Formulations, systems, and methods of making and using particle compositions

Abstract

Provided herein are formulations, kits, and methods related to catalytic antioxidants or photoprotectants.

Description

[0001] WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 FORMULATIONS, SYSTEMS, AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING PARTICLE COMPOSITIONS CROSS-REFERENCE [1] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial Number 63 / 679,936 filed August 6, 2024, and U.S. Provisional Application Serial Number 63 / 716,111 filed November 4, 2024, which are both incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. BACKGROUND [2] Human fingernails, toenails, eyelashes, eyelids, and other tissue can be susceptible to UV damage, particularly during manicure and eyelash elongation treatments. SUMMARY OF INVENTION [3] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a formulation comprising: a UV photoprotectant comprising one or more agent(s) selected from: (a) a UV absorber and (b) a catalytic antioxidant. In some embodiments, the formulation is a dispersion. In some embodiments, the dispersion is a water-based or alcohol-based dispersion. In some embodiments, the formulation is a slurry. In some embodiments, the UV photoprotectant comprises a UV absorber. In some embodiments, the UV absorber comprises an organic molecule. In some embodiments, the UV absorber comprises oxybenzone. In some embodiments, the UV absorber comprises an inorganic molecule. In some embodiments, the UV absorber comprises a mineral. In some embodiments, the UV absorber is selected from TiO2 and ZnO. In some embodiments, the UV absorber comprises TiO2. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage from 0.001 wt% to 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage from about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is from a dispersion of about 30-70% ZnO in water. In some embodiments, the UV photoprotectant comprises a catalytic antioxidant. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises an organic molecule. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises a compound of cerium (e.g., a salt of cerium I or cerium III). In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium oxide, cerium carbonate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium oxide, cerium carbonate octahydrate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises a WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 compound of cerium (III). In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium (III) carbonate, cerium (III) oxide, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium carbonate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium carbonate octahydrate In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium (III) carbonate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises a hydrate of cerium (III) carbonate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises a hydrate of a cerium compound. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises a hydrate of a cerium carbonate or a cerium oxide. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium oxide. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium (III) oxide. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises a hydrate of cerium (III) oxide. In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate is in a particle size form selected from micron and nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate is in a particle size form selected from micron. In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate is in a particle size form selected from nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the compound of cerium is substantially free of cerium (IV). In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt %. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.5 wt% to about 2.5 wt %. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.75 wt% to about 1.75 wt %. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt %. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and a compound of cerium in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%. In some embodiments, the UV absorber and the catalytic antioxidant are present in a ratio ranging from about 1:1 wt:wt by weight to about 3:1 wt:wt by weight. In some embodiments, the UV absorber and the catalytic antioxidant are present in a ratio of about 2:1 wt:wt by weight. In some embodiments, the UV photoprotectant comprises a catalytic antioxidant and a UV absorber. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises one or more substances selected from: an alcohol or water. In some embodiments, the alcohol is selected from methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises water. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises an alcohol. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises water and one or more alcohols. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises one or more additional agents. In some embodiments, each of the one or more additional agents comprise one or more agents independently selected from dispersant(s), surfactant(s), thickening agent(s), emulsifier(s), stabilizer(s), neutralizer(s), waterproofing agent(s), ester(s), perfume(s), and preservative material(s), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises sodium polyacrylate. In some embodiments, the sodium polyacrylate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises phenoxyethanol. In some embodiments, the phenoxyethanol is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises xanthan gum. In some embodiments, the xanthan gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises chlorphenesin. In some embodiments, the chlorphenesin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises glycerin. In some embodiments, the glycerin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises cellulose gum. In some embodiments, the cellulose gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation has an absorption maximum from about 290 nm to about 435 nm. In some embodiments, the formulation has an absorption maximum from about 300 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the formulation has a pH from about 7 to about 8. In some embodiments, the formulation protects a human subject against UV radiation. In some embodiments, the formulation protects a human subject against reactive oxygen species. In some WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 embodiments, the formulation protects a human subject against photogenerated reactive oxygen species. In some embodiments, the formulation is contained in a spray applicator. [4] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising the UV photoprotectant of any of the embodiments disclosed here. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises a solvent. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises a spray applicator. In some embodiments, the UV photoprotectant is packaged separately from the solvent. In some embodiments, the UV photoprotectant comprises a UV absorber and a catalytic antioxidant. In some embodiments, the UV absorber and the catalytic antioxidant are packaged separately. [5] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising the catalytic antioxidant and the UV absorber of any of the embodiments described herein. [6] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of applying the formulation of any of the embodiments described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises: applying the formulation to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to human skin. In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to the skin on the eyelid (e.g., upper eyelid or lower eyelid or both upper and lower eyelids). In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to the skin on the hands. In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to the face. [7] In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to one or more human nail(s). In some embodiments, the method comprises: applying the formulation to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the human nail is selected from a human fingernail and a human toenail. In some embodiments, the method further comprises, applying a nail gel to the human nail. In some embodiments, the method further comprises, e.g., after (or, e.g., before) the applying the formulation to a subject in need thereof, applying (e.g., subsequently applying) a nail gel to the human nail. In some embodiments, the method further comprises, after the applying the formulation to a subject in need thereof, subsequently applying a nail gel to the human nail. In some embodiments, the method further comprises: after the subsequently applying a nail gel to the human nail, subsequently drying the nail gel on the human nail. In some embodiments, the drying the nail gel is performed under UV light. In some embodiments, the UV light is of a wavelength between about 290 nm and about 435 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is of a wavelength between about 340 nm and about 395 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is of a wavelength between about 360 nm and about 380 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is UVA radiation. In some embodiments, the UV light is UVB radiation. In some embodiments, the UV light is UVC radiation. In some embodiments, the UV light is from about 315 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is from about 280 nm to about 315 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is from about 100 nm to about 280 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is about 254 nm. WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 In some embodiments, the UV light is from about 280 nm to about 315 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is from about 315 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is from about 400 nm to about 495 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light has a wavelength of about 100 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light has a wavelength of at least about 100 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light has a wavelength of at most about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light has a wavelength of about 100 nm to about 150 nm, about 100 nm to about 200 nm, about 100 nm to about 250 nm, about 100 nm to about 275 nm, about 100 nm to about 300 nm, about 100 nm to about 315 nm, about 100 nm to about 330 nm, about 100 nm to about 345 nm, about 100 nm to about 360 nm, about 100 nm to about 375 nm, about 100 nm to about 400 nm, about 150 nm to about 200 nm, about 150 nm to about 250 nm, about 150 nm to about 275 nm, about 150 nm to about 300 nm, about 150 nm to about 315 nm, about 150 nm to about 330 nm, about 150 nm to about 345 nm, about 150 nm to about 360 nm, about 150 nm to about 375 nm, about 150 nm to about 400 nm, about 200 nm to about 250 nm, about 200 nm to about 275 nm, about 200 nm to about 300 nm, about 200 nm to about 315 nm, about 200 nm to about 330 nm, about 200 nm to about 345 nm, about 200 nm to about 360 nm, about 200 nm to about 375 nm, about 200 nm to about 400 nm, about 250 nm to about 275 nm, about 250 nm to about 300 nm, about 250 nm to about 315 nm, about 250 nm to about 330 nm, about 250 nm to about 345 nm, about 250 nm to about 360 nm, about 250 nm to about 375 nm, about 250 nm to about 400 nm, about 275 nm to about 300 nm, about 275 nm to about 315 nm, about 275 nm to about 330 nm, about 275 nm to about 345 nm, about 275 nm to about 360 nm, about 275 nm to about 375 nm, about 275 nm to about 400 nm, about 300 nm to about 315 nm, about 300 nm to about 330 nm, about 300 nm to about 345 nm, about 300 nm to about 360 nm, about 300 nm to about 375 nm, about 300 nm to about 400 nm, about 315 nm to about 330 nm, about 315 nm to about 345 nm, about 315 nm to about 360 nm, about 315 nm to about 375 nm, about 315 nm to about 400 nm, about 330 nm to about 345 nm, about 330 nm to about 360 nm, about 330 nm to about 375 nm, about 330 nm to about 400 nm, about 345 nm to about 360 nm, about 345 nm to about 375 nm, about 345 nm to about 400 nm, about 360 nm to about 375 nm, about 360 nm to about 400 nm, or about 375 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light has a wavelength of about 100 nm, about 150 nm, about 200 nm, about 250 nm, about 275 nm, about 300 nm, about 315 nm, about 330 nm, about 345 nm, about 360 nm, about 375 nm, or about 400 nm. [8] In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to one or more human eyelash(es). In some embodiments, the method comprises: applying the formulation to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the method further comprises applying a glue to the eyelid. In some embodiments, the method further comprises, e.g., after (or, e.g., before) the applying the WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 formulation to a subject in need thereof, applying (e.g., subsequently applying) a glue to a human eyelid. In some embodiments, the method further comprises, after the applying the formulation to a subject in need thereof, subsequently applying a glue to a human eyelid. In some embodiments, the method further comprises: after the subsequently applying the glue to the eyelid, subsequently drying the nail gel on the human nail. In some embodiments, the drying the nail gel is performed under UV light. In some embodiments, the UV light is of a wavelength between about 290 nm and about 435 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is of a wavelength between about 340 nm and about 395 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is of a wavelength between about 360 nm and about 380 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is UVA radiation. In some embodiments, the UV light is UVB radiation. In some embodiments, the UV light is UVC radiation. In some embodiments, the UV light is from about 315 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is from about 280 nm to about 315 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is from about 100 nm to about 280 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is about 254 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is from about 280 nm to about 315 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is from about 315 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is from about 400 nm to about 495 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light has a wavelength of about 100 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light has a wavelength of at least about 100 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light has a wavelength of at most about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light has a wavelength of about 100 nm to about 150 nm, about 100 nm to about 200 nm, about 100 nm to about 250 nm, about 100 nm to about 275 nm, about 100 nm to about 300 nm, about 100 nm to about 315 nm, about 100 nm to about 330 nm, about 100 nm to about 345 nm, about 100 nm to about 360 nm, about 100 nm to about 375 nm, about 100 nm to about 400 nm, about 150 nm to about 200 nm, about 150 nm to about 250 nm, about 150 nm to about 275 nm, about 150 nm to about 300 nm, about 150 nm to about 315 nm, about 150 nm to about 330 nm, about 150 nm to about 345 nm, about 150 nm to about 360 nm, about 150 nm to about 375 nm, about 150 nm to about 400 nm, about 200 nm to about 250 nm, about 200 nm to about 275 nm, about 200 nm to about 300 nm, about 200 nm to about 315 nm, about 200 nm to about 330 nm, about 200 nm to about 345 nm, about 200 nm to about 360 nm, about 200 nm to about 375 nm, about 200 nm to about 400 nm, about 250 nm to about 275 nm, about 250 nm to about 300 nm, about 250 nm to about 315 nm, about 250 nm to about 330 nm, about 250 nm to about 345 nm, about 250 nm to about 360 nm, about 250 nm to about 375 nm, about 250 nm to about 400 nm, about 275 nm to about 300 nm, about 275 nm to about 315 nm, about 275 nm to about 330 nm, about 275 nm to about 345 nm, about 275 nm to about 360 nm, about 275 nm to about 375 nm, about 275 nm to about 400 nm, about 300 nm to about 315 nm, about 300 nm to about 330 nm, about 300 nm to WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 345 nm, about 300 nm to about 360 nm, about 300 nm to about 375 nm, about 300 nm to about 400 nm, about 315 nm to about 330 nm, about 315 nm to about 345 nm, about 315 nm to about 360 nm, about 315 nm to about 375 nm, about 315 nm to about 400 nm, about 330 nm to about 345 nm, about 330 nm to about 360 nm, about 330 nm to about 375 nm, about 330 nm to about 400 nm, about 345 nm to about 360 nm, about 345 nm to about 375 nm, about 345 nm to about 400 nm, about 360 nm to about 375 nm, about 360 nm to about 400 nm, or about 375 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light has a wavelength of about 100 nm, about 150 nm, about 200 nm, about 250 nm, about 275 nm, about 300 nm, about 315 nm, about 330 nm, about 345 nm, about 360 nm, about 375 nm, or about 400 nm. [9] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of applying any of the formulations disclosed herein to a human nail, then applying a nail gel to the human nail, then drying the nail gel under UV light. In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of applying any of the formulations disclosed herein to a human nail and human skin, then applying a nail gel to the human nail and human skin, then drying the nail gel under UV light. In some embodiments, the method protects the human from reactive oxygen species. In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of applying any of the formulations disclosed herein to a human eyelid, then affixing an eyelash (e.g., synthetic eyelash) to the human eyelid with eyelash glue, then drying the eyelash glue under UV light. In some embodiments, the method protects the human from reactive oxygen species.

[0010] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of making the formulation of any one of the embodiments described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises mixing the UV photoprotectant. In some embodiments, the UV photoprotectant comprises a catalytic antioxidant, a UV absorber, and a solvent. In some embodiments, the mixing the UV photoprotectant comprises: high-shear mixing of cerium (III) carbonate powder with a dispersion of ZnO in water. In some embodiments, the mixing the UV photoprotectant comprises: high-shear mixing of cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate powder with a dispersion of ZnO in water. In some embodiments, the dispersion of ZnO in water comprises ZnO in a weight percentage of 50 wt% to 70 wt%. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of cerium (III) carbonate to the weight of ZnO is about 0.5. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate to the weight of ZnO is about 0.5. In some embodiments, the high-shear mixing comprises: (i) mixing using zirconia cylinders. In some embodiments, the zirconia cylinders comprise about 1 to about 4 zirconia cylinders per about 5 g ZnO to about 15 g ZnO. In some embodiments, the zirconia cylinders comprise about 3 zirconia cylinders per about 10 g ZnO. In some embodiments, the zirconia cylinders comprise about 3 zirconia cylinders per about 10 g ZnO. In some embodiments, WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 the mixing using zirconia cylinders comprises mixing at about 1000 RPM to about 2000 RPM. In some embodiments, the mixing using zirconia cylinders comprises mixing at about 1700 RPM. In some embodiments, the mixing using zirconia cylinders comprises mixing for about 0.1 minutes to about 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the mixing using zirconia cylinders comprises mixing for about 3 minutes. In some embodiments, the zirconia cylinders are about 1 cm to about 2 cm high and about 1 to about 2 cm wide. In some embodiments, the zirconia cylinders are about 1.5 cm high and about 1.5 cm wide. In some embodiments, the mixing the UV photoprotectant further comprises (ii) removal of the zirconia cylinders after the (i) mixing using zirconia cylinders. In some embodiments, the mixing the UV photoprotectant further comprises (iii) subsequent high- shear mixing after the (ii) removal of the zirconia cylinders. In some embodiments, the (iii) subsequent high-shear mixing comprises mixing from about 1000 RPM to about 5000 RPM. In some embodiments, the (iii) subsequent high-shear mixing comprises mixing from about 3500 RPM. In some embodiments, the (iii) subsequent high-shear mixing comprises mixing for about 0.1 minutes to about 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the (iii) subsequent high-shear mixing comprises mixing for about 3 minutes. In some embodiments, the method further comprises diluting with a solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is water. INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0011] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. To the extent publications and patents or patent applications incorporated by reference contradict the disclosure contained in the specification, the specification is intended to supersede and / or take precedence over any such contradictory material. ACS Applied Nano Materials 20214 (11), 11590- 11600 is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. WO2021188229 is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings (also “Figure” and “FIG.” herein), of which:

[0013] FIG.1 shows a human hand and fingernails upon immediate application of the Formulation of Example 2, and no rubbing in. WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601

[0014] FIG.2 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 2 for 1 s.

[0015] FIG.3 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 2 for 2 s.

[0016] FIG.4 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 2 for 3 s, at which time all visible traces of the formulation are substantially gone.

[0017] FIG.5 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 2 for 3 s, at which time all visible traces of the formulation are substantially gone.

[0018] FIG.6 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 2 for 4 s.

[0019] FIG.7 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 2 for 5 s.

[0020] FIG.8 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 2 for 6 s.

[0021] FIG.9 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 2 for 7 s, by which time visible traces of the formulation are not seen.

[0022] FIG.10 shows a human hand and fingernails upon immediate application of the Formulation of Example 4, and no rubbing in.

[0023] FIG.11 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 4 for 1 s.

[0024] FIG.12 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 4 for 2 s.

[0025] FIG.13 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 4 for 3 s.

[0026] FIG.14 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 4 for 4 s.

[0027] FIG.15 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 4 for 5 s.

[0028] FIG.16 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 4 for 6 s.

[0029] FIG.17 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 4 for 6 s. WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601

[0030] FIG.18 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 4 for 7 s.

[0031] FIG.19 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 4 for 8 s.

[0032] FIG.20 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 4 for 9 s.

[0033] FIG.21 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 4 for 10 s.

[0034] FIG.22 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 4 for 11 s.

[0035] FIG.23 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 4 for 12 s.

[0036] FIG.24 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 4 for 13 s.

[0037] FIG.25 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 4 for 14 s, at which point traces of the formulation remain visible.

[0038] FIG.26 shows a zoomed-in view of a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 4 for 14 s, at which point traces of the formulation remain visible.

[0039] FIG.27 shows a zoomed-in view of a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 4 for 14 s, at which point traces of the formulation remain visible.

[0040] FIG.28 shows a zoomed-in view of a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 4 for 14 s, at which point traces of the formulation remain visible.

[0041] FIG.29 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 4 for 16 s.

[0042] FIG.30A shows the absorbance of methylene-blue dye in aqueous solution after 0 minutes and 40 minutes of nail-gel lamp irradiation.

[0043] FIG.30B shows the absorption intensity of methylene-blue dye in aqueous solution after 0 minutes and 40 minutes of nail-gel lamp irradiation.

[0044] FIG.30C shows the rate of degradation of methylene-blue dye in aqueous solution after nail-gel lamp irradiation.

[0045] FIG.31A shows the absorbance of methylene-blue dye in aqueous solution after 0 WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 minutes and 40 minutes of nail-gel lamp irradiation in the presence of Ce dispersion.

[0046] FIG.31B shows the absorption intensity of methylene-blue dye in aqueous solution after 0 minutes and 40 minutes of nail-gel lamp irradiation in the presence of Ce dispersion.

[0047] FIG.31C shows the rate of degradation of methylene-blue dye in aqueous solution after nail-gel lamp irradiation in the presence of Ce dispersion.

[0048] FIG.32A shows the absorbance of dissolved methylene-blue dye in aqueous P25 TiO2 photocatalyst dispersion after nail-gel lamp irradiation.

[0049] FIG.32B shows the absorption intensity of dissolved methylene-blue dye in aqueous P25 TiO2 photocatalyst dispersion after nail-gel lamp irradiation.

[0050] FIG.32C shows the rate of degradation of dissolved methylene-blue dye in aqueous P25 TiO2photocatalyst dispersion after nail-gel lamp irradiation.

[0051] FIG.33A shows the absorbance of dissolved methylene-blue dye in aqueous P25 TiO2 photocatalyst and Ce dispersion after 0 minutes and 20 minutes of nail-gel lamp irradiation.

[0052] FIG.33B shows the absorption intensity of dissolved methylene-blue dye in aqueous P25 TiO2 photocatalyst and Ce dispersion after 0 minutes and 20 minutes of nail-gel lamp irradiation.

[0053] FIG.33C shows the rate of degradation of dissolved methylene-blue dye in aqueous P25 TiO2photocatalyst and Ce dispersion after 20 minutes of nail-gel lamp irradiation.

[0054] FIG.34 shows a human hand and fingernails upon immediate application of the Formulation of Example 14 (5 wt% ZnO), and no rubbing in.

[0055] FIG.35 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 14 for 1 s.

[0056] FIG.36 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 14 for 2 s.

[0057] FIG.37 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 14 for 3 s.

[0058] FIG.38 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 14 for 4 s.

[0059] FIG.39 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 14 for 5 s.

[0060] FIG.40 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 14 for 6 s.

[0061] FIG.41 shows a human hand and fingernails upon immediate application of the Formulation of Example 16 (7 wt% ZnO), and no rubbing in. WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601

[0062] FIG.42 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 16 for 2 s.

[0063] FIG.43 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 16 for 4 s.

[0064] FIG.44 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 16 for 6 s.

[0065] FIG.45 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 16 for 8 s.

[0066] FIG.46 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 16 for 10 s.

[0067] FIG.47 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 16 for 12 s.

[0068] FIG.48 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 16 for 14 s.

[0069] FIG.49 shows a human hand and fingernails upon immediate application of the Formulation of Example 18 (10 wt% ZnO), and no rubbing in.

[0070] FIG.50 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 18 for 4 s.

[0071] FIG.51 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 18 for 8 s.

[0072] FIG.52 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 18 for 12 s.

[0073] FIG.53 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 18 for 16 s.

[0074] FIG.54 shows a human hand and fingernails upon vigorous rubbing in of the Formulation of Example 18 for 17 s. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0075] While various embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed. Formulations

[0076] In an aspect, provided herein are formulations and methods of using or making the WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 formulations. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a photoprotectant. In some embodiments, the photoprotectant is a UV photoprotectant. In some embodiments, the UV photoprotectant comprises a UV absorber. In some embodiments, the UV photoprotectant comprises a catalytic antioxidant. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a solvent. In an aspect, provided herein is a formulation, comprising: (1) a UV photoprotectant comprising: (a) a UV absorber or (b) a catalytic antioxidant; and (2) a solvent.

[0077] In some embodiments, the formulation is a dispersion. In some embodiments, the dispersion is a water-based dispersion. In some embodiments, the dispersion is an alcohol-based dispersion. In some embodiments, the dispersion is a water-based or alcohol-based dispersion. In some embodiments, the alcohol-based dispersion comprises one or more agent(s) selected from ethanol and isopropanol. In some embodiments, the alcohol-based dispersion comprises one or more agent(s) selected from ethanol. In some embodiments, the dispersion comprises methanol. In some embodiments, the alcohol is denatured (e.g., specifically denatured). In some embodiments, the dispersion comprises benzyl alcohol. In some embodiments, the dispersion comprises cetearyl alcohol, stearyl aclohol, cetyl alcohol, or behenyl alcohol. In some embodiments, the dispersion is a water-based and alcohol-based dispersion. In some embodiments, the dispersion comprises a mixture of water and alcohol. In some embodiments, the dispersion comprises a mixture of water and ethanol. In some embodiments, the dispersion comprises isopropanol. In some embodiments, the dispersion comprises a mixture of isopropanol and water. In some embodiments, the dispersion comprises a mixture of benzyl alcohol and water. In some embodiments, the dispersion comprises a mixture of any combination of water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and benzyl alcohol. In some embodiments, the dispersion comprises a mixture of any combination of water, ethanol, isopropanol, and benzyl alcohol. In some embodiments, the dispersion comprises a mixture of any combination of water, ethanol, and isopropanol. In some embodiments, the dispersion is in water. In some embodiments, the dispersion is in hydrophilic media. In some embodiments, the dispersion is not in hydrophobic media. In some embodiments, the dispersion can be washed away with water. In some embodiments, the dispersion is not waterproof. In some embodiments, the dispersion disperses in hydrophilic media. In some embodiments, the dispersion does not disperse in cosmetic products. In some embodiments, the dispersion does not disperse in nail paint (e.g., for fingernails or toenails). In some embodiments, the dispersion does not disperse in nail gel. In some embodiments, the formulation is water-dispersible. In some embodiments, the formulation is water- dispersible, and sticks to a human nail (or human skin) when applied. In some embodiments, the formulation is water-dispersible, and sticks to a human nail (or human skin) when the formulation is applied, and when nail gel is also applied to the same area. In some embodiments, does not WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 disperse in nail gel when the formulation is applied, and nail gel is also applied to the same area. In some embodiments, does not disperse in eyelash glue when the formulation is applied, and eyelash glue is also applied to the same area. In some embodiments, the formulation does not interfere with nail gel drying. In some embodiments, the formulation does not interfere with eyelash glue drying. In some embodiments, the dispersion comprises acetyl glucosamine. In some embodiments, the formulation is an emulsion. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the formulation is not an emulsion. In some embodiments, the formulation is not an emulsion in oil. In some embodiments, the formulation is a slurry. In some embodiments, the formulation is a colloid. In some embodiments, the dispersion is a solution, a suspension, or a colloid. In some embodiments, precipitation occurs. In some embodiments, alternatively, precipitation does not occur.

[0078] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises water in a weight percentage of about 90 wt% to about 99 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises water in a weight percentage of about 80 wt% to about 98 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises water in a weight percentage of at least about 80 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises water in a weight percentage of at most about 98 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises water in a weight percentage of about 80 wt% to about 82.5 wt%, about 80 wt% to about 85 wt%, about 80 wt% to about 87.5 wt%, about 80 wt% to about 90 wt%, about 80 wt% to about 92.5 wt%, about 80 wt% to about 93 wt%, about 80 wt% to about 94 wt%, about 80 wt% to about 95 wt%, about 80 wt% to about 96 wt%, about 80 wt% to about 97 wt%, about 80 wt% to about 98 wt%, about 82.5 wt% to about 85 wt%, about 82.5 wt% to about 87.5 wt%, about 82.5 wt% to about 90 wt%, about 82.5 wt% to about 92.5 wt%, about 82.5 wt% to about 93 wt%, about 82.5 wt% to about 94 wt%, about 82.5 wt% to about 95 wt%, about 82.5 wt% to about 96 wt%, about 82.5 wt% to about 97 wt%, about 82.5 wt% to about 98 wt%, about 85 wt% to about 87.5 wt%, about 85 wt% to about 90 wt%, about 85 wt% to about 92.5 wt%, about 85 wt% to about 93 wt%, about 85 wt% to about 94 wt%, about 85 wt% to about 95 wt%, about 85 wt% to about 96 wt%, about 85 wt% to about 97 wt%, about 85 wt% to about 98 wt%, about 87.5 wt% to about 90 wt%, about 87.5 wt% to about 92.5 wt%, about 87.5 wt% to about 93 wt%, about 87.5 wt% to about 94 wt%, about 87.5 wt% to about 95 wt%, about 87.5 wt% to about 96 wt%, about 87.5 wt% to about 97 wt%, about 87.5 wt% to about 98 wt%, about 90 wt% to about 92.5 wt%, about 90 wt% to about 93 wt%, about 90 wt% to about 94 wt%, about 90 wt% to about 95 wt%, about 90 wt% to about 96 wt%, about 90 wt% to about 97 wt%, about 90 wt% to about 98 wt%, about 92.5 wt% to about 93 wt%, about 92.5 wt% to about 94 wt%, about 92.5 wt% to about 95 wt%, about 92.5 wt% to about 96 wt%, about 92.5 wt% to about 97 wt%, about 92.5 wt% to about 98 wt%, about 93 wt% to about 94 wt%, about 93 wt% to about 95 wt%, about 93 wt% to about 96 wt%, about 93 wt% to WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 97 wt%, about 93 wt% to about 98 wt%, about 94 wt% to about 95 wt%, about 94 wt% to about 96 wt%, about 94 wt% to about 97 wt%, about 94 wt% to about 98 wt%, about 95 wt% to about 96 wt%, about 95 wt% to about 97 wt%, about 95 wt% to about 98 wt%, about 96 wt% to about 97 wt%, about 96 wt% to about 98 wt%, or about 97 wt% to about 98 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises water in a weight percentage of about 80 wt%, about 82.5 wt%, about 85 wt%, about 87.5 wt%, about 90 wt%, about 92.5 wt%, about 93 wt%, about 94 wt%, about 95 wt%, about 96 wt%, about 97 wt%, or about 98 wt%, or about 99 wt%, or about 97.5 wt%, or about 96.5 wt%, or about 98.5 wt%.

[0079] In some embodiments, the UV photoprotectant comprises a UV absorber.

[0080] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a UV photoprotectant. In some embodiments, the UV photoprotectant is a UV-filtering agent. In some embodiments, the UV photoprotectant is an agent that consumes reactive oxygen species (ROS) by reacting with them either catalytically or stoichiometrically. In some embodiments, the UV-filtering agent is an organic or inorganic compound that absorbs UV radiation.

[0081] In some embodiments, the term “UV radiation” or “ultraviolet radiation” may refer to ultraviolet radiation that is capable of photodegrading organic molecules. In some embodiments, UV radiation includes blue light in the wavelength range of about 400 nm to about 495 nm, UVA radiation (typically having wavelengths from about 400 nm to about 315 nm), and UVB radiation (for example from about 315 nm to about 280 nm). In some embodiments, the UV radiation is UVA radiation. In some embodiments, the UV radiation is UVB radiation. In some embodiments, the UV radiation is UVC radiation (for example from 100 nm to about 280 nm). In some embodiments, the UV radiation is from about 315 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the UV radiation is from about 280 nm to about 315 nm. In some embodiments, the UV radiation is from about 100 nm to about 280 nm. In some embodiments, the UV radiation is about 254 nm. In some embodiments, the UV radiation is from about 280 nm to about 315 nm. In some embodiments, the UV radiation is from about 315 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the UV radiation is from about 400 nm to about 495 nm. In some embodiments, the UV radiation has a wavelength of about 100 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the UV radiation has a wavelength of at least about 100 nm. In some embodiments, the UV radiation has a wavelength of at most about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the UV radiation has a wavelength of about 100 nm to about 150 nm, about 100 nm to about 200 nm, about 100 nm to about 250 nm, about 100 nm to about 275 nm, about 100 nm to about 300 nm, about 100 nm to about 315 nm, about 100 nm to about 330 nm, about 100 nm to about 345 nm, about 100 nm to about 360 nm, about 100 nm to about 375 nm, about 100 nm to about 400 nm, about 150 nm to about 200 nm, about 150 nm to WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 250 nm, about 150 nm to about 275 nm, about 150 nm to about 300 nm, about 150 nm to about 315 nm, about 150 nm to about 330 nm, about 150 nm to about 345 nm, about 150 nm to about 360 nm, about 150 nm to about 375 nm, about 150 nm to about 400 nm, about 200 nm to about 250 nm, about 200 nm to about 275 nm, about 200 nm to about 300 nm, about 200 nm to about 315 nm, about 200 nm to about 330 nm, about 200 nm to about 345 nm, about 200 nm to about 360 nm, about 200 nm to about 375 nm, about 200 nm to about 400 nm, about 250 nm to about 275 nm, about 250 nm to about 300 nm, about 250 nm to about 315 nm, about 250 nm to about 330 nm, about 250 nm to about 345 nm, about 250 nm to about 360 nm, about 250 nm to about 375 nm, about 250 nm to about 400 nm, about 275 nm to about 300 nm, about 275 nm to about 315 nm, about 275 nm to about 330 nm, about 275 nm to about 345 nm, about 275 nm to about 360 nm, about 275 nm to about 375 nm, about 275 nm to about 400 nm, about 300 nm to about 315 nm, about 300 nm to about 330 nm, about 300 nm to about 345 nm, about 300 nm to about 360 nm, about 300 nm to about 375 nm, about 300 nm to about 400 nm, about 315 nm to about 330 nm, about 315 nm to about 345 nm, about 315 nm to about 360 nm, about 315 nm to about 375 nm, about 315 nm to about 400 nm, about 330 nm to about 345 nm, about 330 nm to about 360 nm, about 330 nm to about 375 nm, about 330 nm to about 400 nm, about 345 nm to about 360 nm, about 345 nm to about 375 nm, about 345 nm to about 400 nm, about 360 nm to about 375 nm, about 360 nm to about 400 nm, or about 375 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the UV radiation has a wavelength of about 100 nm, about 150 nm, about 200 nm, about 250 nm, about 275 nm, about 300 nm, about 315 nm, about 330 nm, about 345 nm, about 360 nm, about 375 nm, or about 400 nm.

[0082] In some embodiments, the UV absorber comprises an organic molecule. In some embodiments, the UV absorber comprises oxybenzone. In some embodiments, the UV absorber comprises a derivative of oxybenzone.

[0083] In some embodiments, the UV absorber comprises an inorganic molecule. In some embodiments, the UV absorber comprises a mineral. In some embodiments, the UV absorber comprises a salt. In some embodiments, the UV absorber comprises an ionic compound. In some embodiments, the UV absorber comprises a metal oxide. In some embodiments, the UV absorber comprises a transition metal oxide. In some embodiments, the UV absorber comprises an earth- abundant transition metal oxide. In some embodiments, the UV absorber is selected from TiO2 and ZnO. In some embodiments, the UV absorber comprises TiO2. In some embodiments, the UV absorber is TiO2. In some embodiments, the UV absorber comprises ZnO. In some embodiments, the UV absorber is ZnO. In some embodiments, the UV absorber protects a human subject from photon flux. In some embodiments, the flux of photons that reaches the human subject after passing WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 through the UV absorber.

[0084] In some embodiments, the UV absorber formulation has an SPF of about 5. In some embodiments, the UV absorber formulation has an SPF of about 10. In some embodiments, the UV absorber formulation has an SPF of about 20. In some embodiments, the UV absorber formulation has a sun protection factor (SPF) about 1 SPF to about 70 SPF. In some embodiments, the UV absorber formulation has an sun protection factor (SPF) at least about 1 SPF. In some embodiments, the UV absorber formulation has an sun protection factor (SPF) at most about 70 SPF. In some embodiments, the UV absorber formulation has an sun protection factor (SPF) about 1 SPF to about 2.5 SPF, about 1 SPF to about 4 SPF, about 1 SPF to about 5 SPF, about 1 SPF to about 6 SPF, about 1 SPF to about 8 SPF, about 1 SPF to about 10 SPF, about 1 SPF to about 15 SPF, about 1 SPF to about 20 SPF, about 1 SPF to about 25 SPF, about 1 SPF to about 30 SPF, about 1 SPF to about 70 SPF, about 2.5 SPF to about 4 SPF, about 2.5 SPF to about 5 SPF, about 2.5 SPF to about 6 SPF, about 2.5 SPF to about 8 SPF, about 2.5 SPF to about 10 SPF, about 2.5 SPF to about 15 SPF, about 2.5 SPF to about 20 SPF, about 2.5 SPF to about 25 SPF, about 2.5 SPF to about 30 SPF, about 2.5 SPF to about 70 SPF, about 4 SPF to about 5 SPF, about 4 SPF to about 6 SPF, about 4 SPF to about 8 SPF, about 4 SPF to about 10 SPF, about 4 SPF to about 15 SPF, about 4 SPF to about 20 SPF, about 4 SPF to about 25 SPF, about 4 SPF to about 30 SPF, about 4 SPF to about 70 SPF, about 5 SPF to about 6 SPF, about 5 SPF to about 8 SPF, about 5 SPF to about 10 SPF, about 5 SPF to about 15 SPF, about 5 SPF to about 20 SPF, about 5 SPF to about 25 SPF, about 5 SPF to about 30 SPF, about 5 SPF to about 70 SPF, about 6 SPF to about 8 SPF, about 6 SPF to about 10 SPF, about 6 SPF to about 15 SPF, about 6 SPF to about 20 SPF, about 6 SPF to about 25 SPF, about 6 SPF to about 30 SPF, about 6 SPF to about 70 SPF, about 8 SPF to about 10 SPF, about 8 SPF to about 15 SPF, about 8 SPF to about 20 SPF, about 8 SPF to about 25 SPF, about 8 SPF to about 30 SPF, about 8 SPF to about 70 SPF, about 10 SPF to about 15 SPF, about 10 SPF to about 20 SPF, about 10 SPF to about 25 SPF, about 10 SPF to about 30 SPF, about 10 SPF to about 70 SPF, about 15 SPF to about 20 SPF, about 15 SPF to about 25 SPF, about 15 SPF to about 30 SPF, about 15 SPF to about 70 SPF, about 20 SPF to about 25 SPF, about 20 SPF to about 30 SPF, about 20 SPF to about 70 SPF, about 25 SPF to about 30 SPF, about 25 SPF to about 70 SPF, or about 30 SPF to about 70 SPF. In some embodiments, the UV absorber formulation has an sun protection factor (SPF) about 1 SPF, about 2.5 SPF, about 4 SPF, about 5 SPF, about 6 SPF, about 8 SPF, about 10 SPF, about 15 SPF, about 20 SPF, about 25 SPF, about 30 SPF, or about 70 SPF.

[0085] In some embodiments, the UV absorber is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt %, at least about 0.001 wt%, at least about 0.01 wt%, at least WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 0.05 wt%, at least about 0.1 wt%, at least about 0.5 wt%, at least about 0.75 wt%, at least about 1 wt%, at least about 1.1 wt%, at least about 1.2 wt%, at least about 1.3 wt%, at least about 1.4 wt%, at least about 1.5 wt%, at least about 1.6 wt%, at least about 1.7 wt%, at least about 1.8 wt%, at least about 1.9 wt%, at least about 2.0 wt%, at least about 2.1 wt%, at least about 2.2 wt%, at least about 2.3 wt%, at least about 2.4 wt%, at least about 2.5 wt%, at least about 2.6 wt%, at least about 2.7 wt%, at least about 2.8 wt%, at least about 2.9 wt%, at least about 3.0 wt%, at least about 3.1 wt%, at least about 3.2 wt%, at least about 3.3 wt%, at least about 3.4 wt%, at least about 3.5 wt%, at least about 3.6 wt%, at least about 3.7 wt%, at least about 3.8 wt%, at least about 3.9 wt%, at least about 4.0 wt%, at least about 4.1 wt%, at least about 4.2 wt%, at least about 4.3 wt%, at least about 4.4 wt%, at least about 4.5 wt%, at least about 4.6 wt%, at least about 4.7 wt%, at least about 4.8 wt%, at least about 4.9 wt%, at least about 5.0 wt%, at least about 6 wt%, at least about 7 wt%, at least about 8 wt%, at least about 9 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, at least about 20 wt%, or more.

[0086] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the UV absorber is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 0.0001 wt %, at most about 0.001 wt%, at most about 0.01 wt%, at most about 0.05 wt%, at most about 0.1 wt%, at most about 0.5 wt%, at most about 0.75 wt%, at most about 1 wt%, at most about 1.1 wt%, at most about 1.2 wt%, at most about 1.3 wt%, at most about 1.4 wt%, at most about 1.5 wt%, at most about 1.6 wt%, at most about 1.7 wt%, at most about 1.8 wt%, at most about 1.9 wt%, at most about 2.0 wt%, at most about 2.1 wt%, at most about 2.2 wt%, at most about 2.3 wt%, at most about 2.4 wt%, at most about 2.5 wt%, at most about 2.6 wt%, at most about 2.7 wt%, at most about 2.8 wt%, at most about 2.9 wt%, at most about 3.0 wt%, at most about 3.1 wt%, at most about 3.2 wt%, at most about 3.3 wt%, at most about 3.4 wt%, at most about 3.5 wt%, at most about 3.6 wt%, at most about 3.7 wt%, at most about 3.8 wt%, at most about 3.9 wt%, at most about 4.0 wt%, at most about 4.1 wt%, at most about 4.2 wt%, at most about 4.3 wt%, at most about 4.4 wt%, at most about 4.5 wt%, at most about 4.6 wt%, at most about 4.7 wt%, at most about 4.8 wt%, at most about 4.9 wt%, at most about 5.0 wt%, at most about 6 wt%, at most about 7 wt%, at most about 8 wt%, at most about 9 wt%, at most about 10 wt%, at most about 20 wt%, or less.

[0087] In some embodiments, the UV absorber is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the UV absorber is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about at least about 0.1 wt%. In some embodiments, the UV absorber is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about at most about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the UV absorber is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2.25 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.25 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2.25 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.25 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 3.75 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 3.75 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 3.75 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, or about 7 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the UV absorber is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.1 wt%, about 1 wt%, about 1.5 wt%, about 2 wt%, about 2.25 wt%, about 2.5 wt%, about 2.75 wt%, about 3 wt%, about 3.75 wt%, about 5 wt%, about 7 wt%, or about 20 wt%.

[0088] In some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt %, at least about 0.001 wt%, at least about 0.01 wt%, at least about 0.05 wt%, at least about 0.1 wt%, at least about 0.5 wt%, at least about 0.75 wt%, at least about 1 wt%, at least about 1.1 wt%, at least about 1.2 wt%, at least about 1.3 wt%, at least about 1.4 wt%, at least about 1.5 wt%, at least about 1.6 wt%, at least about 1.7 wt%, at least about 1.8 wt%, at least about 1.9 wt%, at least about 2.0 wt%, at least about 2.1 wt%, at least about 2.2 wt%, at least about 2.3 wt%, at least about 2.4 wt%, at least about 2.5 wt%, at least about 2.6 wt%, at least about 2.7 wt%, at least about 2.8 wt%, at least about 2.9 wt%, at least about 3.0 wt%, at least about 3.1 wt%, at least about 3.2 wt%, at least about 3.3 wt%, at least about 3.4 wt%, at least about 3.5 wt%, at least about 3.6 wt%, at least about 3.7 wt%, at least about 3.8 wt%, at least about 3.9 wt%, at least about 4.0 WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 wt%, at least about 4.1 wt%, at least about 4.2 wt%, at least about 4.3 wt%, at least about 4.4 wt%, at least about 4.5 wt%, at least about 4.6 wt%, at least about 4.7 wt%, at least about 4.8 wt%, at least about 4.9 wt%, at least about 5.0 wt%, at least about 6 wt%, at least about 7 wt%, at least about 8 wt%, at least about 9 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, at least about 20 wt%, or more.

[0089] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 0.0001 wt %, at most about 0.001 wt%, at most about 0.01 wt%, at most about 0.05 wt%, at most about 0.1 wt%, at most about 0.5 wt%, at most about 0.75 wt%, at most about 1 wt%, at most about 1.1 wt%, at most about 1.2 wt%, at most about 1.3 wt%, at most about 1.4 wt%, at most about 1.5 wt%, at most about 1.6 wt%, at most about 1.7 wt%, at most about 1.8 wt%, at most about 1.9 wt%, at most about 2.0 wt%, at most about 2.1 wt%, at most about 2.2 wt%, at most about 2.3 wt%, at most about 2.4 wt%, at most about 2.5 wt%, at most about 2.6 wt%, at most about 2.7 wt%, at most about 2.8 wt%, at most about 2.9 wt%, at most about 3.0 wt%, at most about 3.1 wt%, at most about 3.2 wt%, at most about 3.3 wt%, at most about 3.4 wt%, at most about 3.5 wt%, at most about 3.6 wt%, at most about 3.7 wt%, at most about 3.8 wt%, at most about 3.9 wt%, at most about 4.0 wt%, at most about 4.1 wt%, at most about 4.2 wt%, at most about 4.3 wt%, at most about 4.4 wt%, at most about 4.5 wt%, at most about 4.6 wt%, at most about 4.7 wt%, at most about 4.8 wt%, at most about 4.9 wt%, at most about 5.0 wt%, at most about 6 wt%, at most about 7 wt%, at most about 8 wt%, at most about 9 wt%, at most about 10 wt%, at most about 20 wt%, or less.

[0090] In some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about at least about 0.1 wt%. In some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about at most about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2.25 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.25 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2.25 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.25 wt%, WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 2 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 3.75 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 3.75 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 3.75 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, or about 7 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.1 wt%, about 1 wt%, about 1.5 wt%, about 2 wt%, about 2.25 wt%, about 2.5 wt%, about 2.75 wt%, about 3 wt%, about 3.75 wt%, about 5 wt%, about 7 wt%, or about 20 wt%.

[0091] In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage from 0.001 wt% to 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage from about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 3.75 wt%.

[0092] In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1.75 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 2.25 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 2.75 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 3.25 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 3.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 3.75 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 4 wt%. In WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 5 wt %. In some embodiments, the formulation is a dispersion that consists essentially of ZnO in a weight percentage of about 1 wt %, about 1.25 wt%, about 1.5 wt%, about 1.75 wt%, about 2.0 wt%, about 2.25 wt%, about 2.5 wt %, abt 2.75 wt%, about 3.0 wt %, about 3.25 wt%, about 3.5 wt%, about 3.75 wt%, about 4.0 wt%, aout 4.5 wt%, or about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation is a dispersion that consists essentially of ZnO in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt %.

[0093] In some embodiments, the ZnO is from a dispersion. In some embodiments, the ZnO is from a dispersion in water. In some embodiments, the ZnO is from a dispersion in alcohol. In some embodiments, the dispersion is a commercial dispersion (e.g., a commercial dispersion comprising one or more additives).

[0094] In some embodiments, the dispersion in water is about 30-70% ZnO in water. In some embodiments, the dispersion in water is about 30-70% ZnO in water. In some embodiments, the dispersion in water is at least about 0.1% ZnO in water, at least about 1% ZnO in water, at least about 2% ZnO in water, at least about 5% ZnO in water 10% ZnO in water, at least about 20% ZnO in water, at least about 30% ZnO in water, at least about 40% ZnO in water, at least about 45% ZnO in water, at least about 50% ZnO in water, at least about 55% ZnO in water, at least about 60% ZnO in water, at least about 70% ZnO in water, at least about 75% ZnO in water, at least about 80% ZnO in water, at least about 90% ZnO in water, or more. Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the dispersion in water is at most about 0.1% ZnO in water, at most about 1% ZnO in water, at most about 2% ZnO in water, at most about 5% ZnO in water 10% ZnO in water, at most about 20% ZnO in water, at most about 30% ZnO in water, at most about 40% ZnO in water, at most about 45% ZnO in water, at most about 50% ZnO in water, at most about 55% ZnO in water, at most about 60% ZnO in water, at most about 70% ZnO in water, at most about 75% ZnO in water, at most about 80% ZnO in water, at most about 90% ZnO in water, or less.

[0095] In some embodiments, the dispersion in water is about 0.1 % ZnO (e.g., wt%) in water to about 95 % ZnO in water. In some embodiments, the dispersion in water is at least about 0.1 % ZnO in water. In some embodiments, the dispersion in water is at most about 95 % ZnO in water. In some embodiments, the dispersion in water is about 0.1 % ZnO in water to about 10 % ZnO in water, about 0.1 % ZnO in water to about 30 % ZnO in water, about 0.1 % ZnO in water to about 40 % ZnO in water, about 0.1 % ZnO in water to about 45 % ZnO in water, about 0.1 % ZnO in water to about 50 % ZnO in water, about 0.1 % ZnO in water to about 55 % ZnO in water, about 0.1 % ZnO in water to about 60 % ZnO in water, about 0.1 % ZnO in water to about 70 % ZnO in water, about 0.1 % ZnO in water to about 80 % ZnO in water, about 0.1 % ZnO in water to about WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 90 % ZnO in water, about 0.1 % ZnO in water to about 95 % ZnO in water, about 10 % ZnO in water to about 30 % ZnO in water, about 10 % ZnO in water to about 40 % ZnO in water, about 10 % ZnO in water to about 45 % ZnO in water, about 10 % ZnO in water to about 50 % ZnO in water, about 10 % ZnO in water to about 55 % ZnO in water, about 10 % ZnO in water to about 60 % ZnO in water, about 10 % ZnO in water to about 70 % ZnO in water, about 10 % ZnO in water to about 80 % ZnO in water, about 10 % ZnO in water to about 90 % ZnO in water, about 10 % ZnO in water to about 95 % ZnO in water, about 30 % ZnO in water to about 40 % ZnO in water, about 30 % ZnO in water to about 45 % ZnO in water, about 30 % ZnO in water to about 50 % ZnO in water, about 30 % ZnO in water to about 55 % ZnO in water, about 30 % ZnO in water to about 60 % ZnO in water, about 30 % ZnO in water to about 70 % ZnO in water, about 30 % ZnO in water to about 80 % ZnO in water, about 30 % ZnO in water to about 90 % ZnO in water, about 30 % ZnO in water to about 95 % ZnO in water, about 40 % ZnO in water to about 45 % ZnO in water, about 40 % ZnO in water to about 50 % ZnO in water, about 40 % ZnO in water to about 55 % ZnO in water, about 40 % ZnO in water to about 60 % ZnO in water, about 40 % ZnO in water to about 70 % ZnO in water, about 40 % ZnO in water to about 80 % ZnO in water, about 40 % ZnO in water to about 90 % ZnO in water, about 40 % ZnO in water to about 95 % ZnO in water, about 45 % ZnO in water to about 50 % ZnO in water, about 45 % ZnO in water to about 55 % ZnO in water, about 45 % ZnO in water to about 60 % ZnO in water, about 45 % ZnO in water to about 70 % ZnO in water, about 45 % ZnO in water to about 80 % ZnO in water, about 45 % ZnO in water to about 90 % ZnO in water, about 45 % ZnO in water to about 95 % ZnO in water, about 50 % ZnO in water to about 55 % ZnO in water, about 50 % ZnO in water to about 60 % ZnO in water, about 50 % ZnO in water to about 70 % ZnO in water, about 50 % ZnO in water to about 80 % ZnO in water, about 50 % ZnO in water to about 90 % ZnO in water, about 50 % ZnO in water to about 95 % ZnO in water, about 55 % ZnO in water to about 60 % ZnO in water, about 55 % ZnO in water to about 70 % ZnO in water, about 55 % ZnO in water to about 80 % ZnO in water, about 55 % ZnO in water to about 90 % ZnO in water, about 55 % ZnO in water to about 95 % ZnO in water, about 60 % ZnO in water to about 70 % ZnO in water, about 60 % ZnO in water to about 80 % ZnO in water, about 60 % ZnO in water to about 90 % ZnO in water, about 60 % ZnO in water to about 95 % ZnO in water, about 70 % ZnO in water to about 80 % ZnO in water, about 70 % ZnO in water to about 90 % ZnO in water, about 70 % ZnO in water to about 95 % ZnO in water, about 80 % ZnO in water to about 90 % ZnO in water, about 80 % ZnO in water to about 95 % ZnO in water, or about 90 % ZnO in water to about 95 % ZnO in water. In some embodiments, the dispersion in water is about 0.1 % ZnO in water, about 10 % ZnO in water, about 30 % ZnO in water, about 40 % ZnO in water, about 45 % ZnO in water, about 50 % ZnO in water, about 55 % WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 ZnO in water, about 60 % ZnO in water, about 70 % ZnO in water, about 80 % ZnO in water, about 90 % ZnO in water, or about 95 % ZnO in water.

[0096] In some embodiments, the average particle size of ZnO is about 25 nm to about 40 nm. In some embodiments, the average particle size of ZnO is at least about 1 nm, at least about 5 nm, at least about 10 nm, at least about 15 nm, at least about 20 nm, at least about 25 nm, at least about 30 nm, at least about 35 nm, at least about 40 nm, at least about 45 nm, at least about 50 nm, at least about 55 nm, at least about 60 nm, at least about 65 nm, at least about 70 nm, at least about 75 nm, at least about 80 nm, at least about 85 nm, at least about 90 nm, at least about 100 nm, at least about 200 nm, at least about 500 nm, at least about 1000 nm, at least about 5000 nm, or more. Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the average particle size of ZnO is at most about 1 nm, at most about 5 nm, at most about 10 nm, at most about 15 nm, at most about 20 nm, at most about 25 nm, at most about 30 nm, at most about 35 nm, at most about 40 nm, at most about 45 nm, at most about 50 nm, at most about 55 nm, at most about 60 nm, at most about 65 nm, at most about 70 nm, at most about 75 nm, at most about 80 nm, at most about 85 nm, at most about 90 nm, at most about 100 nm, at most about 200 nm, at most about 500 nm, at most about 1000 nm, at most about 5000 nm, or less.

[0097] In some embodiments, the ZnO has an average BET surface area of about 15 m² / g to about 45 m² / g. In some embodiments, the ZnO has an average BET surface area of at least about 1 m² / g, at least about 5 m² / g, at least about 10 m² / g, at least about 15 m² / g, at least about 20 m² / g, at least about 25 m² / g, at least about 30 m² / g, at least about 35 m² / g, at least about 40 m² / g, at least about 45 m² / g, at least about 50 m² / g, at least about 100 m² / g, at least about 200 m² / g, or more. Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the ZnO has an average BET surface area of at most about 1 m² / g, at most about 5 m² / g, at most about 10 m² / g, at most about 15 m² / g, at most about 20 m² / g, at most about 25 m² / g, at most about 30 m² / g, at most about 35 m² / g, at most about 40 m² / g, at most about 45 m² / g, at most about 50 m² / g, at most about 100 m² / g, at most about 200 m² / g, or less.

[0098] In some embodiments, the ZnO has an average BET surface area of about 1 m² / g to about 200 m² / g. In some embodiments, the ZnO has an average BET surface area of at least about 1 m² / g. In some embodiments, the ZnO has an average BET surface area of at most about 200 m² / g. In some embodiments, the ZnO has an average BET surface area of about 1 m² / g to about 10 m² / g, about 1 m² / g to about 15 m² / g, about 1 m² / g to about 20 m² / g, about 1 m² / g to about 25 m² / g, about 1 m² / g to about 30 m² / g, about 1 m² / g to about 35 m² / g, about 1 m² / g to about 40 m² / g, about 1 m² / g to about 45 m² / g, about 1 m² / g to about 50 m² / g, about 1 m² / g to about 100 m² / g, about 1 m² / g to about 200 m² / g, about 10 m² / g to about 15 m² / g, about 10 m² / g to about 20 m² / g, about 10 m² / g to WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 25 m² / g, about 10 m² / g to about 30 m² / g, about 10 m² / g to about 35 m² / g, about 10 m² / g to about 40 m² / g, about 10 m² / g to about 45 m² / g, about 10 m² / g to about 50 m² / g, about 10 m² / g to about 100 m² / g, about 10 m² / g to about 200 m² / g, about 15 m² / g to about 20 m² / g, about 15 m² / g to about 25 m² / g, about 15 m² / g to about 30 m² / g, about 15 m² / g to about 35 m² / g, about 15 m² / g to about 40 m² / g, about 15 m² / g to about 45 m² / g, about 15 m² / g to about 50 m² / g, about 15 m² / g to about 100 m² / g, about 15 m² / g to about 200 m² / g, about 20 m² / g to about 25 m² / g, about 20 m² / g to about 30 m² / g, about 20 m² / g to about 35 m² / g, about 20 m² / g to about 40 m² / g, about 20 m² / g to about 45 m² / g, about 20 m² / g to about 50 m² / g, about 20 m² / g to about 100 m² / g, about 20 m² / g to about 200 m² / g, about 25 m² / g to about 30 m² / g, about 25 m² / g to about 35 m² / g, about 25 m² / g to about 40 m² / g, about 25 m² / g to about 45 m² / g, about 25 m² / g to about 50 m² / g, about 25 m² / g to about 100 m² / g, about 25 m² / g to about 200 m² / g, about 30 m² / g to about 35 m² / g, about 30 m² / g to about 40 m² / g, about 30 m² / g to about 45 m² / g, about 30 m² / g to about 50 m² / g, about 30 m² / g to about 100 m² / g, about 30 m² / g to about 200 m² / g, about 35 m² / g to about 40 m² / g, about 35 m² / g to about 45 m² / g, about 35 m² / g to about 50 m² / g, about 35 m² / g to about 100 m² / g, about 35 m² / g to about 200 m² / g, about 40 m² / g to about 45 m² / g, about 40 m² / g to about 50 m² / g, about 40 m² / g to about 100 m² / g, about 40 m² / g to about 200 m² / g, about 45 m² / g to about 50 m² / g, about 45 m² / g to about 100 m² / g, about 45 m² / g to about 200 m² / g, about 50 m² / g to about 100 m² / g, about 50 m² / g to about 200 m² / g, or about 100 m² / g to about 200 m² / g. In some embodiments, the ZnO has an average BET surface area of about 1 m² / g, about 10 m² / g, about 15 m² / g, about 20 m² / g, about 25 m² / g, about 30 m² / g, about 35 m² / g, about 40 m² / g, about 45 m² / g, about 50 m² / g, about 100 m² / g, or about 200 m² / g.

[0099] In some embodiments, TiO2 is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt %, at least about 0.001 wt%, at least about 0.01 wt%, at least about 0.05 wt%, at least about 0.1 wt%, at least about 0.5 wt%, at least about 0.75 wt%, at least about 1 wt%, at least about 1.1 wt%, at least about 1.2 wt%, at least about 1.3 wt%, at least about 1.4 wt%, at least about 1.5 wt%, at least about 1.6 wt%, at least about 1.7 wt%, at least about 1.8 wt%, at least about 1.9 wt%, at least about 2.0 wt%, at least about 2.1 wt%, at least about 2.2 wt%, at least about 2.3 wt%, at least about 2.4 wt%, at least about 2.5 wt%, at least about 2.6 wt%, at least about 2.7 wt%, at least about 2.8 wt%, at least about 2.9 wt%, at least about 3.0 wt%, at least about 3.1 wt%, at least about 3.2 wt%, at least about 3.3 wt%, at least about 3.4 wt%, at least about 3.5 wt%, at least about 3.6 wt%, at least about 3.7 wt%, at least about 3.8 wt%, at least about 3.9 wt%, at least about 4.0 wt%, at least about 4.1 wt%, at least about 4.2 wt%, at least about 4.3 wt%, at least about 4.4 wt%, at least about 4.5 wt%, at least about 4.6 wt%, at least about 4.7 wt%, at least about 4.8 wt%, at least about 4.9 wt%, at least about 5.0 wt%, at least about 6 wt%, at least about 7 wt%, at least WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 8 wt%, at least about 9 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, at least about 20 wt%, or more.

[0100] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, TiO2 is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 0.0001 wt %, at most about 0.001 wt%, at most about 0.01 wt%, at most about 0.05 wt%, at most about 0.1 wt%, at most about 0.5 wt%, at most about 0.75 wt%, at most about 1 wt%, at most about 1.1 wt%, at most about 1.2 wt%, at most about 1.3 wt%, at most about 1.4 wt%, at most about 1.5 wt%, at most about 1.6 wt%, at most about 1.7 wt%, at most about 1.8 wt%, at most about 1.9 wt%, at most about 2.0 wt%, at most about 2.1 wt%, at most about 2.2 wt%, at most about 2.3 wt%, at most about 2.4 wt%, at most about 2.5 wt%, at most about 2.6 wt%, at most about 2.7 wt%, at most about 2.8 wt%, at most about 2.9 wt%, at most about 3.0 wt%, at most about 3.1 wt%, at most about 3.2 wt%, at most about 3.3 wt%, at most about 3.4 wt%, at most about 3.5 wt%, at most about 3.6 wt%, at most about 3.7 wt%, at most about 3.8 wt%, at most about 3.9 wt%, at most about 4.0 wt%, at most about 4.1 wt%, at most about 4.2 wt%, at most about 4.3 wt%, at most about 4.4 wt%, at most about 4.5 wt%, at most about 4.6 wt%, at most about 4.7 wt%, at most about 4.8 wt%, at most about 4.9 wt%, at most about 5.0 wt%, at most about 6 wt%, at most about 7 wt%, at most about 8 wt%, at most about 9 wt%, at most about 10 wt%, at most about 20 wt%, or less.

[0101] In some embodiments, TiO2is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, TiO2is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about at least about 0.1 wt%. In some embodiments, TiO2 is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about at most about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, TiO2is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2.25 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.25 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2.25 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.25 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 2.25 WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 3.75 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 3.75 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 3.75 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, or about 7 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, TiO2 is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.1 wt%, about 1 wt%, about 1.5 wt%, about 2 wt%, about 2.25 wt%, about 2.5 wt%, about 2.75 wt%, about 3 wt%, about 3.75 wt%, about 5 wt%, about 7 wt%, or about 20 wt%.

[0102] In some embodiments, the TiO2 is present in the formulation in a weight percentage from 0.001 wt% to 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the TiO2is present in the formulation in a weight percentage from about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the TiO2 is present in the formulation in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%. In some embodiments, the TiO2is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 3.75 wt%.

[0103] In some embodiments, the TiO2is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1 wt%. In some embodiments, the TiO2 is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%. In some embodiments, the TiO2is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the TiO2is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1.75 wt%. In some embodiments, the TiO2 is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the TiO2 is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 2.25 wt%. In some embodiments, the TiO2is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the TiO2 is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 2.75 wt%. In some embodiments, the TiO2 is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the TiO2is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 3.25 wt%. In some embodiments, the TiO2 is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 3.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the TiO2 is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 3.75 wt%. In some embodiments, the TiO2is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 4 wt%. In some embodiments, the TiO2 is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 5 wt %.

[0104] In some embodiments, the TiO2 is from a dispersion. In some embodiments, the TiO2 is from a dispersion in water. In some embodiments, the TiO2is from a dispersion in alcohol. In some WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 embodiments, the dispersion is a commercial dispersion (e.g., a commercial dispersion comprising one or more additives).

[0105] In some embodiments, the dispersion in water is about 30-70% TiO2 in water. In some embodiments, the dispersion in water is about 30-70% TiO2in water. In some embodiments, the dispersion in water is at least about 0.1% TiO2 in water, at least about 1% TiO2 in water, at least about 2% TiO2 in water, at least about 5% TiO2 in water 10% TiO2 in water, at least about 20% TiO2in water, at least about 30% TiO2in water, at least about 40% TiO2in water, at least about 45% TiO2 in water, at least about 50% TiO2 in water, at least about 55% TiO2 in water, at least about 60% TiO2 in water, at least about 70% TiO2 in water, at least about 75% TiO2 in water, at least about 80% TiO2in water, at least about 90% TiO2in water, or more. Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the dispersion in water is at most about 0.1% TiO2in water, at most about 1% TiO2 in water, at most about 2% TiO2 in water, at most about 5% TiO2 in water 10% TiO2 in water, at most about 20% TiO2 in water, at most about 30% TiO2 in water, at most about 40% TiO2in water, at most about 45% TiO2in water, at most about 50% TiO2in water, at most about 55% TiO2 in water, at most about 60% TiO2 in water, at most about 70% TiO2 in water, at most about 75% TiO2 in water, at most about 80% TiO2 in water, at most about 90% TiO2 in water, or less.

[0106] In some embodiments, the dispersion in water is about 0.1 % TiO2in water to about 95 % TiO2 in water. In some embodiments, the dispersion in water is at least about 0.1 % TiO2 in water. In some embodiments, the dispersion in water is at most about 95 % TiO2in water. In some embodiments, the dispersion in water is about 0.1 % TiO2in water to about 10 % TiO2in water, about 0.1 % TiO2 in water to about 30 % TiO2 in water, about 0.1 % TiO2 in water to about 40 % TiO2 in water, about 0.1 % TiO2 in water to about 45 % TiO2 in water, about 0.1 % TiO2 in water to about 50 % TiO2in water, about 0.1 % TiO2in water to about 55 % TiO2in water, about 0.1 % TiO2 in water to about 60 % TiO2 in water, about 0.1 % TiO2 in water to about 70 % TiO2 in water, about 0.1 % TiO2 in water to about 80 % TiO2 in water, about 0.1 % TiO2 in water to about 90 % TiO2in water, about 0.1 % TiO2in water to about 95 % TiO2in water, about 10 % TiO2in water to about 30 % TiO2in water, about 10 % TiO2in water to about 40 % TiO2in water, about 10 % TiO2in water to about 45 % TiO2 in water, about 10 % TiO2 in water to about 50 % TiO2 in water, about 10 % TiO2 in water to about 55 % TiO2 in water, about 10 % TiO2 in water to about 60 % TiO2 in water, about 10 % TiO2in water to about 70 % TiO2in water, about 10 % TiO2in water to about 80 % TiO2 in water, about 10 % TiO2 in water to about 90 % TiO2 in water, about 10 % TiO2 in water to about 95 % TiO2 in water, about 30 % TiO2 in water to about 40 % TiO2 in water, about 30 % TiO2in water to about 45 % TiO2in water, about 30 % TiO2in water to about 50 % TiO2in water, WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 30 % TiO2in water to about 55 % TiO2in water, about 30 % TiO2in water to about 60 % TiO2 in water, about 30 % TiO2 in water to about 70 % TiO2 in water, about 30 % TiO2 in water to about 80 % TiO2 in water, about 30 % TiO2 in water to about 90 % TiO2 in water, about 30 % TiO2 in water to about 95 % TiO2in water, about 40 % TiO2in water to about 45 % TiO2in water, about 40 % TiO2 in water to about 50 % TiO2 in water, about 40 % TiO2 in water to about 55 % TiO2 in water, about 40 % TiO2 in water to about 60 % TiO2 in water, about 40 % TiO2 in water to about 70 % TiO2in water, about 40 % TiO2in water to about 80 % TiO2in water, about 40 % TiO2in water to about 90 % TiO2 in water, about 40 % TiO2 in water to about 95 % TiO2 in water, about 45 % TiO2 in water to about 50 % TiO2 in water, about 45 % TiO2 in water to about 55 % TiO2 in water, about 45 % TiO2in water to about 60 % TiO2in water, about 45 % TiO2in water to about 70 % TiO2in water, about 45 % TiO2in water to about 80 % TiO2in water, about 45 % TiO2in water to about 90 % TiO2 in water, about 45 % TiO2 in water to about 95 % TiO2 in water, about 50 % TiO2 in water to about 55 % TiO2 in water, about 50 % TiO2 in water to about 60 % TiO2 in water, about 50 % TiO2in water to about 70 % TiO2in water, about 50 % TiO2in water to about 80 % TiO2in water, about 50 % TiO2 in water to about 90 % TiO2 in water, about 50 % TiO2 in water to about 95 % TiO2 in water, about 55 % TiO2 in water to about 60 % TiO2 in water, about 55 % TiO2 in water to about 70 % TiO2in water, about 55 % TiO2in water to about 80 % TiO2in water, about 55 % TiO2in water to about 90 % TiO2in water, about 55 % TiO2in water to about 95 % TiO2in water, about 60 % TiO2 in water to about 70 % TiO2 in water, about 60 % TiO2 in water to about 80 % TiO2in water, about 60 % TiO2in water to about 90 % TiO2in water, about 60 % TiO2in water to about 95 % TiO2in water, about 70 % TiO2in water to about 80 % TiO2in water, about 70 % TiO2in water to about 90 % TiO2 in water, about 70 % TiO2 in water to about 95 % TiO2 in water, about 80 % TiO2 in water to about 90 % TiO2 in water, about 80 % TiO2 in water to about 95 % TiO2 in water, or about 90 % TiO2in water to about 95 % TiO2in water. In some embodiments, the dispersion in water is about 0.1 % TiO2 in water, about 10 % TiO2 in water, about 30 % TiO2 in water, about 40 % TiO2 in water, about 45 % TiO2 in water, about 50 % TiO2 in water, about 55 % TiO2in water, about 60 % TiO2in water, about 70 % TiO2in water, about 80 % TiO2in water, about 90 % TiO2in water, or about 95 % TiO2in water.

[0107] In some embodiments, the average particle size of TiO2 is about 25 nm to about 40 nm. In some embodiments, the average particle size of TiO2 is at least about 1 nm, at least about 5 nm, at least about 10 nm, at least about 15 nm, at least about 20 nm, at least about 25 nm, at least about 30 nm, at least about 35 nm, at least about 40 nm, at least about 45 nm, at least about 50 nm, at least about 55 nm, at least about 60 nm, at least about 65 nm, at least about 70 nm, at least about 75 nm, at least about 80 nm, at least about 85 nm, at least about 90 nm, at least about 100 nm, at least WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 200 nm, at least about 500 nm, at least about 1000 nm, at least about 5000 nm, or more. Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the average particle size of TiO2 is at most about 1 nm, at most about 5 nm, at most about 10 nm, at most about 15 nm, at most about 20 nm, at most about 25 nm, at most about 30 nm, at most about 35 nm, at most about 40 nm, at most about 45 nm, at most about 50 nm, at most about 55 nm, at most about 60 nm, at most about 65 nm, at most about 70 nm, at most about 75 nm, at most about 80 nm, at most about 85 nm, at most about 90 nm, at most about 100 nm, at most about 200 nm, at most about 500 nm, at most about 1000 nm, at most about 5000 nm, or less.

[0108] In some embodiments, the average particle size of TiO₂ is about 15 nm to about 30 nm. In some embodiments, the average particle size of TiO₂ is at least about 1 nm, at least about 5 nm, at least about 10 nm, at least about 15 nm, at least about 20 nm, at least about 25 nm, at least about 30 nm, at least about 35 nm, at least about 40 nm, at least about 45 nm, at least about 50 nm, at least about 55 nm, at least about 60 nm, at least about 65 nm, at least about 70 nm, at least about 75 nm, at least about 80 nm, at least about 85 nm, at least about 90 nm, at least about 100 nm, at least about 200 nm, at least about 500 nm, at least about 1000 nm, at least about 5000 nm, or more. Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the average particle size of TiO₂ is at most about 1 nm, at most about 5 nm, at most about 10 nm, at most about 15 nm, at most about 20 nm, at most about 25 nm, at most about 30 nm, at most about 35 nm, at most about 40 nm, at most about 45 nm, at most about 50 nm, at most about 55 nm, at most about 60 nm, at most about 65 nm, at most about 70 nm, at most about 75 nm, at most about 80 nm, at most about 85 nm, at most about 90 nm, at most about 100 nm, at most about 200 nm, at most about 500 nm, at most about 1000 nm, at most about 5000 nm, or less.

[0109] In some embodiments, the TiO₂ has an average BET surface area of about 40 m² / g to about 100 m² / g. In some embodiments, the TiO₂ has an average BET surface area of at least about 1 m² / g, at least about 5 m² / g, at least about 10 m² / g, at least about 15 m² / g, at least about 20 m² / g, at least about 25 m² / g, at least about 30 m² / g, at least about 35 m² / g, at least about 40 m² / g, at least about 45 m² / g, at least about 50 m² / g, at least about 100 m² / g, at least about 200 m² / g, at least about 500 m² / g, at least about1000 m² / g, at least about 2000 m² / g, or more. Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the TiO₂ has an average BET surface area of at most about 1 m² / g, at most about 5 m² / g, at most about 10 m² / g, at most about 15 m² / g, at most about 20 m² / g, at most about 25 m² / g, at most about 30 m² / g, at most about 35 m² / g, at most about 40 m² / g, at most about 45 m² / g, at most about 50 m² / g, at most about 100 m² / g, at most about 200 m² / g, at most about 200 m² / g, at most about 500 m² / g, or less.

[0110] In some embodiments, the TiO₂ has an average BET surface area of about 1 m² / g to WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 2000 m² / g. In some embodiments, the TiO₂ has an average BET surface area of at least about 1 m² / g. In some embodiments, the TiO₂ has an average BET surface area of at most about 2000 m² / g. In some embodiments, the TiO₂ has an average BET surface area of about 1 m² / g to about 10 m² / g, about 1 m² / g to about 15 m² / g, about 1 m² / g to about 20 m² / g, about 1 m² / g to about 25 m² / g, about 1 m² / g to about 30 m² / g, about 1 m² / g to about 35 m² / g, about 1 m² / g to about 40 m² / g, about 1 m² / g to about 45 m² / g, about 1 m² / g to about 50 m² / g, about 1 m² / g to about 100 m² / g, about 1 m² / g to about 200 m² / g, about 10 m² / g to about 15 m² / g, about 10 m² / g to about 20 m² / g, about 10 m² / g to about 25 m² / g, about 10 m² / g to about 30 m² / g, about 10 m² / g to about 35 m² / g, about 10 m² / g to about 40 m² / g, about 10 m² / g to about 45 m² / g, about 10 m² / g to about 50 m² / g, about 10 m² / g to about 100 m² / g, about 10 m² / g to about 200 m² / g, about 15 m² / g to about 20 m² / g, about 15 m² / g to about 25 m² / g, about 15 m² / g to about 30 m² / g, about 15 m² / g to about 35 m² / g, about 15 m² / g to about 40 m² / g, about 15 m² / g to about 45 m² / g, about 15 m² / g to about 50 m² / g, about 15 m² / g to about 100 m² / g, about 15 m² / g to about 200 m² / g, about 20 m² / g to about 25 m² / g, about 20 m² / g to about 30 m² / g, about 20 m² / g to about 35 m² / g, about 20 m² / g to about 40 m² / g, about 20 m² / g to about 45 m² / g, about 20 m² / g to about 50 m² / g, about 20 m² / g to about 100 m² / g, about 20 m² / g to about 200 m² / g, about 25 m² / g to about 30 m² / g, about 25 m² / g to about 35 m² / g, about 25 m² / g to about 40 m² / g, about 25 m² / g to about 45 m² / g, about 25 m² / g to about 50 m² / g, about 25 m² / g to about 100 m² / g, about 25 m² / g to about 200 m² / g, about 30 m² / g to about 35 m² / g, about 30 m² / g to about 40 m² / g, about 30 m² / g to about 45 m² / g, about 30 m² / g to about 50 m² / g, about 30 m² / g to about 100 m² / g, about 30 m² / g to about 200 m² / g, about 35 m² / g to about 40 m² / g, about 35 m² / g to about 45 m² / g, about 35 m² / g to about 50 m² / g, about 35 m² / g to about 100 m² / g, about 35 m² / g to about 200 m² / g, about 40 m² / g to about 45 m² / g, about 40 m² / g to about 50 m² / g, about 40 m² / g to about 100 m² / g, about 40 m² / g to about 200 m² / g, about 45 m² / g to about 50 m² / g, about 45 m² / g to about 100 m² / g, about 45 m² / g to about 200 m² / g, about 50 m² / g to about 100 m² / g, about 50 m² / g to about 200 m² / g, or about 100 m² / g to about 200 m² / g. In some embodiments, the TiO₂ has an average BET surface area of about 1 m² / g, about 10 m² / g, about 15 m² / g, about 20 m² / g, about 25 m² / g, about 30 m² / g, about 35 m² / g, about 40 m² / g, about 45 m² / g, about 50 m² / g, about 100 m² / g, about 200 m² / g, about 300 m² / g, about 400 m² / g, about 500 m² / g, about 600 m² / g, about 800 m² / g, about 1000 m² / g, or about 2000 m² / g.

[0111] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises an antioxidant. In some embodiments, the antioxidant is a catalytic antioxidant. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a catalytic antioxidant. In some embodiments, the UV photoprotectant comprises a catalytic antioxidant. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant consumes reactive oxygen species. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant protects organic molecules in the formulation or in WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 contact with the formulation (e.g., organic molecules in human skin) from Reactive oxygen species (e.g., ROS). In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant protects organic molecules in the formulation or in contact with the formulation (e.g., organic molecules in human skin) from Reactive oxygen species (e.g., ROS) in a manner that does not consume a photoprotectant. In some embodiments, the protecting organic molecules in a manner that does not consume a photoprotectant is in a manner that does not consume ZnO. In some embodiments, the photoprotectant is not consumed and still may shield human skin photons (e.g., reduce the incoming flux of photons from sunlight or radiation from a lamp (e.g., UV lamp) for nail gel drying or eyelash glue drying). In some embodiments, ZnO is not consumed and still may shield human skin photons (e.g., reduce the incoming flux of photons from sunlight or radiation from a lamp (e.g., UV lamp) for nail gel drying or eyelash glue drying).

[0112] In some embodiments, the combination of catalytic antioxidant and UV absorber has a lower concentration of reactive oxygen species (e.g., ROS) when irradiated (e.g., with sunlight or radiation from a lamp (e.g., UV lamp) for nail gel drying or eyelash glue drying) relative the concentrations of a formulation comprising a UV absorber without the catalytic antioxidant by a factor of about 30. In some embodiments, the combination of catalytic antioxidant and UV absorber has a lower concentration of reactive oxygen species (e.g., ROS) when irradiated (e.g., with sunlight or radiation from a lamp (e.g., UV lamp) for nail gel drying or eyelash glue drying) relative the concentrations of a formulation comprising a UV absorber without the catalytic antioxidant by a factor of about 2 to about 100. In some embodiments, the combination of catalytic antioxidant and UV absorber has a lower concentration of reactive oxygen species (e.g., ROS) when irradiated (e.g., with sunlight or radiation from a lamp (e.g., UV lamp) for nail gel drying or eyelash glue drying) relative the concentrations of a formulation comprising a UV absorber without the catalytic antioxidant by a factor of at least about 2. In some embodiments, the combination of catalytic antioxidant and UV absorber has a lower concentration of reactive oxygen species (e.g., ROS) when irradiated (e.g., with sunlight or radiation from a lamp (e.g., UV lamp) for nail gel drying or eyelash glue drying) relative the concentrations of a formulation comprising a UV absorber without the catalytic antioxidant by a factor of at most about 100. In some embodiments, the combination of catalytic antioxidant and UV absorber has a lower concentration of reactive oxygen species (e.g., ROS) when irradiated (e.g., with sunlight or radiation from a lamp (e.g., UV lamp) for nail gel drying or eyelash glue drying) relative the concentrations of a formulation comprising a UV absorber without the catalytic antioxidant by a factor of about 2 to about 5, about 2 to about 10, about 2 to about 20, about 2 to about 25, about 2 to about 30, about 2 to about 35, about 2 to about 40, about 2 to about 45, about 2 to about 50, about 2 to about 75, about 2 to about WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 100, about 5 to about 10, about 5 to about 20, about 5 to about 25, about 5 to about 30, about 5 to about 35, about 5 to about 40, about 5 to about 45, about 5 to about 50, about 5 to about 75, about 5 to about 100, about 10 to about 20, about 10 to about 25, about 10 to about 30, about 10 to about 35, about 10 to about 40, about 10 to about 45, about 10 to about 50, about 10 to about 75, about 10 to about 100, about 20 to about 25, about 20 to about 30, about 20 to about 35, about 20 to about 40, about 20 to about 45, about 20 to about 50, about 20 to about 75, about 20 to about 100, about 25 to about 30, about 25 to about 35, about 25 to about 40, about 25 to about 45, about 25 to about 50, about 25 to about 75, about 25 to about 100, about 30 to about 35, about 30 to about 40, about 30 to about 45, about 30 to about 50, about 30 to about 75, about 30 to about 100, about 35 to about 40, about 35 to about 45, about 35 to about 50, about 35 to about 75, about 35 to about 100, about 40 to about 45, about 40 to about 50, about 40 to about 75, about 40 to about 100, about 45 to about 50, about 45 to about 75, about 45 to about 100, about 50 to about 75, about 50 to about 100, or about 75 to about 100. In some embodiments, the combination of catalytic antioxidant and UV absorber has a lower concentration of reactive oxygen species (e.g., ROS) when irradiated (e.g., with sunlight or radiation from a lamp (e.g., UV lamp) for nail gel drying or eyelash glue drying) relative the concentrations of a formulation comprising a UV absorber without the catalytic antioxidant by a factor of about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 27.5, about 30, about 32.5, about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 75, or about 100, or about 200. In some embodiments, the combination of catalytic antioxidant and UV absorber has a lower concentration of reactive oxygen species (e.g., ROS) when irradiated (e.g., with sunlight or radiation from a lamp (e.g., UV lamp) for nail gel drying or eyelash glue drying) relative the concentrations of a formulation comprising a UV absorber without the catalytic antioxidant by a factor of about 27.5 to about 32.5, about 25 to about 35, or about 20 to about 40.

[0113] In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises an organic molecule. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant does not comprise an organic molecule. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises an inorganic molecule. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises a metal. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises a transition metal. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises a metal salt. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises a lanthanide. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises a lanthanide carbonate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises a lanthanide oxide.

[0114] In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises a compound of cerium. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is a compound of cerium. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises a compound of cerium (III). In some embodiments, the catalytic WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 antioxidant consists essentially of a compound of cerium (III). In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is a compound of cerium (III). In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant consists of a compound of cerium (III).

[0115] In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises a compound selected from cerium oxide and cerium carbonate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is selected from cerium oxide and cerium carbonate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises a compound selected from cerium oxide and cerium carbonate octahydrate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is selected from cerium oxide and cerium carbonate octahydrate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises a compound selected from cerium (III) oxide and cerium (III) carbonate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is selected from cerium (III) oxide and cerium (III) carbonate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises a compound selected from cerium (III) oxide and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is selected from cerium (III) oxide and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate.

[0116] In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium oxide. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is cerium oxide. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium (III) oxide. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is cerium (III) oxide.

[0117] In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium carbonate. In some embodiments, the compound of cerium is cerium carbonate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is selected from cerium carbonate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises a hydrate of cerium carbonate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises a hydrate of cerium (III) carbonate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises a hydrate of cerium (III) carbonate that is a monohydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate, pentahydrate, hexahydrate, heptahydrate, octahydrate, nonahydrate, or decahydrate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium carbonate octahydrate. In some embodiments, the compound of cerium is cerium carbonate octahydrate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is selected from cerium carbonate octahydrate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium (III) carbonate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is cerium (III) carbonate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is Ce2(CO3)3●8H2O.

[0118] In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate comprises cerium carbonate in a particle size form selected from micron and nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate is in WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 a micron particle size form. In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate is in a micron from. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate is in a micron form. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate is in a micron form, and the cerium compound does not comprise ligands. Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the cerium carbonate is in a nanoparticle particle size form. In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate is in a nanoparticle particle size form (e.g., further comprising ligands that stabilize the nanoparticle form.

[0119] In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate is cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate.

[0120] In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate average particle size is from about 1 nanometer to about 100 microns. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate has an average particle size from about 10 nanometers to about 10 microns. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate has an average particle size from about 10 nanometers to about 1 micron. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate has an average particle size from about 30 nanometers to about 500 nanometers. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate has an average particle size from about 40 nanometers to about 300 nanometers. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate has an average particle size from about 1 nanometer to about 80 nanometers. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate has an average particle size from about 1 nanometer to about 50 nanometers. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate has an average particle size from about 1 nanometer to about 80 nanometers. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate has an average particle size from about 1 nanometer to about 40 nanometers. In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate is micron-sized. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is micron-sized.

[0121] In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate average particle size is at least about 0.1 nm, at least about 1 nm, at least about 10 nm, at least about 25 nm, at least about 50 nm, at least about 75 nm, at least about 100 nm, at least about 150 nm, at least about 200 nm, at least about 250 nm, at least about 300 nm, at least about 350 nm, at least about 400 nm, at least about 500 nm, at least about 600 nm, at least about 700 nm, at least about 800 nm, at least about 900 nm, at least about 1000 nm, at least about 2000 nm, at least about 4000 nm, at least about 6000 nm, at least about 8000 nm, at least about 10,000 nm, at least about 20,000 nm, or more.

[0122] In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is not dried. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is not dried after synthesis. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is not dried before mixing with ZnO or TiO2. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is not dried before mixing with ZnO. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is not dried before mixing with TiO2. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate mixed with ZnO or TiO2is a wet WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 cake. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate mixed with ZnO or TiO2is about 90% water. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate mixed with ZnO or TiO2 is a wet cake that is about 90% water. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate acts as a catalytic antioxidant, e.g., even when it is not dried after synthesis. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate, before being added to the formulation, is about 90% water. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate, before being added to the formulation, is about 85% to about 95% water. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate, before being added to the formulation, is about 10 % water to about 98 % water. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate, before being added to the formulation, is at least about 10 % water. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate, before being added to the formulation, is at most about 98 % water. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate, before being added to the formulation, is about 10 % water to about 20 % water, about 10 % water to about 30 % water, about 10 % water to about 40 % water, about 10 % water to about 50 % water, about 10 % water to about 60 % water, about 10 % water to about 70 % water, about 10 % water to about 80 % water, about 10 % water to about 85 % water, about 10 % water to about 90 % water, about 10 % water to about 95 % water, about 10 % water to about 98 % water, about 20 % water to about 30 % water, about 20 % water to about 40 % water, about 20 % water to about 50 % water, about 20 % water to about 60 % water, about 20 % water to about 70 % water, about 20 % water to about 80 % water, about 20 % water to about 85 % water, about 20 % water to about 90 % water, about 20 % water to about 95 % water, about 20 % water to about 98 % water, about 30 % water to about 40 % water, about 30 % water to about 50 % water, about 30 % water to about 60 % water, about 30 % water to about 70 % water, about 30 % water to about 80 % water, about 30 % water to about 85 % water, about 30 % water to about 90 % water, about 30 % water to about 95 % water, about 30 % water to about 98 % water, about 40 % water to about 50 % water, about 40 % water to about 60 % water, about 40 % water to about 70 % water, about 40 % water to about 80 % water, about 40 % water to about 85 % water, about 40 % water to about 90 % water, about 40 % water to about 95 % water, about 40 % water to about 98 % water, about 50 % water to about 60 % water, about 50 % water to about 70 % water, about 50 % water to about 80 % water, about 50 % water to about 85 % water, about 50 % water to about 90 % water, about 50 % water to about 95 % water, about 50 % water to about 98 % water, about 60 % water to about 70 % water, about 60 % water to about 80 % water, about 60 % water to about 85 % water, about 60 % water to about 90 % water, about 60 % water to about 95 % water, about 60 % water to about 98 % water, about 70 % water to about 80 % water, about 70 % water to about 85 % water, about 70 % water to about 90 % water, about 70 % water to about 95 % water, WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 70 % water to about 98 % water, about 80 % water to about 85 % water, about 80 % water to about 90 % water, about 80 % water to about 95 % water, about 80 % water to about 98 % water, about 85 % water to about 90 % water, about 85 % water to about 95 % water, about 85 % water to about 98 % water, about 90 % water to about 95 % water, about 90 % water to about 98 % water, or about 95 % water to about 98 % water. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate, before being added to the formulation, is about 10 % water, about 20 % water, about 30 % water, about 40 % water, about 50 % water, about 60 % water, about 70 % water, about 80 % water, about 85 % water, about 90 % water, about 95 % water, or about 98 % water. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate is not dried. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate is not dried after synthesis. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate is not dried before mixing with ZnO or TiO2. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate is not dried before mixing with ZnO. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate is not dried before mixing with TiO2. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate mixed with ZnO or TiO2 is a wet cake. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate mixed with ZnO or TiO2is about 90% water. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate mixed with ZnO or TiO2 is a wet cake that is about 90% water. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate acts as a catalytic antioxidant, e.g., even when it is not dried after synthesis. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate , before being added to the formulation, is about 90% water. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate , before being added to the formulation, is about 85% to about 95% water. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate , before being added to the formulation, is about 10 % water to about 98 % water. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate , before being added to the formulation, is at least about 10 % water. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate , before being added to the formulation, is at most about 98 % water. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate , before being added to the formulation, is about 10 % water to about 20 % water, about 10 % water to about 30 % water, about 10 % water to about 40 % water, about 10 % water to about 50 % water, about 10 % water to about 60 % water, about 10 % water to about 70 % water, about 10 % water to about 80 % water, about 10 % water to about 85 % water, about 10 % water to about 90 % water, about 10 % water to about 95 % water, about 10 % water to about 98 % water, about 20 % water to about 30 % water, about 20 % water to about 40 % water, about 20 % water to about 50 % water, about 20 % water to about 60 % water, about 20 % water to about 70 % water, about 20 % water to about 80 % water, about 20 % water to about 85 % water, about 20 % water to about 90 % water, about 20 % water to about 95 % water, about 20 % water to about 98 % water, about 30 % water to about 40 % water, about 30 % water to about 50 % water, about 30 % water to about 60 % water, about 30 % water to about 70 % water, about 30 % WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 water to about 80 % water, about 30 % water to about 85 % water, about 30 % water to about 90 % water, about 30 % water to about 95 % water, about 30 % water to about 98 % water, about 40 % water to about 50 % water, about 40 % water to about 60 % water, about 40 % water to about 70 % water, about 40 % water to about 80 % water, about 40 % water to about 85 % water, about 40 % water to about 90 % water, about 40 % water to about 95 % water, about 40 % water to about 98 % water, about 50 % water to about 60 % water, about 50 % water to about 70 % water, about 50 % water to about 80 % water, about 50 % water to about 85 % water, about 50 % water to about 90 % water, about 50 % water to about 95 % water, about 50 % water to about 98 % water, about 60 % water to about 70 % water, about 60 % water to about 80 % water, about 60 % water to about 85 % water, about 60 % water to about 90 % water, about 60 % water to about 95 % water, about 60 % water to about 98 % water, about 70 % water to about 80 % water, about 70 % water to about 85 % water, about 70 % water to about 90 % water, about 70 % water to about 95 % water, about 70 % water to about 98 % water, about 80 % water to about 85 % water, about 80 % water to about 90 % water, about 80 % water to about 95 % water, about 80 % water to about 98 % water, about 85 % water to about 90 % water, about 85 % water to about 95 % water, about 85 % water to about 98 % water, about 90 % water to about 95 % water, about 90 % water to about 98 % water, or about 95 % water to about 98 % water. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate , before being added to the formulation, is about 10 % water, about 20 % water, about 30 % water, about 40 % water, about 50 % water, about 60 % water, about 70 % water, about 80 % water, about 85 % water, about 90 % water, about 95 % water, or about 98 % water.

[0123] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate (e.g., octahydrate) average particle size is at most about 0.1 nm, at most about 1 nm, at most about 10 nm, at most about 25 nm, at most about 50 nm, at most about 75 nm, at most about 100 nm, at most about 150 nm, at most about 200 nm, at most about 250 nm, at most about 300 nm, at most about 350 nm, at most about 400 nm, at most about 500 nm, at most about 600 nm, at most about 700 nm, at most about 800 nm, at most about 900 nm, at most about 1000 nm, at most about 2000 nm, at most about 4000 nm, at most about 6000 nm, at most about 8000 nm, at most about 10,000 nm, at most about 20,000 nm, or less.

[0124] In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate has an average particle size of about 0.1 nm to about 10,000 nm. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate has an average particle size of at least about 0.1 nm. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate has an average particle size of at most about 10,000 nm. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate has an average particle size of about 0.1 nm to about 1 nm, about 0.1 nm to about 5 nm, about 0.1 nm to about 10 nm, about 0.1 nm to about 50 nm, about 0.1 nm to about 100 nm, about 0.1 nm to WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 250 nm, about 0.1 nm to about 500 nm, about 0.1 nm to about 1,000 nm, about 0.1 nm to about 2,500 nm, about 0.1 nm to about 5,000 nm, about 0.1 nm to about 10,000 nm, about 1 nm to about 5 nm, about 1 nm to about 10 nm, about 1 nm to about 50 nm, about 1 nm to about 100 nm, about 1 nm to about 250 nm, about 1 nm to about 500 nm, about 1 nm to about 1,000 nm, about 1 nm to about 2,500 nm, about 1 nm to about 5,000 nm, about 1 nm to about 10,000 nm, about 5 nm to about 10 nm, about 5 nm to about 50 nm, about 5 nm to about 100 nm, about 5 nm to about 250 nm, about 5 nm to about 500 nm, about 5 nm to about 1,000 nm, about 5 nm to about 2,500 nm, about 5 nm to about 5,000 nm, about 5 nm to about 10,000 nm, about 10 nm to about 50 nm, about 10 nm to about 100 nm, about 10 nm to about 250 nm, about 10 nm to about 500 nm, about 10 nm to about 1,000 nm, about 10 nm to about 2,500 nm, about 10 nm to about 5,000 nm, about 10 nm to about 10,000 nm, about 50 nm to about 100 nm, about 50 nm to about 250 nm, about 50 nm to about 500 nm, about 50 nm to about 1,000 nm, about 50 nm to about 2,500 nm, about 50 nm to about 5,000 nm, about 50 nm to about 10,000 nm, about 100 nm to about 250 nm, about 100 nm to about 500 nm, about 100 nm to about 1,000 nm, about 100 nm to about 2,500 nm, about 100 nm to about 5,000 nm, about 100 nm to about 10,000 nm, about 250 nm to about 500 nm, about 250 nm to about 1,000 nm, about 250 nm to about 2,500 nm, about 250 nm to about 5,000 nm, about 250 nm to about 10,000 nm, about 500 nm to about 1,000 nm, about 500 nm to about 2,500 nm, about 500 nm to about 5,000 nm, about 500 nm to about 10,000 nm, about 1,000 nm to about 2,500 nm, about 1,000 nm to about 5,000 nm, about 1,000 nm to about 10,000 nm, about 2,500 nm to about 5,000 nm, about 2,500 nm to about 10,000 nm, or about 5,000 nm to about 10,000 nm. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate has an average particle size of about 0.1 nm, about 1 nm, about 5 nm, about 10 nm, about 50 nm, about 100 nm, about 250 nm, about 500 nm, about 1,000 nm, about 2,500 nm, about 5,000 nm, or about 10,000 nm.

[0125] In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt%, at least about 0.001 wt%, at least about 0.01 wt%, at least about 0.1 wt%, at least about 0.25 wt%, at least about 0.5 wt%, at least about 0.75 wt%, at least about 1 wt%, at least about 1.1 wt%, at least about 1.2 wt%, at least about 1.25 wt%, at least about 1.3 wt%, at least about 1.35 wt%, at least about 1.4 wt%, at least about 1.5 wt%, at least about 1.6 wt%, at least about 1.7 wt%, at least about 1.75 wt%, at least about 1.8 wt%, at least about 1.85 wt%, at least about 1.875 wt%, at least about 1.9 wt%, at least about 2 wt%, at least about 2.25 wt%, at least about 2.5 wt%, at least about 2.75 wt%, at least about 3 wt%, at least about 3.5 wt%, at least about 4 wt%, at least about 4.5 wt%, at least about 5 wt%, at least about 6 wt%, at least about 7 wt%, at least about 8 wt%, at least about 9 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, at least about 15 wt%, at least about 20 wt%, or more. WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601

[0126] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 0.0001 wt%, at most about 0.001 wt%, at most about 0.01 wt%, at most about 0.1 wt%, at most about 0.25 wt%, at most about 0.5 wt%, at most about 0.75 wt%, at most about 1 wt%, at most about 1.1 wt%, at most about 1.2 wt%, at most about 1.25 wt%, at most about 1.3 wt%, at most about 1.35 wt%, at most about 1.4 wt%, at most about 1.5 wt%, at most about 1.6 wt%, at most about 1.7 wt%, at most about 1.75 wt%, at most about 1.8 wt%, at most about 1.85 wt%, at most about 1.875 wt%, at most about 1.9 wt%, at most about 2 wt%, at most about 2.25 wt%, at most about 2.5 wt%, at most about 2.75 wt%, at most about 3 wt%, at most about 3.5 wt%, at most about 4 wt%, at most about 4.5 wt%, at most about 5 wt%, at most about 6 wt%, at most about 7 wt%, at most about 8 wt%, at most about 9 wt%, at most about 10 wt%, at most about 15 wt%, at most about 20 wt%, or less.

[0127] In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.1 wt%. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.1 wt% to about 0.25 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 0.75 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1.25 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 0.75 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 1.25 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 0.75 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1.25 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 1.25 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.25 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 2 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1.75 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1.75 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 1.75 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1.75 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 4 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 4 wt% to about 10 wt%, or about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.1 wt%, about 0.25 wt%, about 0.5 wt%, about 0.75 wt%, about 1 wt%, about 1.25 wt%, about 1.5 wt%, about 1.75 wt%, about 2 wt%, about 4 wt%, about 5 wt%, or about 10 wt%.

[0128] In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt%, at least about 0.001 wt%, at least about 0.01 wt%, at least about 0.1 wt%, at least about 0.25 wt%, at least about 0.5 wt%, at least about 0.75 wt%, at least about 1 wt%, at least about 1.1 wt%, at least about 1.2 wt%, at least about 1.25 wt%, at least about 1.3 wt%, at least about 1.35 wt%, at least about 1.4 wt%, at least about 1.5 wt%, at least about 1.6 wt%, at least about 1.7 wt%, at least about 1.75 wt%, at least about 1.8 wt%, at least about 1.85 wt%, at least about 1.875 wt%, at least about 1.9 wt%, at least about 2 wt%, at least about 2.25 wt%, at least about 2.5 wt%, at least about 2.75 wt%, at least about 3 wt%, at least about 3.5 wt%, at least about 4 wt%, at least about 4.5 wt%, at least about 5 wt%, at least about 6 wt%, at least about 7 wt%, at least about 8 wt%, at least about 9 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, at least about 15 wt%, at least about 20 wt%, or more.

[0129] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 0.0001 wt%, at most about 0.001 wt%, at most about 0.01 wt%, at most about 0.1 wt%, at most about 0.25 wt%, at most about 0.5 wt%, at most about 0.75 wt%, at most about 1 wt%, at most about 1.1 wt%, at most about 1.2 wt%, at most about 1.25 wt%, at most about 1.3 wt%, at most about 1.35 wt%, at most about 1.4 wt%, at most about 1.5 wt%, at most about 1.6 wt%, at most about 1.7 wt%, at most about 1.75 wt%, at most about 1.8 wt%, at most about 1.85 wt%, at most about 1.875 wt%, at most about 1.9 wt%, at most about 2 wt%, at most about 2.25 wt%, at most about 2.5 wt%, at most about 2.75 wt%, at most about 3 wt%, at most about 3.5 wt%, at most about 4 wt%, at most about 4.5 wt%, at most about 5 wt%, at most about 6 wt%, at most about 7 wt%, at most about 8 wt%, at most about 9 wt%, at most about 10 wt%, at most about 15 wt%, at most about 20 wt%, or less.

[0130] In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.1 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 10 wt%. WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.1 wt% to about 0.25 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 0.75 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1.25 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 0.75 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 1.25 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 0.75 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1.25 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 1.25 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.25 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1.75 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1.75 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 1.75 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1.75 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 4 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 4 wt% to about 10 wt%, or about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.1 wt%, about 0.25 wt%, about 0.5 wt%, about 0.75 wt%, about 1 wt%, about 1.25 wt%, about 1.5 wt%, about 1.75 wt%, about 2 wt%, about 4 wt%, about 5 wt%, or about 10 wt%.

[0131] In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt%, at least about 0.001 wt%, at least about 0.01 wt%, at least about 0.1 wt%, at least about 0.25 wt%, at least about 0.5 wt%, at least about 0.75 wt%, at least about 1 wt%, at least about 1.1 wt%, at least about 1.2 wt%, at least about 1.25 wt%, at least about 1.3 wt%, at least about 1.35 wt%, at least about 1.4 wt%, at least about 1.5 wt%, at least about 1.6 wt%, at least about 1.7 wt%, at least about 1.75 wt%, at least about 1.8 wt%, at least about 1.85 wt%, at least about 1.875 wt%, at least about 1.9 wt%, at least about 2 wt%, at least WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 2.25 wt%, at least about 2.5 wt%, at least about 2.75 wt%, at least about 3 wt%, at least about 3.5 wt%, at least about 4 wt%, at least about 4.5 wt%, at least about 5 wt%, at least about 6 wt%, at least about 7 wt%, at least about 8 wt%, at least about 9 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, at least about 15 wt%, at least about 20 wt%, or more.

[0132] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 0.0001 wt%, at most about 0.001 wt%, at most about 0.01 wt%, at most about 0.1 wt%, at most about 0.25 wt%, at most about 0.5 wt%, at most about 0.75 wt%, at most about 1 wt%, at most about 1.1 wt%, at most about 1.2 wt%, at most about 1.25 wt%, at most about 1.3 wt%, at most about 1.35 wt%, at most about 1.4 wt%, at most about 1.5 wt%, at most about 1.6 wt%, at most about 1.7 wt%, at most about 1.75 wt%, at most about 1.8 wt%, at most about 1.85 wt%, at most about 1.875 wt%, at most about 1.9 wt%, at most about 2 wt%, at most about 2.25 wt%, at most about 2.5 wt%, at most about 2.75 wt%, at most about 3 wt%, at most about 3.5 wt%, at most about 4 wt%, at most about 4.5 wt%, at most about 5 wt%, at most about 6 wt%, at most about 7 wt%, at most about 8 wt%, at most about 9 wt%, at most about 10 wt%, at most about 15 wt%, at most about 20 wt%, or less.

[0133] In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.1 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.1 wt% to about 0.25 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 0.75 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1.25 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 0.75 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 1.25 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 0.75 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1.25 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 1.25 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.25 WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1.75 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1.75 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 1.75 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1.75 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 4 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 4 wt% to about 10 wt%, or about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.1 wt%, about 0.25 wt%, about 0.5 wt%, about 0.75 wt%, about 1 wt%, about 1.25 wt%, about 1.5 wt%, about 1.75 wt%, about 2 wt%, about 4 wt%, about 5 wt%, or about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in a weight percentage of about 0.75 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in a weight percentage of about 1 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in a weight percentage of about 1.5 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in a weight percentage of about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in a weight percentage of about 0.75 to about 3 wt%.

[0134] In some embodiments, cerium (III) oxide is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt%, at least about 0.001 wt%, at least about 0.01 wt%, at least about 0.1 wt%, at least about 0.25 wt%, at least about 0.5 wt%, at least about 0.75 wt%, at least about 1 wt%, at least about 1.1 wt%, at least about 1.2 wt%, at least about 1.25 wt%, at least about 1.3 wt%, at least about 1.35 wt%, at least about 1.4 wt%, at least about 1.5 wt%, at least about 1.6 wt%, at least about 1.7 wt%, at least about 1.75 wt%, at least about 1.8 wt%, at least about 1.85 wt%, at least about 1.875 wt%, at least about 1.9 wt%, at least about 2 wt%, at least about 2.25 wt%, at least about 2.5 wt%, at least about 2.75 wt%, at least about 3 wt%, at least about 3.5 wt%, at least about 4 wt%, at least about 4.5 wt%, at least about 5 wt%, at least about 6 wt%, at least about 7 wt%, at least about 8 wt%, at least about 9 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, at least about 15 wt%, at least about 20 wt%, or more.

[0135] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, cerium (III) oxide is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 0.0001 wt%, at most about 0.001 wt%, at most about 0.01 wt%, at most about 0.1 wt%, at most about 0.25 wt%, at most about 0.5 wt%, at most WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 0.75 wt%, at most about 1 wt%, at most about 1.1 wt%, at most about 1.2 wt%, at most about 1.25 wt%, at most about 1.3 wt%, at most about 1.35 wt%, at most about 1.4 wt%, at most about 1.5 wt%, at most about 1.6 wt%, at most about 1.7 wt%, at most about 1.75 wt%, at most about 1.8 wt%, at most about 1.85 wt%, at most about 1.875 wt%, at most about 1.9 wt%, at most about 2 wt%, at most about 2.25 wt%, at most about 2.5 wt%, at most about 2.75 wt%, at most about 3 wt%, at most about 3.5 wt%, at most about 4 wt%, at most about 4.5 wt%, at most about 5 wt%, at most about 6 wt%, at most about 7 wt%, at most about 8 wt%, at most about 9 wt%, at most about 10 wt%, at most about 15 wt%, at most about 20 wt%, or less.

[0136] In some embodiments, cerium (III) oxide is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) oxide is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.1 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) oxide is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) oxide is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.1 wt% to about 0.25 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 0.75 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1.25 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 0.75 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 1.25 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.25 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 0.75 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1.25 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 1.25 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.75 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.25 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1.25 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 1.75 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1.75 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1.75 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 1.75 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1.75 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 4 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 10 wt%, about 4 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 4 wt% to about 10 wt%, or about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) oxide is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.1 wt%, about 0.25 wt%, about 0.5 wt%, about 0.75 wt%, about 1 wt%, about 1.25 wt%, about 1.5 wt%, about 1.75 wt%, about 2 wt%, about 4 wt%, about 5 wt%, or about 10 wt%.

[0137] In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%. In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1.9 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1.9 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1.9 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) oxide is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (III) oxide is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1.9 wt%.

[0138] In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the UV absorber in the formulation to the weight of the catalytic antioxidant in the formulation is at least about 0.01 wt:wt, at least about 0.1 wt:wt, at least about 0.25 wt:wt, at least about 0.5 wt:wt, at least about 0.75 wt:wt, at least about 1 wt:wt, at least about 1.25 wt:wt, at least about 1.5 wt:wt, at least about 1.75 wt:wt, at least about 2 wt:wt, at least about 2.25 wt:wt, at least about 2.5 wt:wt, at least about 2.75 wt:wt, at least about 3 wt:wt, at least about 3.25 wt:wt, at least about 3.5 wt:wt, at least about 3.75 wt:wt, at least about 4 wt:wt, at least about 4.5 wt:wt, at least about 5 wt:wt, at least about 6 wt:wt, at least about 7 wt:wt, at least about 8 wt:wt, at least about 9 wt:wt, at least about 10 wt:wt, at least about 20 wt:wt, at least about 50 wt:wt, at least about 100 wt:wt, or more.

[0139] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the UV absorber in the formulation to the weight of the catalytic antioxidant in the formulation is at most about 0.01 wt:wt, at most about 0.1 wt:wt, at most about 0.25 wt:wt, at most about 0.5 wt:wt, at most about 0.75 wt:wt, at most about 1 wt:wt, at most about 1.25 wt:wt, at most about 1.5 wt:wt, at most about 1.75 wt:wt, at most about 2 wt:wt, at most about 2.25 wt:wt, at most about 2.5 wt:wt, at WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 most about 2.75 wt:wt, at most about 3 wt:wt, at most about 3.25 wt:wt, at most about 3.5 wt:wt, at most about 3.75 wt:wt, at most about 4 wt:wt, at most about 4.5 wt:wt, at most about 5 wt:wt, at most about 6 wt:wt, at most about 7 wt:wt, at most about 8 wt:wt, at most about 9 wt:wt, at most about 10 wt:wt, at most about 20 wt:wt, at most about 50 wt:wt, at most about 100 wt:wt, or less.

[0140] In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the UV absorber in the formulation to the weight of the catalytic antioxidant in the formulation is about 0.01 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the UV absorber in the formulation to the weight of the catalytic antioxidant in the formulation is at least about 0.01 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the UV absorber in the formulation to the weight of the catalytic antioxidant in the formulation is at most about 100 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the UV absorber in the formulation to the weight of the catalytic antioxidant in the formulation is about 0.01 wt:wt to about 0.1 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 0.5 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 1 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 1.75 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 2 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 0.5 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 1 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 1.75 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 2 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 1 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 1.75 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 2 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 1.75 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 2 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 3 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 3 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 3 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 3 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 5 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 5 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 5 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 10 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 10 wt:wt to about WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 100 wt:wt, or about 50 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the UV absorber in the formulation to the weight of the catalytic antioxidant in the formulation is about 0.01 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt, about 3 wt:wt, about 5 wt:wt, about 10 wt:wt, about 50 wt:wt, or about 100 wt:wt.

[0141] In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is at least about 0.01 wt:wt, at least about 0.1 wt:wt, at least about 0.25 wt:wt, at least about 0.5 wt:wt, at least about 0.75 wt:wt, at least about 1 wt:wt, at least about 1.25 wt:wt, at least about 1.5 wt:wt, at least about 1.75 wt:wt, at least about 2 wt:wt, at least about 2.25 wt:wt, at least about 2.5 wt:wt, at least about 2.75 wt:wt, at least about 3 wt:wt, at least about 3.25 wt:wt, at least about 3.5 wt:wt, at least about 3.75 wt:wt, at least about 4 wt:wt, at least about 4.5 wt:wt, at least about 5 wt:wt, at least about 6 wt:wt, at least about 7 wt:wt, at least about 8 wt:wt, at least about 9 wt:wt, at least about 10 wt:wt, at least about 20 wt:wt, at least about 50 wt:wt, at least about 100 wt:wt, or more.

[0142] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is at most about 0.01 wt:wt, at most about 0.1 wt:wt, at most about 0.25 wt:wt, at most about 0.5 wt:wt, at most about 0.75 wt:wt, at most about 1 wt:wt, at most about 1.25 wt:wt, at most about 1.5 wt:wt, at most about 1.75 wt:wt, at most about 2 wt:wt, at most about 2.25 wt:wt, at most about 2.5 wt:wt, at most about 2.75 wt:wt, at most about 3 wt:wt, at most about 3.25 wt:wt, at most about 3.5 wt:wt, at most about 3.75 wt:wt, at most about 4 wt:wt, at most about 4.5 wt:wt, at most about 5 wt:wt, at most about 6 wt:wt, at most about 7 wt:wt, at most about 8 wt:wt, at most about 9 wt:wt, at most about 10 wt:wt, at most about 20 wt:wt, at most about 50 wt:wt, at most about 100 wt:wt, or less.

[0143] In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is about 0.01 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is at least about 0.01 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is at most about 100 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is about 0.01 wt:wt to about 0.1 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 0.5 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 1 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 1.75 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 2 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 0.5 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 1 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 1.75 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 2 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 1 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 1.75 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 2 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 1.75 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 2 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 3 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 3 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 3 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 3 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 5 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 5 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 5 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 10 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 10 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, or about 50 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is about 0.01 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt, about 3 wt:wt, about 5 wt:wt, about 10 wt:wt, about 50 wt:wt, or about 100 wt:wt.

[0144] In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is at least about 0.01 wt:wt, at least about 0.1 wt:wt, at least about 0.25 wt:wt, at least about 0.5 wt:wt, at least about 0.75 wt:wt, at least about 1 wt:wt, at least about 1.25 wt:wt, at least about 1.5 wt:wt, at least about 1.75 wt:wt, at least about 2 wt:wt, at least about 2.25 wt:wt, at least about 2.5 wt:wt, at least about 2.75 wt:wt, at least about 3 wt:wt, at least about 3.25 wt:wt, at least about 3.5 wt:wt, at least about 3.75 wt:wt, at least about 4 wt:wt, at least about 4.5 wt:wt, at least about 5 wt:wt, at least about 6 wt:wt, at least about 7 wt:wt, at least about 8 wt:wt, at least about 9 wt:wt, at least about 10 wt:wt, at least about 20 wt:wt, at least about 50 wt:wt, at least about 100 wt:wt, or more.

[0145] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is at most WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 0.01 wt:wt, at most about 0.1 wt:wt, at most about 0.25 wt:wt, at most about 0.5 wt:wt, at most about 0.75 wt:wt, at most about 1 wt:wt, at most about 1.25 wt:wt, at most about 1.5 wt:wt, at most about 1.75 wt:wt, at most about 2 wt:wt, at most about 2.25 wt:wt, at most about 2.5 wt:wt, at most about 2.75 wt:wt, at most about 3 wt:wt, at most about 3.25 wt:wt, at most about 3.5 wt:wt, at most about 3.75 wt:wt, at most about 4 wt:wt, at most about 4.5 wt:wt, at most about 5 wt:wt, at most about 6 wt:wt, at most about 7 wt:wt, at most about 8 wt:wt, at most about 9 wt:wt, at most about 10 wt:wt, at most about 20 wt:wt, at most about 50 wt:wt, at most about 100 wt:wt, or less.

[0146] In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is about 0.01 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is at least about 0.01 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is at most about 100 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is about 0.01 wt:wt to about 0.1 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 0.5 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 1 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 1.75 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 2 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 0.5 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 1 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 1.75 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 2 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 1 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 1.75 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 2 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 1.75 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 2 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt to about WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 50 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 3 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 3 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 3 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 3 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 5 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 5 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 5 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 10 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 10 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, or about 50 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is about 0.01 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt, about 3 wt:wt, about 5 wt:wt, about 10 wt:wt, about 50 wt:wt, or about 100 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is about 2:1.

[0147] In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is at least about 0.01 wt:wt, at least about 0.1 wt:wt, at least about 0.25 wt:wt, at least about 0.5 wt:wt, at least about 0.75 wt:wt, at least about 1 wt:wt, at least about 1.25 wt:wt, at least about 1.5 wt:wt, at least about 1.75 wt:wt, at least about 2 wt:wt, at least about 2.25 wt:wt, at least about 2.5 wt:wt, at least about 2.75 wt:wt, at least about 3 wt:wt, at least about 3.25 wt:wt, at least about 3.5 wt:wt, at least about 3.75 wt:wt, at least about 4 wt:wt, at least about 4.5 wt:wt, at least about 5 wt:wt, at least about 6 wt:wt, at least about 7 wt:wt, at least about 8 wt:wt, at least about 9 wt:wt, at least about 10 wt:wt, at least about 20 wt:wt, at least about 50 wt:wt, at least about 100 wt:wt, or more.

[0148] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is at most about 0.01 wt:wt, at most about 0.1 wt:wt, at most about 0.25 wt:wt, at most about 0.5 wt:wt, at most about 0.75 wt:wt, at most about 1 wt:wt, at most about 1.25 wt:wt, at most about 1.5 wt:wt, at most about 1.75 wt:wt, at most about 2 wt:wt, at most about 2.25 wt:wt, at most about 2.5 wt:wt, at most about 2.75 wt:wt, at most about 3 wt:wt, at most about 3.25 wt:wt, at most about 3.5 wt:wt, at most about 3.75 wt:wt, at most about 4 wt:wt, at most about 4.5 wt:wt, at most about 5 wt:wt, at most about 6 wt:wt, at most about 7 wt:wt, at most about 8 wt:wt, at most about 9 wt:wt, at most about 10 wt:wt, at most about 20 wt:wt, at most about 50 wt:wt, at most about 100 wt:wt, or less.

[0149] In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is about 0.01 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is at least about 0.01 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is at most about 100 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is about 0.01 wt:wt to about 0.1 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 0.5 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 1 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 1.75 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 2 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 0.01 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 0.5 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 1 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 1.75 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 2 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 1 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 1.75 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 2 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 1.75 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 2 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt to about 3 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 3 wt:wt to about 5 wt:wt, about 3 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 3 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 3 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 5 wt:wt to about 10 wt:wt, about 5 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 5 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, about 10 wt:wt to about 50 wt:wt, about 10 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt, or about 50 wt:wt to about 100 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is about 0.01 wt:wt, about 0.1 wt:wt, about 0.5 wt:wt, about 1 wt:wt, about 1.75 wt:wt, about 2 wt:wt, about 2.25 wt:wt, about 3 wt:wt, about 5 wt:wt, about 10 wt:wt, about 50 wt:wt, or about 100 wt:wt.

[0150] In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the UV absorber in the formulation to the weight of the catalytic antioxidant in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt.

[0151] In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is between about 1.25:1 and about 3:1, and the weight percentage of ZnO in the formulation is about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is between about 1.25:1 and about 3:1, and the weight percentage of ZnO in the formulation is at least about 0.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is between about 1.25:1 and about 3:1, and the weight percentage of ZnO in the formulation is at most about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is between about 1.25:1 and about 3:1, and the weight percentage of ZnO in the formulation is about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1.6 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1.8 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2.2 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2.4 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2.6 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2.8 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.6 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.8 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.2 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.4 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.6 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.8 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1.6 wt% to about 1.8 wt%, about 1.6 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1.6 wt% to about 2.2 wt%, about 1.6 wt% to about 2.4 wt%, about 1.6 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 1.6 wt% to about 2.6 wt%, about 1.6 wt% to about 2.8 wt%, about 1.6 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1.6 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1.8 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1.8 wt% to about 2.2 wt%, about 1.8 wt% to about 2.4 wt%, about 1.8 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 1.8 wt% to about 2.6 wt%, about 1.8 wt% to about 2.8 wt%, about 1.8 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1.8 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.2 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.4 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.6 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.8 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.2 wt% to about 2.4 wt%, about 2.2 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 2.2 wt% to about 2.6 wt%, about 2.2 wt% to about 2.8 wt%, about 2.2 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.4 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 2.4 wt% to about 2.6 wt%, about 2.4 wt% to about 2.8 wt%, about 2.4 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.4 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 2.6 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 2.8 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.6 wt% to about 2.8 wt%, about 2.6 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.6 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.8 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.8 wt% to about 5 wt%, or about 3 wt% to about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is between about 1.25:1 and about 3:1, and the weight percentage of ZnO in the formulation is about 0.5 wt%, about 1 wt%, about 1.6 wt%, about 1.8 wt%, about 2 wt%, about 2.2 wt%, about 2.4 wt%, about 2.5 wt%, about 2.6 wt%, about 2.8 wt%, about 3 wt%, or about 5 wt%.

[0152] In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is about 2:1, and the weight percentage of ZnO in the formulation is about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is about 2:1, and the weight percentage of ZnO in the formulation is at least about 0.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is about 2:1, and the weight percentage of ZnO in the formulation is at most about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is about 2:1, and the weight percentage of ZnO in the formulation is about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1.6 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1.8 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2.2 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2.4 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2.6 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2.8 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.6 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.8 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.2 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.4 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.6 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.8 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1.6 wt% to about 1.8 wt%, about 1.6 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1.6 wt% to about 2.2 wt%, about 1.6 wt% to about 2.4 wt%, about 1.6 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 1.6 wt% to about 2.6 wt%, about 1.6 wt% to about 2.8 wt%, about 1.6 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1.6 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1.8 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1.8 wt% to about 2.2 wt%, about 1.8 wt% to about 2.4 wt%, about 1.8 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 1.8 wt% to about 2.6 wt%, about 1.8 wt% to about 2.8 wt%, about 1.8 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1.8 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.2 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.4 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.6 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.8 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.2 wt% to about 2.4 wt%, about 2.2 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 2.2 wt% to about 2.6 wt%, about 2.2 wt% to about 2.8 wt%, about 2.2 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.4 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 2.4 wt% to about 2.6 wt%, about 2.4 wt% to about 2.8 wt%, about 2.4 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.4 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 2.6 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 2.8 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.6 wt% to about 2.8 wt%, WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 2.6 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.6 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.8 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.8 wt% to about 5 wt%, or about 3 wt% to about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is about 2:1, and the weight percentage of ZnO in the formulation is about 0.5 wt%, about 1 wt%, about 1.6 wt%, about 1.8 wt%, about 2 wt%, about 2.2 wt%, about 2.4 wt%, about 2.5 wt%, about 2.6 wt%, about 2.8 wt%, about 3 wt%, or about 5 wt%.

[0153] In some embodiments, the UV photoprotectant comprises both a catalytic antioxidant and a UV absorber.

[0154] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.25 wt% to about 2.75 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 1.125 wt% to about 1.375 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.4 wt% to about 2.6 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 1.2 wt% to about 1.3 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.45 wt% to about 2.55 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 1.225 wt% to about 1.275 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%.

[0155] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is from about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is from about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is from WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.25 wt% to about 2.75 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 1.125 wt% to about 1.375 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is from about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.4 wt% to about 2.6 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 1.2 wt% to about 1.3 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is from about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.45 wt% to about 2.55 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 1.225 wt% to about 1.275 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is from about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%.

[0156] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is from about 1.9 wt:wt to about 2.1 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is from about 1.9 wt:wt to about 2.1 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is from about 1.9 wt:wt to about 2.1 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.1 wt% to about 2.75 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 1.125 wt% to about 1.375 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is from about 1.9 wt:wt to about 2.1 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.4 wt% to about 2.6 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 1.2 wt% to about 1.3 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is from about 1.9 wt:wt to about 2.1 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 2.45 wt% to about 2.55 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 1.225 wt% to about 1.275 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is from about 1.9 wt:wt to about 2.1 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%.

[0157] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.1 wt% to about 2.75 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 1.125 wt% to about 1.375 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.4 wt% to about 2.6 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 1.2 wt% to about 1.3 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.45 wt% to about 2.55 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 1.225 wt% to about 1.275 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%.

[0158] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.25 wt% to about 2.75 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 1.125 wt% to about 1.375 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.4 wt% to about 2.6 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 1.2 wt% to about 1.3 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.45 wt% to about 2.55 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 1.225 wt% to about 1.275 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%.

[0159] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is from about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is from about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is from about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.25 wt% to about 2.75 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 1.125 wt% to about 1.375 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is from about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.4 wt% to about 2.6 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 1.2 wt% to about 1.3 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is from about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.45 wt% to about 2.55 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 1.225 wt% to about 1.275 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 formulation is from about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%.

[0160] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is from about 1.9 wt:wt to about 2.1 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is from about 1.9 wt:wt to about 2.1 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is from about 1.9 wt:wt to about 2.1 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.1 wt% to about 2.75 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 1.125 wt% to about 1.375 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is from about 1.9 wt:wt to about 2.1 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.4 wt% to about 2.6 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 1.2 wt% to about 1.3 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is from about 1.9 wt:wt to about 2.1 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.45 wt% to about 2.55 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 1.225 wt% to about 1.275 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is from about 1.9 wt:wt to about 2.1 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%.

[0161] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt. In some WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.1 wt% to about 2.75 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 1.125 wt% to about 1.375 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.4 wt% to about 2.6 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 1.2 wt% to about 1.3 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.45 wt% to about 2.55 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage from about 1.225 wt% to about 1.275 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%.

[0162] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.25 wt% to about 2.75 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 1.125 wt% to about 1.375 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.4 wt% to about 2.6 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 1.2 wt% to about 1.3 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.45 wt% to about 2.55 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 1.225 wt% to about 1.275 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%.

[0163] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is from about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is from about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is from about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.25 wt% to about 2.75 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 1.125 wt% to about 1.375 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is from about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.4 wt% to about 2.6 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 1.2 wt% to about 1.3 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is from about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.45 wt% to about 2.55 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 1.225 wt% to about 1.275 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is from about 1.75 wt:wt to about 2.25 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%.

[0164] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is from about 1.9 wt:wt to about 2.1 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 formulation is from about 1.9 wt:wt to about 2.1 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is from about 1.9 wt:wt to about 2.1 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.1 wt% to about 2.75 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 1.125 wt% to about 1.375 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is from about 1.9 wt:wt to about 2.1 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.4 wt% to about 2.6 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 1.2 wt% to about 1.3 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is from about 1.9 wt:wt to about 2.1 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.45 wt% to about 2.55 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 1.225 wt% to about 1.275 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is from about 1.9 wt:wt to about 2.1 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%.

[0165] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.1 wt% to about 2.75 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 1.125 wt% to about 1.375 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.4 wt% to about 2.6 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 1.2 wt% to about 1.3 wt%, WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 2.45 wt% to about 2.55 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage from about 1.225 wt% to about 1.275 wt%, wherein a ratio of the weight of the ZnO in the formulation to the weight of the cerium (III) oxide in the formulation is about 2 wt:wt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt%; and cerium (III) oxide in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%.

[0166] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises a protic solvent. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the solvent comprises an aprotic solvent (e.g., acetone, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile). In some embodiments, the solvent is a protic solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises one or more substances selected from: an alcohol or water. In some embodiments, solvent comprises an alcohol selected from tert-butanol, n-butanol, methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol. In some embodiments, solvent comprises water and an alcohol selected from tert-butanol, n-butanol, methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol. In some embodiments, the alcohol is selected from methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises water. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises salt water. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises alkaline water. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises an alcohol. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises water and one or more alcohol(s).

[0167] In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises one or more additional agents. In some embodiments, the one or more additional agents comprise one or more agents independently selected from dispersant(s), surfactant(s), thickening agent(s), emulsifier(s), stabilizer(s), neutralizer(s), waterproofing agent(s), ester(s), perfume(s), and preservative material(s), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more additional agents comprises one or more dispersant(s). In some embodiments, the one or more additional agents comprises one or more surfactant(s). In some embodiments, the one or more additional agents comprises one or more thickening agent(s). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises one or more emulsifier(s). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises one or more stabilizer(s). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises one or more neutralizer(s). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises one or more waterproofing agent(s). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises one or more film former(s). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises one or more ester(s). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises one or more perfume(s). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises one or more preservative material(s). WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601

[0168] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a propellent. In some embodiments, the propellent comprises a gas at standard temperature and pressure. In some embodiments, the propellent comprises a low-boiling liquid at standard temperature and pressure. In some embodiments, the propellant comprises a mixture of a gas and a low-boiling liquid. In some embodiments, the propellant comprises one or more agents selected from hydrocarbons (e.g., propane, isobutane, n-butane), nitrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, ether(s) (e.g., dimethyl ether), and halogenated hydrocarbons. In some embodiments, the propellant comprises any combination of any of the foregoing agents.

[0169] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises one or more pigment(s). In some embodiments, each pigment is independently selected from the group consisting of zinc oxide, calcium carbonate, mica, silicas, talcs, barium sulfate, clays, and calcined clays.

[0170] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a pigment or a dye or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises one or more agents selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, tungsten oxide, vanadium oxide, tin oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten sulfide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, zinc sulfide, calcium carbonate, mica, silica(s), talc(s), graphite, white lead, barium sulfate, lithopone, clays, calcined clays lead silico-chromate, zinc chromate, calcium zinc molybdate, and barium metaborate.

[0171] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises one or more dispersant(s). In some embodiments, the one or more dispersant(s) improve the separation of particles in a suspension or colloidal dispersion or reduce settling or agglomeration. In some embodiments, the one or more dispersant(s) can comprise one or more surfactant(s). In some embodiments, the one or more dispersant(s) can comprise one or more polymeric material(s). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises Alumina, Silica, Sodium Polyacrylate, Glycerin, Phenoxyethanol, Xanthan Gum, Chlorphenesin, Polyglyceryl-4, C12-15 Alkyl Benzoate, Polyhydroxystearic Acid, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises one or more antiperspirants(s). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises one or more colored cosmetic(s). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises one or more nonaqueous dispersant(s). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises one or more dispersant(s) selected from Polyacrylate as an anionic polyacrylic acid for aqueous dispersion. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises one or more aqueous dispersant(s). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises one or more dispersant(s) selected from Sodium Polyaspartate, Sodium Polyacrylate, Butyl PVP, and Sodium Polynaphthalene Sulfonate. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a polyacrylate. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises sodium polyacrylate. In WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 some embodiments, the formulation comprises potassium polyacrylate. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises lithium polyacrylate. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a dispersant that comprises carboxylate anions in a polymer chain (e.g., regardless of the exchange cation). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a dispersant that comprises a polymer or oligomer comprising a carboxylate anion. In some embodiments, the oligomer or polymer comprising a carboxylate anion comprises a chain that comprises multiple carboxylate groups on the chain. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a dispersant that comprises a polymer comprising a carboxylate anion. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a dispersant that comprises a copolymer comprising a carboxylate anion. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a dispersant that comprises polycarboxylate functionality. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a dispersant that comprises oligomers of carboxylate functionality.

[0172] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises sodium polyacrylate. In some embodiments, the sodium polyacrylate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%.

[0173] In some embodiments, the sodium polyacrylate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt%, at least about 0.001 wt%, at least about 0.01 wt%, at least about 0.1 wt%, at least about 0.5 wt%, at least about 1 wt%, at least about 2 wt%, at least about 3 wt%, at least about 5 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, or more.

[0174] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the sodium polyacrylate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 0.0001 wt%, at most about 0.001 wt%, at most about 0.01 wt%, at most about 0.1 wt%, at most about 0.5 wt%, at most about 1 wt%, at most about 2 wt%, at most about 3 wt%, at most about 5 wt%, at most about 10 wt%, or less.

[0175] In some embodiments, the sodium polyacrylate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.0001 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the sodium polyacrylate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt%. In some embodiments, the sodium polyacrylate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the sodium polyacrylate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.001 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.005 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.01 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.005 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.01 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 2 wt%, WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.01 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 10 wt%, or about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the sodium polyacrylate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.0001 wt%, about 0.001 wt%, about 0.005 wt%, about 0.01 wt%, about 0.05 wt%, about 0.1 wt%, about 0.5 wt%, about 1 wt%, about 2 wt%, about 3 wt%, about 5 wt%, or about 10 wt%.

[0176] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises phenoxyethanol. In some embodiments, the phenoxyethanol is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%.

[0177] In some embodiments, the phenoxyethanol is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt%, at least about 0.001 wt%, at least about 0.01 wt%, at least about 0.1 wt%, at least about 0.5 wt%, at least about 1 wt%, at least about 2 wt%, at least about 3 wt%, at least about 5 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, or more.

[0178] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the phenoxyethanol is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 0.0001 wt%, at most about 0.001 wt%, at most about 0.01 wt%, at most about 0.1 wt%, at most about 0.5 wt%, at most about 1 wt%, at most about 2 wt%, at most about 3 wt%, at most about 5 wt%, at most about 10 wt%, or less.

[0179] In some embodiments, the phenoxyethanol is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.0001 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the phenoxyethanol is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt%. In some WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 embodiments, the phenoxyethanol is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the phenoxyethanol is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.001 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.005 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.01 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.005 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.01 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.01 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 10 wt%, or about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the phenoxyethanol is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.0001 wt%, about 0.001 wt%, about 0.005 wt%, about 0.01 wt%, about 0.05 wt%, about 0.1 wt%, about 0.5 wt%, about 1 wt%, about 2 wt%, about 3 wt%, about 5 wt%, or about 10 wt%.

[0180] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises xanthan gum. In some embodiments, the xanthan gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%.

[0181] In some embodiments, the xanthan gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt%, at least about 0.001 wt%, at least about 0.01 wt%, at least about 0.1 wt%, at least about 0.5 wt%, at least about 1 wt%, at least about 2 wt%, at least about 3 WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 wt%, at least about 5 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, or more.

[0182] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the xanthan gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 0.0001 wt%, at most about 0.001 wt%, at most about 0.01 wt%, at most about 0.1 wt%, at most about 0.5 wt%, at most about 1 wt%, at most about 2 wt%, at most about 3 wt%, at most about 5 wt%, at most about 10 wt%, or less.

[0183] In some embodiments, the xanthan gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.0001 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the xanthan gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt%. In some embodiments, the xanthan gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the xanthan gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.001 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.005 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.01 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.005 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.01 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.01 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 10 wt%, or about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the xanthan gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 0.0001 wt%, about 0.001 wt%, about 0.005 wt%, about 0.01 wt%, about 0.05 wt%, about 0.1 wt%, about 0.5 wt%, about 1 wt%, about 2 wt%, about 3 wt%, about 5 wt%, or about 10 wt%.

[0184] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises chlorphenesin.

[0185] In some embodiments, the chlorphenesin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%.

[0186] In some embodiments, the chlorphenesin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt%, at least about 0.001 wt%, at least about 0.01 wt%, at least about 0.1 wt%, at least about 0.5 wt%, at least about 1 wt%, at least about 2 wt%, at least about 3 wt%, at least about 5 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, or more.

[0187] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the chlorphenesin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 0.0001 wt%, at most about 0.001 wt%, at most about 0.01 wt%, at most about 0.1 wt%, at most about 0.5 wt%, at most about 1 wt%, at most about 2 wt%, at most about 3 wt%, at most about 5 wt%, at most about 10 wt%, or less.

[0188] In some embodiments, the chlorphenesin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.0001 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the chlorphenesin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt%. In some embodiments, the chlorphenesin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the chlorphenesin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.001 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.005 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.01 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.005 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.01 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.01 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 5 wt%, about WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 0.05 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 10 wt%, or about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the chlorphenesin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.0001 wt%, about 0.001 wt%, about 0.005 wt%, about 0.01 wt%, about 0.05 wt%, about 0.1 wt%, about 0.5 wt%, about 1 wt%, about 2 wt%, about 3 wt%, about 5 wt%, or about 10 wt%.

[0189] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises glycerin. In some embodiments, the glycerin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%.

[0190] In some embodiments, the glycerin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt%, at least about 0.001 wt%, at least about 0.01 wt%, at least about 0.1 wt%, at least about 0.5 wt%, at least about 1 wt%, at least about 2 wt%, at least about 3 wt%, at least about 5 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, or more.

[0191] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the glycerin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 0.0001 wt%, at most about 0.001 wt%, at most about 0.01 wt%, at most about 0.1 wt%, at most about 0.5 wt%, at most about 1 wt%, at most about 2 wt%, at most about 3 wt%, at most about 5 wt%, at most about 10 wt%, or less.

[0192] In some embodiments, the glycerin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.0001 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the glycerin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt%. In some embodiments, the glycerin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the glycerin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.001 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.005 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.01 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.005 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.01 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.01 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.005 WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 10 wt%, or about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the glycerin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.0001 wt%, about 0.001 wt%, about 0.005 wt%, about 0.01 wt%, about 0.05 wt%, about 0.1 wt%, about 0.5 wt%, about 1 wt%, about 2 wt%, about 3 wt%, about 5 wt%, or about 10 wt%.

[0193] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises cellulose gum. In some embodiments, the cellulose gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%.

[0194] In some embodiments, the cellulose gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt%, at least about 0.001 wt%, at least about 0.01 wt%, at least about 0.1 wt%, at least about 0.5 wt%, at least about 1 wt%, at least about 2 wt%, at least about 3 wt%, at least about 5 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, or more.

[0195] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the cellulose gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 0.0001 wt%, at most about 0.001 wt%, at most about 0.01 wt%, at most about 0.1 wt%, at most about 0.5 wt%, at most about 1 wt%, at most about 2 wt%, at most about 3 wt%, at most about 5 wt%, at most about 10 wt%, or less.

[0196] In some embodiments, the cellulose gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.0001 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the cellulose gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt%. In some embodiments, the cellulose gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the cellulose gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.001 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.005 wt%, about WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 0.0001 wt% to about 0.01 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.0001 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.005 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.01 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.001 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.01 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.005 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 10 wt%, or about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the cellulose gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.0001 wt%, about 0.001 wt%, about 0.005 wt%, about 0.01 wt%, about 0.05 wt%, about 0.1 wt%, about 0.5 wt%, about 1 wt%, about 2 wt%, about 3 wt%, about 5 wt%, or about 10 wt%.

[0197] In some embodiments, the formulation has an absorption maximum from about 290 nm to about 435 nm. In some embodiments, the formulation has an absorption maximum from about 300 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, the formulation has an absorption maximum of at least about 10 nm, at least about 100 nm, at least about 200 nm, at least about 250 nm, at least about 290 nm, at least about 300 nm, at least about 325 nm, at least about 350 nm, at least about 375 nm, at least about 400 nm, at least about 425 nm, at least about 435 nm, at least about 450 nm, at least about 475 nm, at least about 500 nm, 600 nm at least about 700 nm, or more. Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the formulation has an absorption maximum of at most about 10 nm, at most about 100 nm, at most about 200 nm, at most about 250 nm, at most about 290 nm, at WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 most about 300 nm, at most about 325 nm, at most about 350 nm, at most about 375 nm, at most about 400 nm, at most about 425 nm, at most about 435 nm, at most about 450 nm, at most about 475 nm, at most about 500 nm, 600 nm at most about 700 nm, or less.

[0198] In some embodiments, the formulation has an absorption maximum of about 10 nm to about 700 nm. In some embodiments, the formulation has an absorption maximum of at least about 10 nm. In some embodiments, the formulation has an absorption maximum of at most about 700 nm. In some embodiments, the formulation has an absorption maximum of about 10 nm to about 100 nm, about 10 nm to about 200 nm, about 10 nm to about 250 nm, about 10 nm to about 275 nm, about 10 nm to about 300 nm, about 10 nm to about 325 nm, about 10 nm to about 350 nm, about 10 nm to about 375 nm, about 10 nm to about 400 nm, about 10 nm to about 450 nm, about 10 nm to about 700 nm, about 100 nm to about 200 nm, about 100 nm to about 250 nm, about 100 nm to about 275 nm, about 100 nm to about 300 nm, about 100 nm to about 325 nm, about 100 nm to about 350 nm, about 100 nm to about 375 nm, about 100 nm to about 400 nm, about 100 nm to about 450 nm, about 100 nm to about 700 nm, about 200 nm to about 250 nm, about 200 nm to about 275 nm, about 200 nm to about 300 nm, about 200 nm to about 325 nm, about 200 nm to about 350 nm, about 200 nm to about 375 nm, about 200 nm to about 400 nm, about 200 nm to about 450 nm, about 200 nm to about 700 nm, about 250 nm to about 275 nm, about 250 nm to about 300 nm, about 250 nm to about 325 nm, about 250 nm to about 350 nm, about 250 nm to about 375 nm, about 250 nm to about 400 nm, about 250 nm to about 450 nm, about 250 nm to about 700 nm, about 275 nm to about 300 nm, about 275 nm to about 325 nm, about 275 nm to about 350 nm, about 275 nm to about 375 nm, about 275 nm to about 400 nm, about 275 nm to about 450 nm, about 275 nm to about 700 nm, about 300 nm to about 325 nm, about 300 nm to about 350 nm, about 300 nm to about 375 nm, about 300 nm to about 400 nm, about 300 nm to about 450 nm, about 300 nm to about 700 nm, about 325 nm to about 350 nm, about 325 nm to about 375 nm, about 325 nm to about 400 nm, about 325 nm to about 450 nm, about 325 nm to about 700 nm, about 350 nm to about 375 nm, about 350 nm to about 400 nm, about 350 nm to about 450 nm, about 350 nm to about 700 nm, about 375 nm to about 400 nm, about 375 nm to about 450 nm, about 375 nm to about 700 nm, about 400 nm to about 450 nm, about 400 nm to about 700 nm, or about 450 nm to about 700 nm. In some embodiments, the formulation has an absorption maximum of about 10 nm, about 100 nm, about 200 nm, about 250 nm, about 275 nm, about 300 nm, about 325 nm, about 350 nm, about 375 nm, about 400 nm, about 450 nm, or about 700 nm.

[0199] In some embodiments, the formulation has a pH of at least about 5, at least about 5.5, at least about 6 at least about 7, at least about 7.1, at least about 7.2, at least about 7.3, at least about WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 7.4, at least about 7.5, at least about 7.6, at least about 7.7, at least about 7.8, at least about 7.9, at least about 8.0, at least about 8.5, or more. In some embodiments, the formulation has a pH between about 7 and about 8.

[0200] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the formulation has a pH of at most about 5, at most about 5.5, at most about 6 at most about 7, at most about 7.1, at most about 7.2, at most about 7.3, at most about 7.4, at most about 7.5, at most about 7.6, at most about 7.7, at most about 7.8, at most about 7.9, at most about 8.0, at most about 8.5, or less.

[0201] In some embodiments, the formulation has a pH of about 5.5 to about 8. In some embodiments, the formulation has a pH of at least about 5.5. In some embodiments, the formulation has a pH of at most about 8. In some embodiments, the formulation has a pH of about 5.5 to about 6, about 5.5 to about 6.5, about 5.5 to about 7, about 5.5 to about 7.2, about 5.5 to about 7.3, about 5.5 to about 7.4, about 5.5 to about 7.5, about 5.5 to about 7.6, about 5.5 to about 7.7, about 5.5 to about 7.8, about 5.5 to about 8, about 6 to about 6.5, about 6 to about 7, about 6 to about 7.2, about 6 to about 7.3, about 6 to about 7.4, about 6 to about 7.5, about 6 to about 7.6, about 6 to about 7.7, about 6 to about 7.8, about 6 to about 8, about 6.5 to about 7, about 6.5 to about 7.2, about 6.5 to about 7.3, about 6.5 to about 7.4, about 6.5 to about 7.5, about 6.5 to about 7.6, about 6.5 to about 7.7, about 6.5 to about 7.8, about 6.5 to about 8, about 7 to about 7.2, about 7 to about 7.3, about 7 to about 7.4, about 7 to about 7.5, about 7 to about 7.6, about 7 to about 7.7, about 7 to about 7.8, about 7 to about 8, about 7.2 to about 7.3, about 7.2 to about 7.4, about 7.2 to about 7.5, about 7.2 to about 7.6, about 7.2 to about 7.7, about 7.2 to about 7.8, about 7.2 to about 8, about 7.3 to about 7.4, about 7.3 to about 7.5, about 7.3 to about 7.6, about 7.3 to about 7.7, about 7.3 to about 7.8, about 7.3 to about 8, about 7.4 to about 7.5, about 7.4 to about 7.6, about 7.4 to about 7.7, about 7.4 to about 7.8, about 7.4 to about 8, about 7.5 to about 7.6, about 7.5 to about 7.7, about 7.5 to about 7.8, about 7.5 to about 8, about 7.6 to about 7.7, about 7.6 to about 7.8, about 7.6 to about 8, about 7.7 to about 7.8, about 7.7 to about 8, or about 7.8 to about 8. In some embodiments, the formulation has a pH of about 5.5, about 6, about 6.5, about 7, about 7.2, about 7.3, about 7.4, about 7.5, about 7.6, about 7.7, about 7.8, or about 8.

[0202] In some embodiments, the formulation protects a human subject against UV radiation. In some embodiments, the formulation protects a human subject against photogenerated reactive oxygen species.

[0203] In some embodiments, the formulation is applied under a nail polish (e.g., the formulation is applied and rubbed in, and then the nail polish is applied). Alternatively, in some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a nail polish. In some embodiments, the nail polish is a nail gel. In some embodiments, the nail gel comprises oligomers. In some embodiments, the WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 oligomers undergo a photopolymerization. In some embodiments, the oligomers undergo a photopolymerization under UV light. In some embodiments, the nail polish is a gel, acrylic, powder, dip nail polish. In some embodiments, the nail polish comprises nitrocellulose. In some embodiments, the nail polish comprises a co-polymer. In some embodiments, the nail polish comprises a photoinitiator. In some embodiments, the photoinitiator is selected from diphenyl (2,4,6- trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (e.g., TPO) and ethyl (2,4,6 trimethylbenzoyl) phenylphosphinate (e.g., TPO-L). In some embodiments, the nail polish comprises a methacrylate. In some embodiments, the nail polish comprises hydroxyethyl methacrylate (e.g., HEMA). In some embodiments, the nail polish comprises di-HEMA (e.g., trimethyl- hexyl dicarbamate). In some embodiments, the nail polish is a soft gel. In some embodiments, the nail polish comprises a flexible polymer network. In some embodiments, the nail polish may be removed by soaking in solvents. In some embodiments, the nail polish is a hard gel (e.g., a gel that must be filed off once removed). In some embodiments, the nail polish comprises dibutyl phthalate.

[0204] In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate is of the formula Ce2(CO3)3●xH2O wherein x is zero or a positive number. In some embodiments, x is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, x is 0. In some embodiments, x is 1. In some embodiments, x is 2. In some embodiments, x is 3. In some embodiments, x is 4. In some embodiments, x is 5. In some embodiments, x is 6. In some embodiments, x is 7. In some embodiments, x is 8. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate is of the form Ce2(CO3) ● 6 H2O. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate is of the form Ce2(CO3) ● 8 H2O.

[0205] In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate is a monohydrate. In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate is a dihydrate. In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate is a trihydrate. In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate is a tetrahydrate. In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate is a pentahydrate. In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate is a hexahydrate. In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate is a heptahydrate. In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate is an octahydrate. In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate is a nonahydrate. In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate is a decahydrate.

[0206] In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate is substantially free of cerium (IV). In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate is substantially free of a cerium-oxide phase. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate is substantially free of cerium (IV) and is substantially free of a cerium-oxide phase. In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate consists essentially of cerium (III) carbonate. In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate consists essentially of cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of cerium (III) carbonate to cerium (IV) carbonate is 100:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of cerium WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 (III) carbonate to cerium (IV) carbonate is 10:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of cerium (III) carbonate to cerium (IV) carbonate is 1000:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of cerium (III) carbonate to cerium (IV) carbonate is 10000:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of cerium (III) carbonate to cerium (IV) carbonate is 5:1.

[0207] In some embodiments, the formulations comprise less than 50 wt% cerium (IV). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises less than 10 wt% cerium (IV). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises less than 1.0 wt% cerium (IV). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises less 25 than 0.5 wt% cerium (IV). In some embodiments, the formulation comprise no detectable amount of cerium (IV). In some embodiments, cerium (IV) carbonate is present in a weight percentage of about 0 wt% to about 50 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (IV) carbonate is present in a weight percentage of at least about 0 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (IV) carbonate is present in a weight percentage of at most about 50 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (IV) carbonate is present in a weight percentage of about 0 wt% to about 0.01 wt%, about 0 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0 wt% to about 0.2 wt%, about 0 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 0 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.2 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 0.2 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 0.2 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 0.2 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.2 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.2 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.2 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.2 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 0.2 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 50 WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 wt%, or about 20 wt% to about 50 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium (IV) carbonate is present in a weight percentage of about 0 wt%, about 0.01 wt%, about 0.05 wt%, about 0.1 wt%, about 0.2 wt%, about 0.5 wt%, about 1 wt%, about 2 wt%, about 5 wt%, about 10 wt%, about 20 wt%, or about 50 wt%.

[0208] In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate releases at least 27.6 wt % CO2 when normalized to the dry weight of the cerium (III) carbonate, during thermogravimetric analysis. In some embodiments, x is 6.

[0209] In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate is white in appearance.

[0210] In some embodiments, thermogravimetric analysis is used to determine if cerium (III) carbonate is substantially free of a cerium-oxide phase. In some embodiments, such a cerium (III) carbonate releases a higher wt % CO2 when normalized to the dry weight of the cerium (III) carbonate, during thermogravimetric analysis, compared with a cerium (III) carbonate that also contains a cerium-oxide phase.

[0211] In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate releases at least 27.7 wt % CO2when normalized to the dry weight of the cerium (III) carbonate, during thermogravimetric analysis. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate releases at least 27.8 wt % CO2 when normalized to the dry weight of the cerium (III) carbonate, during thermogravimetric analysis. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate releases at least 27.9 wt % CO2when normalized to the dry weight of the cerium (III) carbonate, during thermogravimetric analysis. In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate releases at least 28 wt % CO2when normalized to the dry weight of the cerium (III) carbonate, during thermogravimetric analysis. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate releases at least 28.5 wt % CO2 when normalized to the dry weight of the cerium (III) carbonate, during thermogravimetric analysis. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate releases at least 28.6 wt % CO2when normalized to the dry weight of the cerium (III) carbonate, during thermogravimetric analysis. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate releases at least 28.7 wt % CO2 when normalized to the dry weight of the cerium (III) carbonate, during thermogravimetric analysis. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate releases at least 28.8 wt % CO2when normalized to the dry weight of the cerium (III) carbonate, during thermogravimetric analysis. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate releases at least 28.9 wt % CO2 when normalized to the dry weight of the cerium (III) carbonate, during thermogravimetric analysis. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate releases at least 29 wt % CO2 when normalized to the dry weight of the cerium (III) carbonate, during thermogravimetric analysis.

[0212] In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate has a ratio of a peak intensity at 1410 WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 cm−1to a peak intensity at 1468 cm−1of about 1.2 or less, as measured by ATR-FTIR. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate has a ratio of a peak intensity at 1410 cm−1to a peak intensity at 1468 cm−1of about 1.1 or less, as measured by ATR-FTIR. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate has a ratio of a peak intensity at 1410 cm−1to a peak intensity at 1468 cm−1of about 1.0 or less, as measured by ATR-FTIR. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate has a ratio of a peak intensity at 1410 cm−1to a peak intensity at 1468 cm−1of about 0.95 or less, as measured by ATR-FTIR. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate has a ratio of a peak intensity at 1410 cm−1 to a peak intensity at 1468 cm−1of about 0.9 or less, as measured by ATR-FTIR.

[0213] In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate comprises at least 6.6 wt % carbon and at least 1.5 wt % hydrogen as measured by CHN analysis. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate comprises at least 6.6 wt % carbon and at least 1.6 wt % hydrogen as measured by CHN analysis. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate comprises at least 6.6 wt % carbon and at least 1.7 wt % hydrogen as measured by CHN analysis. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate comprises at least 6.7 wt % carbon and at least 1.7 wt % hydrogen as measured by CHN analysis. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate comprises about 6.7 wt % carbon and about 1.76 wt % hydrogen as measured by CHN analysis.

[0214] In some embodiments, the cerium carbonate (e.g., cerium (III) carbonate) is substantially free of a cerium oxide phase. In some embodiments, cerium oxide includes substances represented by the chemical formula CeOy, wherein y is 1.5 to 2. In some embodiments, the cerium oxide may have a coloration by appearance of yellowish-white when y is 2 and golden-yellow when y is 1.5. In some embodiments, whereas CeO2may crystallize in the fluorite structure, for sub-stoichiometric oxides comprising 1.5 < y < 2, there can be a mixture of Ce(III) and Ce(IV), as well as oxygen vacancies in the structure. In some embodiments, “cerium oxide” may include hydrated oxide structures as represented by the chemical formula CeOy•aH2O, where a may be a number (e.g., integer) below 10, and y is 1.5 to 2. In some embodiments, “cerium oxide” may include cerium oxyhydroxide, e.g., Ce(O)x(OH)z wherein (x + 2z) may be 1.5 to 2. In some embodiments, cerium oxides that are oxyhydroxides can also be hydrated, e.g., with molar ratios of Ce to H2O being less than 10 in these structures. Many phases of cerium oxides have been identified, and some of these phases can be represented in a Ce2O3-CeO2 phase diagram (e.g., see Chem. Rev.1998, 98, 1479-1514). Some known phases of cerium oxide include but are not limited to cubic cerium oxide, cubic ceria, cubic cerianite, triclinic cerium oxide, rhombohedral cerium oxide, and triclinic cerium oxide. Generally, the relative quantity of sub-stoichiometric oxide and Ce(III) increases as the nanoparticle size of the cerium oxide decreases; e.g., for 4.5 nm cerium- oxide nanoparticles, a Ce(III) to Ce(IV) ratio may approach 0.75, e.g., via X-ray photoelectron WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 spectroscopy. Cerium oxides may form mixtures with carbonates. In some embodiments, a cerium- oxide phase is not present as a mixture within the cerium-carbonate material. In some embodiments, the formulation does not comprise cerium oxide carbonate hydrate, hydroxylbastnasite, cerium carbonate hydroxide hydrate, cerium oxalate carbonate hydrate, cerium aqua carbonate oxalate hydrate or orthorhombic cerium carbonate hydroxide. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the formulation may comprise cerium oxide carbonate hydrate, hydroxylbastnasite, cerium carbonate hydroxide hydrate, cerium oxalate carbonate hydrate, cerium aqua carbonate oxalate hydrate or orthorhombic cerium carbonate hydroxide.

[0215] In some embodiments, the formulations comprise less than 50 wt% of cerium oxide. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises less than 10 wt% cerium oxide. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises less than 5 wt% cerium oxide. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises less than 2 wt% cerium oxide. In some embodiments, the formulations comprise less than 1.0 wt% cerium oxide. In some embodiments, the formulations comprise less than 0.5 wt% cerium oxide. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises less than 0.1 wt% cerium oxide. In some embodiments, the formulation comprise no detectable amount of cerium oxide. In some embodiments, cerium oxide is present in a weight percentage of about 0 wt% to about 50 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium oxide is present in a weight percentage of at least about 0 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium oxide is present in a weight percentage of at most about 50 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium oxide is present in a weight percentage of about 0 wt% to about 0.01 wt%, about 0 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0 wt% to about 0.2 wt%, about 0 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 0 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.05 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.2 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 0.01 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 0.2 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 0.05 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 0.2 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 0.2 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.2 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.2 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.2 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.2 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 0.2 wt% to about 50 wt%, WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 50 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 50 wt%, or about 20 wt% to about 50 wt%. In some embodiments, cerium oxide is present in a weight percentage of about 0 wt%, about 0.01 wt%, about 0.05 wt%, about 0.1 wt%, about 0.2 wt%, about 0.5 wt%, about 1 wt%, about 2 wt%, about 5 wt%, about 10 wt%, about 20 wt%, or about 50 wt%.

[0216] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides the cerium (III) carbonate described herein and an organic compound susceptible to photodegradation. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides methods of inhibiting photodegradation of an organic compound by mixing the cerium (III) carbonate described herein with an organic compound susceptible to photodegradation, thereby inhibiting photodegradation of the organic compound. In embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate is substantially insoluble in water. In some embodiments, the organic compound susceptible to photodegradation is present in an amount from about 1 wt % to about 75 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, the organic compound susceptible to photodegradation is present in an amount from about 1 wt % to about 50 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, the organic compound susceptible to photodegradation is present in an amount from about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, the organic compound susceptible to photodegradation is present in an amount from about 3 wt % to about 35 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, the organic compound susceptible to photodegradation is present in an amount from about 5 wt % to about 30 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, the organic compound susceptible to photodegradation is present in an amount from about 1 wt % to about 75 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, the organic compound susceptible to photodegradation is present in an amount from about 1 wt % to about 50 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, the organic compound susceptible to photodegradation is present in an amount from about 1 wt % to about 40 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, the organic compound susceptible to photodegradation is present in an amount from about 3 wt % to about 35 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, the organic compound susceptible to photodegradation is present in an amount from about 5 wt % to about 30 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601

[0217] In some embodiments, the cerium compound has a molar cerium (III) to cerium (IV) ratio of greater than 1. In some embodiments, the molar cerium (III) to (IV) ratio is measured by X- ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

[0218] In some embodiments, the cerium compound comprises ligands that stabilize the cerium in the (III) rather than the (IV) oxidation state. In some embodiments, the ligands comprise phosphate or carbonate ligands.

[0219] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides formulations comprising cerium (III) carbonate and an organic compound susceptible to photodegradation. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate is Ce2(CO3)3●xH2O. In some embodiments, x is either zero or a positive number. In some embodiments, the positive number is an integer from 1 to 10. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate is Ce2(CO3)3●8H2O. In some embodiments, the cerium (III) carbonate source material is substantially free of cerium (IV) and / or is substantially free of a cerium-oxide phase.

[0220] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a photocatalytically active pigment. In embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate is present in an amount of about 0.5 wt % to about 20 wt % relative to the weight of the photocatalytically active pigment. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate is present in an amount of about 1 wt % to about 15 wt % relative to the weight of the photocatalytically active pigment. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate is present in an amount of about 1 wt % to about 10 wt % relative to the weight of the photocatalytically active pigment. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate is present in an amount of about 1 wt % to about 5 wt % relative to the weight of the photocatalytically active pigment. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate is present in an amount of about 1 wt % to about 4 wt % relative to the weight of the photocatalytically active pigment. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate is present in an amount of about 1 wt % to about 3 wt % relative to the weight of the photocatalytically active pigment. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate is present in an amount of about 2 wt % relative to the weight of the photocatalytically active pigment.

[0221] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a photocatalytically active pigment. In embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in an amount of about 0.5 wt % to about 20 wt % relative to the weight of the photocatalytically active pigment. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in an amount of about 1 wt % to about 15 wt % relative to the weight of the photocatalytically active pigment. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in an amount of about 1 wt % to about 10 wt % relative to the weight of the photocatalytically active pigment. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in an amount of about 1 wt % to about 5 wt % relative to the WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 weight of the photocatalytically active pigment. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in an amount of about 1 wt % to about 4 wt % relative to the weight of the photocatalytically active pigment. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate is present in an amount of about 1 wt % to about 3 wt % relative to the weight of the photocatalytically active pigment. In some embodiments, cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate is present in an amount of about 2 wt % relative to the weight of the photocatalytically active pigment.

[0222] In some embodiments, the catalytic antioxidant is cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate.

[0223] In some embodiments, the formulations may optionally comprise water. In some embodiments, water is present in an amount from about 1 wt % to about 70 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, water is present in an amount from about 1 wt % to about 65 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, water is present in an amount from about 5 wt % to about 60 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, water is present in an amount from about 10 wt % to about 60 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, water is present up to 99.9% of the total weight of the formulation.

[0224] In some embodiments, the formulations may optionally comprise one or more dyes. In some embodiments, dyes are optionally present in the formulation in an amount from about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, dyes are present in the formulation in an amount from about 0.1 wt % to about 40 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, dyes are present in the formulation in an amount from about 1 wt % to about 35 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, dyes are present in the formulation in an amount from about 5 wt % to about 30 wt % of the total weight of the formulation.

[0225] In some embodiments, formulation comprises a pigment. In some embodiments, the pigment is titanium dioxide.

[0226] In some embodiments, formulation comprises a dye. In some embodiments, the dye is selected from the group consisting of: iron oxide, carbon black, cadmium sulfide, toluidene red, chrome orange, chrome yellow, chrome green, polyazaindacenes, coumarins, lanthanide complexes, hydrocarbon and substituted hydrocarbon dyes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, scintillation dyes, aryl- and heteroaryl-substituted polyolefins, carbocyanine dyes, phthalocyanine dyes and pigments, oxazine dyes, carbostyryl dyes, porphyrin dyes, acridine dyes, anthraquinone dyes, anthrapyridone dyes, naphtalimide dyes, benzimidazole derivatives, arylmethane dyes, azo dyes, diazonium dyes, nitro dyes, quinone imine dyes, tetrazolium dyes, thiazole dyes, perylene dyes, perinone dyes, bis-benzoxazolylthiophene, xanthene dyes, indigoid dyes, chromones dyes, WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 flavones dyes, thiazine dyes, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the dye is selected from the group consisting of: iron oxide, carbon black, cadmium sulfide, toluidene red, chrome orange, chrome yellow, chrome green, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the dye is methylene blue or congo red.

[0227] In some embodiments, the dye is present in an amount from about 0.1 wt % to about 90 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, the dye is present in an amount from about 0.1 wt % to about 80 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, the dye is present in an amount from about 0.1 wt % to about 70 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, the dye is present in an amount from about 0.1 wt % to about 60 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, the dye is present in an amount from about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, the dye is present in an amount from about 0.1 wt % to about 40 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, the dye is present in an amount from about 1 wt % to about 35 wt % of the total weight of the formulation. In some embodiments, the dye is present in an amount from about 5 wt % to about 30 wt % of the total weight of the formulation.

[0228] In some embodiments, pigments are granular solids incorporated in the formulations described herein. In some embodiments, a pigment is a material that changes the color of refracted, reflected, or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption. In some embodiments, the formulations may contain dyes instead of or in combination with pigments.

[0229] In some embodiments, pigments may be natural or synthetic. In some embodiments, natural pigments include various clays, calcium carbonate, mica, silicas, talcs, graphite or the like, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, examples of synthetic pigments are titanium dioxide and other titanium pigments, white lead, barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, lithopone, silica, talc, mica, clays, calcined clays, and the so-called reactive pigments which include multivalent metal compounds, such as lead silico-chromate, zinc chromate, calcium zinc molybdate, barium metaborate, zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, or the like, or a combination thereof.

[0230] In some embodiments, dyes may be used alone or alternatively, in combination with pigments. In some embodiments, examples of dyes are iron oxide, carbon black, cadmium sulfide, toluidene red, chrome orange, chrome yellow, chrome green, polyazaindacenes and / or coumarins, lanthanide complexes, hydrocarbon and substituted hydrocarbon dyes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, scintillation dyes (e.g., oxazoles and oxadiazoles), aryl- and heteroaryl-substituted polyolefins (C2-C8 olefin portion), carbocyanine dyes, phthalocyanine dyes and pigments, oxazine dyes, carbostyryl dyes, porphyrin dyes, acridine dyes, anthraquinone dyes, anthrapyridone dyes, naphtalimide dyes, benzimidazole derivatives, arylmethane dyes, azo dyes (e.g., Congo Red), WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 diazonium dyes, nitro dyes, quinone imine dyes, tetrazolium dyes, thiazole dyes, perylene dyes, perinone dyes, bis-benzoxazolylthiophene (BBOT), xanthene dyes (e.g., thioxanthene dyes), indigoid dyes (e.g., thioindigoid dyes), chromones dyes, flavones dyes, thiazine dyes (e.g., methylene blue) as well as derivatives comprising at least one of the luminescent tags disclosed herein, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, luminescent tags include anti-Stokes shift dyes that absorb in the near infrared wavelength and emit in the visible wavelength.

[0231] In some embodiments, the formulations comprises a solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is water. In some embodiments, the solvent is an aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is compatible with water. In some embodiments, the solvent is miscible with water. In some embodiments, the solvent is a water-immiscible solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is a combination of one or more agents independently selected from water, one or more water- miscible solvent(s), and one or more one or more water-immiscible solvent(s). In some embodiments, supercritical and / or superheated fluids may also be used as solvents in some formulations. In some embodiments, the solvent is water. In some embodiments, the solvent is an aqueous solvent. In embodiments, the solvent is liquid carbon dioxide. In some embodiments, solvents that can be combined with water to form a co-solvent are possible. In some embodiments, the solvents may be liquid aprotic polar solvents, polar protic solvents, non-polar solvents, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, liquid aprotic polar solvents such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butyrolactone, acetonitrile, benzonitrile, nitromethane, nitrobenzene, sulfolane, dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, or the like, or combinations may be used. In some embodiments, polar protic solvents such as, water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, or the like, or combinations thereof may be used. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises acetonitrile or nitromethane. In some embodiments, other non-polar solvents such a benzene, toluene, methylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, or the like, or combinations thereof may also be used. In some embodiments, examples of solvents are water, alcohols, acetone, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is water.

[0232] In some embodiments, the formulation does not comprise a catalytic antioxidant. In some embodiments, the formulation does not comprise cerium carbonate. In some embodiments, the formulation consists essentially of a dispersion of ZnO and one or more additives. In some embodiments, the formulation consists essentially of a dispersion of ZnO in water. In some embodiments, the formulation is a dispersion of ZnO in water. In some embodiments, the formulation consists essentially of a dispersion of ZnO. In some embodiments, the formulation is not an emulsion. In some embodiments, the formulation is not an emulsion in oil. In some embodiments, the formulation consists essentially of a dispersion of ZnO, wherein the ZnO is WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 present at about 1 wt% to about 15 wt, or about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%. In an aspect, provided herein is a formulation comprising a UV absorber. In an aspect, provided herein is a formulation consisting essentially of a UV absorber. In some embodiments, the formulation is a dispersion (e.g., comprising a solvent). In some embodiments, the dispersion is a dispersion in water. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a solvent (e.g., water or a mixture of water and other solvents) in a weight percentage of e.g., about 90 wt% to about 99.5 wt%; about 90 wt% to about 99 wt%; about 80 wt% to about 98 wt%; or about 80 wt% to about 99.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the UV absorber is a UV filtering agent. In some embodiments, the UV absorber comprises ZnO. In some embodiments, the UV absorber is ZnO. In some embodiments, the UV absorber is TiO2. In some embodiments, the formulation consists essentially of ZnO. In some embodiments, the formulation consists essentially of TiO2. In some embodiments, the UV absorber protects a human subject from photon flux. In some embodiments, the flux of photons that reaches the human subject after passing through the UV absorber. In some embodiments, the UV absorber formulation has an SPF of about 1 to about 60. In some embodiments, the UV absorber formulation has an SPF of about 1 to about 55. In some embodiments, the UV absorber formulation has an SPF of about 1 to about 20. In some embodiments, the UV absorber formulation has an SPF of about 1, about 5, about 10, about 15, or about 20. In some embodiments, the formulation has a sun protection factor (SPF) about 1 SPF to about 70 SPF. In some embodiments, the formulation has a sun protection factor (SPF) about 5 SPF to about 50 SPF. In some embodiments, the formulation has a sun protection factor (SPF) about 20 SPF to about 40 SPF. In some embodiments, the formulation has a sun protection factor (SPF) about 10 SPF to about 40 SPF. In some embodiments, the UV absorber formulation has a sun protection factor (SPF) about 10 SPF to about 50 SPF. In some embodiments, the UV absorber is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the UV absorber is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 3 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the UV absorber is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 3 wt% to about 12 wt%. In some embodiments, the UV absorber is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the UV absorber is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about at least about 0.1 wt%. In some embodiments, the UV absorber is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about at most about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the UV absorber is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2.25 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.25 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2.25 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.25 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 3.75 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 3.75 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 3.75 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, or about 7 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the UV absorber is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.1 wt%, about 1 wt%, about 1.5 wt%, about 2 wt%, about 2.25 wt%, about 2.5 wt%, about 2.75 wt%, about 3 wt%, about 3.75 wt%, about 5 wt%, about 7 wt%, or about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 2 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 7 wt%. In some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation consists essentially of ZnO in a weight percentage of about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation consists essentially of ZnO in a weight percentage of about 7 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation consists essentially of ZnO in a weight percentage of about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 3 wt% to about 12 wt%. In some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt %, at least about 0.001 wt%, at least about 0.01 wt%, at least about 0.05 wt%, at least about 0.1 wt%, at least about 0.5 wt%, at least about 0.75 wt%, at least about 1 wt%, at least about 1.1 wt%, at least about 1.2 wt%, at least about 1.3 wt%, at least about 1.4 wt%, at least about 1.5 wt%, at least about 1.6 wt%, at least about 1.7 wt%, at least about 1.8 wt%, at least about 1.9 wt%, at least about 2.0 wt%, at least about 2.1 wt%, at least about 2.2 wt%, at least about 2.3 wt%, at least about 2.4 wt%, at least about 2.5 wt%, at least about 2.6 wt%, at least about 2.7 wt%, at least about 2.8 wt%, at least about 2.9 wt%, at least about 3.0 wt%, at least about 3.1 wt%, at least about 3.2 wt%, at least about 3.3 wt%, at least about 3.4 wt%, at least about 3.5 wt%, at least about 3.6 wt%, at least about 3.7 wt%, at least about 3.8 wt%, at least about 3.9 wt%, at least about 4.0 wt%, at least about 4.1 wt%, at least about 4.2 wt%, at least about 4.3 wt%, at least about 4.4 wt%, at least about 4.5 wt%, at least about 4.6 wt%, at least about 4.7 wt%, at least about 4.8 wt%, at least about 4.9 wt%, at least about 5.0 wt%, at least about 6 wt%, at least about 7 wt%, at least about 8 wt%, at least about 9 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, at least about 20 wt%, or more. Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at most about 0.0001 wt %, at most about 0.001 wt%, at most about 0.01 wt%, at most about 0.05 wt%, at most about 0.1 wt%, at most about 0.5 wt%, at most about 0.75 wt%, at most about 1 wt%, at most about 1.1 wt%, at most about 1.2 wt%, at most about 1.3 wt%, at most about 1.4 wt%, at most about 1.5 wt%, at most about 1.6 wt%, at most about 1.7 wt%, at most about 1.8 wt%, at most about 1.9 wt%, at most about 2.0 wt%, at most about 2.1 wt%, at most about 2.2 wt%, at most about 2.3 wt%, at most about 2.4 wt%, at most about 2.5 wt%, at most about 2.6 wt%, at most about 2.7 wt%, at most about 2.8 wt%, at most about 2.9 wt%, at most about 3.0 wt%, at most about 3.1 wt%, at most about 3.2 wt%, at most about 3.3 wt%, at most about 3.4 wt%, at most about 3.5 wt%, at most about 3.6 wt%, at most about 3.7 wt%, at most about 3.8 wt%, at most about 3.9 wt%, at most about 4.0 wt%, at most about 4.1 wt%, at most about 4.2 wt%, at most about 4.3 wt%, at most about 4.4 wt%, at most about 4.5 wt%, at most about 4.6 wt%, at most about 4.7 wt%, at most about 4.8 wt%, at most about 4.9 wt%, at most about 5.0 wt%, at most about 6 wt%, at most about 7 wt%, at most about 8 wt%, at most about 9 wt%, at most about 10 wt%, at most about 20 wt%, or less. In some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about at least about 0.1 wt%. In some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about at most about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2.25 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 0.1 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.25 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2.25 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 1.5 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.25 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 2.5 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 2.25 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 2.75 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 2.5 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 2.75 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 3.75 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 3.75 wt% to about 5 wt%, about 3.75 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 3.75 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 7 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 20 wt%, or about 7 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.1 wt%, about 1 wt%, about 1.5 wt%, about 2 wt%, about 2.25 wt%, about 2.5 wt%, about 2.75 wt%, about 3 wt%, about 3.75 wt%, about 5 wt%, about 7 wt%, or about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage from 0.001 wt% to 20 wt%. In some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage from about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%. In some embodiments, ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 3.75 wt%. In some embodiments, the dispersion in water is about 0.1 wt % ZnO in water to about 95 wt % ZnO in water. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises one or more additional agents. In some embodiments, the one or more additional agents comprise one or more agents independently selected from dispersant(s), surfactant(s), thickening agent(s), emulsifier(s), stabilizer(s), neutralizer(s), waterproofing agent(s), ester(s), perfume(s), and preservative material(s), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises one or more pigment(s). In some embodiments, each WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 pigment is independently selected from the group consisting of zinc oxide, calcium carbonate, mica, silicas, talcs, barium sulfate, clays, and calcined clays. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises sodium polyacrylate. In some embodiments, the sodium polyacrylate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises phenoxyethanol. In some embodiments, the phenoxyethanol is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises xanthan gum. In some embodiments, the xanthan gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the xanthan gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt%, at least about 0.001 wt%, at least about 0.01 wt%, at least about 0.1 wt%, at least about 0.5 wt%, at least about 1 wt%, at least about 2 wt%, at least about 3 wt%, at least about 5 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, or more. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises chlorphenesin. In some embodiments, the chlorphenesin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises glycerin. In some embodiments, the glycerin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the glycerin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt%, at least about 0.001 wt%, at least about 0.01 wt%, at least about 0.1 wt%, at least about 0.5 wt%, at least about 1 wt%, at least about 2 wt%, at least about 3 wt%, at least about 5 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, or more. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises cellulose gum. In some embodiments, the cellulose gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the cellulose gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of at least about 0.0001 wt%, at least about 0.001 wt%, at least about 0.01 wt%, at least about 0.1 wt%, at least about 0.5 wt%, at least about 1 wt%, at least about 2 wt%, at least about 3 wt%, at least about 5 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, or more. In some embodiments, the formulation has an absorption maximum from about 290 nm to about 435 nm. In some embodiments, the formulation has a pH of about 5.5 to about 8. In some embodiments, formulation comprises a dye. In some embodiments, the formulation of is contained in a spray applicator. In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to human skin or nails. In some embodiments, the formulation ma be rubbed into human skin or nails in about 0.5 s to about 20 s (e.g., in about 5 s, about 10s, about 15 s, or about 20 s). In some embodiments, the formulation may be rubbed into human skin or nails in at least about 1 hand swipe, at least about 2 hand swipes, at least about 3 hand swipes, at least about 4 hand swipes, at least about 5 hand swipes, at least about 6 hand swipes, at least about 7 hand swipes, at least about 8 hand swipes, at least about 9 hand swipes, at least about 10 hand swipes, at least about 15 hand swipes, at least about 20 hand swipes, WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 or at least about 30 hand swipes. In some embodiments, the formulation is used Sprays and Spraying

[0233] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides the formulation of any of the embodiments disclosed contained in a spray applicator. In some embodiments, the spray applicator aerosolizes the formulation.

[0234] In some embodiments, the formulation is dispensed as an aerosol spray, mist, or fog. In some embodiments, the formulation is an aerosol spray, mist, fog. In some embodiments, the spray applicator comprises an aerosol dispensing nozzle. In some embodiments, the spray applicator comprises an actuator. In some embodiments, the spray applicator comprises a valve actuator. In some embodiments, the spray applicator comprises an aerosol valve. Kits

[0235] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising a UV photoprotectant. In some embodiments, the kit comprises a solvent. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises a spray applicator. In some embodiments, the spray applicator aerosolizes the formulation. In some embodiments, the UV photoprotectant is packaged separately from the solvent. In some embodiments, the UV photoprotectant comprises a UV absorber and a catalytic antioxidant.

[0236] In some embodiments, the UV absorber and the catalytic antioxidant are packaged separately.

[0237] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising the catalytic antioxidant and the UV absorber of any one of the embodiments disclosed herein. Further Methods

[0238] In some embodiments, the formulation does not leave residue (e.g., visible residue) when applied to human skin. In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to the skin in the eyelid. In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to the skin on the hands. In some embodiments, the formulation does not leave streaking (e.g., visible streaking) when applied to human skin. In some embodiments, the formulation does not feel oily or pasty when applied to human skin.

[0239] In some embodiments, the formulation is applied in a substantially uniform thickness film to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the substantially uniform film of the formulation provides substantially even coverage of the formulation. In some embodiments, the substantially even coverage facilitates consistent protection against UV radiation (e.g., UVA radiation, UVB radiation, or UVC radiation). In some embodiments, the substantially even coverage facilitates consistent protection against UVA radiation.

[0240] In some embodiments, when the formulation is dispensed as an aerosol spray, mist, or WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 fog, then the formulation comprises a propellant.

[0241] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of applying a formulation (e.g., of any of the embodiments disclosed herein) to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the method comprises mixing a UV absorber and a catalytic antioxidant. In some embodiments, the method comprises diluting with a solvent. In some embodiments, the method comprises mixing a UV photoprotectant and a solvent. In some embodiments, the method comprises applying the formulation to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the method comprises: (a) mixing the UV photoprotectant and solvent; and (b) applying the formulation to a subject in need thereof.

[0242] In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to human skin. In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to the skin in the eyelid. In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to the skin on the hands. In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to human nail(s) (e.g., fingernail(s), toenail(s)). In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to both human skin and human nail. In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to both human skin and human eyelash. In some embodiments, the human nail is selected from a human fingernail and a human toenail. In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to a human nail cuticle (e.g., toenail cuticle, fingernail cuticle). In some embodiments, the cuticle is moisturized prior to applying the formulation. In some embodiments, the cuticle is moisturized after applying the formulation. In some embodiments, the moisturizing of the cuticle comprises applying an emollient. In some embodiments, the moisturizing of the cuticle comprises applying a humectant.

[0243] In some embodiments, the method further comprises applying a nail gel to the human nail. In some embodiments, the applying the nail gel to the human nail is after the (b) applying the formulation to a subject in need thereof. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the applying the nail gel to the human nail is before the (b) applying the formulation to a subject in need thereof.

[0244] In some embodiments, the method further comprises drying the nail gel on the human nail. In some embodiments, the drying the nail gel on the human nail is after the (b) applying the formulation to a subject in need thereof and is after the applying the nail gel to the human nail. In some embodiments, the formulation is first applied to human skin or nail(s), then the nail gel is applied, then the nail gel is dried. In some embodiments, the drying is performed under UV light. In some embodiments, the drying is performed with a UV light dryer. In some embodiments, the UV light drying is performed with UVA radiation. In some embodiments, the UV light drying is performed with UVB radiation. In some embodiments, the UV light drying is performed with UVC radiation.

[0245] In some embodiments, the formulation is first applied to human skin or eyelash(es). In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to human eyelash(es). In some embodiments, WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 eyelash gel or eyelash glue is applied. In some embodiments, the eyelash gel or glue is dried. In some embodiments, the formulation is first applied to human skin or eyelash(es), then the eyelash gel is applied, then the eyelash gel is dried. In some embodiments, the drying is performed under UV light. In some embodiments, the drying is performed with a UV light dryer. In some embodiments, the UV light drying is performed with UVA radiation. In some embodiments, the UV light drying is performed with UVB radiation. In some embodiments, the UV light drying is performed with UVC radiation.

[0246] In some embodiments, the formulation is mixed with a nail gel. In some embodiments, the formulation is mixed with an eyelash gel. In some embodiments, the formulation is mixed with an eyelash glue (e.g., a glue to dry synthetic eyelashes onto eyelids, e.g., for cosmetic purposes).

[0247] In some embodiments, the nail gel or eyelash gel (e.g., eyelash glue) comprises agents which undergo a photopolymerization (e.g., under UV light). In some embodiments, the drying is performed under UV light. In some embodiments, the drying is performed with a UV light dryer. In some embodiments, the UV light drying is performed with UVA radiation. In some embodiments, the UV light drying is performed with UVB radiation. In some embodiments, the UV light drying is performed with UVC radiation.

[0248] In some embodiments, the UV light is of a wavelength between about 290 nm and about 435 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is of a wavelength between about 340 nm and about 395 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is of a wavelength between about 360 nm and about 380 nm.

[0249] In some embodiments, the UV light is at least about 10 nm, at least about 100 nm, at least about 200 nm, at least about 250 nm, at least about 290 nm, at least about 300 nm, at least about 325 nm, at least about 350 nm, at least about 375 nm, at least about 400 nm, at least about 425 nm, at least about 435 nm, at least about 450 nm, at least about 475 nm, at least about 500 nm, 600 nm at least about 700 nm, or more.

[0250] Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the UV light is at most about 10 nm, at most about 100 nm, at most about 200 nm, at most about 250 nm, at most about 290 nm, at most about 300 nm, at most about 325 nm, at most about 350 nm, at most about 375 nm, at most about 400 nm, at most about 425 nm, at most about 435 nm, at most about 450 nm, at most about 475 nm, at most about 500 nm, 600 nm at most about 700 nm, or less.

[0251] In some embodiments, the UV light is about 10 nm to about 700 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is at least about 10 nm. n some embodiments, the UV light is at most about 700 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is about 10 nm to about 100 nm, about 10 nm to about 200 nm, about 10 nm to about 250 nm, about 10 nm to about 275 nm, about 10 nm to about WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 300 nm, about 10 nm to about 325 nm, about 10 nm to about 350 nm, about 10 nm to about 375 nm, about 10 nm to about 400 nm, about 10 nm to about 450 nm, about 10 nm to about 700 nm, about 100 nm to about 200 nm, about 100 nm to about 250 nm, about 100 nm to about 275 nm, about 100 nm to about 300 nm, about 100 nm to about 325 nm, about 100 nm to about 350 nm, about 100 nm to about 375 nm, about 100 nm to about 400 nm, about 100 nm to about 450 nm, about 100 nm to about 700 nm, about 200 nm to about 250 nm, about 200 nm to about 275 nm, about 200 nm to about 300 nm, about 200 nm to about 325 nm, about 200 nm to about 350 nm, about 200 nm to about 375 nm, about 200 nm to about 400 nm, about 200 nm to about 450 nm, about 200 nm to about 700 nm, about 250 nm to about 275 nm, about 250 nm to about 300 nm, about 250 nm to about 325 nm, about 250 nm to about 350 nm, about 250 nm to about 375 nm, about 250 nm to about 400 nm, about 250 nm to about 450 nm, about 250 nm to about 700 nm, about 275 nm to about 300 nm, about 275 nm to about 325 nm, about 275 nm to about 350 nm, about 275 nm to about 375 nm, about 275 nm to about 400 nm, about 275 nm to about 450 nm, about 275 nm to about 700 nm, about 300 nm to about 325 nm, about 300 nm to about 350 nm, about 300 nm to about 375 nm, about 300 nm to about 400 nm, about 300 nm to about 450 nm, about 300 nm to about 700 nm, about 325 nm to about 350 nm, about 325 nm to about 375 nm, about 325 nm to about 400 nm, about 325 nm to about 450 nm, about 325 nm to about 700 nm, about 350 nm to about 375 nm, about 350 nm to about 400 nm, about 350 nm to about 450 nm, about 350 nm to about 700 nm, about 375 nm to about 400 nm, about 375 nm to about 450 nm, about 375 nm to about 700 nm, about 400 nm to about 450 nm, about 400 nm to about 700 nm, or about 450 nm to about 700 nm. In some embodiments, the UV light is about 10 nm, about 100 nm, about 200 nm, about 250 nm, about 275 nm, about 300 nm, about 325 nm, about 350 nm, about 375 nm, about 400 nm, about 450 nm, or about 700 nm.

[0252] In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding the formulation to a spray applicator. In some embodiments, the method further comprises pressuring the formulation (e.g., with one or more propellants). In some embodiments, the pressurizing the formulation is after the adding the formulation to the spray applicator. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the pressurizing the formulation is before the adding the formulation to the spray applicator.

[0253] In some embodiments, the formulation is rubbed into a human hand. In some embodiments, the formulation is rubbed into a human foot. In some embodiments, the formulation is rubbed into human fingernails. In some embodiments, the formulation is rubbed into human toenails. In some embodiments, the formulation is rubbed into a human hand and fingernails. In some embodiments, the formulation is rubbed into a human foot and toenails.

[0254] In some embodiments, when the formulation is rubbed into human skin or nails, there is WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 minimal or no streaking. In some embodiments, when the formulation is rubbed into human skin or nails, there is no feeling of an oily substance. In some embodiments, when the formulation is rubbed into human skin or nails, there is no feeling of a pasty substance. In some embodiments, the rubbing-in onto the eyelash skin or nails occurs rapidly. In some embodiments, the rubbing-in onto the eyelash skin or nails occurs rapidly and easily. In some embodiments, the rubbing-in onto the skin or nails (e.g., nail bed or e.g., cuticles) occurs rapidly. In some embodiments, the rubbing-in onto the skin or nails (e.g., nail bed or e.g., cuticles) occurs easily. In some embodiments, after rubbing, there is minimal or no evidence of solids (e.g., precipitation) in the area of the nails (e.g., nail bed or e.g., cuticles) (e.g., around the cuticle). In some embodiments, after rubbing, there is minimal or no evidence of solids (e.g., precipitation) in the area of the nails (e.g., around the cuticle) or eyelash skin (e.g., area around the eyelash). In some embodiments, the formulation is applied gently to the eyelid skin. In some embodiments, the formulation is applied gently to the nails. In some embodiments, the formulation is applied slowly with minimal strokes to the eyelid skin. In some embodiments, the formulation is applied slowly with minimal strokes to the nails.

[0255] In some embodiments, the subject to which the formulation is applied has nail cancer (e.g., subungual melanoma, e.g., acral lentiginous melanoma).

[0256] In some embodiments, the formulation may be rubbed (e.g., with vigorous rubbing) into human skin and nails (e.g., with no streaking, or e.g., with no visible detectible residue, or e.g., with no feeling or a pasty substance) in at least about 1 s, at least about 2 s, at least about 3 s, at least about 4 s, at least about 5 s, at least about 6 s, at least about 7 s, at least about 8 s, at least about 9 s, at least about 10 s, at least about 30 s or more. Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the formulation may be rubbed into human skin and nails in at most about 1 s, at most about 2 s, at most about 3 s, at most about 4 s, at most about 5 s, at most about 6 s, at most about 7 s, at most about 8 s, at most about 9 s, at most about 10 s, at most about 30 s, or less.

[0257] In some embodiments, the formulation may be rubbed into human skin or nails in about 0.5 s to about 20 s. In some embodiments, the formulation may be rubbed into human skin or nails in at least about 0.5 s. In some embodiments, the formulation may be rubbed into human skin or nails in at most about 20 s. In some embodiments, the formulation may be rubbed into human skin or nails in about 0.5 s to about 1 s, about 0.5 s to about 2 s, about 0.5 s to about 4 s, about 0.5 s to about 5 s, about 0.5 s to about 6 s, about 0.5 s to about 7 s, about 0.5 s to about 7 s, about 0.5 s to about 8 s, about 0.5 s to about 9 s, about 0.5 s to about 10 s, about 0.5 s to about 20 s, about 1 s to about 2 s, about 1 s to about 4 s, about 1 s to about 5 s, about 1 s to about 6 s, about 1 s to about 7 s, about 1 s to about 7 s, about 1 s to about 8 s, about 1 s to about 9 s, about 1 s to about 10 s, about 1 s to about 20 s, about 2 s to about 4 s, about 2 s to about 5 s, about 2 s to about 6 s, about 2 s to WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 about 7 s, about 2 s to about 7 s, about 2 s to about 8 s, about 2 s to about 9 s, about 2 s to about 10 s, about 2 s to about 20 s, about 4 s to about 5 s, about 4 s to about 6 s, about 4 s to about 7 s, about 4 s to about 7 s, about 4 s to about 8 s, about 4 s to about 9 s, about 4 s to about 10 s, about 4 s to about 20 s, about 5 s to about 6 s, about 5 s to about 7 s, about 5 s to about 7 s, about 5 s to about 8 s, about 5 s to about 9 s, about 5 s to about 10 s, about 5 s to about 20 s, about 6 s to about 7 s, about 6 s to about 7 s, about 6 s to about 8 s, about 6 s to about 9 s, about 6 s to about 10 s, about 6 s to about 20 s, about 7 s to about 7 s, about 7 s to about 8 s, about 7 s to about 9 s, about 7 s to about 10 s, about 7 s to about 20 s, about 7 s to about 8 s, about 7 s to about 9 s, about 7 s to about 10 s, about 7 s to about 20 s, about 8 s to about 9 s, about 8 s to about 10 s, about 8 s to about 20 s, about 9 s to about 10 s, about 9 s to about 20 s, or about 10 s to about 20 s. In some embodiments, the formulation may be rubbed into human skin or nails in about 0.5 s, about 1 s, about 2 s, about 4 s, about 5 s, about 6 s, about 7 s, about 7 s, about 8 s, about 9 s, about 10 s, or about 20 s.

[0258] In some embodiments, the formulation may be rubbed into human skin or nails in at least about 1 hand swipe, at least about 2 hand swipes, at least about 3 hand swipes, at least about 4 hand swipes, at least about 5 hand swipes, at least about 6 hand swipes, at least about 7 hand swipes, at least about 8 hand swipes, at least about 9 hand swipes, at least about 10 hand swipes, at least about 15 hand swipes, at least about 20 hand swipes, at least about 30 hand swipes, or more. Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the formulation may be rubbed into human skin or nails in at most about 1 hand swipe, at most about 2 hand swipes, at most about 3 hand swipes, at most about 4 hand swipes, at most about 5 hand swipes, at most about 6 hand swipes, at most about 7 hand swipes, at most about 8 hand swipes, at most about 9 hand swipes, at most about 10 hand swipes, at most about 15 hand swipes, at most about 20 hand swipes, at most about 30 hand swipes, or less.

[0259] In some embodiments, the formulation may be rubbed into human skin or nails in about 1 hand swipe to about 30 hand swipes. In some embodiments, the formulation may be rubbed into human skin or nails in at least about 1 hand swipe. In some embodiments, the formulation may be rubbed into human skin or nails in at most about 30 hand swipes. In some embodiments, the formulation may be rubbed into human skin or nails in about 1 hand swipe to about 2 hand swipes, about 1 hand swipe to about 3 hand swipes, about 1 hand swipe to about 4 hand swipes, about 1 hand swipe to about 5 hand swipes, about 1 hand swipe to about 6 hand swipes, about 1 hand swipe to about 7 hand swipes, about 1 hand swipe to about 8 hand swipes, about 1 hand swipe to about 9 hand swipes, about 1 hand swipe to about 10 hand swipes, about 1 hand swipe to about 20 hand swipes, about 1 hand swipe to about 30 hand swipes, about 2 hand swipes to about 3 hand swipes, about 2 hand swipes to about 4 hand swipes, about 2 hand swipes to about 5 hand swipes, about 2 WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 hand swipes to about 6 hand swipes, about 2 hand swipes to about 7 hand swipes, about 2 hand swipes to about 8 hand swipes, about 2 hand swipes to about 9 hand swipes, about 2 hand swipes to about 10 hand swipes, about 2 hand swipes to about 20 hand swipes, about 2 hand swipes to about 30 hand swipes, about 3 hand swipes to about 4 hand swipes, about 3 hand swipes to about 5 hand swipes, about 3 hand swipes to about 6 hand swipes, about 3 hand swipes to about 7 hand swipes, about 3 hand swipes to about 8 hand swipes, about 3 hand swipes to about 9 hand swipes, about 3 hand swipes to about 10 hand swipes, about 3 hand swipes to about 20 hand swipes, about 3 hand swipes to about 30 hand swipes, about 4 hand swipes to about 5 hand swipes, about 4 hand swipes to about 6 hand swipes, about 4 hand swipes to about 7 hand swipes, about 4 hand swipes to about 8 hand swipes, about 4 hand swipes to about 9 hand swipes, about 4 hand swipes to about 10 hand swipes, about 4 hand swipes to about 20 hand swipes, about 4 hand swipes to about 30 hand swipes, about 5 hand swipes to about 6 hand swipes, about 5 hand swipes to about 7 hand swipes, about 5 hand swipes to about 8 hand swipes, about 5 hand swipes to about 9 hand swipes, about 5 hand swipes to about 10 hand swipes, about 5 hand swipes to about 20 hand swipes, about 5 hand swipes to about 30 hand swipes, about 6 hand swipes to about 7 hand swipes, about 6 hand swipes to about 8 hand swipes, about 6 hand swipes to about 9 hand swipes, about 6 hand swipes to about 10 hand swipes, about 6 hand swipes to about 20 hand swipes, about 6 hand swipes to about 30 hand swipes, about 7 hand swipes to about 8 hand swipes, about 7 hand swipes to about 9 hand swipes, about 7 hand swipes to about 10 hand swipes, about 7 hand swipes to about 20 hand swipes, about 7 hand swipes to about 30 hand swipes, about 8 hand swipes to about 9 hand swipes, about 8 hand swipes to about 10 hand swipes, about 8 hand swipes to about 20 hand swipes, about 8 hand swipes to about 30 hand swipes, about 9 hand swipes to about 10 hand swipes, about 9 hand swipes to about 20 hand swipes, about 9 hand swipes to about 30 hand swipes, about 10 hand swipes to about 20 hand swipes, about 10 hand swipes to about 30 hand swipes, or about 20 hand swipes to about 30 hand swipes. In some embodiments, the formulation may be rubbed into human skin or nails in about 1 hand swipe, about 2 hand swipes, about 3 hand swipes, about 4 hand swipes, about 5 hand swipes, about 6 hand swipes, about 7 hand swipes, about 8 hand swipes, about 9 hand swipes, about 10 hand swipes, about 20 hand swipes, or about 30 hand swipes. Methods of Making

[0260] In an aspect, disclosed herein is a method of making the formulation of any of the embodiments disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises preparing the UV photoprotectant. In some embodiments, the method comprises mixing the UV photoprotectant with a solvent.

[0261] In some embodiments, the UV photoprotectant comprises a catalytic antioxidant, a UV WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 absorber, and a solvent. In some embodiments, the mixing the UV photoprotectant comprises: high- shear mixing of cerium (III) carbonate powder (e.g., cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate) with a dispersion of ZnO in water. In some embodiments, the dispersion of ZnO in water comprises ZnO in a weight percentage of 50 wt% to 70 wt%. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of cerium (III) carbonate to the weight of ZnO is 0.5. In some embodiments, the ratio of the weight of cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate to the weight of ZnO is 0.5.

[0262] In some embodiments, the high-shear mixing comprises: (i) mixing using zirconia cylinders. In some embodiments, the zirconia cylinders comprise about 1 to about 4 zirconia cylinders per about 5 g ZnO to about 15 g ZnO. In some embodiments, the zirconia cylinders comprise at least about 1 zirconia cylinder per about 10 g ZnO, at least about 2 zirconia cylinders per about 10 g ZnO, at least about 3 zirconia cylinders per about 10 g ZnO, at least about 4 zirconia cylinders per about 10 g ZnO, at least about 5 zirconia cylinders per about 10 g ZnO, at least about 6 zirconia cylinders per about 10 g ZnO, at least about 7 zirconia cylinders per about 10 g ZnO, at least about 8 zirconia cylinders per about 10 g ZnO, at least about 10 zirconia cylinders per about 10 g ZnO, at least about 15 zirconia cylinders per about 10 g ZnO, at least about 20 zirconia cylinders per about 10 g ZnO, or more. Alternatively, or in addition, in some embodiments, the zirconia cylinders comprise at most about 1 zirconia cylinder per about 10 g ZnO, at most about 2 zirconia cylinders per about 10 g ZnO, at most about 3 zirconia cylinders per about 1...

Claims

1. WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 CLAIMS WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A formulation comprising: a UV photoprotectant comprising one or more agent(s) selected from: (a) a UV absorber and (b) a catalytic antioxidant.

2. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the formulation is a dispersion.

3. The formulation of claim 2, wherein the dispersion is a water-based dispersion or alcohol- based dispersion.

4. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 3, wherein the UV photoprotectant comprises a UV absorber.

5. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 4, wherein the UV absorber comprises an organic molecule.

6. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 5, wherein the UV absorber comprises oxybenzone.

7. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 6, wherein the UV absorber comprises an inorganic molecule.

8. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 7, wherein the UV absorber comprises a mineral.

9. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 4 or any one of claims 7 to claim 8, wherein the UV absorber is selected from TiO2 and ZnO.

10. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 4 or any one of claims 7 to claim 9, wherein the UV absorber comprises TiO2.

11. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 4 or any one of claims 7 to claim 9, wherein the UV absorber comprises ZnO.

12. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 4 or any one of claims 7 to claim 9 or claim 11, wherein ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage from 0.001 wt% to 20 wt%.

13. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 4 or any one of claims 7 to claim 9 or any one of claims 11 to claim 12, wherein ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage from about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%.

14. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 4 or any one of claims 7 to claim 9 or any one of claims 11 to claim 13, wherein ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%. WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 15. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 4 or any one of claims 7 to claim 9 or any one of claims 11 to claim 14, wherein ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%.

16. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 4 or any one of claims 7 to claim 9 or any one of claims 11 to claim 14, wherein ZnO is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt%.

17. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 4 or any one of claims 7 to claim 9 or any one of claims 11 to claim 16, wherein the ZnO is from a dispersion of about 30% ZnO in water to about 70% ZnO in water.

18. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 17, wherein the UV photoprotectant comprises a catalytic antioxidant.

19. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 18, wherein the catalytic antioxidant comprises an organic molecule.

20. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 18, wherein the catalytic antioxidant comprises a compound of cerium.

21. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 18 or claim 20, wherein the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium oxide, cerium carbonate, or a combination thereof.

22. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 18 or any one of claims 20 to claim 21, wherein the catalytic antioxidant comprises a compound of cerium (III).

23. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 18 or any one of claims 20 to claim 22, wherein the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium (III) carbonate, cerium (III) oxide, or a combination thereof.

24. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 18 or any one of claims 20 to 23, wherein the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium carbonate.

25. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 18 or any one of claims 20 to 24, wherein the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium (III) carbonate.

26. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 18 or any one of claims 20 to 25, wherein the catalytic antioxidant comprises a hydrate of cerium (III) carbonate.

27. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 18 or any one of claims 20 to 26, wherein the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate.

28. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 18 or any one of claims 20 to 27, wherein the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium oxide.

29. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 18 or any one of claims 20 to 28, wherein the catalytic antioxidant comprises cerium (III) oxide. WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 30. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 18 or any one of claims 20 to 29, wherein the catalytic antioxidant comprises a hydrate of cerium (III) oxide.

31. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 18 or any one of claims 23 to claim 26, wherein the cerium carbonate is in a particle size form selected from micron and nanoparticle.

32. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 18 or any one of claims 23 to claim 26 or claim 31, wherein the cerium carbonate is in a particle size form selected from micron.

33. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 18 or any one of claims 23 to claim 26 or claim 31, wherein the cerium carbonate is in a particle size form selected from nanoparticle.

34. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 18 or any one of claims 30 to 33, wherein the compound of cerium is substantially free of cerium (IV).

35. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 34, wherein the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt %.

36. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 35, wherein the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.5 wt% to about 2.5 wt %.

37. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 36, wherein the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.75 wt% to about 1.75 wt %.

38. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 37, wherein the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt %.

39. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 38, wherein the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%.

40. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 39, wherein the catalytic antioxidant is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 1.5 wt%.

41. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 40, wherein the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and a compound of cerium in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%.

42. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 41, wherein the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%.

43. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 42, wherein the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, wherein the cerium (III) carbonate is in micron form and either and is substantially free of cerium (IV) and is substantially free of a cerium oxide phase. WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 44. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 43, wherein the formulation comprises: ZnO in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%.

45. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 44, wherein the UV absorber and the catalytic antioxidant are present in a ratio ranging from about 1:1 wt:wt by weight to about 3:1 wt:wt by weight.

46. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 45, wherein the UV absorber and the catalytic antioxidant are present in a ratio of about 2:1 wt:wt by weight.

47. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 46, wherein the UV photoprotectant comprises a catalytic antioxidant and a UV absorber.

48. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 47, the formulation further comprising a solvent.

49. The formulation of claim 48, wherein the solvent comprises one or more substances selected from: an alcohol or water.

50. The formulation of 49, wherein the alcohol is selected from methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol.

51. The formulation of any one of claims 48 to claim 50, wherein the solvent comprises water.

52. The formulation of any one of claims 48 to claim 51, wherein the solvent comprises an alcohol.

53. The formulation of any one of claims 48 to claim 52, wherein the solvent comprises water and one or more alcohols.

54. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 53, the formulation further comprising one or more additional agents.

55. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 54, wherein each of the one or more additional agents comprise one or more agents independently selected from dispersant(s), surfactant(s), thickening agent(s), emulsifier(s), stabilizer(s), neutralizer(s), waterproofing agent(s), ester(s), perfume(s), and preservative material(s), or any combination thereof.

56. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 55, the formulation further comprising sodium polyacrylate.

57. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 56, wherein the sodium polyacrylate is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%.

58. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 57, the formulation further comprising phenoxyethanol. WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 59. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 58, wherein the phenoxyethanol is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%.

60. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 59, the formulation further comprising xanthan gum.

61. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 60, wherein the xanthan gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%.

62. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 61, the formulation further comprising chlorphenesin.

63. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 62, wherein the chlorphenesin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%.

64. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 63, the formulation further comprising glycerin.

65. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 64, wherein the glycerin is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%.

66. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 65, the formulation further comprising cellulose gum.

67. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 66, wherein the cellulose gum is present in the formulation in a weight percentage of about 0.001 wt% to about 3 wt%.

68. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 67, wherein the formulation has an absorption maximum from about 290 nm to about 435 nm.

69. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 68, wherein the formulation has an absorption maximum from about 300 nm to about 400 nm.

70. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 69, wherein the formulation has a pH from about 7 to about 8.

71. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 70, wherein the formulation protects a human subject against UV radiation.

72. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 71, wherein the formulation protects a human subject against photogenerated reactive oxygen species.

73. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 72 contained in a spray applicator.

74. A kit comprising the UV photoprotectant one of claims 1 to 72.

75. The kit of claim 74, further comprising the solvent of any one of claims 48 to 53.

76. The kit of claim 74 or claim 75, further comprising a spray applicator.

77. The kit of claim 75 or claim 76, wherein the UV photoprotectant is packaged separately from the solvent. WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 78. The kit of any one of claims 74 to claim 77, wherein the UV photoprotectant comprises a UV absorber and a catalytic antioxidant.

79. The kit of claim 77, wherein the UV absorber and the catalytic antioxidant are packaged separately.

80. A kit comprising the catalytic antioxidant and the UV absorber of any one of claims 1 to claim 78.

81. A method of applying the formulation of any one of claims 1 to 73, the method comprising: applying the formulation to a subject in need thereof.

82. The method of claim 81, wherein the formulation is applied to human skin.

83. The method of claim 81 or claim 82, wherein the formulation is applied to one or more human nail(s).

84. The method of any one of claims 81 to claim 83, wherein the human nail is selected from a human fingernail and a human toenail.

85. The method of any one of claims 81 to claim 84, the method further comprising, after the applying the formulation to a subject in need thereof, subsequently applying a nail gel to a human nail.

86. The method of claim 85, the method further comprising, after the subsequently applying a nail gel to the human nail, subsequently drying the nail gel on the human nail.

87. The method of claim 86, wherein the drying the nail gel is performed under UV light.

88. The method of claim 87, wherein the UV light is of a wavelength between about 290 nm and about 435 nm.

89. The method of any one of claims 87 to claim 88, wherein the UV light is of a wavelength between about 315 nm and about 400 nm.

90. The method of any one of claims 87 to claim 89, wherein the UV light is of a wavelength between about 360 nm and about 380 nm.

91. The method of claim 81, wherein the formulation is applied to one or more human eyelid(s).

92. The method of claim 81 or claim 91, wherein the formulation is applied to one or more upper eyelid(s).

93. The method of claim 81 or claim 91, wherein the formulation is applied to one or more lower eyelid(s).

94. The method of claim 81 or any one of claims 91 to claim 93, the method further comprising, after the applying the formulation to a subject in need thereof, subsequently applying an eyelash glue to a human eyelid. WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 95. The method of claim 94, the method further comprising, after the subsequently applying an eyelash glue to a human eyelid, subsequently applying a synthetic eyelash.

96. The method of claim 94 or claim 95, the method further comprising, after the subsequently applying an eyelash glue to a human eyelid or after the subsequently applying an eyelash, subsequently drying the eyelash glue.

97. The method of claim 96, wherein the drying the eyelash glue is performed under UV light.

98. The method of claim 97, wherein the UV light is of a wavelength between about 290 nm and about 435 nm.

99. The method of any one of claims 97 to claim 98, wherein the UV light is of a wavelength between about 315 nm and about 400 nm.

100. The method of any one of claims 97 to claim 99, wherein the UV light is of a wavelength between about 360 nm and about 380 nm.

101. A method of making the formulation of any one of claims 1 to claim 73, the method comprising: mixing the UV photoprotectant.

102. The method of claim 101, wherein the UV photoprotectant comprises a catalytic antioxidant, a UV absorber, and a solvent.

103. The method of claim 101 or claim 102, wherein the mixing the UV photoprotectant comprises: high-shear mixing of cerium (III) carbonate powder with a dispersion of ZnO in water.

104. The method of any one of claims 101 to claim 103, wherein the dispersion of ZnO in water comprises ZnO in a weight percentage of 50 wt% to 70 wt%.

105. The method of any one of claims 101 to claim 104, wherein the ratio of the weight of cerium (III) carbonate to the weight of ZnO is 0.

5.

106. The method of any one of claims 103 to claim 105, wherein the high-shear mixing comprises: (i) mixing using zirconia cylinders.

107. The method of claim 106, wherein the zirconia cylinders comprise about 1 to about 4 zirconia cylinders per about 5 g ZnO to about 15 g ZnO.

108. The method of claim 106 or claim 107, wherein the zirconia cylinders comprise about 3 zirconia cylinders per about 10 g ZnO.

109. The method of claim 106 or claim 107, wherein the zirconia cylinders comprise about 3 zirconia cylinders per about 10 g ZnO.

110. The method of any one of claims 106 to claim 109, wherein the mixing using zirconia cylinders comprises mixing at about 1000 RPM to about 2000 RPM. WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 111. The method of any one of claims 106 to claim 110, wherein the mixing using zirconia cylinders comprises mixing at about 1700 RPM.

112. The method of any one of claims 106 to claim 111, wherein the mixing using zirconia cylinders comprises mixing for about 0.1 minutes to about 30 minutes.

113. The method of any one of claims 106 to claim 111, wherein the mixing using zirconia cylinders comprises mixing for about 3 minutes.

114. The method of any one of claims 106 to claim 113, wherein the zirconia cylinders are about 1 cm to about 2 cm high and about 1 to about 2 cm wide.

115. The method of any one of claims 106 to claim 114, wherein the zirconia cylinders are about 1.5 cm high and about 1.5 cm wide.

116. The method of any one of claims 106 to claim 115, wherein the mixing the UV photoprotectant further comprises (ii) removal of the zirconia cylinders after the (i) mixing using zirconia cylinders.

117. The method of claim 116, wherein the mixing the UV photoprotectant further comprises (iii) subsequent high-shear mixing after the (ii) removal of the zirconia cylinders.

118. The method of claim 117, wherein the (iii) subsequent high-shear mixing comprises mixing from about 1000 RPM to about 5000 RPM.

119. The method of claim 117 or claim 118, wherein the (iii) subsequent high-shear mixing comprises mixing from about 3500 RPM.

120. The method of any one of claims 117 to claim 119, wherein the (iii) subsequent high-shear mixing comprises mixing for about 0.1 minutes to about 10 minutes.

121. The method of any one of claims 117 to claim 120, wherein the (iii) subsequent high-shear mixing comprises mixing for about 3 minutes.

122. The method of any one of claims 101 to claim 121, the method further comprising diluting with a solvent.

123. The method of claim 122, wherein the solvent is water.

124. The formulation of any one of claims 1 to 73, wherein the formulation consists essentially of: a UV photoprotectant comprising one or more agent(s) selected from: (a) a UV absorber and (b) a catalytic antioxidant.

125. The formulation of claim 124, wherein the formulation is a dispersion in water.

126. The formulation of claim 124 or claim 125, wherein the UV photoprotectant consists essentially of a UV absorber.

127. The formulation of claim 126, wherein the UV absorber consists essentially of an organic molecule. WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 128. The formulation of any one of claim 126, wherein the UV absorber consists essentially of an inorganic molecule.

129. The formulation of claim 126 or 128, wherein the UV absorber consists essentially of an agent selected from TiO2and ZnO.

130. The formulation of claim 129, wherein the UV absorber consists essentially of an agent selected from TiO2.

131. The formulation of claim 129, wherein the UV absorber consists essentially of an agent selected from ZnO.

132. The formulation of any one of claims 124 to 131, wherein the catalytic antioxidant consists essentially of a compound of cerium.

133. The formulation of claim 132, wherein the catalytic antioxidant consists essentially of cerium carbonate.

134. The formulation of claim 133, wherein the catalytic antioxidant consists essentially of cerium (III) carbonate.

135. The formulation of claim 134, wherein the catalytic antioxidant consists essentially of a hydrate of cerium (III) carbonate.

136. The formulation of claim 135, wherein the catalytic antioxidant consists essentially of cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate.

137. The formulation of any one of claims 132 to 136, wherein the catalytic antioxidant consists essentially of a compound of cerium that is substantially free of cerium (IV).

138. The formulation of any one of claims 132 to 137, wherein the catalytic antioxidant consists essentially of a compound of cerium that is substantially free of cerium oxide.

139. The formulation of claim 132, wherein the catalytic antioxidant consists essentially of cerium (III) oxide.

140. The formulation of any one of claims 124, 131, or 132 to 138, wherein the formulation consists essentially of: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and a compound of cerium in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%.

141. The formulation of any one of claims 124, 131, or 132 to 138, wherein the formulation consists essentially of: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%.

142. The formulation of any one of claims 124, 131, or 132 to 138, wherein the formulation consists essentially of: ZnO in a weight percentage from about 1 wt% to about WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 4 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate in a weight percentage from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%, wherein the cerium (III) carbonate is in micron form and either and is substantially free of cerium (IV) and is substantially free of a cerium oxide phase.

143. The formulation of any one of claims 124, 131, or 132 to 138, wherein the formulation consists essentially of: ZnO in a weight percentage of about 2.5 wt%; and cerium (III) carbonate octahydrate in a weight percentage of about 1.25 wt%.

144. The formulation of any one of claims 124 to 143, the formulation further comprising a solvent.

145. The formulation of claim 144, wherein the solvent consists essentially of water.

146. A formulation consisting essentially of a dispersion of ZnO or TiO2.

147. The formulation of claim 146, wherein the formulation is not an emulsion.

148. The formulation of claim 146 or claim 147, wherein the formulation consists essentially of a dispersion of ZnO or TiO2 in water.

149. The formulation of any one of claims 146 to 148, wherein the formulation consists essentially of a dispersion of ZnO in water.

150. The formulation of any one of claims 146 to 149, wherein the formulation consists essentially of a dispersion of TiO2in water.

151. The formulation of any one of claims 146 to 150, wherein water is present in the formulation in about 80 wt% to about 99.5 wt%.

152. The formulation of any one of claims 146 to 151, wherein water is present in the formulation in about 88 wt% to about 96 wt%.

153. The formulation of any one of claims 146 to 152, wherein water is present in the formulation in about 90 wt% to about 95 wt%.

154. The formulation of any one of claims 146 to 153, wherein the formulation has an SPF of about 10 to about 55.

155. The formulation of any one of claims 146 to 154, wherein the formulation has an SPF of about 10 to about 20.

156. The formulation of any one of claims 146 to 155, wherein ZnO is present in the formulation in about 0.1 wt% to about 30 wt%.

157. The formulation of any one of claims 146 to 156, wherein ZnO is present in the formulation in about 3 wt% to about 12 wt%.

158. The formulation of any one of claims 146 to 157, wherein ZnO is present in the formulation in about 5 wt% to about 10 wt%. WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 159. The formulation of any one of claims 146 to 158, wherein ZnO is present in the formulation in about 5 wt%.

160. The formulation of any one of claims 146 to 158, wherein ZnO is present in the formulation in about 7 wt%.

161. The formulation of any one of claims 146 to 158, wherein ZnO is present in the formulation in about 10 wt%.

162. The formulation of any one of claims 146 to 161, wherein the formulation further comprises phenoxyethanol, xanthan gum, chlorphenesin, glycerin, cellulose gum, or any combination thereof.

163. The formulation of any one of claims 146 to 162, contained in a spray applicator.

164. A method of applying the formulation of any one of claims 146 to 163, the method comprising: applying the formulation to a subject in need thereof.

165. The method of claim 164, wherein the formulation is applied to human skin.

166. The method of claim 164 or claim 165, wherein the formulation is applied to one or more human nail(s).

167. The method of any one of claims 164 to 166, wherein the human nail is selected from a human fingernail and a human toenail.

168. The method of any one of claims 164 to 167, the method further comprising, after the applying the formulation to a subject in need thereof, subsequently applying a nail gel to a human nail.

169. The method of claim 168, the method further comprising, after the subsequently applying a nail gel to the human nail, subsequently drying the nail gel on the human nail.

170. The method of claim 169, wherein the drying the nail gel is performed under UV light.

171. The method of claim 170, wherein the UV light is of a wavelength between about 290 nm and about 435 nm.

172. The method of claim 164, wherein the formulation is applied to one or more human eyelid(s).

173. The method of claim 164 or claim 172, wherein the formulation is applied to one or more upper eyelid(s).

174. The method of claim 164 or claim 172, wherein the formulation is applied to one or more lower eyelid(s). WSGR Docket No.58876-702.601 175. The method of claim 172 or any one of claims 172 to 174, the method further comprising, after the applying the formulation to a subject in need thereof, subsequently applying an eyelash glue to a human eyelid.

176. The method of claim 175, the method further comprising, after the subsequently applying an eyelash glue to a human eyelid, subsequently applying a synthetic eyelash.

177. The method of claim 175 or claim 176, the method further comprising, after the subsequently applying an eyelash glue to a human eyelid or after the subsequently applying an eyelash, subsequently drying the eyelash glue.

178. The method of claim 177, wherein the drying the eyelash glue is performed under UV light.

179. The method of claim 178, wherein the UV light is of a wavelength between about 290 nm and about 435 nm.

180. A method of using the formulation of any one of claims 146 to 163 as sunscreen.

181. A method of manufacturing the formulation of any one of claims 146 to 163, the method comprising dispersing the UV absorber in water.

182. The method of claim 181, further comprising dispensing the formulation into a spray applicator.

183. The method of any one of claims 164 to 182, or the formulation of any one of claims 146 to 163, wherein the formulation does not leave streaking when applied to human skin.

184. The method of any one of claims 164 to 183, or the formulation of any one of claims 146 to 163 or 183, wherein the formulation does not feel oily or pasty when applied to human skin.

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