Frequency correction in ntn
The method for frequency correction in NTN systems addresses synchronization issues by using offset values to adjust UE and BS signals, enhancing communication performance and reducing delays and energy consumption.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/086607
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-04-01
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-19
AI Technical Summary
Current NTN systems face challenges in uplink time and frequency synchronization due to GNSS jamming and spoofing, leading to delays and energy consumption, with no efficient frequency correction methods available for non-terrestrial networks.
A method and apparatus for UE and BS to receive a command indicating an offset value, determine a frequency offset, and transmit signals based on this offset to improve frequency correction in NTN, using absolute or differential values and satellite ephemeris for initial offset determination.
Enhances communication performance in NTN by efficiently correcting frequency offsets, improving synchronization and reducing delays and energy consumption.
Smart Images

Figure CN2025086607_19022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
FREQUENCY CORRECTION IN NTNTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to frequency correction in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) .BACKGROUND
[0002] A wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, such as base stations (BSs) , which may be otherwise known as an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. Each network communication device, such as a base station may support wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE) , or other suitable terminology. The wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) . Additionally, the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G) ) .
[0003] With the developments of communication technology, more and more communication scenarios may relate to a non-terrestrial network (NTN) . An NTN refers to a network or segments of a network using radio frequency (RF) resources on board a satellite. The satellite in NTN may be a geostationary earth orbiting (GEO) satellite with a fixed location to the earth, or a low earth orbiting (LEO) satellite orbiting around the earth. The third generation partnership project (3GPP) release 17 (Rel-17) specifications have provided basic support for NTN functions. Currently, uplink time and frequency synchronization for NTN is based on UE global navigation satellite system (GNSS) location and satellite ephemeris. However, GNSS jamming (leading to denial of service) and spoofing (leading to incorrect location reporting and potentially denial of service) may occur, furthermore, GNSS handling may cause delays to the UE operation due to positioning acquisition time (e.g., for a GNSS "cold start" ) and additional energy consumption. Based on that, enhancements on NTN communication, especially support for efficient frequency correction in an NTN, are still needed.SUMMARY
[0004] The present disclosure relates to a method, an apparatus, and a system that supports frequency correction in an NTN. With the apparatus and method, it is allowed to improve the communication performance in the NTN.
[0005] In some implementations, there is provided a user equipment (UE) . The UE comprises at least one memory, and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the UE to: receive a command for frequency correction in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) , wherein the command indicates an offset value, determine a frequency offset for a signal based on the offset value, and transmit the signal based on the frequency offset.
[0006] In some implementations, there is provided a method performed by the UE. The method comprises: receiving a command for frequency correction in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) , wherein the command indicates an offset value, determining a frequency offset for a signal based on the offset value, and transmitting the signal based on the frequency offset.
[0007] In some implementations, there is provided a processor for wireless communication. The processor comprises at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: receive a command for frequency correction in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) , wherein the command indicates an offset value, determine a frequency offset for a signal based on the offset value, and transmit the signal based on the frequency offset.
[0008] In some implementations of the method and the UE described herein, the offset value may comprise one of the following: an absolute offset value, or a differential value relative to a reference offset value. In some implementations of the method and the UE described herein, the absolute offset value comprises one of the following: an absolute phase offset value, or an absolute frequency offset value. In some implementations of the method and the UE described herein, the differential value comprises one of the following: a differential phase offset value, or a differential frequency offset value.
[0009] In a case where the offset value comprises the differential value, some implementations of the method and the UE described herein may further include obtaining an initial offset value for frequency correction based on one of the following: receiving an indication of the initial offset value, or determining the initial offset value based on a reference position and a satellite ephemeris.
[0010] In a case where the offset value comprises the absolute offset value, in some implementations of the method and the UE described herein, to determine the frequency offset for the signal, the UE may determine the frequency offset for the signal based on the absolute offset value.
[0011] In a case where the offset value comprises the differential value, in some implementations of the method and the UE described herein, to determine the frequency offset for the signal, the UE may determine a first offset value based on the differential value and the reference offset value, and determine the frequency offset for the signal based on the first offset value.
[0012] In some implementations of the method and the UE described herein, the offset value may be associated with a carrier frequency.
[0013] In some implementations of the method and the UE described herein, the offset value may be associated with a reference duration. In some implementations of the method and the UE described herein, the reference duration may be configured or pre-defined. Some implementations of the method and the UE described herein may further include determining the reference duration based on one of the following: a time interval associated with an uplink reference signal, a period of a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) with repetitions, a satellite orbit, or a satellite ephemeris.
[0014] In some implementations of the method and the UE described herein, to determine the frequency offset for the signal, the UE may determine an additional frequency offset based on a satellite ephemeris, and determine the frequency offset for the signal based on the offset value and the additional frequency offset. Some implementations of the method and the UE described herein may further include triggering reporting of a frequency offset report associated with the frequency offset for the signal based on one of the following: the frequency offset for the signal being larger than a threshold, or a difference between the frequency offset for the signal and a frequency offset reported previously before the reporting of the frequency offset report being larger than a threshold.
[0015] Some implementations of the method and the UE described herein may further include determining a time to apply the frequency offset based on at least one of the following: a time of receiving the command, a reported processing time for processing the command, a time for preparing the signal, or a maximum time advance value.
[0016] In some implementations, there is provided a base station (BS) . The BS comprises at least one memory, and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the BS to: transmit a command for frequency correction in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) , wherein the command indicates an offset value to be used to determine a frequency offset for a signal to the BS, and receive the signal.
[0017] In some implementations, there is provided a method performed by the BS. The method comprises: transmitting a command for frequency correction in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) , wherein the command indicates an offset value to be used to determine a frequency offset for a signal to the BS, and receiving the signal.
[0018] In some implementations, there is provided a processor for wireless communication. The processor comprises at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: transmit a command for frequency correction in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) , wherein the command indicates an offset value to be used to determine a frequency offset for a signal to the BS, and receive the signal.
[0019] In some implementations of the method and the BS described herein, the offset value may comprise one of the following: an absolute offset value, or a differential value relative to a reference offset value. In some implementations of the method and the BS described herein, the absolute offset value may comprise one of the following: an absolute phase offset value, or an absolute frequency offset value. In some implementations of the method and the BS described herein, the differential value comprises one of the following: a differential phase offset value, or a differential frequency offset value. In a case where the offset value comprises the differential value, some implementations of the method and the BS described herein may further include transmitting an indication of an initial offset value for frequency correction.
[0020] In some implementations of the method and the BS described herein, the offset value may be associated with a carrier frequency.
[0021] In some implementations of the method and the BS described herein, the offset value may be associated with a reference duration. In some implementations of the method and the BS described herein, the reference duration may be configured by the BS or pre-defined. In some implementations of the method and the BS described herein, determining the reference duration based on one of the following: a time interval associated with an uplink reference signal, a period of a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) with repetitions, a satellite orbit, or a satellite ephemeris.
[0022] Some implementations of the method and the BS described herein may further include receiving a frequency offset report associated with the frequency offset.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0023] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system that supports frequency correction in an NTN in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 2 illustrates an example process flow in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0025] FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate two example preamble allocation associated with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0026] FIG. 3C illustrates an example preamble receiving window associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 3D illustrates an example preamble receiving window overlapping associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0028] FIG. 3E illustrates an example preamble set division in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0029] FIGS. 3F and 3G illustrate two example preamble allocation in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0030] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a device that supports frequency correction in an NTN in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0031] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a processor that supports frequency correction in an NTN in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; and
[0032] FIGS. 6 through 7 illustrate flowcharts of methods that support frequency correction in an NTN in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0033] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar elements.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0034] Principles of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein may be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0035] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of the ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0036] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “some embodiments, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment (s) described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment (s) . Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0037] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” or the like may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element. For example, a first element could also be termed as a second element, and similarly, a second element could also be termed as a first element, without departing from the scope of embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0038] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components, etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0039] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as 5G new radio (NR) , Long-Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) , and so on. Further, the communications between a UE and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the 4G, 4.5G, the 5G communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will also be future type communication technologies and systems in which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned systems.
[0040] As used herein, the term “network device” or “network entity” generally refers to a node in a communication network via which a UE can access the communication network and receive services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , a radio access network (RAN) node, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , an NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , an infrastructure device for a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, a transmission and reception point (TRP) , a reception point (RP) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a low power node such as a femto a base station (BS) , a pico BS, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. The network device may further refer to a network function (NF) in the core network, for example, a service management function (SMF) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) , a policy control function (PCF) , a user plane function (UPF) or devices with the same function in future network architectures, and so forth.
[0041] As used herein, the term “user equipment (UE) ” or “terminal device” generally refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communications. By way of example rather than a limitation, a UE may also be referred to as a communication device, a terminal device, an end user device, a subscriber station (SS) , an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS) , or an access terminal (AT) . The UE may include, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a tablet, a wearable UE, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a portable computer, a desktop computer, an image capture UE such as a digital camera, a gaming UE, a music storage and playback appliance, a vehicle-mounted wireless UE, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , a USB dongle, a smart device, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device (for example, a remote surgery device) , an industrial device (for example, a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. In the following description, the terms: “UE, ” “communication device, ” “terminal, ” and “UE, ” may be used interchangeably.
[0042] Principles and implementations of embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the figures.
[0043] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system (or referred to as a communication network) 100 that supports frequency correction in an NTN in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more network entities 102 (also referred to as network equipment (NE) ) , one or more UEs 104, a core network 106, and a packet data network 108. The wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 5G network, such as an NR network. In other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20. The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , or code division multiple access (CDMA) , etc.
[0044] The one or more network entities 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100. One or more of the network entities 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a radio access network (RAN) , a base transceiver station, an access point, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. A network entity 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link 110, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) over a Uu interface.
[0045] In NTN scenarios, a network entity 102 may be implemented as a satellite. The network entity 102 may have full or part of an eNB / gNB on board. A network entity 102 in the form of a satellite can directly communicate to UE 104 using the NR / LTE Uu interface. The satellite may be a transparent satellite or a regenerative satellite. For NTN with a transparent satellite, a base station on earth may communicate with a UE via the satellite. For example, a communication link 110 between the satellite and the UE 104, a communication link 110 between the satellite and a base station on earth, and a communication link 116 between the base station on earth and core network 106 may be used for the NTN transparent mode. For NTN with a regenerative satellite, the base station may be on board and directly communicate with the UE. For example, a communication link 110 between the satellite and the UE 104, and a communication link 116 between the satellite (with full or part of an eNB / gNB on board) and core network 106 may be used for the NTN regenerative mode.
[0046] A network entity 102 may provide a geographic coverage area 112 for which the network entity 102 may support services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area 112. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, a network entity 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network. In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas 112 associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas 112 may be associated with different network entities 102. Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0047] The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a remote unit, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, an Internet-of-Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples. In some implementations, a UE 104 may be stationary in the wireless communications system 100. In some other implementations, a UE 104 may be mobile in the wireless communications system 100.
[0048] The one or more UEs 104 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some examples of UEs 104 are illustrated in FIG. 1. A UE 104 may be capable of communicating with various types of devices, such as the network entities 102, other UEs 104, or network equipment (e.g., the core network 106, the packet data network 108, a relay device, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, or another network equipment) , as shown in FIG. 1. Additionally, or alternatively, a UE 104 may support communication with other network entities 102 or UEs 104, which may act as relays in the wireless communications system 100.
[0049] A UE 104 may also be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link 114. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link 114 may be referred to as a sidelink (SL) . For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.
[0050] A network entity 102 may support communications with the core network 106, or with another network entity 102, or both. For example, a network entity 102 may interface with the core network 106 through one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N2, or another network interface) . The network entities 102 may communicate with each other over the backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an X2, Xn, or another network interface) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 may communicate with each other directly (e.g., between the network entities 102) . In some other implementations, the network entities 102 may communicate with each other or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 106) . In some implementations, one or more network entities 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC) . An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as a radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs) .
[0051] In some implementations, a network entity 102 may be configured in a disaggregated architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically distributed among two or more network entities 102, such as an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, a network entity 102 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a radio unit (RU) , a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, or any combination thereof.
[0052] An RU may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) . One or more components of the network entities 102 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 102 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some implementations, one or more network entities 102 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU) ) .
[0053] Split of functionality between a CU, a DU, and an RU may be flexible and may support different functionalities depending upon which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, radio frequency functions, and any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU, a DU, or an RU. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU and a DU such that the CU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some implementations, the CU may host upper protocol layer (e.g., a layer 3 (L3) , a layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) , service data adaption protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) . The CU may be connected to one or more DUs or RUs, and the one or more DUs or RUs may host lower protocol layers, such as a layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or an L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU.
[0054] Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU and an RU such that the DU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or more RUs) . In some implementations, a functional split between a CU and a DU, or between a DU and an RU may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU, a DU, or an RU, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU, the DU, or the RU) .
[0055] A CU may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU may be connected to one or more DUs via a midhaul communication link (e.g., F1, F1 c, F1 u) , and a DU may be connected to one or more RUs via a fronthaul communication link (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface) . In some implementations, a midhaul communication link or a fronthaul communication link may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities 102 that are in communication via such communication links .
[0056] The core network 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) , or a 5G core (5GC) , which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management functions (AMF) ) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc. ) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more network entities 102 associated with the core network 106.
[0057] The core network 106 may communicate with the packet data network 108 over one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N3, or another network interface) . The packet data network 108 may include an application server 118. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server 118. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the core network 106 via a network entity 102. The core network 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server 118 using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session) . The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the core network 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the core network 106) .
[0058] In the wireless communications system 100, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) ) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communications) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures) . The network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.
[0059] One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communications system 100, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., μ=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., μ=1) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., μ=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., μ=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix.
[0060] A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames) . Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.
[0061] Additionally or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., μ=0, μ=1, μ=2, μ=3, μ=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols) . In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing) , a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.
[0062] In the wireless communications system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communications system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz –114.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communications over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communications traffic (e.g., control information, data) . In some implementations, FR2 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.
[0063] FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies) . For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) , which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., μ=1) , which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies) . For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) , which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.
[0064] UE modem frequency correction has been applied in LTE. On the LTE UE side, frequency offset estimation / correction (also referred to as auto-frequency correction, AFC) is based on channel estimation of different symbols / different slots, for example, channel estimation of the symbol#0 and the symbol #4 based on LTE cell reference signal (CRS) symbols, denoted as, H (sym#0) and H (sym#4) .
[0065] Then, the product (denoted as V0 (x) ) of the channel estimate at the symbol #4 in the slot n and the conjugate of the channel estimate at the symbol #0 in the same slot n is calculated, i.e., V0 (x) = H (slot n, sym#4) *conj (H (slot n, sym#0) ) . It captures the channel phase difference between these two symbols (i.e., the sym#0 and the sym#4 in the slot n) within the same slot, which may be affected by the frequency offset. Further, the product (denoted as V1 (x) ) of the channel estimate at the symbol #0 in the slot n+1 and the conjugate of the channel estimate at the symbol #4 in the slot n is calculated, i.e., V1 (x) = H (slot n+1, sym#0) *conj (H (slot n, sym#4) ) . It captures the channel phase difference between these two symbols (i.e., the sym#4 in the slot n and the sym#0 in het slot n+1) across adjacent slots, which may also be influenced by the frequency offset.
[0066] The frequency offset is estimated by averaging channel phase differences (for example, V0 (x) and V1 (x) , etc. ) across different dimensions, including intra-slot, inter-slot, inter-receive chain (inter-Rx chain) , and inter-transmit chain (inter-Tx chain) . The averaged value is denoted as Vav.
[0067] The phase offset θ (in radians) is calculated as follows:
[0068] This phase offset is then converted to the frequency offset in parts per million (ppm) using the following formula: where fc is the carrier frequency.
[0069] The frequency offset is further averaged across different measurement blocks to obtain a more stable estimate as follows: φav=φav+αφ, where α is a smoothing factor and φ is the frequency offset from the current measurement block. The initial value of φav can be set to 0.
[0070] The maximum value of φav is limited to ensure it stays within a reasonable range as follows:
[0071] As of now, there is no efficient approach to support the closed loop frequency correction in the NTN at the UE side. In view of the above, how to implement the frequency correction in the NTN efficiently is still an open issue to be solved.
[0072] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution to resolve the above issue that occurred in the NTN, and also in any other types of networks in which a similar issue occurs. In one aspect of the solution of the present disclosure, a UE receives a command for frequency correction in an NTN. The command indicates an offset value. Moreover, the UE determines a frequency offset for a signal based on the offset value. In addition, the UE transmits the signal based on the frequency offset. For example, the UE may adjust the oscillator via phase-locked loop (PLL) based on the frequency offset, and transmit the signal after the oscillator adjustment, or directly pre-compensate the frequency offset to the signal based on the frequency offset.
[0073] By indicating the offset value in the command for frequency correction, this solution can support the frequency correction in the NTN in an efficient approach. In this way, it is possible to improve the communication performance in the NTN.
[0074] In the present disclosure, the terms “offset” and “shift” may be used interchangeably in some cases.
[0075] Reference is now made to FIG. 2, which illustrates an example process flow 200 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 200 will be described with reference to FIG. 1, and the process 200 may involve a UE 104 and a network entity 102 as shown in FIG. 1. The network entity 102 may be implemented as a satellite. It is to be understood that the steps and the order of the steps in FIG. 2 are merely for illustration, and not for limitation. It is to be understood that process 200 may further include additional blocks not shown and / or omit some shown blocks, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this regard.
[0076] As shown in FIG. 2, the network entity 102 transmits (205) , to the UE 104, a command (also referred to as a frequency offset command) for frequency correction (also referred to as closed loop frequency correction) in an NTN. The command may indicate an offset value used for determining a frequency offset to be applied on an uplink transmission at the UE 104. As an example, the offset value may comprise an absolute offset value. As an example implementation, the absolute offset value may comprise an absolute phase offset value or an absolute frequency offset value. As another example, the offset value may comprise a differential value relative to a reference offset value (for example, a previous offset value) . As an example implementation, the differential value may comprise a differential phase offset value or a differential frequency offset value. The command may be transmitted via a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) . The offset value may be determined by the network entity 102 based on an uplink signal (for example, uplink data, or an uplink reference signal, such as a sounding reference signal (SRS) , a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , etc. ) .
[0077] As shown in FIG. 2, the UE 104 determines (210) a frequency offset for a signal based on the offset value, and transmits (215) the signal based on the determined frequency offset. For example, the UE 104 may adjust an oscillator used for the signal based on the determined frequency offset. As an implementation, the UE 104 may adjust the oscillator via the PLL based on the frequency offset, and transmit the signal after the oscillator adjustment. Alternatively or additionally, the UE 104 may directly pre-compensate the frequency offset to the signal based on the frequency offset.
[0078] In the embodiments where the offset value is the absolute offset value, the UE 104 may determine the frequency offset for the signal based on the absolute offset value. If the absolute offset value is the absolute phase offset value, the UE 104 may determine the frequency offset for the signal based on the absolute phase offset value considering the conversion between a frequency and a phase. If the absolute offset value is the absolute frequency offset value, the UE 104 may determine the frequency offset for the signal as the absolute frequency offset value. The UE 104 may then adjust the frequency offset for the signal based on the absolute offset value.
[0079] In the embodiments where the offset value is the differential value, the UE 104 may determine the frequency offset for the signal based on the reference offset value (i.e., a previous offset, for example, a previous phase offset value, or a previous frequency offset value) and the differential value (for example, the differential phase offset value, or the differential frequency offset value) . In this case, the UE 104 may determine an offset value (also referred to as a new offset value or a first offset value, for example, denoted as Nnew) based on the differential value (for example, denoted as Δn) and the reference offset value (for example, denoted as Nold) , for example, Nnew=Nold+Δn, and then determine the frequency offset for the signal based on the new offset value. If the new offset value is a new phase offset value, the UE 104 may determine the frequency offset for the signal based on the new phase offset value considering the conversion between a frequency and a phase. If the new offset value is a new frequency offset value, the UE 104 may determine the frequency offset for the signal as the new frequency offset value.
[0080] In the embodiments where the offset value is the differential value, the UE 104 may obtain an initial offset value for frequency correction. For example, the UE 104 may receive an indication of the initial offset value from the network entity 102. In this case, to facilitate the initial random access, the network entity 102 may transmit a frequency offset command indicating the initial offset value for frequency correction for UE (s) (for example, the UE 104) via a broadcast signal assuming that the UE (s) is in a reference position (for example, the center of the footprint) . As another example, the UE 104 may determine the initial offset value based on a reference position and a satellite ephemeris. In this case, the network entity 102 may further indicate the reference position (for example, the center of the cell / footprint) for UE (s) (for example, the UE 104) to derive the initial offset based on the reference position and satellite ephemeris, for example, using a method similar to that employed by a UE with a GNSS in release 17 (Rel-17) NTN.
[0081] In some embodiments, the offset value may be associated with a carrier frequency fc. For example, the phase offset θ with a unit of [rad] may be converted to frequency offset φ with a unit of [ppm] using the following formula:
[0082] In some embodiments, the offset value may be associated with a reference duration. In other words, the offset value may be determined by the reference duration, which means that the offset value may be an offset to be caused within the reference duration. The reference duration may guarantee the phase offset of the signal (due to the frequency offset of the signal) is smaller than 2π. Some implementations regarding the determination of the reference duration are discussed as follows.
[0083] In some implementations, the reference duration may be configured by the network entity 102. For example, the reference duration may be configured by a higher layer.
[0084] In some implementations, the reference duration may be pre-defined. For example, the reference duration may be fixed as 1 symbol, 1 ms, 1 slot, or 10 ms.
[0085] In some implementations, the reference duration may be determined by the UE 104. For example, the reference duration may be determined based on a time interval associated with an uplink reference signal, which may depend on the detailed uplink reference signal (s) or any other uplink data / signal used for frequency offset estimation at the gNB side. For example, the reference duration may be determined based on a time interval of consecutive reference signals (for example, uplink DMRSs, SRSs, etc. ) . As another example, the reference duration may be determined based on a period of a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) (for example, a configured grant PUSCH (CG-PUSCH) ) with repetitions. As a further example, the reference duration may be determined based on a satellite orbit. In this case, the reference duration may be determined by the satellite orbit (for example, LEO, medium earth orbit (MEO) , geostationary earth orbit (GEO) ) since the frequency doppler shift is determined by the satellite attitude and corresponding moving speed. As an example implementation, for the GEO, the reference duration may be 1 slot as the frequency doppler shift is not large, and for the LEO, the reference duration may be 1 symbol as the frequency doppler shift is not small. As yet a further example, the reference duration may be determined based on a satellite ephemeris (such as the satellite’s moving speed and its position coordinates along the x, y, and z axes) .
[0086] In some embodiments, an additional frequency offset caused by the movement of the satellite may be considered. In this case, the UE 104 may determine the additional frequency offset based on a satellite ephemeris, and then determine the frequency offset (also referred to as the total frequency offset) for the signal based on the offset value and the additional frequency offset. In other words, the UE 104 may further adjust the frequency offset based on the additional frequency offset. For example, the additional frequency offset may be measured by the UE 104 via a CRS-like signal (e.g., a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) signal in NR and a narrowband reference signal (NRS) in LTE narrowband internet of things (NBIoT) ) or a synchronization signal block (SSB) -like signal (e.g., an SSB in NR and a primary synchronization signal (PSS) / secondary synchronization signal (SSS) in LTE NBIoT) due to the frequency shift / drift and UE moving.
[0087] In some embodiments, the UE 104 may trigger the reporting of a frequency offset report associated with the frequency offset for the signal. The frequency offset report may indicate the total frequency offset (i.e., the current total frequency offset) derived based on the offset value and the additional frequency offset. For example, the frequency offset reporting may be triggered if the total frequency offset derived based on the offset value and the additional frequency offset is larger than a threshold. As another example, the frequency offset reporting may be triggered if a difference (also referred to as a differential total frequency offset) between the frequency offset for the signal (i.e., the current frequency offset derived based on the offset value and the additional frequency offset) and a frequency offset reported previously before the reporting of the frequency offset report is larger than a threshold. For example, if the differential total frequency offset or the total frequency offset within a reference duration is larger than a threshold, the UE 104 may trigger the frequency offset reporting. In this way, it is allowed to guarantee the phase offset of the signal (due to signal frequency offset) to be smaller than 2π, otherwise, the reference duration may need to be adjusted.
[0088] In some embodiments, considering the potential time advance (TA) adjustment and frequency offset adjustment, the UE 104 may determine a time to apply the frequency offset based on at least one of a time of receiving the command, a reported processing time for processing the command (also referred to as a UE reported PDSCH processing time) , a time for preparing the signal (also referred to as uplink data preparation time) , or a maximum TA value. Assuming that the UE 104 receives the frequency offset command in the slot n, it may adjust / adopt the frequency offset in the slot n+k. For example, the slot n+k may be determined by the frame structure, the UE reported processing time, the time advance value, whether a TA command and the frequency offset command indicated in the same or different MAC CEs, etc. As an example implementation, if the TA command and the frequency offset command are indicated in different MAC CEs (e.g., in different time slots) , the slot n+k may be the latest uplink slot after the slot n+N1+N2, where N1 and N2 are the UE reported PDSCH processing time and the uplink data preparation time respectively. As another example implementation, if the TA command and the frequency offset command are indicated in the same MAC CE, the slot n+k may be the uplink slot after the slot n+N1+N2+Nta, max, where N1 and N2 are the UE reported PDSCH processing time and the uplink data preparation time respectively, and Nta_max is the maximal TA value. In this case, the TA correction and the frequency correction may be adopted in the same slot, as the TA command and the frequency offset command are indicated in the same MAC CE.
[0089] According to some embodiments with reference to FIG. 2, it is allowed to support the frequency correction in the NTN in an efficient approach. Thus, it is possible to improve the communication performance in the NTN.
[0090] The following discussions are now made with reference to 3A to 3G to describe another aspect of the solution of the present disclosure.
[0091] Random access is a basic procedure in 5G NR technologies, enabling a UE to establish uplink synchronization and initiate uplink transmission. Before sending a random access request, the UE shall receive a set of information transmitted by a BS through a system information block type 2 (SIB2) message. With this information, the UE may transmit a physical random access channel (PRACH) preamble using a resource indicated by the BS in the SIB2 message. When a UE enters a new cell, it has no prior knowledge of the BS. After identifying the optimal synchronization signal block (SSB) through downlink synchronization, the UE transmits the PRACH preamble containing its information, based on the identified optimal SSB.
[0092] A random access channel (RACH) occasion (RO) (also referred to as PRACH occasion) refers to an area specified in the time and frequency domain that is available for the reception of the PRACH preamble. A UE is provided a number N of synchronization signal / physical broadcast channel (SS / PBCH) blocks associated with one PRACH occasion and a number R of contention based preambles per SS / PBCH block per valid PRACH occasion by ssb-perRACH-Occasion (N) and CB-PreamblesPerSSB (R) in RACH-ConfigCommon. If N < 1, it means that one SS / PBCH block is mapped to 1 / N consecutive valid PRACH occasions, and R contention based preambles with consecutive indexes associated with the SS / PBCH block per valid PRACH occasion start from preamble index 0. If N ≥ 1, it means that N SS / PBCH blocks are associated with one PRACH occasion, and each SSB is associated with R preambles, with the index starting from n·Ntotalpreamble / Nn·Npreambletotal / N, where NtotalpreambleNpreambletotal is provided by totalNumberOfRA-Preambles in RACH-ConfigCommon and is an integer multiple of N, 0 ≤ n ≤ N-1.
[0093] FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate two example preamble allocation. As shown in FIG. 3A, ssb-perRACH-Occasion (N) is set to 2, CB-PreamblesPerSSB (R) is set to 4, and the totalNumberOfRA-Preamble is set to 8. In this case, for SSB 0, preambles with indexes 0, 1, 2, and 3 may be used; and for SSB 1, preambles with indexes 4, 5, 6, and 7 may be used. As shown in FIG. 3B, ssb-perRACH-Occasion (N) is set to 1 / 4, CB-PreamblesPerSSB (R) is set to 8, and the totalNumberOfRA-Preamble is set to 8. In this case, for each of SSBs 0 to 3, preambles with indexes 0 to 7 may be used.
[0094] Moreover, in the NTN, differential delay may be experienced by two types of UEs, without a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) within the same cell. As a result, the preambles sent by different UEs in the same RO may reach the network device at different times. To make sure the network device can receive preambles from all the UEs, the preamble receiving window should start from [RO timing + minimum one way delay *2] and end with [RO timing +maximum one way delay *2] , as shown in FIG. 3C.
[0095] When a preamble is received, the network device needs to determine which RO the preamble is related to in order to estimate the accurate TA. However, if the RO periodicity is not long enough, there is an open issue that the preamble receiving windows for two consecutive ROs may be overlapped with each other, as shown in FIG. 3D, making it difficult for the network device to link the received preamble to the corresponding RO. Therefore, there is a need for an efficient solution for the issue caused by the preamble receiving window overlapping.
[0096] Inventors notice that this issue may be solved based on the preamble division. For example, the preambles may be divided into groups and mapped to different ROs, such that ROs with timing separation less than 2 *maximum delay difference are always assigned with different groups of preambles.
[0097] In some embodiments, the UE may receive a configuration of a preamble set from the network side. The UE may be configured with one or more ROs and a preamble set, where each RO may be associated with one or more SSB beam indexes or one SSB beam index may be associated with one or more ROs. The UE may be configured with one or more reference positions, where each reference position of the one or more reference positions may be associated with a subset of the preamble set. In other words, as indicated in the configuration of the preamble set from the network side, the preamble set may be divided based on the one or more reference positions. Then, based on the configuration of the preamble set from the network side, the UE may transmit a preamble within a respective subset of the preamble set assuming a target reference position. In other words, the UE may transmit a preamble within a respective subset of the preamble set corresponding to a respect reference position (i.e., the target reference position) of the one or more reference positions. For example, the subset of the preamble set may be determined based on a rule that the preambles within the preamble set are divided (for example, evenly) for each SSB and each reference position.
[0098] FIG. 3E illustrates an example preamble set division. As shown in FIG. 3E, 32 preambles (with indexes 0-31) are configured for the SSB index (for example, SSB index 0) and the RO (for example, RO 0) . The preambles are divided into 4 preamble subsets, where each preamble subset has 8 preambles. A respective preamble subset may be associated with a respective reference position (i.e., , a respective one of reference positions A, B, C, and D) .
[0099] FIGS. 3F and 3G illustrate two example preamble allocation. On the basis of the preamble allocation in FIGS. 3A and 3B, the preamble division based on the reference positions are further considered. As shown in FIG. 3F, ssb-perRACH-Occasion (N) is set to 2, CB-PreamblesPerSSB (R) is set to 4, totalNumberOfRA-Preamble is set to 8, and the number of reference positions is 2. In this case, for SSB 0 and for reference position 0, preambles with indexes 0 and 1 may be used; and for SSB 0 and for reference position 1, preambles with indexes 2 and 3 may be used; for SSB 1 and for reference position 0, preambles with indexes 4 and 5 may be used; and for SSB 1 and for reference position 1, preambles with indexes 6 and 7 may be used. As shown in FIG. 3G, ssb-perRACH-Occasion (N) is set to 1 / 4, CB-PreamblesPerSSB (R) is set to 8, the totalNumberOfRA-Preamble is set to 8, and the number of reference positions is 2. In this case, for each of SSBs 0 to 3, for reference position 0, preambles with indexes 0 to 3 may be used, and for reference position 1, preambles with indexes 4 to 7 may be used.
[0100] In some embodiments, the UE may derive the TA and the doppler shift based on a reference position of the one or more reference positions, and perform the random access based on the preamble subset associated with the reference position. For example, the UE (especially, a stationary UE) may keep the reference position after the success of RACH.
[0101] In some embodiments, the UE may update the reference position in case the TA is larger than a threshold via a new RACH. For example, the threshold may be signaled by the BS.
[0102] In some embodiments, the UE may update the reference position based on its implementation. For example, the UE may update the reference position based on the satellite ephemeris, all reference positions, the TA change trends, etc.
[0103] By dividing the preamble set based on the one or more reference positions, the the network device can link the received preamble to the corresponding reference position. This solution can thus improve the flexibility and efficiency of the RA for an NTN. In this way, it is possible to improve the communication performance in the NTN.
[0104] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a device 400 that supports frequency correction in an NTN in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 400 may be an example of a UE 104 or a network entity 102 as described herein. The device 400 may support wireless communication with one or more devices in the communication system. The device 400 may include components for bi-directional communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a processor 402, a memory 404, a transceiver 406, and, optionally, an I / O controller 408. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0105] The processor 402, the memory 404, the transceiver 406, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. For example, the processor 402, the memory 404, the transceiver 406, or various combinations or components thereof may support a method for performing one or more of the operations described herein.
[0106] In some implementations, the processor 402, the memory 404, the transceiver 406, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some implementations, the processor 402 and the memory 404 coupled with the processor 402 may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 402, instructions stored in the memory 404) .
[0107] For example, the processor 402 may support wireless communication at the device 400 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 402 may be configured to operable to support a means for receiving a command for frequency correction in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) , wherein the command indicates an offset value; a means for determining a frequency offset for a signal based on the offset value; and a means for transmitting the signal based on the frequency offset. The processor 402 may be configured to operable to support a means for transmitting a command for frequency correction in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) , wherein the command indicates an offset value to be used to determine a frequency offset for a signal to the BS; and a means for receiving the signal.
[0108] The processor 402 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof) . In some implementations, the processor 402 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other implementations, a memory controller may be integrated into the processor 402. The processor 402 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory 404) to cause the device 400 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.
[0109] The memory 404 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) . The memory 404 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 402 cause the device 400 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some implementations, the code may not be directly executable by the processor 402 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some implementations, the memory 404 may include, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
[0110] The I / O controller 408 may manage input and output signals for the device 400. The I / O controller 408 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device M02. In some implementations, the I / O controller 408 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some implementations, the I / O controller 408 may utilize an operating system such as or another known operating system. In some implementations, the I / O controller 408 may be implemented as part of a processor, such as the processor 402. In some implementations, a user may interact with the device 400 via the I / O controller 408 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 408.
[0111] In some implementations, the device 400 may include a single antenna 410. However, in some other implementations, the device 400 may have more than one antenna 410 (i.e., multiple antennas) , including multiple antenna panels or antenna arrays, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 406 may communicate bi-directionally, via the one or more antennas 410, wired, or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 406 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 406 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 410 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 410. The transceiver 406 may include one or more transmit chains, one or more receive chains, or a combination thereof.
[0112] A transmit chain may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) . The transmit chain may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM) , frequency modulation (FM) , or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) . The transmit chain may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmit chain may also include one or more antennas 410 for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.
[0113] A receive chain may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receive chain may include one or more antennas 410 for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receive chain may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA) ) configured to amplify the received signal. The receive chain may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receive chain may include at least one decoder for decoding the processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.
[0114] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a processor 500 that supports frequency correction in an NTN in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 500 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 500 may include a controller 502 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 500 may optionally include at least one memory 504, such as L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 500 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 506. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0115] The processor 500 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) , magnetic RAM (MRAM) , resistive RAM (RRAM) , flash memory, phase change memory (PCM) , and others) .
[0116] The controller 502 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 500 to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 502 may operate as a control unit of the processor 500, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 500. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.
[0117] The controller 502 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 504 and determine subsequent instruction (s) to be executed to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 502 may be configured to track memory address of instructions associated with the memory 504. The controller 502 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 502 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 500 to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 502 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 500. The controller 502 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs) , and other functional units of the processor 500.
[0118] The memory 504 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 500 or other memory, such RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the memory 504 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 500) . In some other implementations, the memory 504 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 500) .
[0119] The memory 504 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 500, cause the processor 500 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 502 and / or the processor 500 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 504 to cause the processor 500 to perform various functions. For example, the processor 500 and / or the controller 502 may be coupled with or to the memory 504, and the processor 500, the controller 502, and the memory 504 may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 500 may include multiple processors and the memory 504 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.
[0120] The one or more ALUs 506 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, the one or more ALUs 506 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) . In some other implementations, the one or more ALUs 506 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) . One or more ALUs 506 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 506 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 506 be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 506 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR) , not-OR (NOR) , and not-AND (NAND) , enabling the one or more ALUs 506 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.
[0121] The processor 500 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 500 may be configured to or operable to support a means for receiving a command for frequency correction in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) , wherein the command indicates an offset value; a means for determining a frequency offset for a signal based on the offset value; and a means for transmitting the signal based on the frequency offset. The processor 500 may be configured to or operable to support a means for transmitting a command for frequency correction in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) , wherein the command indicates an offset value to be used to determine a frequency offset for a signal to the BS; and a means for receiving the signal.
[0122] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a method 600 that supports frequency correction in an NTN in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 600 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 600 may be performed by a UE 104 as described herein. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0123] At 610, the method may include receiving a command for frequency correction in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) , wherein the command indicates an offset value. The operations of 610 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 610 may be performed by a UE 104 as described with reference to FIG. 1.
[0124] At 620, the method may include determining a frequency offset for a signal based on the offset value. The operations of 620 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 620 may be performed by a UE 104 as described with reference to FIG. 1.
[0125] At 630, the method may include transmitting the signal based on the frequency offset. The operations of 630 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 630 may be performed by a UE 104 as described with reference to FIG. 1.
[0126] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a method 700 that supports frequency correction in an NTN in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 700 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 700 may be performed by a network entity 102 as described herein. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0127] At 710, the method may include transmitting a command for frequency correction in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) , wherein the command indicates an offset value to be used to determine a frequency offset for a signal to the BS. The operations of 710 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 710 may be performed by a network entity 102 as described with reference to FIG. 1.
[0128] At 720, the method may include receiving the signal. The operations of 720 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 720 may be performed by a network entity 102 as described with reference to FIG. 1.
[0129] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.
[0130] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
[0131] The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
[0132] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor.
[0133] As used herein, including in the claims, an article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” or “one or both of” ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a “set” may include one or more elements.
[0134] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.A user equipment (UE) comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the UE to:receive a command for frequency correction in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) , wherein the command indicates an offset value;determine a frequency offset for a signal based on the offset value; andtransmit the signal based on the frequency offset.2.The UE of claim 1, wherein the offset value comprises one of the following:an absolute offset value; ora differential value relative to a reference offset value.3.The UE of claim 2, at least one of the following:wherein the absolute offset value comprises one of the following:an absolute phase offset value; oran absolute frequency offset value; orwherein the differential value comprises one of the following:a differential phase offset value; ora differential frequency offset value.4.The UE of claim 2, wherein the offset value comprises the differential value, and wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the UE to:obtain an initial offset value for frequency correction based on one of the following:receiving an indication of the initial offset value; ordetermining the initial offset value based on a reference position and a satellite ephemeris.5.The UE of claim 2, wherein the offset value comprises the absolute offset value, and the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to determine the frequency offset for the signal by:determining the frequency offset for the signal based on the absolute offset value.6.The UE of claim 2, wherein the offset value comprises the differential value, and the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to determine the frequency offset for the signal by:determining a first offset value based on the differential value and the reference offset value; anddetermining the frequency offset for the signal based on the first offset value.7.The UE of claim 1, wherein the offset value is associated with a carrier frequency.8.The UE of claim 1, wherein the offset value is associated with a reference duration.9.The UE of claim 8, wherein the reference duration is configured or pre-defined.10.The UE of claim 8, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the UE to:determine the reference duration based on one of the following:a time interval associated with an uplink reference signal;a period of a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) with repetitions;a satellite orbit; ora satellite ephemeris.11.The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to determine the frequency offset for the signal by:determining an additional frequency offset based on a satellite ephemeris; anddetermining the frequency offset for the signal based on the offset value and the additional frequency offset.12.The UE of claim 11, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the UE totrigger reporting of a frequency offset report associated with the frequency offset for the signal based on one of the following:the frequency offset for the signal being larger than a threshold; ora difference between the frequency offset for the signal and a frequency offset reported previously before the reporting of the frequency offset report being larger than a threshold.13.The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the UE todetermine a time to apply the frequency offset based on at least one of the following:a time of receiving the command;a reported processing time for processing the command;a time for preparing the signal; ora maximum time advance value.14.A base station (BS) comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the BS to:transmit a command for frequency correction in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) , wherein the command indicates an offset value to be used to determine a frequency offset for a signal to the BS; andreceive the signal.15.The BS of claim 14, wherein the offset value comprises one of the following:an absolute offset value; ora differential value relative to a reference offset value.16.The BS of claim 15, at least one of the following:wherein the absolute offset value comprises one of the following:an absolute phase offset value; oran absolute frequency offset value; orwherein the differential value comprises one of the following:a differential phase offset value; ora differential frequency offset value.17.The BS of claim 14, wherein the offset value is associated with a carrier frequency.18.The BS of claim 14, wherein the offset value is associated with a reference duration.19.A method performed by a user equipment (UE) , the method comprising:receiving a command for frequency correction in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) , wherein the command indicates an offset value;determining a frequency offset for a signal based on the offset value; andtransmitting the signal based on the frequency offset.20.A method performed by a base station (BS) , the method comprising:transmitting a command for frequency correction in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) , wherein the command indicates an offset value to be used to determine a frequency offset for a signal to the BS; andreceiving the signal.
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