or the

[0460] 2070 scheduling grant and / or scheduling assignment. For example, if a specific format for a scheduling grant (scheduling or allocating the allocated resources) or scheduling assignment (scheduling the subject transmission for acknowledgement signalling) is used or detected, the first or second communication resource may be used. Type of allocation may pertain to dynamic allocation (e.g., using DCI / PDCCH) or semi-static

[0461] 2075 allocation (e.g., for a configured grant). Timing of acknowledgement signalling may pertain to a slot and / or symbol / s the signalling is to be transmitted. Resources used for acknowledgement signalling may pertain to the allocated resources. Timing and / or resources associated to a scheduling grant or assignment may represent a search space or CORESET (a set of resources configured for reception of PDCCH

[0462] 2080 transmissions) in which the grant or assignment is received. Thus, which transmission resource to be used may be based on implicit conditions, requiring low signalling overhead.

[0463] Scheduling may comprise indicating, e.g. with control signalling like DCI or SCI

[0464] 2085 signalling and / or signalling on a control channel like PDCCH or PSCCH, one or more scheduling opportunities of a configuration intended to carry data signalling or subject signalling. The configuration may be represented or representable by, and / or correspond to, a table. A scheduling assignment may for example point to an opportunity of the reception allocation configuration, e.g. indexing a table of scheduling

[0465] 2090 opportunities. In some cases, a reception allocation configuration may comprise 15 or 16 scheduling opportunities. The configuration may in particular represent allocation in time. It may be considered that the reception allocation configuration pertains to data signalling, in particular on a physical data channel like PDSCH or PSSCH. In general, the reception allocation configuration may pertain to downlink signalling, or in

[0466] 2095 some scenarios to sidelink signalling. Control signalling scheduling subject transmission like data signalling may point and / or index and / or refer to and / or indicate

[0467] P111890W001 62 / 82 a scheduling opportunity of the reception allocation configuration. It may be considered that the reception allocation configuration is configured or configurable with higher- layer signalling, e.g. RRC or MAC layer signalling. The reception allocation

[0468] 2100 configuration may be applied and / or applicable and / or valid for a plurality of transmission timing intervals, e.g. such that for each interval, one or more opportunities may be indicated or allocated for data signalling. These approaches allow efficient and flexible scheduling, which may be semi-static, but may updated or reconfigured on useful timescales in response to changes of operation conditions.

[0469] 2105

[0470] Control information, e.g., in a control information message, in this context may in particular be implemented as and / or represented by a scheduling assignment, which may indicate subject transmission for feedback (transmission of acknowledgement signalling), and / or reporting timing and / or frequency resources and / or code resources.

[0471] 2110 Reporting timing may indicate a timing for scheduled acknowledgement signalling, e.g. slot and / or symbol and / or resource set. Control information may be carried by control signalling.

[0472] Subject transmissions may comprise one or more individual transmissions.

[0473] 2115 Scheduling assignments may comprise one or more scheduling assignments. It should generally be noted that in a distributed system, subject transmissions, configuration and / or scheduling may be provided by different nodes or devices or transmission points. Different subject transmissions may be on the same carrier or different carriers (e.g., in a carrier aggregation), and / or same or different bandwidth parts, and / or on the

[0474] 2120 same or different layers or beams, e.g. in a Ml MO scenario, and / or to same or different ports. Generally, subject transmissions may pertain to different HARQ or ARQ processes (or different sub-processes, e.g. in MIMO with different beams / layers associated to the same process identifier, but different sub-process-identifiers like swap bits). A scheduling assignment and / or a HARQ codebook may indicate a target

[0475] 2125 HARQ structure. A target HARQ structure may for example indicate an intended HARQ response to a subject transmission, e.g. the number of bits and / or whether to provide code block group level response or not. However, it should be noted that the actual structure used may differ from the target structure, e.g. due to the total size of target structures for a subpattern being larger than the predetermined size.

[0476] 2130

[0477] P111890W001 63 / 82 Signalling may generally be considered to represent an electromagnetic wave structure (e.g., over a time interval and frequency interval), which is intended to convey information to at least one specific or generic (e.g., anyone who might pick up the signalling) target. A process of signalling may comprise transmitting the signalling.

[0478] 2135 Transmitting signalling, in particular control signalling or communication signalling, e.g. comprising or representing acknowledgement signalling and / or resource requesting information, may comprise encoding and / or modulating. Encoding and / or modulating may comprise error detection coding and / or forward error correction encoding and / or scrambling. Receiving control signalling may comprise corresponding

[0479] 2140 decoding and / or demodulation. Error detection coding may comprise, and / or be based on, parity or checksum approaches, e.g. CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check). Forward error correction coding may comprise and / or be based on for example turbo coding and / or Reed-Muller coding, and / or polar coding and / or LDPC coding (Low Density Parity Check). The type of coding used may be based on the channel (e.g., physical

[0480] 2145 channel) the coded signal is associated to. A code rate may represent the ratio of the number of information bits before encoding to the number of encoded bits after encoding, considering that encoding adds coding bits for error detection coding and forward error correction. Coded bits may refer to information bits (also called systematic bits) plus coding bits.

[0481] 2150

[0482] Communication signalling may comprise, and / or represent, and / or be implemented as, data signalling, and / or user plane signalling. Communication signalling may be associated to a data channel, e.g. a physical downlink channel or physical uplink channel or physical sidelink channel, in particular a PDSCH (Physical Downlink

[0483] 2155 Shared Channel) or PSSCH (Physical Sidelink Shared Channel). Generally, a data channel may be a shared channel or a dedicated channel. Data signalling may be signalling associated to and / or on a data channel.

[0484] An indication generally may explicitly and / or implicitly indicate the information it

[0485] 2160 represents and / or indicates. Implicit indication may for example be based on position and / or resource used for transmission. Explicit indication may for example be based on a parametrisation with one or more parameters, and / or one or more index or indices, and / or one or more bit patterns representing the information. It may in

[0486] P111890W001 64 / 82 particular be considered that control signalling as described herein, based on the

[0487] 2165 utilised resource sequence, implicitly indicates the control signalling type.

[0488] A resource element may generally describe the smallest individually usable and / or encodable and / or decodable and / or modulatable and / or demodulatable timefrequency resource, and / or may describe a time-frequency resource covering a

[0489] 2170 symbol time length in time and a subcarrier in frequency. A signal may be allocatable and / or allocated to a resource element. A subcarrier may be a subband of a carrier, e.g. as defined by a standard. A carrier may define a frequency and / or frequency band for transmission and / or reception. In some variants, a signal (jointly encoded / modulated) may cover more than one resource elements. A resource

[0490] 2175 element may generally be as defined by a corresponding standard, e.g. NR or LTE. As symbol time length and / or subcarrier spacing (and / or numerology) may be different between different symbols and / or subcarriers, different resource elements may have different extension (length / width) in time and / or frequency domain, in particular resource elements pertaining to different carriers.

[0491] 2180

[0492] A resource generally may represent a time-frequency and / or code resource, on which signalling, e.g. according to a specific format, may be communicated, for example transmitted and / or received, and / or be intended for transmission and / or reception.

[0493] 2185 A border symbol may generally represent a starting symbol or an ending symbol for transmitting and / or receiving. A starting symbol may in particular be a starting symbol of uplink or sidelink signalling, for example control signalling or data signalling. Such signalling may be on a data channel or control channel, e.g. a physical channel, in particular a physical uplink shared channel (like PUSCH) or a sidelink data or shared

[0494] 2190 channel, or a physical uplink control channel (like PUCCH) or a sidelink control channel. If the starting symbol is associated to control signalling (e.g., on a control channel), the control signalling may be in response to received signalling (in sidelink or downlink), e.g. representing acknowledgement signalling associated thereto, which may be HARQ or ARQ signalling. An ending symbol may represent an ending symbol

[0495] 2195 (in time) of downlink or sidelink transmission or signalling, which may be intended or scheduled for the radio node or user equipment. Such downlink signalling may in particular be data signalling, e.g. on a physical downlink channel like a shared channel,

[0496] P111890W001 65 / 82 e.g. a PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel). A starting symbol may be determined based on, and / or in relation to, such an ending symbol.

[0497] 2200

[0498] Configuring a radio node, in particular a terminal or user equipment, may refer to the radio node being adapted or caused or set and / or instructed to operate according to the configuration. Configuring may be done by another device, e.g., a network node (for example, a radio node of the network like a base station or eNodeB) or network,

[0499] 2205 in which case it may comprise transmitting configuration data to the radio node to be configured. Such configuration data may represent the configuration to be configured and / or comprise one or more instruction pertaining to a configuration, e.g. a configuration for transmitting and / or receiving on allocated resources, in particular frequency resources. A radio node may configure itself, e.g., based on configuration

[0500] 2210 data received from a network or network node. A network node may utilise, and / or be adapted to utilise, its circuitry / ies for configuring. Allocation information may be considered a form of configuration data. Configuration data may comprise and / or be represented by configuration information, and / or one or more corresponding indications and / or message / s

[0501] 2215

[0502] Generally, configuring may include determining configuration data representing the configuration and providing, e.g. transmitting, it to one or more other nodes (parallel and / or sequentially), which may transmit it further to the radio node (or another node, which may be repeated until it reaches the wireless device). Alternatively, or

[0503] 2220 additionally, configuring a radio node, e.g., by a network node or other device, may include receiving configuration data and / or data pertaining to configuration data, e.g., from another node like a network node, which may be a higher-level node of the network, and / or transmitting received configuration data to the radio node. Accordingly, determining a configuration and transmitting the configuration data to the

[0504] 2225 radio node may be performed by different network nodes or entities, which may be able to communicate via a suitable interface, e.g., an X2 interface in the case of LTE or a corresponding interface for NR. Configuring a terminal may comprise scheduling downlink and / or uplink transmissions for the terminal, e.g. downlink data and / or downlink control signalling and / or DCI and / or uplink control or data or communication

[0505] 2230 signalling, in particular acknowledgement signalling, and / or configuring resources and / or a resource pool therefor.

[0506] P111890W001 66 / 82 A resource structure may be considered to be neighbored in frequency domain by another resource structure, if they share a common border frequency, e.g. one as an

[0507] 2235 upper frequency border and the other as a lower frequency border. Such a border may for example be represented by the upper end of a bandwidth assigned to a subcarrier n, which also represents the lower end of a bandwidth assigned to a subcarrier n+1. A resource structure may be considered to be neighbored in time domain by another resource structure, if they share a common border time, e.g. one

[0508] 2240 as an upper (or right in the figures) border and the other as a lower (or left in the figures) border. Such a border may for example be represented by the end of the symbol time interval assigned to a symbol n, which also represents the beginning of a symbol time interval assigned to a symbol n+1.

[0509] 2245 Generally, a resource structure being neighbored by another resource structure in a domain may also be referred to as abutting and / or bordering the other resource structure in the domain.

[0510] A resource structure may generally represent a structure in time and / or frequency

[0511] 2250 domain, in particular representing a time interval and a frequency interval. A resource structure may comprise and / or be comprised of resource elements, and / or the time interval of a resource structure may comprise and / or be comprised of symbol time interval / s, and / or the frequency interval of a resource structure may comprise and / or be comprised of subcarrier / s. A resource element may be considered an example for

[0512] 2255 a resource structure, a slot or mini-slot or a Physical Resource Block (PRB) or parts thereof may be considered others. A resource structure may be associated to a specific channel, e.g. a PUSCH or PUCCH, in particular resource structure smaller than a slot or PRB.

[0513] 2260 Examples of a resource structure in frequency domain comprise a bandwidth or band, or a bandwidth part. A bandwidth part may be a part of a bandwidth available for a radio node for communicating, e.g. due to circuitry and / or configuration and / or regulations and / or a standard. A bandwidth part may be configured or configurable to a radio node. In some variants, a bandwidth part may be the part of a bandwidth used

[0514] 2265 for communicating, e.g. transmitting and / or receiving, by a radio node. The bandwidth

[0515] P111890W001 67 / 82 part may be smaller than the bandwidth (which may be a device bandwidth defined by the circuitry / configuration of a device, and / or a system bandwidth, e.g. available for a RAN). It may be considered that a bandwidth part comprises one or more resource blocks or resource block groups, in particular one or more PRBs or PRB groups. A

[0516] 2270 bandwidth part may pertain to, and / or comprise, one or more carriers.

[0517] A carrier may generally represent a frequency range or band and / or pertain to a central frequency and an associated frequency interval. It may be considered that a carrier comprises a plurality of subcarriers. A carrier may have assigned to it a central

[0518] 2275 frequency or center frequency interval, e.g. represented by one or more subcarriers (to each subcarrier there may be generally assigned a frequency bandwidth or interval). Different carriers may be non-overlapping, and / or may be neighboring in frequency domain.

[0519] 2280 It should be noted that the term “radio” in this disclosure may be considered to pertain to wireless communication in general, and may also include wireless communication utilising millimeter waves, in particular above one of the thresholds 10 GHz or 20 GHz or 50 GHz or 52 GHz or 52.6 GHz or 60 GHz or 72 GHz or 100 GHz or 114 GHz. Such communication may utilise one or more carriers, e.g. in FDD and / or

[0520] 2285 carrier aggregation. Upper frequency boundaries may correspond to 300 GHz or 200 GHz or 120 GHz or any of the thresholds larger than the one representing the lower frequency boundary.

[0521] A radio node, in particular a network node or a terminal, may generally be any device

[0522] 2290 adapted for transmitting and / or receiving radio and / or wireless signals and / or data, in particular communication data, in particular on at least one carrier. The at least one carrier may comprise a carrier accessed based on an LBT procedure (which may be called LBT carrier), e.g., an unlicensed carrier. It may be considered that the carrier is part of a carrier aggregate.

[0523] 2295

[0524] Receiving or transmitting on a cell or carrier may refer to receiving or transmitting utilizing a frequency (band) or spectrum associated to the cell or carrier. A cell may generally comprise and / or be defined by or for one or more carriers, in particular at least one carrier for UL communication / transmission (called UL carrier) and at least

[0525] P111890W001 68 / 82 2300 one carrier for DL communication / transmission (called DL carrier). It may be considered that a cell comprises different numbers of UL carriers and DL carriers. Alternatively, or additionally, a cell may comprise at least one carrier for UL communication / transmission and DL communication / transmission, e.g., in TDD- based approaches.

[0526] 2305

[0527] A channel may generally be a logical, transport or physical channel. A channel may comprise and / or be arranged on one or more carriers, in particular a plurality of subcarriers. A channel carrying and / or for carrying control signalling / control information may be considered a control channel, in particular if it is a physical layer

[0528] 2310 channel and / or if it carries control plane information. Analogously, a channel carrying and / or for carrying data signalling / user information may be considered a data channel, in particular if it is a physical layer channel and / or if it carries user plane information. A channel may be defined for a specific communication direction, or for two complementary communication directions (e.g., UL and DL, or sidelink in two

[0529] 2315 directions), in which case it may be considered to have two component channels, one for each direction. Examples of channels comprise a channel for low latency and / or high reliability transmission, in particular a channel for Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC), which may be for control and / or data.

[0530] 2320 In general, a symbol may represent and / or be associated to a symbol time length, which may be dependent on the carrier and / or subcarrier spacing and / or numerology of the associated carrier. Accordingly, a symbol may be considered to indicate a time interval having a symbol time length in relation to frequency domain. A symbol time length may be dependent on a carrier frequency and / or bandwidth and / or numerology

[0531] 2325 and / or subcarrier spacing of, or associated to, a symbol. Accordingly, different symbols may have different symbol time lengths. In particular, numerologies with different subcarrier spacings may have different symbol time length. Generally, a symbol time length may be based on, and / or include, a guard time interval or cyclic extension, e.g. prefix or postfix.

[0532] 2330

[0533] A sidelink may generally represent a communication channel (or channel structure) between two UEs and / or terminals, in which data is transmitted between the participants (UEs and / or terminals) via the communication channel, e.g. directly

[0534] P111890W001 69 / 82 and / or without being relayed via a network node. A sidelink may be established only

[0535] 2335 and / or directly via air interface / s of the participant, which may be directly linked via the sidelink communication channel. In some variants, sidelink communication may be performed without interaction by a network node, e.g. on fixedly defined resources and / or on resources negotiated between the participants. Alternatively, or additionally, it may be considered that a network node provides some control

[0536] 2340 functionality, e.g. by configuring resources, in particular one or more resource pool / s, for sidelink communication, and / or monitoring a sidelink, e.g. for charging purposes.

[0537] Sidelink communication may also be referred to as device-to-device (D2D) communication, and / or in some cases as ProSe (Proximity Services)

[0538] 2345 communication, e.g. in the context of LTE. A sidelink may be implemented in the context of V2x communication (Vehicular communication), e.g. V2V (Vehicle-to- Vehicle), V2I (Vehicle-to-lnfrastructure) and / or V2P (Vehicle-to-Person). Any device adapted for sidelink communication may be considered a user equipment or terminal.

[0539] 2350 A sidelink communication channel (or structure) may comprise one or more (e.g., physical or logical) channels, e.g. a PSCCH (Physical Sidelink Control CHannel, which may for example carry control information like an acknowledgement position indication, and / or a PSSCH (Physical Sidelink Shared CHannel, which for example may carry data and / or acknowledgement signalling). It may be considered that a

[0540] 2355 sidelink communication channel (or structure) pertains to and / or used one or more carrier / s and / or frequency range / s associated to, and / or being used by, cellular communication, e.g. according to a specific license and / or standard. Participants may share a (physical) channel and / or resources, in particular in frequency domain and / or related to a frequency resource like a carrier) of a sidelink, such that two or

[0541] 2360 more participants transmit thereon, e.g. simultaneously, and / or time-shifted, and / or there may be associated specific channels and / or resources to specific participants, so that for example only one participant transmits on a specific channel or on a specific resource or specific resources, e.g., in frequency domain and / or related to one or more carriers or subcarriers.

[0542] 2365

[0543] A sidelink may comply with, and / or be implemented according to, a specific standard, e.g. an LTE-based standard and / or NR. A sidelink may utilise TDD (Time Division

[0544] P111890W001 70 / 82 Duplex) and / or FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) technology, e.g. as configured by a network node, and / or preconfigured and / or negotiated between the participants. A

[0545] 2370 user equipment may be considered to be adapted for sidelink communication if it, and / or its radio circuitry and / or processing circuitry, is adapted for utilising a sidelink, e.g. on one or more frequency ranges and / or carriers and / or in one or more formats, in particular according to a specific standard. It may be generally considered that a Radio Access Network is defined by two participants of a sidelink communication.

[0546] 2375 Alternatively, or additionally, a Radio Access Network may be represented, and / or defined with, and / or be related to a network node and / or communication with such a node.

[0547] Communication or communicating may generally comprise transmitting and / or

[0548] 2380 receiving signalling. Communication on a sidelink (or sidelink signalling) may comprise utilising the sidelink for communication (respectively, for signalling). Sidelink transmission and / or transmitting on a sidelink may be considered to comprise transmission utilising the sidelink, e.g. associated resources and / or transmission formats and / or circuitry and / or the air interface. Sidelink reception

[0549] 2385 and / or receiving on a sidelink may be considered to comprise reception utilising the sidelink, e.g. associated resources and / or transmission formats and / or circuitry and / or the air interface. Sidelink control information (e.g., SCI) may generally be considered to comprise control information transmitted utilising a sidelink.

[0550] 2390 Generally, carrier aggregation (CA) may refer to the concept of a radio connection and / or communication link between a wireless and / or cellular communication network and / or network node and a terminal or on a sidelink comprising a plurality of carriers for at least one direction of transmission (e.g. DL and / or UL), as well as to the aggregate of carriers. A corresponding communication link may be referred to as

[0551] 2395 carrier aggregated communication link or CA communication link; carriers in a carrier aggregate may be referred to as component carriers (CC). In such a link, data may be transmitted over more than one of the carriers and / or all the carriers of the carrier aggregation (the aggregate of carriers). A carrier aggregation may comprise one (or more) dedicated control carriers and / or primary carriers (which may e.g. be referred

[0552] 2400 to as primary component carrier or PCC), over which control information may be transmitted, wherein the control information may refer to the primary carrier and other

[0553] P111890W001 71 / 82 carriers, which may be referred to as secondary carriers (or secondary component carrier, SCC). However, in some approaches, control information may be sent over more than one carrier of an aggregate, e.g. one or more PCCs and one PCC and

[0554] 2405 one or more SCCs.

[0555] A transmission may generally pertain to a specific channel and / or specific resources, in particular with a starting symbol and ending symbol in time, covering the interval therebetween. A scheduled transmission may be a transmission scheduled and / or

[0556] 2410 expected and / or for which resources are scheduled or provided or reserved. However, not every scheduled transmission has to be realized. For example, a scheduled downlink transmission may not be received, or a scheduled uplink transmission may not be transmitted due to power limitations, or other influences (e.g., a channel on an unlicensed carrier being occupied). A transmission may be scheduled for a

[0557] 2415 transmission timing substructure (e.g., a mini-slot, and / or covering only a part of a transmission timing structure) within a transmission timing structure like a slot. A border symbol may be indicative of a symbol in the transmission timing structure at which the transmission starts or ends.

[0558] 2420 Predefined in the context of this disclosure may refer to the related information being defined for example in a standard, and / or being available without specific configuration from a network or network node, e.g. stored in memory, for example independent of being configured. Configured or configurable may be considered to pertain to the corresponding information being set / configured, e.g. by the network or a network

[0559] 2425 node.

[0560] A configuration or schedule, like a mini-slot configuration and / or structure configuration and / or monitoring configuration, may schedule or indicate transmissions, e.g. for the time / transmissions it is valid, and / or transmissions may be scheduled by separate

[0561] 2430 signalling or separate configuration, e.g. separate RRC signalling and / or downlink control information signalling. The transmission / s scheduled may represent signalling to be transmitted by the device for which it is scheduled, or signalling to be received by the device for which it is scheduled, depending on which side of a communication the device is. It should be noted that downlink control information or

[0562] 2435 specifically DCI signalling may be considered physical layer signalling, in contrast to

[0563] P111890W001 72 / 82 higher layer signalling like MAC (Medium Access Control) signalling or RRC layer signalling. The higher the layer of signalling is, the less frequent / the more time / resource consuming it may be considered, at least partially due to the information contained in such signalling having to be passed on through several layers, each layer

[0564] 2440 requiring processing and handling.

[0565] A scheduled transmission, and / or transmission timing structure like a mini-slot or slot, may pertain to a specific channel, in particular a physical uplink shared channel, a physical uplink control channel, or a physical downlink shared channel, e.g. PUSCH,

[0566] 2445 PUCCH or PDSCH, and / or may pertain to a specific cell and / or carrier aggregation. A corresponding configuration, e.g. scheduling configuration or symbol configuration may pertain to such channel, cell and / or carrier aggregation. It may be considered that the scheduled transmission represents transmission on a physical channel, in particular a shared physical channel, for example a physical uplink shared channel or

[0567] 2450 physical downlink shared channel. For such channels, semi-persistent configuring may be particularly suitable.

[0568] Generally, a configuration may be a configuration indicating timing, and / or be represented or configured with corresponding configuration data. A configuration may

[0569] 2455 be embedded in, and / or comprised in, a message or configuration or corresponding data, which may indicate and / or schedule resources, in particular semi-persistently and / or semi-statically.

[0570] A control region of a transmission timing structure may be an interval in time and / or

[0571] 2460 frequency domain for intended or scheduled or reserved for control signalling, in particular downlink control signalling, and / or for a specific control channel, e.g. a physical downlink control channel like PDCCH. The interval may comprise, and / or consist of, a number of symbols in time, which may be configured or configurable, e.g. by (UE-specific) dedicated signalling (which may be single-cast, for example

[0572] 2465 addressed to or intended for a specific UE), e.g. on a PDCCH, or RRC signalling, or on a multicast or broadcast channel. In general, the transmission timing structure may comprise a control region covering a configurable number of symbols. It may be considered that in general the border symbol is configured to be after the control region in time. A control region may be associated, e.g. via configuration and / or

[0573] P111890W001 73 / 82 2470 determination, to one or more specific UEs and / or formats of PDCCH and / or DCI and / or identifiers, e.g. UE identifiers and / or RNTIs or carrier / cell identifiers, and / or be represented and / or associated to a CORESET and / or a search space. A search space may comprise and / or be associated to a control region or CORESET and / or time and / or frequency resources, which may be configured and / or indicated for reception

[0574] 2475 of control information and / or signalling on a (e.g., physical) control channel like PDCCH or PSCCH. To a search space, additional parameters and / or conditions may be provided and / or associated, e.g. defining and / or configuring and / or indicating and / or specifying control signalling or control information to search for and / or monitor in the search space, and / or associated control region or CORESET or resources. For

[0575] 2480 example, one or more signalling characteristics of such control signalling and / or control information may be provided, e.g. signalling format and / or possible position within the resources and / or repetition and / or coding and / or priority between different types or formats and / or hashing function.

[0576] 2485 Feedback signalling may be considered a form or control signalling, e.g. uplink or sidelink control signalling, like UCI (Uplink Control Information) signalling or SCI (Sidelink Control Information) signalling. Feedback signalling may in particular comprise and / or represent acknowledgement signalling and / or acknowledgement information and / or measurement reporting. In some cases, monitoring signalling may

[0577] 2490 be considered a form of feedback signalling, and / or may be included and / or added and / or attached to measurement reporting.

[0578] Signalling utilising, and / or on and / or associated to, resources or a resource structure may be signalling covering the resources or structure, signalling on the associated

[0579] 2495 frequency / ies and / or in the associated time interval / s. It may be considered that a signalling resource structure comprises and / or encompasses one or more substructures, which may be associated to one or more different channels and / or types of signalling and / or comprise one or more holes (resource element / s not scheduled for transmissions or reception of transmissions). A resource substructure,

[0580] 2500 e.g. a feedback resource structure, may generally be continuous in time and / or frequency, within the associated intervals. It may be considered that a substructure, in particular a feedback resource structure, represents a rectangle filled with one or more resource elements in time / frequency space. However, in some cases, a

[0581] P111890W001 74 / 82 resource structure or substructure, in particular a frequency resource range, may

[0582] 2505 represent a non-continuous pattern of resources in one or more domains, e.g. time and / or frequency. The resource elements of a substructure may be scheduled for associated signalling.

[0583] Example types of signalling comprise signalling of a specific communication

[0584] 2510 direction, in particular, uplink signalling, downlink signalling, sidelink signalling, as well as reference signalling (e.g., SRS or CRS or CSI-RS), communication signalling, control signalling, and / or signalling associated to a specific channel like PUSCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PDCCH, PSCCH, PSSCH, etc.).

[0585] 2515 In the context of this disclosure, there may be distinguished between dynamically scheduled or aperiodic transmission and / or configuration, and semi-static or semi- persistent or periodic transmission and / or configuration. The term “dynamic” or similar terms may generally pertain to configuration / transmission valid and / or scheduled and / or configured for (relatively) short timescales and / or a (e.g., predefined and / or

[0586] 2520 configured and / or limited and / or definite) number of occurrences and / or transmission timing structures, e.g. one or more transmission timing structures like slots or slot aggregations, and / or for one or more (e.g., specific number) of transmission / occurrences. Dynamic configuration may be based on low-level signalling, e.g. control signalling on the physical layer and / or MAC layer, in particular

[0587] 2525 in the form of DCI or SCI. Periodic / semi-static may pertain to longer timescales, e.g. several slots and / or more than one frame, and / or a non-defined number of occurrences, e.g., until a dynamic configuration contradicts, or until a new periodic configuration arrives. A periodic or semi-static configuration may be based on, and / or be configured with, higher-layer signalling, in particular RCL layer signalling and / or

[0588] 2530 RRC signalling and / or MAC signalling.

[0589] In this disclosure, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth (such as particular network functions, processes and signalling steps) in order to provide a thorough understanding of the technique presented herein. It will be

[0590] 2535 apparent to one skilled in the art that the present concepts and aspects may be practiced in other variants and variants that depart from these specific details.

[0591] P111890W001 75 / 82 For example, the concepts and variants are partially described in the context of Long Term Evolution (LTE) or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) or New Radio mobile or wireless

[0592] 2540 communications technologies; however, this does not rule out the use of the present concepts and aspects in connection with additional or alternative mobile communication technologies such as the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) or IEEE standards as IEEE 802.11 ad or IEEE 802.11 ay. While described variants may pertain to certain Technical Specifications (TSs) of the Third Generation

[0593] 2545 Partnership Project (3GPP), it will be appreciated that the present approaches, concepts and aspects could also be realized in connection with different Performance Management (PM) specifications.

[0594] Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the services, functions and steps

[0595] 2550 explained herein may be implemented using software functioning in conjunction with a programmed microprocessor, or using an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or general purpose computer. It will also be appreciated that while the variants described herein are elucidated in the context of methods and devices, the concepts

[0596] 2555 and aspects presented herein may also be embodied in a program product as well as in a system comprising control circuitry, e.g. a computer processor and a memory coupled to the processor, wherein the memory is encoded with one or more programs or program products that execute the services, functions and steps disclosed herein.

[0597] 2560 It is believed that the advantages of the aspects and variants presented herein will be fully understood from the foregoing description, and it will be apparent that various changes may be made in the form, constructions and arrangement of the exemplary aspects thereof without departing from the scope of the concepts and aspects described herein or without sacrificing all of its advantageous effects. The aspects

[0598] 2565 presented herein can be varied in many ways.

[0599] Some useful abbreviations comprise

[0600] Abbreviation Explanation

[0601] 2570 ACK / NACK Acknowledgment / Negative Acknowledgement

[0602] Al Artificial Intelligence

[0603] P111890W001 76 / 82 ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest

[0604] BER Bit Error Rate

[0605] BLER Block Error Rate

[0606] 2575 BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying

[0607] BWP Bandwidth Part

[0608] CAZAC Constant Amplitude Zero Cross Correlation

[0609] CB Code Block

[0610] CBG Code Block Group

[0611] 2580 CCE Control Channel Element

[0612] CDM Code Division Multiplex

[0613] CM Cubic Metric

[0614] CORESET Control Resource Set CQI Channel Quality Information

[0615] 2585 CRB Common Resource Block

[0616] CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

[0617] CRS Common reference signal

[0618] CSI Channel State Information

[0619] CSI-RS Channel state information reference signal

[0620] 2590 DAI Downlink Assignment Indicator

[0621] DCI Downlink Control Information

[0622] DFT Discrete Fourier Transform

[0623] DFTS-FDM DFT-spread-FDM DM(-)RS Demodulation reference signal(ing)

[0624] 2595 eMBB enhanced Mobile BroadBand

[0625] EVM Error Vector Magnitude

[0626] FDD Frequency Division Duplex

[0627] FDE Frequency Domain Equalisation

[0628] FDF Frequency Domain Filtering

[0629] 2600 FDM Frequency Division Multiplex

[0630] FE (radio) Front End

[0631] FR1 Frequency Range 1 (for NR)

[0632] FR2 Frequency Range 2 (for NR)

[0633] GCS Golay Complementary Sequence(s)

[0634] 2605 HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

[0635] P111890W001 77 / 82 IAB Integrated Access and Backhaul

[0636] IE Information Element

[0637] IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform

[0638] IR Impulse Response

[0639] 2610 ISI Inter Symbol Interference

[0640] MBB Mobile Broadband

[0641] MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme

[0642] Ml MO Multiple-input-multiple-output

[0643] ML Machine Learning

[0644] 2615 MPR Maximum Power Reduction

[0645] MRC Maximum-ratio combining

[0646] MRT Maximum-ratio transmission

[0647] MU-MIMO Multiuser multiple-input-multiple-output

[0648] NN Neural Network

[0649] 2620 OFDM / A Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex / Multiple Access PA Power Amplifier

[0650] PAPR Peak to Average Power Ratio

[0651] PBCH Physical Broadcast CHannel

[0652] PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel

[0653] 2625 PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

[0654] PRACH Physical Random Access CHannel

[0655] PRB Physical Resource Block

[0656] PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel

[0657] PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

[0658] 2630 PSD Power Spectral Density

[0659] (P)SCCH (Physical) Sidelink Control Channel

[0660] PSS Primary Synchronisation Signal(ing)

[0661] (P)SSCH (Physical) Sidelink Shared Channel

[0662] PT(-)RS Phase-Tracking RS

[0663] 2635 QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

[0664] OCC Orthogonal Cover Code

[0665] QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

[0666] PSD Power Spectral Density

[0667] RAN Radio Access Network

[0668] P111890W001 78 / 82 2640 RAT Radio Access Technology

[0669] RB Resource Block

[0670] REG Resource Element Group

[0671] RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identifier

[0672] RRC Radio Resource Control

[0673] 2645 RS Reference Signal(ing)

[0674] RX Receiver, Reception, Reception-related / side

[0675] SA Scheduling Assignment

[0676] SC-FDE Single Carrier Frequency Domain Equalisation

[0677] SC-FDM / A Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplex / Multiple Access

[0678] 2650 SCI Sidelink Control Information

[0679] SIB System Information Block

[0680] SI NR Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio

[0681] SIR Signal-to-interference ratio

[0682] SNR Signal-to-noise-ratio

[0683] 2655 SR Scheduling Request

[0684] SRS Sounding Reference Signal(ing)

[0685] SSS Secondary Synchronisation Signal(ing)

[0686] SVD Singular-value decomposition

[0687] TB Transport Block

[0688] 2660 TDD Time Division Duplex

[0689] TDM Time Division Multiplex

[0690] TX Transmitter, Transmission, Transmission-related / side

[0691] UCI Uplink Control Information

[0692] UE User Equipment

[0693] 2665 URLLC Ultra Low Latency High Reliability Communication

[0694] VL-MIMO Very-large multiple-input-multiple-output

[0695] VRB Virtual Resource Block

[0696] ZF Zero Forcing

[0697] ZP Zero-Power, e.g. muted CSI-RS symbol

[0698] 2670

[0699] Abbreviations may be considered to follow 3GPP usage if applicable.

[0700] P111890W001 79 / 82

Claims

Claims1. Method of operating a radio node in a wireless communication network, the radio2675 node being adapted for operation based on measurement information compression, the method comprising performing monitoring operation pertaining to the compression based on a monitoring configuration.

2. Radio node for a wireless communication network, the radio node being adapted2680 for operation based on measurement information compression, the radio node further being adapted for performing monitoring operation pertaining to the compression based on a monitoring configuration.

3. Method of operating a signalling radio node in a wireless communication network,2685 the signalling radio node being adapted for operation based on measurement information compression, the method comprising configuring a wireless device with a monitoring configuration pertaining to the compression.

4. Signalling radio node for a wireless communication network, the signalling radio2690 node being adapted for operation based on measurement information compression, the signalling radio node further being adapted for configuring a wireless device with a monitoring configuration pertaining to the compression.

5. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the monitoring2695 configuration indicates timing for monitoring operation, e.g., timing for monitoring and / or timing for reporting.

6. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein monitoring operation is performed based on a monitoring indication.27007. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the monitoring configuration indicates historical information to be considered for monitoring and / or reporting.P111890W001 80 / 822705 8. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the measurement information compression is based on historical information.

9. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the measurement information compression pertains to CSI information.271010. Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein measurement information compression is based on a Machine Learning, ML, model and / or Artificial Intelligence (Al), which may be based on historical information.2715 11 . Method or device according to one of the preceding claims, wherein measurement information compression is based on an Autoencoder, AE, encoder and an AE decoder, which are implemented on different radio nodes.

12. Program product comprising instructions causing processing circuitry to control2720 and / or perform a method according to one of claims 1 , 3, or 5 to 11 .

13. Carrier medium arrangement carrying and / or storing a program product according to claim 12.P111890W001 81 / 82

Images