Sensing in a wireless communication system

Abstract

Various aspects of the present disclosure relate to a first network entity for wireless communication. The first network entity may be configured to, capable of, or operable to receive a first sensing requirement for a first sensing operation and a second sensing requirement for a second sensing operation; and determine, based on the first sensing requirement and the second sensing requirement, a first node for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation.

Description

SENSING IN A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMTECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communication, including sensing in a wireless communication system.BACKGROUND

[0002] A wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, which may be otherwise knowns as network equipment (NE) supporting wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE), or other suitable terminology. The wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers, or the like). Additionally, the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G)).SUMMARY

[0003] An article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a,” “at least one,” “one or more,” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of’ or “one or more of’ or “one or both of’) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, asDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPused herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a “set” may include one or more elements.

[0004] The following abbreviations are herewith defined, at least some of which are referred to within the following description: 3GPP - 3rd Generation Partnership Project; 5G- 5th Generation of Mobile Communications; AD AES - Application Data Analytics Enablement Service; ADRF - Analytics Data Repository Function; AF - Application Function; AGV - Automated Guided Vehicles; AI / ML - Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning; AMF - Access and Mobility Function; AnLF - Analytics Logical Function; BSF- Binding Support Function; CCTV - Closed Circuit Television; CM - Connection Management; CP - Control Plane; CQI - Channel Quality Indicator; DCCF - Data Collection Coordination Functionality; DL - Downlink; EIF - Energy Information Function; EPC - Evolved Packet Core; E-UTRA - Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access; GMLC - Gateway Mobile Location Center; gNB - generic Node B; ISAC - Integrated Sensing And Communications; KPI - Key Performance Indicator; LMF - Location Management Function; LOS - Line of Sight; MDT - Minimization of Drive Tests; MF - Management Function; MFAF - Messaging Framework Adaptor Function; MnS - Management Service; MTLF - Model Training Logical Function; NEF - Network Exposure Function; NF - Network Function; NG-RAN - Next Generation-RAN; NLOS - None Line of Sight; NR - New Radio; NWDAF - Network Data Analytics Function; 0AM- Operations, Administration and Maintenance; PCF - Policy Control Function; PM - Performance Measurement; (R)AN - (Radio) Access Network; RAN - Radio Access Network; RCEF - RRC Connection Establishment Failure; RCS - Radar Cross Section; RLF - Radio Link Failure; RF - Radio Frequency; RS - Reference Signal; RSRP - Reference Signal Received Power; RSRPP - Reference Signal Received Power Path; RSRQ - Reference Signal Received Quality; RSRQP - Reference Signal Received Quality Path; Rx - Reception; SBA - Service-Based Architecture. SECF - Sensing Energy Cost Function; SECIF - Sensing Energy Cost Information Function; SF - Sensing Function; SF- C / SF-U - SF-Control Plane / SF-User Plane; SINR- Signal-to-noise and Interference Ratio; SUPI - Subscription Permanent Identifier; TA - Tracking Area; TB - Transport Block; TRP - Transmission-Reception Point; Tx - Transmission; UAV - Unmanned AerialDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPVehicle; UDM - User Data Manager; UDR - User Data Repository; UP - User Plane; UPF - User Plane Function.

[0005] A first network entity for wireless communication is described. The first network entity may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the first network entity may include at least one memory, and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the first network entity to: receive a first sensing requirement for a first sensing operation and a second sensing requirement for a second sensing operation; and determine, based on the first sensing requirement and the second sensing requirement, a first node for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation.

[0006] A method performed or performable by the first network entity is described herein. The method may comprise: receiving a first sensing requirement for a first sensing operation and a second sensing requirement for a second sensing operation; and determining, based on the first sensing requirement and the second sensing requirement, a first node for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation.

[0007] A processor for wireless communication is described. The processor may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the processor may comprise at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: receive a first sensing requirement for a first sensing operation and a second sensing requirement for a second sensing operation; and determine, based on the first sensing requirement and the second sensing requirement, a first node for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation.

[0008] A second network entity for wireless communication is described. The second network entity may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the second network entity may include at least one memory, and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the second network entity to: transmit, to a first network entity, a first sensing requirement for a first sensing operation and a second sensing requirement for a second sensing operation; and receive, from the first network entity, information related toDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPa first node, wherein the first node is suitable for supporting the first sensing operation based on the first sensing requirement, and wherein the first node is suitable for supporting the second sensing operation based on the second sensing requirement.

[0009] A method performed or performable by the second network entity is described herein. The method may comprise: transmitting, to a first network entity, a first sensing requirement for a first sensing operation and a second sensing requirement for a second sensing operation; and receiving, from the first network entity, information related to a first node, wherein the first node is suitable for supporting the first sensing operation based on the first sensing requirement, and wherein the first node is suitable for supporting the second sensing operation based on the second sensing requirement.

[0010] A processor for wireless communication is described. The processor may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the processor may comprise at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: transmit, to a first network entity, a first sensing requirement for a first sensing operation and a second sensing requirement for a second sensing operation; and receive, from the first network entity, information related to a first node, wherein the first node is suitable for supporting the first sensing operation based on the first sensing requirement, and wherein the first node is suitable for supporting the second sensing operation based on the second sensing requirement.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0012] Figures 2a and 2b illustrate example configurations of nodes for sensing in a wireless communications system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0013] Figures 3a to 3e illustrate examples of architectures for sensing in a wireless communications system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP

[0014] Figure 4 illustrates NWDAF flavours, input data sources and output consumers in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0015] Figure 5 illustrates a process for determining a node for a sensing operation in a wireless communication system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0016] Figure 6 illustrates an example of a process flow for determining a node for a sensing operation in a wireless communication system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0017] Figure 7 illustrates an example of a UE 700 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0018] Figure 8 illustrates an example of a processor 800 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0019] Figure 9 illustrates an example of a NE 900 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0020] Figure 10 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1000 performed by a NE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0021] Figure 11 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1100 performed by a NE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0022] A wireless communication system (or wireless communication network), including one or more UE and NE may be configured to support ISAC services for performing a sensing operation. A sensing operation may comprise performing a sensing service or sensing task to sense (e.g., detect, track, measure) a sensing target (e.g., a sensing target object or sensing area). However, ISAC services tend to require significant energy costs to the network. The total energy cost may depend on the energy cost for transmitting a sensing signal, receiving the sensing signal and / or processing the sensing signal to derive a sensing result.Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP

[0023] Some examples described herein generally relate to selecting nodes for performing the sensing operation. Some examples described herein generally relate to selecting nodes that are capable of performing or supporting the sensing operation. Some examples described herein generally relate to determining, for each of the selected nodes, the energy cost for performing the sensing operation. Some examples described herein may relate to recommending the use of one or more of the selected nodes to perform the sensing operation based on the energy cost of using the recommended nodes e.g., using the recommended nodes tends to reduce the overall energy cost of performing the sensing operation. Some examples described herein may relate to determining multiple sensing operations that may be performed together by the recommended nodes to reduce the overall energy cost of performing the multiple sensing operations; as opposed to performing the sensing operations separately. Determining to perform multiple sensing operations together to reduce the overall energy cost may be referred to as clustering hereinafter.

[0024] Aspects of the present disclosure are described in the context of a wireless communications system.

[0025] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 100 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may comprise a wireless communication network. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more NE 102, one or more UE 104, and a core network (CN) 106. The wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE- Advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a NR network, such as a 5G network, a 5G- Advanced (5G-A) network, or a 5G ultrawideband (5G-UWB) network. In other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20. The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G, for example, 6G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multipleDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPaccess (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), or code division multiple access (CDMA), etc.

[0026] The one or more NE 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100. One or more of the NE 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a network function, a network entity, a RAN, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a nextgeneration NodeB (gNB), or other suitable terminology. An NE 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signalling, transmit signalling) over a Uu interface.

[0027] An NE 102 may provide a geographic coverage area for which the NE 102 may support services for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc.) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, an NE 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network (NTN). In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas may be associated with different NE 102.

[0028] The one or more UE 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a subscriber device, a transmitter device, a receiver device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (loT) device, an Internet-of-Everything (loE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples.

[0029] A UE 104 may be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D)Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPcommunication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.

[0030] An NE 102 may support communications with the CN 106, or with another NE 102, or both. For example, an NE 102 may interface with other NE 102 or the CN 106 through one or more backhaul links (e.g., SI, N2, N2, or network interface). In some implementations, the NE 102 may communicate with each other directly. In some other implementations, the NE 102 may communicate with each other or indirectly (e.g., via the CN 106. In some implementations, one or more NE 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC). An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as a radio heads, smart radio heads, or TRPs.

[0031] The CN 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The CN 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC), or a 5G core (5GC), which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), an AMF) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or a user plane function (UPF)). In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc.) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more NE 102 associated with the CN 106.

[0032] The CN 106 may communicate with a packet data network over one or more backhaul links (e.g., via an SI, N2, N2, or another network interface). The packet data network may include an application server. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the CN 106 via an NE 102. The CN 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and theDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPapplication server using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session). The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the CN 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the CN 106).

[0033] In the wireless communications system 100, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers)) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communications). In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5 G and among other suitable radio access technologies, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures). The NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.

[0034] One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communications system 100, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., / r=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., / r=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., / r=l) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., / r=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., / r=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., / r=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix.

[0035] A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames). Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration. In some implementations,Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPeach frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.

[0036] Additionally or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., / r=0, jU=l , / r=2, jU=3, / r=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols). In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing), a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., / r=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.

[0037] In the wireless communications system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communications system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz - 7.125 GHz), FR2 (24.25 GHz - 52.6 GHz), FR3 (7.125 GHz - 24.25 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz - 114.25 GHz), FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz - 71 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz - 300 GHz). In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communications over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communications traffic (e.g., control information, data).Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPIn some implementations, FR2 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.

[0038] FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies). For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., / r=0), which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., / r=l), which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., / r=2), which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies). For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., / r=2), which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., / r=3), which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.

[0039] The wireless communication system 100 may be configured (e.g., arranged) to support IS AC. IS AC enables the inclusion of sensing capabilities, e.g., radar like sensing, in a communication network. Such sensing capabilities may be used to obtain information related to the shape, size, orientation, speed, location, distances, or relative motion between objects using NR RF signals and, in some cases, previously defined information available in EPC and / or E-UTRA as described in TR 22.837 V19.4.0.

[0040] The following terms from TR 22.837 V19.4.0 are used herein: 3GPP sensing data: data derived from 3GPP radio signals impacted (e.g., scattered, reflected, refracted, diffracted) by an object or environment of interest for sensing purposes, and optionally processed within the 5G system; sensing result: processed 3 GPP sensing data requested by a service consumer; sensing service area: a service area where sensing services may solely rely on infrastructures and sensing technologies that may be assumed to be present anywhere where 5G is present (this includes both indoor and outdoor environments); sensing target area: an area that needs to be sensed by deriving the dynamic characteristics of the area from any moving obstacles (e.g., cars, human, animals) from the impacted (e.g., reflected, refracted, diffracted) wireless signals; confidence level describes the percentage of all the possible measured sensing results that can be expected to include the true sensing result considering the accuracy; sensing resolution describes the minimum difference in the measured magnitude of target objects (e.g., range, velocity) to be allowed to detect objects in different magnitude; maximum sensing service latency: time elapsed between the eventDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPtriggering the determination of the sensing result and the availability of the sensing result at the sensing system interface; refreshing rate: rate at which the sensing result is generated by the sensing system (e.g., the inverse of the time elapsed between two successive sensing results reporting to the application server).

[0041] There are two types of sensing area: static sensing service area: a pre-defined area that does not move from the sensing transmitter’s perspective; and moving sensing target area: a trusted zone with a target that moves from the sensing transmitter’s perspective.

[0042] In some examples described herein, the wireless communication system 100 is configured to select nodes for performing the sensing operation. In some examples described herein, the wireless communication system 100 is configured to select nodes that are capable of performing or supporting the sensing operation. In some examples described herein, the wireless communication system 100 is configured to determine, for each of the selected nodes, the energy cost for performing the sensing operation. In some examples described herein, the wireless communication system 100 is configured to recommend the use of one or more of the selected nodes to perform the sensing operation based on the energy cost of using the recommended nodes e.g., using the recommended nodes tends to reduce the overall energy cost of performing the sensing operation. In some examples described herein, the wireless communication system 100 is configured to determine multiple sensing operations that may be performed together by the recommended nodes to reduce the overall energy cost of performing the multiple sensing operations; as opposed to performing the sensing operations separately.

[0043] Figures 2a and 2b illustrate example configurations of nodes for sensing in a wireless communications system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Figure 2a shows a first configuration 200 in which the network provides sensing Tx. Figure 2b shows a second configuration 205 in which a UE provides sensing Tx. The first configuration 200 and second configuration 205 may be different sensing modes with sensing signal transmission and sensing signal reception by the network or a UE or a combination thereof.Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP

[0044] The first configuration 200 comprises a gNB (sensing Rx) 222, a gNB (sensing Tx / Rx) 224 and a UE (sensing Rx) 210 arranged for sensing of an object 202. The second configuration 205 comprises a gNB (sensing Rx) 222, a UE (sensing Rx) 210 and a UE (sensing Tx / Rx) 212 arranged for sensing of the object 202.

[0045] The first configuration 200 and second configuration 205 may be radio sensing scenarios. The first configuration 200 may comprise network-based radio sensing operations. The second configuration 205 may comprise UE-based radio sensing operations. In the first configuration 200 and second configuration 205, the network may configure the participating sensing entities, e.g., network and UE nodes acting as sensing Tx nodes, network and UE nodes acting as sensing Rx nodes. In the first configuration 200 and second configuration 205, the network may configure the sensing signal, measurements and reporting procedures from the nodes. The functional split between the network and the UE nodes for a specific sensing task (e.g., task of detecting presence of a pedestrian in a road) may take various forms, depending on the availability of sensing-capable devices and the requirements of the specific sensing task. A node may comprise a participating sensing entity. A node may comprise a UE node. A node may comprise a network node. A node may comprise a sensing capable device.

[0046] In some examples described herein, a configuration of nodes for sensing in a wireless communication system comprises sensing Tx as a network node and sensing Rx as a separate network node: in this case, the sensing signal (sensing RS or another RS used for sensing, or the data / control channels known to the involved network / TRP nodes) is transmitted and received by different network entities. The involvement of UE nodes is limited to the aspects of interference management, when necessary. The network does not utilize UEs for sensing assistance in this scenario.

[0047] In some examples described herein, a configuration of nodes for sensing in a wireless communication system comprises sensing Tx as a network node and sensing Rx as the same network node: the sensing signal (e.g., sensing RS or another RS used for sensing, or the data / control channels known to the network / TRP nodes) is transmitted and received by the same network entity. The involvement of UE nodes is limited to the aspects ofDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPinterference management, when necessary. The network does not utilize UEs for sensing assistance in this scenario.

[0048] In some examples described herein, a configuration of nodes for sensing in a wireless communication system comprises sensing Tx as network node and sensing Rx as a UE node: in this case, the sensing signal (e.g., sensing RS or other RS used for sensing or a data / control channel) is transmitted by a network entity and received by one or multiple UE nodes. The network configures the UEs to act as a sensing Rx node, according to the UE nodes capabilities for sensing, as well as the requirements of the desired sensing task.

[0049] In some examples described herein, a configuration of nodes for sensing in a wireless communication system comprises sensing Tx as a UE node and sensing Rx as a network node: in this case, the sensing signal (e.g., sensing RS or other RS used for sensing, or a data / control channel transmitted by the UE) is received by one or multiple network entities and transmitted by a UE node. The network configures the UE to act as a sensing Tx node, according to the UE nodes capabilities for sensing, as well as the nature of the desired sensing task.

[0050] In some examples described herein, a configuration of nodes for sensing in a wireless communication system comprises a sensing Tx as a UE node and sensing Rx as a separate UE node: in this case, the sensing signal (e.g., sensing RS or other RS used for sensing of a data / control channel) is received by one or multiple UE nodes and transmitted by a UE node. In this case, the network, or a UE node may potentially determine the configuration of the sensing scenario. The network may configure the UEs to act as a sensing Tx and / or sensing Rx nodes, according to the UE nodes capabilities for sensing, as well as the nature of the desired sensing task.

[0051] In some examples described herein, a configuration of nodes for sensing in a wireless communication system comprises a sensing Tx as a UE node and sensing Rx as the same UE node: in this case, the sensing signal (e.g., a sensing-dedicated RS or another RS used for sensing, or the data / control channels known to the UE) is transmitted by a UE node and received by the same UE node. The UE or the network may configure the sensing scenario, according to the UE nodes capabilities for sensing, as well as the nature of the desired sensing task.Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP

[0052] Figures 3 a to 3 e illustrate examples of architectures for sensing in a wireless communications system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0053] Network Architectures for supporting ISAC Sensing may relate to a target UE, or an object without network connectivity. For example, an object may comprise a UE with no sim-card. ISAC sensing may be used for obtaining environment characteristics, e.g., sensing weather conditions, determining whether it is raining. ISAC sensing may use the radio signals from a plurality of nodes (e.g., one or more base stations); the plurality of node may be a sensing group. The locations of each node in the sensing group may be known. Sensing measurement data (e.g., sensing data) from each node the sensing group may be collected synchronously. The collected sensing data is then provided to the mobile core network, which determines the sensing target and its corresponding characteristics. Sensing data may initially be processed at the RAN level, e.g.., at the base station that acts as sensing Rx. This configuration tends to reduce the size of the sensing data and enable differentiation of target objects related to distinct sensing tasks.

[0054] ISAC may enhance 5G core architecture by introducing a SF. Four proposals for enhancing the 5G core by introducing a SF as a dedicated or logical NF are considered in IMT-2020 as illustrated in Figures 3a to 3e.

[0055] Figure 3 a illustrates an example of a first architecture 300 for sensing in a wireless communications system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The first architecture 300 may represent a tight coupling ISAC network architecture.

[0056] The first architecture 300 comprises a UE 310, a (R)AN 320, UDM 330, NWDAF 335, LMF 340, PCF 345, AMF 350, SF 355, NEF 360, AF 365 and UPF 367. The first architecture 300 comprises the following reference points: an N1 reference point between the UE 310 and AMF 350, an N8 reference point between the AMF 350 and UDM 330, an NS3 reference point between the UDM 330 and SF 355, an NS1 reference point between the AMF 350 and SF 355, an NS4 reference point between the NWDAF 335 and SF 355, and NS6 reference point between the LMF 340 and SF 355, an NS5 reference point between the PCF 345 and SF 355, an NS2 reference point between the NEF 360 and SF 355, an NS7 reference point between the UPF 367 and SF 355, an N33 reference pointDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPbetween the NEF 360 and AF 365, an N8 reference point between the AMF 350 and UDM 330 and an N5 reference point between the PCF 345 and NEF 360.

[0057] The first architecture 300 may comprise a tight coupling IS AC network architecture. In the first architecture 300, the SF 355 appears as a dedicated NF handling both: (i) the sensing control plane aspects such as the interaction with the sensing consumer via NEF 360 and information exchange with other NFs, for gathering UE information, (e.g., from the AMF 350, UDM 330, and LMF 340, UE 310 related policies from the PCF 345, and analytics from the NWDAF 335 and (ii) the sensing radio signals for performing the analysis or prediction for determining the sensing target.

[0058] Figure 3 b illustrates an example of a second architecture 302 for sensing in a wireless communications system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The second architecture 302 may represent an SB A of tight coupling IS AC network architecture.

[0059] The second architecture 302 comprises a UE 310, a (R)AN 320, UDM 330, NWDAF 335, LMF 340, PCF 345, AMF 350, SF 355, NEF 360, AF 365 and UPF 367. The second architecture 302 comprises the following reference points: an N1 reference point between the UE 310 and AMF 350, an N2 reference point between the AMF 350 and (R)AN 320, and an NS7 reference point between the UPF 367 and SF 355.

[0060] The second architecture 302 may be an alternative of the tight coupling IS AC network architecture of the first architecture 300. In the second architecture 302, the SF 355 directly interacts via NS7 with the UPF 367 to receive sensing data, while it interacts via the service-based interconnection medium with the remaining of the 5G core control plane NFs.

[0061] Figure 3 c illustrates an example of a third architecture 304 for sensing in a wireless communications system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The third architecture 304 may represent a tight coupling IS AC network architecture with CP / UP split.

[0062] The third architecture 304 comprises a UE 310, a (R)AN 320, UDM 330, NWDAF 335, LMF 340, PCF 345, AMF 350, SF-Control plane (SF-C) 356, SF-User planeDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP(SF-U) 357, NEF 360, AF 365 and UPF 367. The third architecture 304 comprises the following reference points: an N1 reference point between the UE 310 and AMF 350, an N8 reference point between the AMF 350 and UDM 330, an NS3 reference point between the UDM 330 and SF-C 356, an NS1 reference point between the AMF 350 and SF-C 356, an NS4 reference point between the NWDAF 335 and SF-C 356, and NS6 reference point between the LMF 340 and SF-C 356, an NS5 reference point between the PCF 345 and SF- C 356, an NS2 reference point between the NEF 360 and SF-C 356, an NS7 reference point between the UPF 367 and SF-U 357, an N33 reference point between the NEF 360 and AF 365, an N8 reference point between the AMF 350 and UDM 330 and an N5 reference point between the PCF 345 and NEF 360.

[0063] In third architecture 304 (e.g., a tight coupling IS AC network architecture with CP / UP split), the SF has two dedicated NF counter parts: (i) SF-C 356 that handles the control plane aspects as described above and (ii) SF-U 357 that is responsible for collecting the sensing radio signals via the user plane, e.g., via the (R)AN 320 and UPF 367. The third architecture 304 tends to enable splitting and offloading heavy data volumes associated with sensing radio signals to the user plane to ensure light traffic, e.g., only signalling, in the control plane.

[0064] Figure 3d illustrates an example of a fourth architecture 306 for sensing in a wireless communications system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The fourth architecture 306 may represent a loose coupling IS AC network architecture.

[0065] The fourth architecture 306 comprises a UE 310, (R)AN 320, UDM 330, LMF 340, SF 355, AMF 350, GMLC 342, NEF 360 and AF 365. The fourth architecture 306 comprises the following reference points: an N1 reference point between the UE 310 and AMF 350, an NL1 reference point between the AMF 350 and the LMF 340 / SF 355, an NL7 reference point between the LMF 340 and SF 355, an N8 reference point between AMF 350 and the UDM 330, an NS 1 reference point between the AMF 350 and the NEF 360, an N2 reference point between the AMF 350 and the (R)AN 320, an NS2 reference point between the between the UDM 330 and the NEF 360, an NL5 reference point between the NEF 360 and GMLC 342, NL6 reference point between the UDM 330 and the GMLC 342 and an N33 reference point between the NEF 360 and the AF 365.Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP

[0066] In the fourth architecture 306, the SF 355 is collocated with the LMF 340; for example, the SF 355 appears as a logical NF embedded in the LMF 340 to perform sensing taking advantage of the knowledge of a UE location.

[0067] Figure 3e illustrates an example of a fifth architecture 308 for sensing in a wireless communications system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0068] The fifth architecture 308 comprises a UE 310, a (R)AN 320, an AMF 350, an NWDAF 335, an SF 355, an NEF 360 and an AF 365. The fifth architecture 308 comprises the following reference points: an NS2 reference point between the AMF 350 and (R)AN 320, an NS2 reference point between the AMF 350 and SF 355, an NS1 reference point between the SF 355 and (R)AN 320, an NS4 reference point between the NWDAF 335 and SF 355, an NS3 reference point between the SF 355 and NEF 360 and an N33 reference point between the NEF 360 and AF 365.

[0069] The fifth architecture 308 may represent a loose coupling ISAC network architecture where the SF 355 is independent of the 5G core, e.g., typically used for local field scenarios or private networks, and the interaction with the 5G core is minimal. The SF 355 may be close to the (R)AN 320. The (R)AN 320 may collect and process the sensing radio signals locally, and interact with 5G core for the purpose of exposure via NEF 360, for getting the UE location from the AMF 350 and for analytics (e.g., using an NWDAF).

[0070] For ISAC in 5G, ISAC operation may be based on the existing wireless infrastructure. The wireless infrastructure provides coverage to leverage the benefits of radio signal sensing as well as on the use of 5G core that can assist in collecting further information related to the UEs, policies, analytics and may facilitate sensing exposure towards external network consumers, e.g., AFs.

[0071] Figure 4 illustrates a diagram 400 showing NWDAF flavours, input data sources and output consumers in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Diagram 400 may represent NWDAF flavours including the potential input data sources and output consumers. The diagram 400 relates to Network Data Analytics in 5G Core.

[0072] The diagram 400 comprises the following NWDAF flavours: NWDAF (AnLF / MTLF) 435, NWDAF (AnLF) 436, NWDAF (MTLF Server FL) 437, and NWDAFDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP(MTLF Client FL) 438. The NWDAF flavours receive data from input data sources: 5G Core NFs 442, AFs 465, NEF 460, Data Repositories 432 and 0AM Data (e.g., PMs, KPIs, CM, Alarms) 452. The NWDAF flavours may receive data from the input data sources via a DCCF / MFAF 444. The NWDAF flavours may transmit data to output consumers: 5G Core NFs 442, AFs 465, NEF 460, Data Repositories 432 and 0AM Data (e.g., MnS Consumer or MF) 452.

[0073] The 5G core may comprise an NWDAF for analytics. The NWDAF may support various analytics types, e.g., UE Mobility, User Data Congestion, NF load, and others as elaborated in TS 23.288 V19.2.0, which may be selected by a consumer using the Analytics ID. Each NWDAF may support one or more Analytics IDs and may have the role of inference called NWDAF containing AnLF (or simply AnLF), or ML Model training called NWDAF containing MTLF (or simply MTLF) or both. AnLF that support a specific Analytics ID inference subscribes to a corresponding MTLF to provide ML Model training when needed.

[0074] Diagram 400 illustrates the various NWDAF flavours and their respective input data and output result consumers, which may include 5G core NFs, AFs 465, 5G core data repositories, e.g., ADRF, and the 0AM (MnS Consumer or MF) 452. Optionally, DCCF and MFAF 444 may be involved to optimize the distribution and subscription for collecting repeated data towards or from various data sources.

[0075] An ISAC service tends to require excessive energy cost, e.g.., energy consumption, mainly in the RAN due to the wireless transmissions for sensing. Such energy cost may relate to transmitting, collecting and processing sensing data that assists in deriving a sensing result.

[0076] When a TRP is used for another communication purpose, e.g., holding an ongoing transmission, an ISAC service may take advantage of that, e.g., if the wireless transmission is towards the sensing target object or the sensing target / service area with LOS or with a high score related to LOS. However, this may not always be the case.

[0077] A TRP may not be used for another communication purpose, and hence re-using an existing transmission for the purpose of obtaining sensing information may not beDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPfeasible. In this case, a wireless transmission may be introduced for sensing. Previously, there is no mechanism to determine a potential energy cost for sensing; for example, by considering the launch of a wireless transmission for a target object or area considering: (i) a duration of the wireless transmission, (ii) a number of resources for the wireless transmission to provide a reasonable result, (iii) a power requirement for the wireless transmission, and (iv) a number of sensing Rx for a sensing result with the expected accuracy performance.

[0078] In some examples described here, a single transmission may be used to identify different sensing target objects, and its reception may be processed to be able to identify them. In some examples described herein, optimization of the sensing operation may be performed; for example, optimisation may comprise determining which sensing services can be grouped or clustered together for a single transmission signal and / or which sensing services may be considered when processing a reflected received signal.

[0079] Processing the received signal with respect to all potential sensing services tends to introduce significant energy cost. The outcome may not be beneficial for deriving a sensing result; for example, when the radio conditions do not favour reflections with high quality towards specific locations. Some examples described herein may relate to identifying when it is beneficial to perform a process of clustering e.g., to reduce the overall energy cost of performing the sensing service. Some examples described herein may further relate to determining the impact of moving target objects on the energy cost of performing the sensing service.

[0080] Some examples described herein generally relates to a mechanism for determining the energy cost of a TRP to perform a wireless signal transmission for the purpose of sensing. The wireless signal transmission may be solely for the purpose of sensing e.g., the wireless signal may not be an ongoing wireless transmission. This knowledge of energy cost may assist an SF with determining which TRPs to select for a specific sensing service.

[0081] The energy cost of transmitting the wireless signal may depend on at least one of: (i) transmission medium or wireless band, (ii) distance (e.g., range to the target object) and transmission power, (iii) channel conditions, (iv) modulation scheme in use, (v) theDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPbandwidth, and (vi) the transmission time duration. The distance may be inversely proportional to the square of the transmission power. The channel conditions may include noise and / or interference. Noise and / or interference may impact the signal quality and the efficiency of transmission. The channel conditions may be related to a requirement for retransmissions.

[0082] In some examples described herein, RAN nodes (e.g., upon performing a sensing service / task) may report the consumed energy and may associate the consumed energy with a sensing service quality KPI / measurement of the RAN node.

[0083] The energy cost for transmission of a wireless signal for the sensing service by a sensing Tx may be determined by a desired accuracy of the sensing result and / or sensing resolution. A higher sensing resolution may require a higher transmission bandwidth to capture the required information. The dimension of the target object, the location of the target object (or target / sensing area), and / or mobility of the target object may impact the transmission conditions and hence the selection of the sensing Tx.

[0084] Some examples described herein may relate to determining a sensing Rx in relation to a transmitted signal from a sensing Tx. A sensing Rx may be selected because it may receive and process the reflected signal with a higher quality or higher power compared to another sensing Rx. The signal power may be selected considering the desired resolution and sensing accuracy. The signal quality may relate to the number of sensing Rx nodes required to perform the sensing service. For example, a higher signal quality mean that there is a need to use fewer sensing Rx nodes to get the desired sensing result.

[0085] Some examples described herein may relate to a mechanism that optimizes the usage of a wireless signal once it is transmitted (which may be referred to as “optimization” herein). Optimization may be achieved by using a single wireless signal for multiple sensing services or tasks (which may be referred to as “clustering” hereinafter). Clustering may be achieved when multiple sensing target objects or sensing target / service areas can be served by such single wireless signal. For example, the multiple sensing target objects or sensing target / service areas may be in a similar location or within the same target / service areas. In some examples, the sensing target objects or sensing target / service areas may experience a high radio quality, ideally with LOS. For the reception of the reflected signals,Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPoptimization may comprise processing a single reflected signal for identifying multiple sensing target objects.

[0086] Some examples described herein may, for a reflected received signal, determine multiple sensing services / tasks that may be processed together (e.g., clustered together, processed simultaneously) to derive the respective sensing data. Clustering multiple sensing services tend to optimise the total energy cost, since the processing of each sensing service requires energy. Some examples described herein may determine whether to process one or more of the multiple sensing services. Determining whether to process one or more of the multiple sensing services may comprise determining whether processing the one or more of the multiple sensing services meets a performance criterion. Determining whether to process one or more of the multiple sensing services may comprise determining whether processing the one or more of the multiple sensing services contributes to obtaining the desired resolution or accuracy related with the sensing result. In some examples, if it is determined that processing the one or more of the multiple sensing services does not meet the performance criterion or does not contribute to obtaining the desired resolution or accuracy, the processing of the one or more of the multiple sensing services may be omitted. Omitting the processing of the one or more of the multiple sensing services tends to save energy.

[0087] The energy cost may comprise the energy cost of the sensing application. The energy cost of the sensing application may be communicated with charging. The energy cost may comprise the energy cost based on the overall traffic pattern. A wireless signal may be transmitted for the purpose of sensing. Some examples described herein may determine the impact of transmitting the wireless signal for sensing on other ongoing services, e.g., in terms of interference and hence any additional energy cost.

[0088] Some examples described herein may relate to the selection of one or more sensing Tx nodes for a sensing service. Some examples described herein may relate to the selection of one or more sensing Rx nodes the sensing service.

[0089] The selection of sensing Tx / Rx nodes may comprise selecting a minimum required number of communication signal transmitters as a sensing transmitter. The communication signal transmitter may be selected upon availability. For example, theDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPcommunication signal transmitter may comprise a TRP performing a DL transmission of a physical data / control channel.

[0090] Selecting a minimum required number of communication signal transmitters as a sensing transmitter may comprise considering the potential radio or channel conditions within a specified sensing target / service area and / or towards a sensing target object direction (e.g., if a DL physical channel is transmitted in the direction of a sensing target) for the duration of the sensing service / target.

[0091] Selecting a minimum required number of communication signal transmitters as a sensing transmitter may comprise considering the potential or on average proximity of the sensing Tx to a sensing target object or a sensing target / service area.

[0092] The selection of sensing Tx / Rx nodes may comprise selecting one or more sensing receivers. The sensing receivers may be selected based on whether they have the capability of collecting the highest quality reflected signal(s).

[0093] Selecting one or more sensing receivers may comprise keeping the number of receivers and / or transmitters to a minimum or to a combination of transmitter and receiver group which leads to a minimal energy consumption given a sensing service KPI (detection rate, accuracy, etc.)

[0094] Selecting one or more sensing receivers may comprise checking that the potential of the received signal either from a single or multiple receivers (e.g., aggregated) comforts a certain quality / power limit, including target resolution and desired accuracy.

[0095] The selection of sensing Tx / Rx nodes may comprise minimizing the overall energy cost of RAN, e.g., not considering individual nodes but a greater RAN area.

[0096] Minimizing the overall energy cost of RAN may comprise determining to select (e.g., use) UEs and / or RAN nodes that introduce a minimum network energy, in terms of the RAN and / or the impact on neighbouring nodes.

[0097] Minimizing the overall energy cost of RAN may comprise determining to select (e.g., use) RAN nodes that may be used as sensing Tx and sensing Rx for one or moreDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPsensing service / tasks at the same time, e.g., sensing of multiple different target sensing objects in the same or close by area.

[0098] Minimizing the overall energy cost of RAN may comprise determining to cluster or group together sensing services / tasks using a single transmitted wireless signal. Determining to cluster or group together sensing services may comprise considering at least one of: the location of sensing targets or sensing service / target area, wireless transmission conditions and mobility of the sensing target object(s).

[0099] Minimizing the overall energy cost of RAN may comprise determining to process a reflected sensing signal at the sensing Rx with respect to different sensing service / tasks. Determining to process a reflected sensing signal at the sensing Rx with respect to different sensing service / tasks may comprise considering which sensing services / tasks may benefit from being derived from a single reflected sensing signal; for example, in terms of the trade-off between the quality of the derived sensing data and the energy spent for processing such received sensing signal.

[0100] Minimizing the overall energy cost of RAN may comprise considering the mobility of the sensing target objects and / or sensing target areas.

[0101] The selection of sensing Tx / Rx nodes may comprise determining to avoid selecting a RAN node in an energy saving mode, unless there is no other option. The selection of sensing Tx / Rx nodes may comprise selecting a UE that may be used as a sensing Tx and / or as sensing Rx. The UE may be selected to relay sensing transmitted and / or received signals towards an energy efficient RAN node, e.g., RAN nodes with a lower or acceptable energy cost.

[0102] Some examples described herein may relate to determining the optimal sensing Tx and sensing Rx for minimizing the overall energy consumption in the RAN.Determining the optimal sensing Tx and sensing Rx for minimizing the overall energy consumption in the RAN may comprise obtaining information regarding one or more locations of the sensing target, or a sensing target mobility pattern e.g., for a moving sensing target. The sensing target mobility pattern may comprise at least one of: a velocity, a future location, or an apriori route. An apriori route may be used in sensing scenariosDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPwhere the target location is not initially known, but a general area is known and a general mobility pattern (e.g., velocity is between 30-90 km / hrs along a street direction).

[0103] Determining the optimal sensing Tx and sensing Rx for minimizing the overall energy consumption in the RAN may comprise obtaining information regarding the available ongoing or expected transmissions due to other services; for example, positioning services, communication services, etc. Each transmission may be associated with a transmission power, illumination area, bandwidth, duration, by which sensing information can be obtained without additional transmission energy costs.

[0104] Determining the optimal sensing Tx and sensing Rx for minimizing the overall energy consumption in the RAN may comprise obtaining information regarding at least one of: the energy, the radio conditions, the location, and the movement of a UE and RAN node. The UE and RAN node may be available for serving as sensing Tx and / or sensing Rx.

[0105] Determining the optimal sensing Tx and sensing Rx for minimizing the overall energy consumption in the RAN may comprise obtaining information regarding the sensing target description, sensing target RCS level and expected sensing result quality.

[0106] Energy cost may be determined based on: energy consumption, energy efficiency, carbon emissions or usage of alternative energy.

[0107] A logical NF may be responsible for predicting the energy cost of RAN nodes for a given future time window related to a sensing task or service. The logical NF may comprise an SECF. The SECF may be a service offered by an analytics function. The analytics function may comprise an NWDAF as per TS 23.288 V19.2.0, an AD AES as per TS 23.436 VI 9.3.0, or analytics located close or above the RAN. The analytics function may comprise a dedicated NF in the core or RAN, which can assist an SF to select sensing Tx and sensing Rx nodes to minimize the energy cost. SECF may be co-located with the SF or be distributed among the control and processing part of RAN nodes.

[0108] SECF may determine the energy cost of a given sensing service / task considering other ongoing or a set of ongoing services. SECF may determine nodes for clustering; as described herein. For example, SECF may determine the cluster of sensing services / tasksDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPthat can benefit from being grouped together when transmitting a sensing signal. For example, SECF may determine the individual sensing services / tasks that benefit from processing a reflected received sensing signal at a sensing Rx.

[0109] SECF may determine nodes for clustering by (or re-clustering) considering other ongoing sensing services / tasks for sensing target objects or sensing target areas that are mobile. SECF may determine nodes for clustering by considering a sensing target object that moved into an area in where other sensing target objects with respect to different sensing services / tasks reside. For determining a re-clustering set, SECF may consider the mobility direction and velocity as well as the duration of the ongoing sensing services / tasks. For example, the SECF may consider whether the duration of the ongoing sensing service / tasks exceeds a limit or maximum duration. The SECF may consider whether the overall energy cost and / or quality of changing the transmission or reception of a sensing service / task is lower than keeping them constant using the ongoing RAN nodes.

[0110] Figure 5 illustrates a flow diagram 500 of a process for determining a node for a sensing operation in a wireless communication system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The flow diagram 500 may be an overview of a process for determining the optimal sensing nodes that minimize energy cost. The flow diagram 500 may illustrate a process performed by an SECF.

[0111] The flow diagram 500 may illustrate a method for determining the optimal RAN nodes (e.g., considering both Sensing Tx and Sensing Rx) by considering energy criteria. The SECF may determine the energy cost of using a new Sensing Tx and Sensing Rx. The flow diagram 500 comprises the following steps:

[0112] Step 571: The SECF gets (e.g., receives, obtains, inputs) information relating to at least one of: the location of the new sensing target(s), the geographical details of the desired sensing target / service area, future location (e.g., expected sensing target location), velocity, direction, mobility pattern, and a previous sensing operation / step (e.g., if the sensing target is mobile). The SECF may be configured to receive: an indication of an uncertainty region / radius for the target location or velocity. These details may be provided by the SF based on the request that it received from an AF or from a sensing consumer in general.Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP

[0113] Step 572: The SECF gets (e.g., receives, obtains, inputs) information regarding ongoing sensing tasks in the same TA and / or sensing serving area. The SECF may be configured to consider other ongoing sensing service / tasks. The ongoing sensing service / tasks may be at least one of: located in the sensing area, located around the sensing area, with the possibility of getting in the indicated sensing service / target area, and located within a certain radius of the sensing target. The details of other ongoing sensing service / tasks may be available in the SECF; for example, from previous consumer requests. The details of other ongoing sensing service / tasks may be obtained from the respective SF.

[0114] Step 573: The SECF selects RAN nodes and UEs within the vicinity of the sensing target object or sensing serving area. Consider sleeping RAN nodes as secondary option. The SECF may be configured to (e.g., by considering the location of the sensing target or the sensing target / service area) select available equipment, e.g., RAN nodes and UEs within a proximity limit which can potentially serve as sensing Tx and / or sensing Rx. The SECF may be configured to avoid (e.g., not select) RAN nodes in an energy saving state. The SECF may be configured to consider the TA where a sensing target resides and / or information from the 0AM, e.g., using the GeoAreaToCellMapping as per TS 28.622 V19.3.0, which maps a given geographical area to specific cells if a sensing serving area of interest is provided.

[0115] If there is no other RAN node that can be used, then the potential RAN nodes that need to awake from an energy saving state are marked to be checked in later steps and if any of these RAN nodes are selected to be used as sensing Tx then it shall be instructed to awake.

[0116] Step 574: The SECF identifies which RAN nodes or UEs can potentially achieve LOS communications with a target object and / or sensing service area. Once the candidate RAN nodes and UEs are obtained, a gNB / TRP (e.g., sensing Tx) reports a set of potential target areas for which a sensing operation may be performed with a LOS condition using a dedicated sensing signal transmitted towards the said areas for the purpose of sensing. This information may be obtained based on statistics and previous experience. Alternatively, it may be calculated by checking the geographical terrain or calculated by considering the height and distance.Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP

[0117] Step 575: The SECF selects and re-assigns sensing receivers (e.g., RAN nodes and / or UEs) for multiple sensing tasks that minimise the overall energy cost of the network. Out of the RAN nodes with LOS or a higher LOS score within the sensing area of interest, the ones that assure an overall network minimum energy cost or an energy cost lower than a specified limit may be selected.

[0118] The SECF may be configured to determine, from the desired resolution, the data rate and / or bandwidth of the transmitted sensing signal. The SECF may be configured to determine whether the RAN nodes can support the desired data rate and / or bandwidth. The SECF may be configured to determine (e.g., calculate) the required transmitted signal power. The SECF may be configured to determine the required transmitted signal power based on at least one of: the desired data rate and / or bandwidth, the LOS score, the distance from the target object, the average distance in the indicated sensing area. Considering both data rate and / or bandwidth in relation with the required average transmitted power, the energy cost of such RAN node may be determined to support the requested sensing service / task for an indicated time window.

[0119] The SECF may be configured to determine the minimum energy cost for a RAN node to support a single sensing service / task. The SECF may be configured to determine the overall energy cost for a TA. The single sensing service / task may comprise one or more target object(s). The target object(s) may reside within an indicated sensing target area. Some examples described herein relate to optimizing the use of the sensing Tx and sensing Rx nodes.

[0120] For the sensing Tx nodes, the SECF may be configured to assign (or re-assign) the sensing service / task to an optimal RAN node or UE. The optimal RAN node or UE may transmit a sensing signal for the sensing service / task at a reduced energy cost; for example, compared to use of a different RAN node or UE. . The SECF may be configured to consider whether the RAN node or UE acting as sensing Tx comprises the capacity to accommodate the desired data rate and / or bandwidth related to one or more transmitted sensing signals. The SECF may be configured to determine whether use of the RAN node or UE for the sensing service / task reduces the overall energy cost of the network; forDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPexample, compared to use of a different RAN node or UE. The SECF may be configured to consider the respective TA or sensing target area.

[0121] The SECF may be configured to consider the location of the RAN node or UE acting as sensing Tx; for example whether the RAN node or UE acting as sensing Tx is closer (e.g., on average) to the sensing target (e.g., sensing target object, sensing target area); for example, compared to a different RAN node or UE. The SECF may be configured to consider the LOS score of the RAN node or UE acting as sensing Tx to the sensing target; for example, whether the RAN node or UE acting as sensing Tx has a higher LOS score than an indicated or predetermined limit. For moving objects, the SECF may be configured to re-assign the sensing Tx role to a different RAN node or UE. The SECF may be configured to regularly consider the distance travelled by the object.

[0122] The RAN node or UE acting as sensing Tx may be used to transmit one or more sensing signals that can assist multiple sensing services / tasks to minimize the need of transmitting multiple independent sensing signals as much as possible.

[0123] The RAN node or UE acting as sensing Tx may minimize the impact on neighbouring RAN nodes and / or UEs within the respective TA or target sensing area in terms of interference and energy cost.

[0124] For the sensing Rx nodes, the SECF may be configured to assign (or re-assign) the task for receiving a sensing signal to the optimal RAN node or UE. The SECF may be configured to consider whether the RAN node or UE acting as sensing Rx comprises sufficient radio link and computing processing capacity to receive and process one or more received sensing signals. The SECF may be configured to consider whether the selection of the RAN node or UE reduces the overall energy cost of the network considering the respective TA or sensing target area.

[0125] The SECF may be configured to consider the location of the RAN node or UE acting as sensing Rx; for example, whether the RAN node or UE acting as sensing Rx is closer (e.g., on average) to the sensing target (e.g., sensing target object, sensing target area); for example, compared to a different RAN node or UE. The SECF may be configured to consider the LOS score of the RAN node or UE acting as sensing Rx to theDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPsensing target; for example, whether the RAN node or UE acting as sensing Rx has a higher LOS score than an indicated or predetermined limit. For moving objects, the SECF may be configured to re-assign the sensing Rx role to a different RAN node or UE. The SECF may be configured to regularly consider the distance travelled by the object.

[0126] The RAN node or UE acting as sensing Rx may be used to receive and process one or more sensing signals to derive sensing context related to independent sensing services / tasks. This tends to reduce the number of independent sensing signals received that relate to different sensing target objects.

[0127] The RAN node or UE acting as sensing Rx may balance the energy cost for processing to derive the sensing context for each sensing service / task to the expected quality of the derived sensing data, and make sure that this is beneficial.

[0128] The clustering of sensing target objects into groups may be based on commonality related to location, LOS, movement including direction and velocity, as well as similarity in the desired resolution that impacts the transmitted data rate and / or bandwidth.

[0129] The overall energy cost may be determined as the average summarized energy cost for a time duration on a node level, considering the expected energy footprint of IS AC on the total (e.g., aggregated) energy consumption related to the RAN nodes involved. Alternative energy cost measures may also be considered including the use of alternative energy per network node, energy efficiency per service per network node and the carbon footprint per node.

[0130] The SECF may then provide this energy cost information to the SF, which can then decide the selection of the RAN nodes involved in ISAC considering the energy cost.

[0131] Step 576. The SECF identifies and selects the minimum number of sensing Tx / Rx for collecting sensing data whilst assuring the desired resolution and accuracy.

[0132] In addition to considering the energy cost information, the SF may select the sensing Tx and sensing Rx nodes by considering the potential of re-using sensing transmission and reception signals for multiple sensing services / tasks. The SF may alsoDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPconsider the potential energy cost of preprocessing the sensing data at the RAN level. The SF may also consider the impact of sensing signals in energy cost of the TA and / or sensing target area.

[0133] The SF may also consider the minimum number of sensing Tx and sensing Rx and for the shortest duration that may be used to assure the indicated sensing performance. The SF may consider combining a number of signals to achieve the desired resolution. For example, the SF may combine signals with the highest resolution until the desired resolution target is achieved. For example, the SF may combine signals with an indicated sensing result accuracy, e.g., considering how correct was a predicted object with a certain percentage.

[0134] The SF may additionally or alternatively select other type of sensing sources such as video to complement the collected sensing data. The energy cost may be estimated considering the summarized energy cost per RAN node over a predetermined time duration.

[0135] In some examples described herein, the SECF comprises an Analytics Function (e.g., based-on NWDAF). The NWDAF, like other analytics functions, may provide a prediction or recommendation related to the energy cost of sensing Tx / Rx. The NWDAF may provide a prediction or recommendation for clustering of sensing services / tasks within a certain geographical area and / or time period. The NWDAF may consider multiple sensing services / tasks that aim to identify different sensing target objects or provide sensing in different target / service areas.

[0136] The analytics consumer may be an SF. The analytics consumer may deal with sensing services / tasks and / or mobility of sensing target objects by considering all architecture variations; for example, the architectures 300-309 described above. The analytics consumer may be a sensing control / management entity responsible for the selection and configuration of the sensing Tx / Rx entities. The analytics consumer may subscribe for a specified time duration or request analytics at a specific time instance on demand; for example, following TS 23.288 V19.2.0 clause 6.1.1 and clause 6.1.2.Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP

[0137] The analytics consumer of these analytics (e.g., as described in TS 23.288 VI 9.2.0 clause 6.1.3) may indicate in a request: Analytics ID = "Sensing Energy Cost Optimization" .

[0138] The request may indicate a sensing service / task identifier, e.g., Sensing ID, related to the Sensing Energy Cost Optimization. This may include the identifier of a newly launched sensing service / task and / or the identifiers of other sensing services / tasks in the same geographical areas, e.g., TA, that may be beneficial to be involved into the energy cost optimization and / or clustering process.

[0139] The request may indicate a preferred sensing equipment type involved into a sensing service / task including at least one of: an indication of a UE (e.g., SUPI), group of UEs (Group ID), and an indication to use UEs available for sensing. For example, if the SF can provide a list of UE IDs based on the received SF consumer request.

[0140] The request may indicate RAN nodes (e.g., gNB, TRPs) and / or RAN nodes to be excluded. For example, a RAN node to be excluded may be RAN node that is not eligible for a specific sensing service, e.g., a flying RAN node may be excluded due to extra high cost.

[0141] The request may indicate non-3GPP nodes, e.g., CCTV, or another sensor. The request may indicate sensing service / task information per sensing ID. For example, the sensing service / task information per sensing ID may comprise at least one of: sensing service area, e.g., list of TA or Cells or geographical coordinates; sensing target area (for example, if this parameter is specified, sensing is applied only in relation with certain UE(s) or in relation with a sensing target object, e.g., sensing for an object inside a drone); specified location or path where a sensing target object or a sensing target area is expected to transverse; time schedule for reporting sensing results including the preferred sensing service latency if applicable; preferred sensing resolution per service or task; preferred refreshing rate at which sensing results are generated; and preferred accuracy rate related with sensing results.

[0142] The request may indicate Analytics Filter Information which may comprise at least one of: area of interest, e.g., list of TA or Cells or geographical coordinates; timeDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPschedule for reporting sensing results including the preferred sensing service latency if applicable; and preferred level of accuracy of the analytics result (e.g., defined as “Low", "Medium", "High" or "Highest”).

[0143] The request may indicate Reporting Analytics Information which may comprise at least one of: reporting event, e.g., threshold crossing in travelled distance, and / or time schedule related to analytics result, e.g., indication of urgency or the time until when analytics information is required, the time periodicity; notification target address to send the analytics results; preferred order of results, maximum number of result objects, indication of last report for re-subscription; and notification correlation ID related to only when a consumer subscribes, used for identifying and verifying analytics transaction that belong to the same subscription.

[0144] The NWDAF responsible for performing the Sensing Energy Cost Optimization analytics collects regularly or upon request input data as describe in Table 1 below and notifies or responds to the consumer providing the analytics output result.

[0145] The NWDAF may collect RAN, 5G core and 0AM input information listed in Table 1 for sensing Tx / Rx using RAN and UEs nodes.Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP

[0146] Table 1 : Input data information collected by NWDAF for optimizing energy cost of sensing services

[0147] The NWDAF may provide the analytics output result containing the energy cost per sensing Tx / Rx and the sensing service / task clustering options; for example as illustrated in Table 2. The analytics output results may be predictions / statistics or may contain recommendation options.Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP

[0148] Table 2: Analytics Output Result for optimizing energy cost of sensing servicesDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP

[0149] The consumer of analytics results, e.g.., the SF, may decide which sensing Tx and sensing Rx nodes to adopt at which specific times and how to optimize this considering the different sensing service / task clustering options.

[0150] Figure 6 illustrates an example of a process flow 600 for determining a node for a sensing operation in a wireless communication system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Process flow 600 may represent a procedure for selection of sensing Tx and sensing Rx nodes considering energy cost.

[0151] The process flow 600 may be referred to as a procedure, including one or more operations performed by one or more of an SF consumer 657, SF 655, NWDAF 635, AMF 650, 0AM 654 and RAN nodes 620. In the example of Figure 6, the process flow 600 may include sensing Tx / Rx selection and sensing task grouping 670 and sensing Tx / Rx Reselection & sensing task re-grouping 690.

[0152] In the following description of the process flow 600, the operations or signalling performed between one or more of the SF consumer 657, SF 655, NWDAF 635, AMF 650, 0AM 654 and RAN nodes 620 may be performed or signalled (e.g., transmitted, received) in a different order than the example order shown, or the operations or signalling performed by one or more of the SF consumer 657, SF 655, NWDAF 635, AMF 650, 0AM 654 and RAN nodes 620 may be performed or signalled (e.g., transmitted, received) in different orders or at different times. Some operations or signalling may also be omitted from the process flow 600. Additionally, although some operations or signalling may be shown to occur at different times, these operations or signalling may occur at the same time or in overlapping time periods.

[0153] In process flow 600, the SF 655 selects a RAN node 620 and / or a UE, that are not involved in a wireless communication session. The SF 655 may also select the RAN node 620 and / or UE that may transmit a signal towards the indicated sensing target (e.g., target object, sensing service area or sensing target area (e.g., if the target object is moving)) for the purpose of assisting a sensing task.

[0154] The SF 655 may select RAN nodes or UEs in an indicated location or area. The SF 655 may select RAN nodes or UEs that are not involved with an active ongoingDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPcommunication session. The SF 655 may select an active RAN node or UE that are involved with an ongoing communication session towards a different direction that therefore cannot be used for assisting the sensing service or task. The SF 655 may select an active RAN node or UE with a signal strength that is below the desired resolution threshold.

[0155] Process flow 600 starts at step 671 in which a sensing consumer issues a sensing request, e.g., Nsf_Sensing_Request, towards the SF 655 providing the details regarding the sensing target (e.g., description of shape), optionally its location (or expected locations if the sensing target is moving), velocity / mobility pattern (e.g., expected velocity between 60 to 90 km / Hrs along a given direction on a highway) or area of interest, the sensing service / task duration and the expected sensing performance, e.g., resolution and accuracy / KPI of the sensing result (e.g., as given according to TS 22.837 V19.4.0).

[0156] If the SF consumer 657 is an untrusted AF, then the sensing request may be sent to the NEF to authorize the AF and be the mediator between the SF 655 and the AF by hiding network internal information.

[0157] In step 672, once the SF 655 receives a sensing request, it may determine the sensing Tx and sensing Rx nodes, which may comprise RAN nodes and / or UEs.

[0158] The SF 655 may subscribe or request the prediction of energy cost from an analytics function, e.g., the NWDAF in 5G core using, e.g., the Nnwdaf_AnayticsSubscription_Subscribe or Nnwdaf_AnalyticsInfo_Request service, which may contain an Analytics ID related to the energy cost prediction service, e.g., Analytics ID = “Optimize Sensing Energy Cost”, including also other analytics filter information such as the sensing targets, the location of the sensing target(s) or the geographical details of the desired sensing target / service area, the expected duration of the sensing service, time schedule for receiving analytics output data, the acceptable deviation, the preferred level of accuracy, and other reporting information as per clause 6.1.3 of TS 23.288 V19.1.0.Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP

[0159] Optionally, at this step the SF 655 may provide details of other ongoing communications sessions related to other target objects or related sensing service areas or sensing target areas for assisting other sensing tasks.

[0160] In steps 673a and 673b, alternatively, another option for getting the details of other ongoing communications sessions related to other target objects or related sensing service areas or sensing target areas for assisting other sensing tasks is to allow the NWDAF 635 to subscribe to the SF 655 for obtaining such information details.

[0161] This may be achieved using the event exposure service to either subscribe or request information from the SF, e.g., Nnf EventExposure Subscribe / Request (step 673a) and Nnf_EventExposure_Notify / Respond (Step 673b).

[0162] This may serve the case where regular updates are needed for optimizing energy cost considering moving target objects and hence, it may also contain a subscription for location updates of the sensing target(s) or sensing target areas.

[0163] In step 674. once the NWDAF 635 determines the location of the sensing target object / area or sensing service area, it may request and get from the 0AM 654 the available RAN nodes 620, e.g., base stations, or UEs residing on such RAN nodes 620, within the vicinity of the sensing target object / area or sensing serving area. MDT UEs may be selected and used since they report their radio performance to the RAN, provided that these UEs are willing to participate in the sensing process.

[0164] To get the candidate UE that can assist as sensing Tx / Rx considering the location of RAN nodes, the NWDAF 635 may alternatively or additionally subscribe or request the AMF 650 to obtain the UE ID and UE state (e.g., ACTIVE or IDLE) by using the event exposure service, e.g., Namf_EventExposure_Subscribe / Request (step 675a) and Namf_EventExposure_Notify / Respond (step 675b).

[0165] For the matter of UE consensus for serving a sensing task, NWDAF 635 may check the user subscription data profile.

[0166] In step 676, the NWDAF 635 may obtain from the 0AM 654 the energy cost per network equipment involved in transferring sensing data towards the SF 655. The 0AMDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP654 may estimate the energy cost considering the computing resource that were spend at each node and correlate this with the respective energy cost. The energy cost may contain the following measurements including energy consumption, energy efficiency, use of renewable energy or the impact on carbon emissions.

[0167] Alternatively, the energy cost can be obtained from the RAN (i.e., from individual nodes or from some RAN controller entity that can be a part of RAN or the 0AM 654) based on the: (i) coverage, e.g., the size of a cell, (ii) radio access technology and radio type (iii) the number of UEs that a cell is communicating, e.g., transmitting or receiving signals, (iv) the location of these UEs, e.g., how far or close these UEs are located, (v) radio conditions, e.g., if there is interference and there is a need to retransmit information or it takes longer to transmit or receive wireless signal information.

[0168] The parameters related to energy cost for RAN nodes may be combined to derive the energy cost.

[0169] In step 677, the NWDAF 635 may determine the LOS and the energy cost of the potential sensing Tx / Rx nodes either towards the sensing targets or sensing target / service area based on: (i) obtained signal strength measurements, (ii) the geographical terrain if this is known or (iii) using mathematical models to calculate it considering the positions of the sensing targets. The energy cost may contain an indication of energy consumption, and / or energy efficiency, and / or use of renewable energy and / or the impact on carbon emissions.

[0170] In step 678, the potential sensing Tx / Rx nodes may be used for determining the optimal sensing clustering options considering the energy cost and the desired sensing quality in terms of the resolution and accuracy in predicting the sensing result. The notion of clustering for: (i) transmitting is to determine which sensing tasks can be served by one or more wireless signals that can be transmitted by one or more sensing Tx nodes and (ii) receiving is to determine which sensing tasks can be served by one or more wireless signals received and processed by one or more sensing Rx nodes.

[0171] Sensing clustering, groups the maximum amount of sensing tasks that can use a sensing Tx to transmit a wireless signal for the purpose of sensing considering the locationDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPof sensing target objects or areas, while selecting the minimum sensing Rx nodes that maximize the received reflect sensing signal with the highest quality.

[0172] The resolution and accuracy of sensing results relies on the quality of sensing data, which is derived by processing reflected signals, an activity that requires additional energy. For this reason, the reflected signals shall be of a high quality with respect to the sensing target object or area, otherwise energy may be wasted.

[0173] Clustering may consider the fact that a sensing target or a sensing target area may by mobile, with a given direction and speed or a predetermine pattern. Otherwise, it can simply detect the movement from processed sensing data.

[0174] In step 679, the NWDAF 635 may provide a notification or response using, e.g., Nnwdaf_AnalyticsSubscription_Notify or NnwdafAnalyticsInfo_Response, to the SF 655. The notification of response message may include a list of predictions or recommendations related with the energy cost and clustering option per sensing Tx / Rx, the analytics target period including also a time stamp, validity information, the potential deviation, and the confidence degree as per clause 6.1.3 of TS 23.288 V19.1.0. For subscriptions, the output may also contain the subscription correlation ID that can be used for further interactions.

[0175] In step 680, the SF 655 may select the sensing Tx / Rx nodes to minimize the energy cost considering the consumer indicated sensing resolution and the desired sensing accuracy. The energy cost can be minimized in some cases by selecting the less network equipment and in some other cases selecting network equipment to use for the minimum time or both.

[0176] In step 681, the SF 655 may respond to the SF consumer 657 providing a positive reply that the desired service has been initiated or a negative reply providing the reasons for failing to initiate the desired sensing service.

[0177] Once a setting is established related to the selection of sensing Tx / Rx node and the clustering of sensing tasks into specific wireless signals either transmitted or received from specific sensing Tx / Rx nodes, the process may be at least partially repeated for reselecting and re-clustering purposes; if certain condition arise. These conditions may include a time period, or changes in mobility or simply a movement of one or more targetDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPsensing objects or sensing target areas or changes on energy cost related to one or more sensing Tx / Rx nodes. These changes may be related to an absolute value change or based on threshold crossing.

[0178] For re-selecting sensing Tx / Rx nodes and re-clustering 690 the following steps may be considered:

[0179] In step 682, the SF 655 reports an update when changes occurred on the details the sensing target object or sensing target / service area, or related mobility details or alternatively details related with other ongoing communications sessions. The SF 655 may use the event exposure service, e.g., Nnf_EventExposure_Notify, to inform the NWDAF 635. These notifications may serve the case where regular updates.

[0180] In step 683, the 0AM 654 or RAN report updates related the energy cost per network equipment involved in transferring sensing data towards the SF.

[0181] In step 684, the AMF 650 reports updates once the UE ID and UE state changed, e.g., from ACTIVE to IDLE or vice versa, using the Namf_EventExposure_Notify service.

[0182] The sensing Tx / Rx re-selection or sensing tasks re-clustering may occur if any of the above steps or combinations of steps result in updating the respective input parameters.

[0183] In step 685, the NWDAF 635 may re-select sensing Tx / Rx nodes and perform a re-clustering of sensing tasks using these new sensing Tx / Rx nodes.

[0184] In step 686. the NWDAF 635 may provide a notification or response using, e.g., Nnwdaf_AnalyticsSubscription_Notify, to the SF 655. The notification of response message may include a list of updated predictions or recommendations related with the energy cost and clustering option per sensing Tx / Rx, for a new analytics target period including all other aforementioned information included in step 678.

[0185] The SECF may be realized as an Analytics ID in AD AES, e.g., in the application plane.Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP

[0186] Figure 7 illustrates an example of a UE 700 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The UE 700 may include a processor 702, a memory 704, a controller 706, and a transceiver 708. The processor 702, the memory 704, the controller 706, or the transceiver 708, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.

[0187] The processor 702, the memory 704, the controller 706, or the transceiver 708, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.

[0188] The processor 702 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general- purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the processor 702 may be configured to operate the memory 704. In some other implementations, the memory 704 may be integrated into the processor 702. The processor 702 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 704 to cause the UE 700 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.

[0189] The memory 704 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 704 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 702 cause the UE 700 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such the memory 704 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non- transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.

[0190] In some implementations, the processor 702 and the memory 704 coupled with the processor 702 may be configured to cause the UE 700 to perform one or more of theDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPfunctions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 702, instructions stored in the memory 704). For example, the processor 702 may support wireless communication at the UE 700 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The UE 700 may be configured to support the arrangements described herein.

[0191] The controller 706 may manage input and output signals for the UE 700. The controller 706 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the UE 700. In some implementations, the controller 706 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, WINDOWS®, or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 706 may be implemented as part of the processor 702.

[0192] In some implementations, the UE 700 may include at least one transceiver 708. In some other implementations, the UE 700 may have more than one transceiver 708. The transceiver 708 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 708 may include one or more receiver chains 710, one or more transmitter chains 712, or a combination thereof.

[0193] A receiver chain 710 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 710 may include one or more antennas for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 710 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA)) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 710 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 710 may include at least one decoder for decoding the processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[0194] A transmitter chain 712 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets). The transmitter chain 712 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The transmitter chain 712 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitableDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPfor transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 712 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.

[0195] Figure 8 illustrates an example of a processor 800 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 800 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 800 may include a controller 802 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 800 may optionally include at least one memory 804, which may be, for example, an L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 800 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 806. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses).

[0196] The processor 800 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 800) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), magnetic RAM (MRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), flash memory, phase change memory (PCM), and others).

[0197] The controller 802 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signalling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 800 to cause the processor 800 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 802 may operate as a control unit of the processor 800, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 800. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP

[0198] The controller 802 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 804 and determine subsequent instruction(s) to be executed to cause the processor 800 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 802 may be configured to track memory address of instructions associated with the memory 804. The controller 802 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 802 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 800 to cause the processor 800 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 802 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 800. The controller 802 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs), and other functional units of the processor 800.

[0199] The memory 804 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 800 or other memory, such RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the memory 804 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 800). In some other implementations, the memory 804 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 800).

[0200] The memory 804 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 800, cause the processor 800 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 802 and / or the processor 800 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 804 to cause the processor 800 to perform various functions. For example, the processor 800 and / or the controller 802 may be coupled with or to the memory 804, the processor 800, the controller 802, and the memory 804 may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 800 may include multiple processors and the memory 804 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multipleDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPmemories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.

[0201] The one or more ALUs 806 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, the one or more ALUs 806 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 800). In some other implementations, the one or more ALUs 806 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 800). One or more ALUs 806 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 806 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 806 be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 806 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR), not-OR (NOR), and not- AND (NAND), enabling the one or more ALUs 806 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.

[0202] The processor 800 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. A first network entity as described herein may comprise the processor 800. The processor 800 may be configured to support a means for receiving a first sensing requirement for a first sensing operation and a second sensing requirement for a second sensing operation; and determining, based on the first sensing requirement and the second sensing requirement, a first node for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation. Alternatively, a second network entity as described herein may comprise the processor 800. The processor 800 may be configured to or operable to support a means for transmitting, to a first network entity, a first sensing requirement for a first sensing operation and a second sensing requirement for a second sensing operation; and receiving, from the first network entity, information related to a first node, wherein the first node is suitable for supporting the first sensing operation based on the first sensing requirement, and wherein the first node is suitable for supporting the second sensing operation based on the second sensing requirement.Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP

[0203] Figure 9 illustrates an example of a NE 900 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The NE 900 may include a processor 902, a memory 904, a controller 906, and a transceiver 908. The processor 902, the memory 904, the controller 906, or the transceiver 908, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.

[0204] The processor 902, the memory 904, the controller 906, or the transceiver 908, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.

[0205] The processor 902 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general- purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the processor 902 may be configured to operate the memory 904. In some other implementations, the memory 904 may be integrated into the processor 902. The processor 902 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 904 to cause the NE 900 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.

[0206] The memory 904 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 904 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 902 cause the NE 900 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such the memory 904 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non- transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.

[0207] In some implementations, the processor 902 and the memory 904 coupled with the processor 902 may be configured to cause the NE 900 to perform one or more of theDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPfunctions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 902, instructions stored in the memory 904). For example, the processor 902 may support wireless communication at the NE 900 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein.

[0208] The NE 900 may be a first network entity as described herein. The NE 900 may be configured to support a means for receiving a first sensing requirement for a first sensing operation and a second sensing requirement for a second sensing operation; and determining, based on the first sensing requirement and the second sensing requirement, a first node for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation.

[0209] Alternatively, the NE 900 may be a second network entity as described herein. The NE 900 may be configured to or operable to support a means for transmitting, to a first network entity, a first sensing requirement for a first sensing operation and a second sensing requirement for a second sensing operation; and receiving, from the first network entity, information related to a first node, wherein the first node is suitable for supporting the first sensing operation based on the first sensing requirement, and wherein the first node is suitable for supporting the second sensing operation based on the second sensing requirement.

[0210] The controller 906 may manage input and output signals for the NE 900. The controller 906 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the NE 900. In some implementations, the controller 906 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, WINDOWS®, or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 906 may be implemented as part of the processor 902.

[0211] In some implementations, the NE 900 may include at least one transceiver 908. In some other implementations, the NE 900 may have more than one transceiver 908. The transceiver 908 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 908 may include one or more receiver chains 910, one or more transmitter chains 912, or a combination thereof.

[0212] A receiver chain 910 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 910 may include one or more antennas for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 910 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifierDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP(LN A)) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 910 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 910 may include at least one decoder for decoding the processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[0213] A transmitter chain 912 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets). The transmitter chain 912 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The transmitter chain 912 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 912 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.

[0214] Figure 10 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1000 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The method 1000 may be performed or performable by a first network entity as described herein. The operations of the method 1000 may be implemented by a NE as described herein. In some implementations, the NE may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the NE to perform the described functions.

[0215] At 1002, the method 1000 may include receiving a first sensing requirement for a first sensing operation and a second sensing requirement for a second sensing operation. The operations of 1002 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1002 may be performed by a NE as described with reference to Figure 9.

[0216] At 1004, the method 1000 may include determining, based on the first sensing requirement and the second sensing requirement, a first node for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation. The operations of 1004 may be performedDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPin accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1004 may be performed by a NE as described with reference to Figure 9.

[0217] It should be noted that the method 1000 described herein describes a possible implementation, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.

[0218] Figure 11 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1100 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The method 1100 may be performed or performable by a second network entity as described herein. The operations of the method 1100 may be implemented by a NE as described herein. In some implementations, the NE may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the NE to perform the described functions.

[0219] At 1102, the method 1100 may include transmitting, to a first network entity, a first sensing requirement for a first sensing operation and a second sensing requirement for a second sensing operation. The operations of 1102 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1102 may be performed by a NE as described with reference to Figure 9.

[0220] At 1104, the method 1100 may include receiving, from the first network entity, information related to a first node, wherein the first node is suitable for supporting the first sensing operation based on the first sensing requirement, and wherein the first node is suitable for supporting the second sensing operation based on the second sensing requirement. The operations of 1104 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1104 may be performed by a NE as described with reference to Figure 9.

[0221] It should be noted that the method 1100 described herein describes a possible implementation, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.

[0222] There is provided a first network entity for wireless communication, comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least oneDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPmemory and configured to cause the first network entity to: receive a first sensing requirement for a first sensing operation and a second sensing requirement for a second sensing operation; and determine, based on the first sensing requirement and the second sensing requirement, a first node for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation. Such a first network entity tends to reduce the energy cost for performing the first sensing operation and second sensing operation.

[0223] The first network entity may comprise an analytics function. The first network entity may comprise an NWDAF. The first network entity may comprise a RAN. The first network entity may comprise an SECF. The first network entity may comprise an NWDAF and an SF. The first network entity may comprise an SECF and an SF.

[0224] The first sensing operation may comprise a first sensing service. The first sensing operation may comprise a first sensing task. The first sensing operation may rely on the first node transmitting a first signal for the first sensing operation. The first sensing operation may rely on the first node receiving the first signal for the first sensing operation. The first sensing operation may comprise the first node transmitting a first signal for the first sensing operation. The first sensing operation may comprise the first node receiving the first signal for the first sensing operation.

[0225] The second sensing operation may comprise a second sensing service. The second sensing operation may comprise a second sensing task. The second sensing operation may rely on the first node transmitting the first signal for the second sensing operation. The second sensing operation may rely on the first node receiving the first signal for the second sensing operation. The second sensing operation may comprise the first node transmitting the first signal for the second sensing operation. The second sensing operation may comprise the first node receiving the first signal for the second sensing operation.

[0226] The first network entity may be part of a wireless communication network. The first node may be part of a wireless communication network. The wireless communication network may comprise a wireless communication system. The wireless communication network may comprise a mobile communication network. The wireless communication network may comprise a 5G network. The wireless communication network may compriseDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPa 6G network. The first node may comprise a RAN. The first node may comprise a UE. The first node may comprise a TRP.

[0227] Determining, based on the first sensing requirement and the second sensing requirement, the first node for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation may comprise discovering the first node for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation.

[0228] Determining, based on the first sensing requirement and the second sensing requirement, the first node for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation may comprise determining, based on the first sensing requirement and the second sensing requirement, a clustering option for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation. The clustering option may comprise determining the first node for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation. The clustering option may comprise clustering of sensing tasks into specific wireless signals either transmitted or received from specific sensing Tx / Rx nodes.

[0229] The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the first network entity to: transmit, to a second network entity, information related to the first node. The second network entity may be an SF. The second network entity may be part of the wireless communication network. The second network entity may comprise a SF. Transmitting the information related to the first node may comprise, transmitting, to the second network entity, a first response message comprising the information related to the first node. The first response message may comprise an Nnwdaf_AnalyticsSubscription_Notify or NnwdafAnalyticsInfo Response. The information related to the first node may comprise information for identifying the first node. The information related to the first node may comprise at least one of: a prediction of energy cost of the first node to support the first sensing operation and second sensing operation; a recommendation of energy cost of the first node to support the first sensing operation and second sensing operation; a clustering option for one of the plurality of nodes to support the first sensing operation and second sensing operation; a recommendation for one of the plurality of nodes to support the first sensing operation and second sensing operation; an analytics target period; a time stamp;Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPvalidity information; a potential deviation; and a confidence degree. The information related to the first node may comprise a recommendation related to the first node.

[0230] To determine the first node, the at least one processor may be configured to cause the first network entity to determine (e.g., discover) a plurality of nodes, wherein each of the plurality of nodes is suitable for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation.

[0231] The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the first network entity to: select the first node from the plurality of nodes. Selecting the first node from the plurality of nodes may comprise determining the first node from the plurality of nodes. Selecting the first node from the plurality of nodes may comprise recommending the first node from the plurality of nodes. Selecting the first node from the plurality of nodes may comprise determining to include the first node for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation. Each of the plurality of nodes may be part of the wireless communication network. At least one of the plurality of nodes may comprise a UE. At least one of the plurality of nodes may comprise a RAN. At least one of the plurality of nodes may comprise a TRP. The plurality of nodes may be suitable for supporting the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation.

[0232] The at least one processor being configured to cause the first network entity to select the first node from the plurality of nodes may comprise the at least one processor being further configured to cause the first network entity to: determine, for each of the plurality of nodes, an energy cost to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation.

[0233] Determining, for each of the plurality of nodes, the energy cost to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation may comprise receiving input data. The input data may comprise information collected by the first network entity for optimizing energy cost of sensing services. The input data may comprise information collected by NWDAF for optimizing energy cost of sensing services. Determining, for each of the plurality of nodes, the energy cost to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation may comprise determining the energy cost of the first node to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation. Determining, for eachDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPof the plurality of nodes, the energy cost to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation may comprise determining the energy cost of a second node to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation. The second node may be one of the plurality of nodes. The second node may comprise a second RAN. The second node may comprise a second UE. The second node may comprise a second TRP.

[0234] To select the first node from the plurality of nodes, the at least one processor may be further configured to select the first node from the plurality of nodes based on energy cost of the first node to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation. For example, the at least one processor may determine a plurality of nodes for supporting the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation. The plurality of nodes may comprise the first node and a second node. The energy cost of the first node to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation may be less than the energy cost of the second node to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation.

[0235] The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the first network entity to determine a UE to receive a signal for the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation. The UE may be a mobile device. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the first network entity to relay, to a node, the signal for the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the first network entity to determine the UE to receive the signal for the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation and to relay, to the node, the signal for the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation. The UE may be determined to receive the signal for the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation and relay, to the node, the signal for the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation to reduce the energy cost of performing the first sensing operation and / or the second sensing operation.

[0236] The at least one processor being configured to cause the first network entity to determine, for each of the plurality of nodes, the energy cost to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation may comprise the at least one processor being further configured to cause the first network entity to: determine, for each of the plurality ofDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPnodes, an energy cost to transmit a signal for the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation.

[0237] The at least one processor being configured to cause the first network entity to determine, for each of the plurality of nodes, the energy cost to transmit the signal for the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation may comprise the at least one processor being further configured to cause the first network entity to: determine the energy cost with respect to at least one of: a transmission medium; a frequency band; a distance to a first sensing target; a distance to a second sensing target; a transmission power; a channel condition; a modulation scheme; a bandwidth; and a transmission time. The frequency band may be a wireless band. The channel condition may comprise a noise level. The channel condition may comprise an interference level.

[0238] The at least one processor being configured to cause the first network entity to determine, for each of the plurality of nodes, the energy cost to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation may comprise the at least one processor being further configured to cause the first network entity to: determine, for each of the plurality of nodes, an energy cost to receive a signal for the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation.

[0239] The at least one processor being configured to cause the first network entity to determine, for each of the plurality of nodes, the energy cost to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation may comprise the at least one processor being further configured to cause the first network entity to: determine, for each of the plurality of nodes, an energy cost in a time window to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation. The time window may be a future time window. The energy cost may comprise at least one of: an energy consumption; an energy efficiency; a quantity of carbon emissions; and a quantity of renewable energy usage.

[0240] The at least one processor being configured to cause the first network entity to select the first node from the plurality of nodes may comprise the at least one processor being further configured to cause the first network entity to: select the first node from the plurality of nodes based on an energy cost of the first node to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation. The energy cost of the first node to support theDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPfirst sensing operation and the second sensing operation may be less than the energy cost of the second node to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation.

[0241] The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the first network entity to: determine the plurality of nodes. To determine, based on the first sensing requirement and the second sensing requirement, the first node for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation, the at least one processor may be further configured to determine the plurality of nodes. The plurality of nodes may comprise the first node. To determine the plurality of nodes, the at least one processor may be configured to discover the plurality of nodes. The at least one processor being configured to cause the first network entity to determine the plurality of nodes may comprise the at least one processor being further configured to cause the first network entity to: receive input data comprising at least one of: an identity for each of the plurality of nodes; an energy status for each of the plurality of nodes; an energy cost for each of the plurality of nodes; an energy cost for a core network function; a Radio Resource Utilization; a Radio Performance; a user equipment status; a line of sight measurement; a non-line of sight measurement; and a Sensing Measurement.

[0242] Receiving the input data may comprise receiving the input data from an 0AM. Receiving the input data may comprise receiving the input data from an available node. The available node may comprise a RAN node (e.g., a RAN), a base station or a UE. Determining the plurality of nodes may comprise determining the plurality of nodes based on a LOS condition. Determining the plurality of nodes may comprise determining the plurality of nodes based on at least one of: energy cost, resource utilization, radio performance, sensing measurements, and the LOS measurement. Determining the plurality of nodes may comprise determining the plurality of nodes based on the NLOS measurement.

[0243] The first sensing requirement may be a first sensing requirement parameter. The first sensing requirement may comprise information relating to at least one of: a first sensing target; a first location of the first sensing target; a first mobility pattern of the first sensing target; a first sensing service area; a first sensing target area; a first sensing service; a first sensing resolution; and a first sensing accuracy. The first sensing target may be a firstDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPobject. The first sensing target may be a first target object. The first sensing target may be a first sensing object. The first sensing target may be a first sensing target object.

[0244] The second sensing requirement may be a second sensing requirement parameter. The second sensing requirement may comprise information relating to at least one of: a second sensing target; a second location of the second sensing target; a second mobility pattern of the second sensing target; a second sensing service area; a second sensing target area; a second sensing service; a second sensing resolution; and a second sensing accuracy. The second sensing target may be a second object. The second sensing target may be a second target object. The second sensing target may be a second sensing object. The second sensing target may be a second sensing target object. The first sensing target may be different to the second sensing target.

[0245] The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the first network entity to: determine to perform the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation using the first node. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the first network entity to determine to transmit a first signal from the first node to perform the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the first network entity to determine to receive a second signal at the first node to perform the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation.

[0246] Determining to perform the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation using the first node may comprise determining clustering of sensing services. Determining to perform the first sensing operation with the second sensing operation using the first node may comprise determining optimal sensing clustering options. Determining to perform the first sensing operation with the second sensing operation using the first node may comprise determining to perform the first sensing operation with the second sensing operation based on the energy cost for the first node. Determining to perform the first sensing operation with the second sensing operation using the first node may comprise determining to perform the first sensing operation with the second sensing operation based on the first sensing requirement and second sensing requirement.

[0247] Receiving the first sensing requirement for the first sensing operation and the second sensing requirement for the second sensing operation may comprise receiving, fromDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPa second network entity, the first sensing requirement for the first sensing operation and the second sensing requirement for the second sensing operation. Receiving, from the second network entity, the first sensing requirement for the first sensing operation and the second sensing requirement for the second sensing operation may comprise, e.g., receiving an Nwdaf_AnalyticsaAubscription_Subscribe message. Receiving, from the second network entity, the first sensing requirement for the first sensing operation and the second sensing requirement for the second sensing operation may comprise, e.g., receiving an Nwdaf_AnalyticsInfo_Request message.

[0248] The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the first network entity to transmit, to the second network entity, the energy cost of the first node to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the first network entity to: transmit, to the second network entity, the energy cost, for each of the plurality of nodes, to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation.

[0249] The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the first network entity to select (e.g., determine) a UE to relay a signal for the first sensing operation and second sensing operation. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the first network entity to select a UE to relay a signal to a first RAN. The signal may be suitable for the first sensing operation and second sensing operation. The first RAN may be suitable for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation. The at least one processor may be further configured to cause the first network entity to select (e.g., determine) the first RAN for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation. The energy cost for the first RAN to support the first sensing operation and second sensing operation may be less than the energy cost for a second RAN for support the first sensing operation and second sensing operation. The second RAN may be suitable for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation. Therefore, the at least one processor being configured to cause the first network entity to select (e.g., determine) the UE to relay the signal for the first sensing operation and second sensing operation tends to reduce the energy cost of supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation. The UE may be a mobile device.Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP

[0250] There is also provided a method performed or performable by a first network entity, the method comprising: receiving a first sensing requirement for a first sensing operation and a second sensing requirement for a second sensing operation; and determining, based on the first sensing requirement and the second sensing requirement, a first node for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation. Such a method performed or performable by the first network entity tends to reduce the energy cost for performing the first sensing operation and second sensing operation.

[0251] The method may further comprise: transmitting, to a second network entity, information related to the first node. The method may further comprise: selecting the first node from a plurality of nodes. Selecting the first node from the plurality of nodes may comprise: determining, for each of the plurality of nodes, an energy cost to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation. Determining, for each of the plurality of nodes, the energy cost to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation may comprise: determining, for each of the plurality of nodes, an energy cost to transmit a signal for the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation.Determining, for each of the plurality of nodes, the energy cost to transmit the signal for the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation may comprise: determining the energy cost with respect to at least one of: a transmission medium; a frequency band; a distance to a first sensing target; a distance to a second sensing target; a transmission power; a channel condition; a modulation scheme; a bandwidth; and a transmission time.

[0252] Determining, for each of the plurality of nodes, the energy cost to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation may comprise: determining, for each of the plurality of nodes, an energy cost to receive a signal for the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation. Determining, for each of the plurality of nodes, the energy cost to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation may comprise: determining, for each of the plurality of nodes, an energy cost in a time window to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation.

[0253] Selecting the first node from the plurality of nodes may comprise: selecting the first node from the plurality of nodes based on an energy cost of the first node to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation.Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP

[0254] The method may further comprise determining the plurality of nodes. Determining the plurality of nodes may comprise: receiving input data comprising at least one of: an identity for each of the plurality of nodes; an energy status for each of the plurality of nodes; an energy cost for each of the plurality of nodes; an energy cost for a core network function; a Radio Resource Utilization; a Radio Performance; a user equipment status; a line of sight measurement; a non-line of sight measurement; and a Sensing Measurement.

[0255] The first sensing requirement may comprise information relating to at least one of: a first sensing target; a first location of the first sensing target; a first mobility pattern of the first sensing target; a first sensing service area; a first sensing target area; a first sensing service; a first sensing resolution; and a first sensing accuracy.

[0256] The second sensing requirement comprises information relating to at least one of: a second sensing target; a second location of the second sensing target; a second mobility pattern of the second sensing target; a second sensing service area; a second sensing target area; a second sensing service; a second sensing resolution; and a second sensing accuracy.

[0257] There is also provided a second network entity for wireless communication, comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the second network entity to: transmit, to a first network entity, a first sensing requirement for a first sensing operation and a second sensing requirement for a second sensing operation; and receive, from the first network entity, information related to a first node, wherein the first node is suitable for supporting the first sensing operation based on the first sensing requirement, and wherein the first node is suitable for supporting the second sensing operation based on the second sensing requirement. Such a second network entity tends to reduce the energy cost for performing the first sensing operation and second sensing operation.

[0258] The information related to the first node may comprise a recommendation related to the first node. The information related to the first node may comprise an energy cost of the first node to support the first sensing operation and second sensing operation.Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP

[0259] The method may further comprise receiving, from the first network entity, the energy cost of the first node to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation. The method may further comprise receiving, from the first network entity, the energy cost, for each of the plurality of nodes, to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation.

[0260] The first sensing requirement may comprise information relating to at least one of: a first sensing target; a first location of the first sensing target; a first mobility pattern of the first sensing target; a first sensing service area; a first sensing target area; a first sensing service; a first sensing resolution; and a first sensing accuracy. The second sensing requirement may comprise information relating to at least one of: a second sensing target; a second location of the second sensing target; a second mobility pattern of the second sensing target; a second sensing service area; a second sensing target area; a second sensing service; a second sensing resolution; and a second sensing accuracy.

[0261] There is also provided a method performed or performable by a second network entity, the method comprising: transmitting, to a first network entity, a first sensing requirement for a first sensing operation and a second sensing requirement for a second sensing operation; and receiving, from the first network entity, information related to a first node, wherein the first node is suitable for supporting the first sensing operation based on the first sensing requirement, and wherein the first node is suitable for supporting the second sensing operation based on the second sensing requirement. Such a method performed or performable by the second network entity tends to reduce the energy cost for performing the first sensing operation and second sensing operation.

[0262] Previously, there was no means to determine, control and optimize the energy cost related to ISAC services, which may result in excessive unexpected energy cost. Such energy cost may relate to transmitting, collecting, and processing sensing data that assists in deriving a sensing result. When a TRP is used only for the purpose of sensing, there was previously no means to determine a potential energy cost considering the transmission time, the amount of resources consumed and the radio conditions. There was previously no notion of which sensing tasks can be assisted together as a group using a singleDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPtransmission signal and can be process from the same received signal if it is beneficial for deriving the sensing result in terms of the sensing resolution and sensing accuracy.

[0263] Some examples described herein introduce a means to predict the energy cost related to a TRP. The energy cost depends on the desired accuracy of the sensing result and the sensing resolution, e.g.., the higher resolution the higher the bandwidth, and on the selection of sensing Rx that can receive a higher quality signal to process. Some examples described herein also relate to a mechanism that: (i) optimizes the usage of transmitted signals to identify multiple sensing tasks provided that the appropriate radio conditions are in place with respect to a target object or area, which can be mobile, and (ii) determines for which sensing tasks it is beneficial to process reflected received signals, since such processing increase energy cost and can be a waste if the output sensing data quality proves to be low and cannot be used.

[0264] Previously, there was no solution that considers energy cost prediction for ISAC services and there is no solution that optimizes the usage of transmitted signals to identify multiple sensing tasks.

[0265] Some examples described herein introduce a logical functionality that can be realized as an analytics function in the 5G core, e.g., NWDAF to provide predictions and / or recommendations based on the energy cost of sensing Tx / Rx nodes, which may enable clustering of sensing tasks into a single transmitted signal and for clustering which sensing tasks shall be analyzed when receiving a reflected signal at a sensing Rx balancing nodal and computing energy cost with the derived sensing data quality.

[0266] There is also provided herein a network entity [e.g., SECF] for wireless communication, comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the network entity to: provide information on using a transmitted wireless signal and a received reflected wireless signal to derive multiple sensing targets considering the requested sensing service quality and the optimal network energy cost.

[0267] The provided information may comprise at least one of: a list of sensing equipment including sensing related information per sensing equipment: energy relatedDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPinformation per sensing equipment; applicability related information per sensing equipment; a list of clustered sensing services, each indicated by an identifier that can be grouped together using a group identifier and be associated with a sensing equipment from the said list of sensing equipment; a weight to indicate the impact of each sensing equipment with respect to sensing service indicated by a sensing identify; and a confidence degree related to each provided information.

[0268] A wireless signal may be transmitted from a sensing equipment, which can fulfill at least one of the following characteristics related to a sensing service: a data rate that can relate to multiple sensing services is based on the maximum desired sensing service quality related to a sensing service out of the said multiple sensing services; a transmission power based on the furthest expected location of the sensing target objects and / or to serve a sensing area; and a direction that remains the same for the longest time considering the mobility characteristics of the sensing target objects and / or sensing area.

[0269] A wireless signal may be transmitted from a sensing equipment that can secure at least one of: sufficient capacity to accommodate the desired data rate related to one or more sensing services; an energy cost that is expected to be optimal or near optimal for the duration of one or more sensing services; and sufficient radio conditions and / or with a line of sight towards one or more sensing target objects and / or to serve a sensing area.

[0270] A reflected wireless signal may be received by a sensing equipment to derive sensing information with respect to one or more sensing services, and may be processed considering a weight related to the quality of the derived sensing information and the expected energy cost for processing the said reflected wireless signal.

[0271] Selected sensing services may be clustered into groups considering the desired sensing service quality and network energy cost related to at least one of: a wireless transmitted signal that can be used to identify each respective sensing target object and / or provide sensing into a specified area; a reflected signal at each sensing receiver that can be processed to derive the sensing target object and / or provide sensing into a specified area.

[0272] The sensing service quality may comprise at least one of: the sensing target object resolution, the sensing service refreshing rate and the accuracy of the sensing result.Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP

[0273] There is further provided herein a second network entity [SF] for wireless communication, comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the network entity to: request analytics information related to one or more sensing services; receive energy cost information related to one or more sensing equipment; and configure sensing equipment as transmitter and receiver considering the characteristics of: one or more sensing target objects and / or sensing areas and / or energy cost related to at least a sensing service and network energy cost related to the geographical area that can be impacted by launching said sensing service.

[0274] A request for analytics information may include at least one of: an analytics identifier that related to the desired analytics service; a sensing service identifier related to each sensing service that shall be considered; a sensing target object and / or a sensing area in where the analytics results shall relate; a potential location and / or mobility pattern in where the analytics results shall relate; a time schedule related to analytics results; and a preferred sensing service quality related to analytics results.

[0275] The received analytics result may contain predictions and / or recommendations related to the energy cost of sensing equipment.

[0276] It should be noted that the method described herein describes a possible implementation, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.

[0277] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A first network entity for wireless communication, comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the first network entity to: receive a first sensing requirement for a first sensing operation and a second sensing requirement for a second sensing operation; and determine, based on the first sensing requirement and the second sensing requirement, a first node for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation.

2. The first network entity of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first network entity to: transmit, to a second network entity, information related to the first node.

3. The first network entity of any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first network entity to: select the first node from a plurality of nodes.

4. The first network entity of claim 3, wherein to select the first node from the plurality of nodes, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first network entity to: determine, for each of the plurality of nodes, an energy cost to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation.

5. The first network entity of claim 4, wherein to determine, for each of the plurality of nodes, the energy cost to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first network entity to:Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPdetermine, for each of the plurality of nodes, an energy cost to transmit a signal for the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation.

6. The first network entity of claim 5, wherein to determine, for each of the plurality of nodes, the energy cost to transmit the signal for the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first network entity to: determine the energy cost with respect to at least one of: a transmission medium; a frequency band; a distance to a first sensing target; a distance to a second sensing target; a transmission power; a channel condition; a modulation scheme; a bandwidth; and a transmission time.

7. The first network entity of any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein to determine, for each of the plurality of nodes, the energy cost to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first network entity to: determine, for each of the plurality of nodes, an energy cost to receive a signal for the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation.

8. The first network entity of any one of claims 4 to 7, wherein to determine, for each of the plurality of nodes, the energy cost to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first network entity to: determine, for each of the plurality of nodes, an energy cost in a time window to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation.Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP9. The first network entity of any one of claims 3 to 8, wherein to select the first node from the plurality of nodes, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first network entity to: select the first node from the plurality of nodes based on an energy cost of the first node to support the first sensing operation and the second sensing operation.

10. The first network entity of any one of claims 3 to 9, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first network entity to: determine the plurality of nodes.

11. The first network entity of claim 10, wherein to determine the plurality of nodes, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first network entity to: receive input data comprising at least one of: an identity for each of the plurality of nodes; an energy status for each of the plurality of nodes; an energy cost for each of the plurality of nodes; an energy cost for a core network function; a Radio Resource Utilization; a Radio Performance; a user equipment status; a line of sight measurement; a non-line of sight measurement; and a Sensing Measurement.

12. The first network entity of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the first sensing requirement comprises information relating to at least one of: a first sensing target; a first location of the first sensing target; a first mobility pattern of the first sensing target; a first sensing service area;Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NPa first sensing target area; a first sensing service; a first sensing resolution; and a first sensing accuracy.

13. The first network entity of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the second sensing requirement comprises information relating to at least one of: a second sensing target; a second location of the second sensing target; a second mobility pattern of the second sensing target; a second sensing service area; a second sensing target area; a second sensing service; a second sensing resolution; and a second sensing accuracy.

14. The first network entity of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first network entity to: select a user equipment to relay a signal for the first sensing operation and second sensing operation.

15. A method performed or performable by a first network entity, the method comprising: receiving a first sensing requirement for a first sensing operation and a second sensing requirement for a second sensing operation; and determining, based on the first sensing requirement and the second sensing requirement, a first node for supporting the first sensing operation and second sensing operation.

16. A second network entity for wireless communication, comprising: at least one memory; andDocket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP70 at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the second network entity to: transmit, to a first network entity, a first sensing requirement for a first sensing operation and a second sensing requirement for a second sensing operation; and receive, from the first network entity, information related to a first node, wherein the first node is suitable for supporting the first sensing operation based on the first sensing requirement, and wherein the first node is suitable for supporting the second sensing operation based on the second sensing requirement.Docket No. SMM920250032-GR-NP

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