Polypeptide for the treatment of diseases associated with GPC3
Novel polypeptides with a specific structure targeting GPC3 address the need for optimal CARs by enhancing cell therapy efficacy through improved binding and reduced cancer escape in treating cancers overexpressing GPC3.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-05
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-12
AI Technical Summary
There is a need for optimal chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that specifically target GPC3 for treating various cancers, as existing CARs are complex and require optimization based on the antigens or epitopes of the targets, and there is a lack of effective therapies for cancers overexpressing GPC3.
Development of novel polypeptides comprising an extracellular antigen-binding domain, a spacer, a transmembrane domain, a co-stimulatory signaling domain, and a primary intracellular signaling domain, specifically designed to target GPC3, with enhanced cell persistence, reduced cancer escape, and improved shielding in hostile environments.
The novel polypeptides enhance the efficacy of cell therapy by improving binding affinity, reducing antigen escape, and providing strong cell shielding, thereby enhancing the functionality of cells in treating cancers overexpressing GPC3.
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Figure CN2025119294_12032026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
Polypeptide for the treatment of diseases associated with GPC3FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The instant disclosure relates generally to polypeptides, e.g. CARs that specifically target GPC3. It further provides immunoresponsive cells comprising such CARs, and methods of using such CARs and such cells for treating cancers.BACKGROUND
[0002] Phosphatidylinositol-proteoglycan-3 (Glypican-3, GPC3) is a member of the proteoglycan family that functions as extracellular matrix in cell adhesion in organogenesis or as a receptor of a cell growth factor. The expression of GPC3 is not observed in human adult tissues except for placenta, but is observed in tissues of various cancers, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) , melanoma (Nakatsura T et al., Clin Cancer Res. 2004) , lung squamous cell carcinoma (Yu X et al., Genet Mol Res. 2015) , ovarian carcinoma (Stadlmann S et al., Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2007) , yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma (Zynger DL et al., Am J Surg Pathol. 2006) , Wilms’ tumor, and liposarcoma (Baumhoer D et al., Am J Clin Pathol. 2008) . There remains a medical need of developing therapies against various cancers including those overexpressing GPC3.
[0003] Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are artificial molecules that redirect the specificity of T cells to antigens or their epitopes, which are diverse in different diseases. A CAR construct usually comprises an extracellular antigen-binding domain, a spacer, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular signaling domain. Due to the complexity of CAR structure, it requires optimization that is dependent on the antigens or epitopes of the targets. Thus, there is a need for optimal CARs for GPC3. BRIEF SUMMARY
[0004] The present disclosure provides novel polypeptides with optimal properties for cell therapy. Specifically, the disclosure relates to CARs having particular structures that allow the CARs to position the antigen-binding domain at a distance from a target epitope such that the CAR can effectively interact with the target cell. The present disclosure also provides a novel polypeptide system comprising the CAR and one or more engineered armor receptor polypeptides for cell therapy, which reduces cancer escape, enhances cell persistence and expansion, and / or provides strong cell shielding, enabling the cells expressing which to better function in the hostile environment, further improving their overall efficacy.
[0005] In a first aspect, the disclosure provides a polypeptide comprising, from its N (amino) to C (carboxy) terminus in order, an extracellular antigen-binding domain, a spacer, a transmembrane domain, a co-stimulatory signaling domain and a primary intracellular signaling domain, wherein: the extracellular antigen-binding domain is capable of specifically binding to the same epitope on GPC3 as a reference antibody that comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; the spacer comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; the transmembrane domain comprises a transmembrane domain of CD8; the co-stimulatory signaling domain comprises a signaling domain of CD137, and the primary intracellular signaling domain comprises a cytoplasmic signaling domain of CD3ζ.
[0006] A second aspect of the disclosure provides a polypeptide system comprising the polypeptide as defined before and one or more polypeptides of engineered armor receptor (EAR) .
[0007] The disclosure further provides a polynucleotide system encoding the polypeptide or the polypeptide system as defined before, a vector system comprising one or more vectors comprising the polynucleotide system as defined before, a cell comprising the polynucleotide system, the vector system, or the polypeptide system as defined before, and a method of treating a disease in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the cell as defined before to the subject.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] Figure. 1 displays the structures of candidate GPC3 CARs.
[0009] Figure. 2A reveals the GPC3 surface level on GPC3lo / hi tumor cells. Figure. 2B shows CAR-T cell killing capacity of GPC3lo (E: T=1: 2 / 1: 4 / 1: 8) and GPC3hi (E: T=1: 2) tumor cells during day 0 to day 7 of co-culture assay. Figure. 2C displays the cytokine release (IL-2 and IFN-γ) of CAR-T cells at day 1 when co-culture with GPC3lo / hi tumor cells (E: T=1: 2) .
[0010] Figure. 3 displays the structure of armored GPC3 CAR.
[0011] Figure. 4A reveals the GPC3 surface level on GPC3lo / hi tumor cells. Figure. 4B shows CAR-T cell killing of GPC3lo / hi tumor cells during day 0 to day 6 of co-culture assay (E: T=1: 1) . Figure. 4C displays the CAR-T cell proliferation of GPC3lo / hi tumor cells during day 0 to day 6 of co-culture assay (E: T=1: 1) . Figure. 4D shows the CAR-T cell killing ability of GPC3lo target cells at day 6 of co-culture assay (E: T=1: 1) in the absence / presence of 20 ng / mL sTGFβ1 treatment. Figure. 4E shows the T cell expansion fold and viability with 50 ng / mL trimeric sFasL stimulation in the presence of supplemented 100 IU / mL IL-2. Figure. 4F shows the T cell proliferation and viability in the absence of cytokines (IL-2) for long-term persistence (48 days) .
[0012] Figure. 5A shows the EGFR+T cell expansion post non-IL-2 starvation. Figure. 5B shows the T cell expansion and viability with repetitive 50 ng / mL trimeric FasL stimulation in the presence of 20 ng / mL TGFβ1 treatment at day 0 and day 3.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONI. Definitions
[0013] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains.
[0014] The term “a” and “an” refers to one or to more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article.
[0015] The terms “comprising” , “comprises” and “comprised of” as used herein are synonymous with “including” , “includes” or “containing” , “contains” , and are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, non-recited members, elements or method steps. The terms “comprising” , “comprises” and “comprised of” also include the term “consisting of” .
[0016] The term "antibody" herein is used in the broadest sense and encompasses various antibody structures, including but not limited to monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g. bispecific antibodies) , intact antibodies and antibody fragments so long as they exhibit the desired antigen-binding activity.
[0017] The "antibody fragment" refers to a molecule other than an intact antibody that comprises a portion of an intact antibody that binds the antigen. Examples of antibody fragments include but are not limited to Fv, Fab, Fab', Fab’ -SH, F (ab') 2, diabodies, linear antibodies, single-chain antibody molecules (e.g. scFv and scFab) , single-domain antibodies, and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.
[0018] A “Single-chain Fv” or “scFv” is a fusion protein of the variable regions of the light (VL) and heavy chain (VH) , connected with a short linker peptide of about ten to 25 amino acids. The linker is usually flexible and can either connect the N-terminus of the VH with the C-terminus of the VL, or vice versa. This protein retains the specificity of the original antibody, despite removal of the constant regions and the introduction of the linker.
[0019] The term "antigen binding domain" refers to the part of an antibody that comprises the area which binds to and is complementary to part or all of an antigen. An antigen binding domain may be provided by, for example, one or more antibody variable domains (also called antibody variable regions) . In preferred aspects, an antigen binding domain comprises an antibody light chain variable domain (VL) and an antibody heavy chain variable domain (VH) .
[0020] The term “variable region” or “variable domain” refers to the domain of an antibody heavy or light chain that is involved in binding the antibody to antigen. The variable domains of the heavy chain and light chain (VH and VL, respectively) of a native antibody generally have similar structures, with each domain comprising four conserved framework regions (FRs) and complementarity determining regions (CDRs) . A single VH or VL domain may be sufficient to confer antigen-binding specificity. Furthermore, antibodies that bind a particular antigen may be isolated using a VH or VL domain from an antibody that binds the antigen to screen a library of complementary VL or VH domains, respectively. As used herein in connection with variable region sequences, "Kabat numbering" refers to the numbering system set forth by Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (1991) .
[0021] The terms “complementarity determining region” and “CDR” are known to refer to non-contiguous sequences of amino acids within antibody variable regions, which confer antigen specificity and / or binding affinity. In general, there are three CDRs in each heavy chain variable region (HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3) and three CDRs in each light chain variable region (LCDR1, LCDR2, LCDR3) . “Framework regions” and “FR” refer to the non-CDR portions of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains. Table 1, below, lists exemplary position boundaries of HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 as identified by Kabat, Chothia, AbM, and Contact schemes, respectively. Unless otherwise indicated, the amino acid sequences of CDRs shown in the present disclosure are determined according to Kabat et al. Table 1. The CDR regions according to various numbering systems
[0022] The term “specifically binds” or “bind” , which can be used interchangeably, as used herein means the ability of a protein, under specifically binding conditions, to bind to a target protein such that its affinity or avidity is at least 5 times as great, but optionally at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 250 or 500 times as great, or even at least 1000 times as great as the average affinity or avidity of the same protein to a collection of random peptides or polypeptides of sufficient statistical size. A specifically binding protein need not bind exclusively to a single target molecule but may specifically bind to a non-target molecule due to similarity in structural conformation between the target and non-target (e.g., paralogs or orthologs) . One skilled artisan recognizes that specifically binding to a molecule having the same function in a different species of animal or to a non-target molecule having a substantially similar epitope as the target molecule is possible and does not detract from the specificity of binding which is determined relative to a statistically valid collection of unique non-targets. Thus, a polypeptide may specifically bind to more than one distinct species of target molecule due to cross-reactivity.
[0023] The term “epitope” refers to the moieties of an antigen that specifically interact with an antibody. Such moieties, referred to herein as epitopic determinants, typically comprise, or are part of, elements such as amino acid side chains or sugar side chains. An epitopic determinant can be defined, e.g. by methods known in the art, e.g. by crystallography or by hydrogen-deuterium exchange. At least one or some of the moieties on the antibody molecule that specifically interact with an epitopic determinant are typically located in a CDR (s) . Typically, an epitope has a specific three-dimensional structural characteristics and / or a specific charge characteristics. Some epitopes are linear epitopes while others are conformational epitopes.
[0024] “Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity” and “homology” with respect to a peptide, polypeptide or antibody sequence are defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the specific peptide or polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN or MEGALIGNTM (DNASTAR) software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared.
[0025] The term “chimeric antigen receptor” or alternatively a “CAR” refers to an engineered protein including an extracellular portion comprising an antigen-binding domain (e.g. an scFv) linked to a spacer sequence, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular signaling domains (optionally containing co-stimulatory signaling domain (s) ) .
[0026] The term “engineered armor receptor” or alternatively a “EAR” used herein refers to an engineered protein that is capable of (i) binding a suppressive ligand so that the negative signal is neutralized, and / or (ii) conferring a positive signal (e.g. activating signal or stimulatory signal) as a receptor when present on a surface of a cell. The EAR includes various types of molecules in the art, such as chimeric activation receptor or dominant negative receptor (DNR) . The chimeric activation receptor is capable of transmitting a positive signal; while the DNR is a protein which acts antagonistically to the wild-type receptor, and partially or fully loses the function of signal transduction. The EAR of the present disclosure doesn’ t include the truncated EGFR or CAR. An EAR may be a monomer or multimer (e.g. dimer or trimer) formed by two or more polypeptides. The term “an EAR polypeptide” or “a polypeptide of an EAR” refers to a polypeptide in the EAR.
[0027] The term “extracellular domain” or “ectodomain” which can be used interchangeably, as used herein refers to the region of a membrane protein, such as a transmembrane protein, that lies outside the vesicular membrane. Ectodomains often comprise binding domains that specifically bind to ligands or cell surface receptors, such as via a binding domain that specifically binds to the ligand or cell surface receptor. The term “extracellular antigen-binding domain” refers to an extracellular domain or a part of extracellular domain that is capable of specifically binding to an antigen.
[0028] The term “endodomain” or “intracellular domain, ” or “cytoplasmic domain” which can be used interchangeably, as used herein refers to the region found in some membrane proteins, such as transmembrane proteins, which extends into the interior space defined by the cell surface membrane. In some cells, the endodomain interacts with intracellular constituents and can play a role in signal transduction and thus, in some cases, can be an intracellular signaling domain.
[0029] The term “transmembrane domain” or “TM” as used herein means a domain found in a membrane protein that substantially or completely spans a lipid bilayer such as those lipid bilayers found in a biological membrane such as a mammalian cell, or in an artificial construct such as a liposome. A transmembrane protein can pass through both layers of the lipid bilayer once or multiple times.
[0030] The term "spacer" or "hinge" as used herein refers to a flexible polypeptide connector region providing structural flexibility and spacing to flanking polypeptide regions and can consist of natural or synthetic polypeptides. In one aspect, the CD8 or CD28 hinge domain refers to a peptide fragment of ectodomain adjacent to the transmembrane domain, e.g., the CD8 / CD28 stalk region.
[0031] The term "flexible polypeptide linker" as used herein refers to a peptide whichjoins the other peptides to form a functional protein. In the context of an scFv, the flexible polypeptide linker refers to a peptide linker whichjoins the VH and VL to form an scFv specifically binding to an antigen.
[0032] The term “co-stimulatory signaling domain” , as used herein, refers to a stimulation domain of a CAR that provides a secondary non-specific activation mechanism through the propagation of the primary specific signal.
[0033] The term “expression” refers to the process by which a polypeptide is produced based on the encoding sequence of a nucleic acid molecule, such as a gene. The process may include transcription, post-transcriptional control, post-transcriptional modification, translation, post-translational control, post-translational modification, or any combination thereof.
[0034] The term “encoding” refers to the inherent property of specific sequences of nucleotides in a polynucleotide, such as a gene, a cDNA, or an mRNA, to serve as templates for synthesis of other polymers and macromolecules in biological processes having either a defined sequence of nucleotides (e.g., rRNA, tRNA and mRNA) or a defined sequence of amino acids and the biological properties resulting therefrom. Thus, a gene, cDNA, or RNA, encodes a protein if transcription and translation of mRNA corresponding to that gene produces the protein in a cell or other biological system.
[0035] The terms “polypeptide” and “peptide” are used interchangeably and refer to a compound comprised of amino acid residues covalently linked by peptide bonds. A polypeptide must contain at least two amino acids, and no limitation is placed on the maximum number of amino acids that can comprise a peptide’s sequence. The term “polypeptide” is also intended to refer to the products of post-expression modifications of the polypeptide, including without limitation glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting / blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, or modification by non-naturally occurring amino acids. A polypeptide of the disclosure may be of a size of about 3 or more, 5 or more, 10 or more, 20 or more, 25 or more, 50 or more, 75 or more, 100 or more, 200 or more, 500 or more, 1,000 or more, or 2,000 or more amino acids. Polypeptides may have a defined three-dimensional structure, although they do not necessarily have such structure. In one aspect, the polypeptide is not naturally-occurring. The terms “polypeptide system” refers to a combination of two or more polypeptides. The polypeptides in one system may be fused through a peptide (e.g. 2A) or separated.
[0036] The term “polynucleotide” refers to an isolated nucleic acid molecule or construct, e.g., messenger RNA(mRNA) , virally-derived RNA, or plasmid DNA (pDNA) . A polynucleotide may comprise a conventional phosphodiester bond or a non-conventional bond (e.g., an amide bond, such as found in peptide nucleic acids (PNA) . The term nucleic acid molecule refers to any one or more nucleic acid segments, e.g., DNA or RNA fragments, present in a polynucleotide. The terms “polynucleotide system” refers to a system that comprises at least one polynucleotide.
[0037] The term “vector” , as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of propagating another nucleic acid to which it is linked. The term includes the vector as a self-replicating nucleic acid structure as well as the vector incorporated into the genome of a host cell into which it has been introduced. Certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of nucleic acids to which they are operatively linked.
[0038] The term “subject” or “individual” is intended to include living organisms in which an immune response can be elicited (e.g., mammals, human) .
[0039] As used herein, “treatment” (and grammatical variations thereof such as “treat” or “treating” ) refers to clinical intervention in an attempt to alter the natural course of a disease in the individual being treated and can be performed either for prophylaxis or during the course of clinical pathology. Desirable effects of treatment include, but are not limited to, preventing occurrence or recurrence of disease, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of any direct or indirect pathological consequences of the disease, preventing metastasis, decreasing the rate of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission or improved prognosis.
[0040] The term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a preparation which is in such form as to permit the biological activity of an active ingredient contained therein to be effective, and which contains no additional components which are unacceptably toxic to a subject to which the formulation would be administered. A pharmaceutical composition usually comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier (s) . A “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to an ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition, other than an active ingredient, which is nontoxic to a subject. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes, but is not limited to, a buffer, excipient, stabilizer, or preservative.
[0041] An “effective amount” of an agent, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition, refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic or prophylactic result. II. Polypeptide
[0042] The present disclosure provides a polypeptide, e.g., a CAR, with optimal properties such as producibility, stability, binding affinity, biological activity, targeting efficiency, reduced toxicity, an extended dosage range that can be given to a patient and thereby a possibly enhanced efficacy. The polypeptide systems further confer synergistic effects to the engineered cells, such as reduced antigen escape and / or enhanced cell persistence / shielding.
[0043] 2.1 CAR
[0044] CARs may be chimeric type I trans-membrane proteins which connect an extracellular antigen-recognizing domain (binder) to an intracellular signaling domain (endodomain) . A transmembrane domain anchors the protein in the cell membrane. A spacer domain may be necessary to isolate the binder from the membrane and to allow it a suitable orientation. In one aspect, the CAR comprises, from its N to C terminus in order, an extracellular antigen-binding domain, a spacer, a transmembrane domain, an intracellular signaling domain (e.g., a co-stimulatory signaling domain and a primary intracellular signaling domain) .
[0045] In one aspect, the extracellular antigen binding domain is capable of binding GPC3. In one aspect, the extracellular antigen binding domain is capable of binding to the same epitope on GPC3 as any anti-GPC3 antibody in the art (e.g. GC33, Codrituzumab, HN3, HS20) . In one aspect, the extracellular antigen-binding domain is capable of binding to the same epitope on GPC3 as a reference antibody that comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0046] In one aspect, the extracellular antigen-binding domain comprises a VH and a VL. In one aspect, the extracellular antigen-binding domain comprises a HCDR1, a HCDR2, a HCDR3, a LCDR1, a LCDR2 and a LCDR3 contained within the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In one aspect, the VH comprises a HCDR1, a HCDR2 and a HCDR3 contained within the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and the VL comprises a LCDR1, a LCDR2 and a LCDR3 contained within the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In one aspect, the HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3 are defined according to Kabat, AbM, Chothia, IMGT or Contact numbering. In one aspect, the VH comprises a HCDR1, a HCDR2 and a HCDR3 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5 and SEQ ID NO: 6, respectively; the VL comprises a LCDR1, a LCDR2 and a LCDR3 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 9, respectively.
[0047] In one aspect, the VH comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%or 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2, the VL comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%or 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. In one aspect, the VH comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; the VL comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0048] In one aspect, the extracellular antigen binding domain comprises or consists of an scFv. In one aspect, the VH and the VL are connected via a flexible polypeptide linker. In one aspect, the VH is fused by its N-terminus via a flexible polypeptide linker to the C-terminus of the VL (L+H) . In one aspect, the VL is fused by its N-terminus via a flexible polypeptide linker to the C-terminus of the VH (H+L) . In one aspect, the flexible polypeptide linker is (G4S) n, (SG4) n or G4 (SG4) n, wherein “n” is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, in particular 3. In one aspect, the flexible polypeptide linker comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In one aspect, the scFv comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In one aspect, the scFv comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0049] The spacer in the CAR is located between the transmembrane domain and the extracellular antigen-binding domain. Exemplary spacer comprises or consists of truncated CD8 stalk region. In one aspect, the spacer comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12. In one aspect, the spacer comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0050] In one aspect, the transmembrane domain comprises a transmembrane domain chosen from the transmembrane domain of an alpha, beta or zeta chain of a T-cell receptor, CD28, CD3 epsilon, CD45, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD9, CD16, CD22, CD33, CD37, CD64, CD80, CD86, CD134, CD137, CD154, KIRDS2, OX40, CD2, CD27, LFA-1 (CD11a, CD18) , ICOS (CD278) , GITR, CD40, BAFFR, HVEM (LIGHTR) , SLAMF7, NKp80 (KLRFl) , CD160, GPC3, IL-2R beta, IL-2R gamma, IL-7Ra, ITGA1, VLA1, CD49a, ITGA4, IA4, CD49D, ITGA6, VLA-6, CD49f, ITGAD, CD11d, ITGAE, CD103, ITGAL, CD11a, LFA-1, ITGAM, CD11b, ITGAX, CD11c, ITGB1, CD29, ITGB2, CD18, LFA-1, ITGB7, TNFR2, DNAM1 (CD226) , SLAMF4 (CD244, 2B4) , CD84, CD96 (Tactile) , CEACAM1, CRT AM, Ly9 (CD229) , CD160 (BY55) , PSGL1, CDIOO (SEMA4D) , SLAMF6 (NTB-A, Lyl08) , SLAM (SLAMF1, CD150, IPO-3) , BLAME (SLAMF8) , SELPLG (CD162) , LTBR, PAG / Cbp, NKp44, NKp30, NKp46, NKG2D, and / or NKG2C. In one aspect, the transmembrane domain is derived from or comprises the transmembrane domain of CD8α, CD4, CD28, CD137, CD80, CD86, CD152 and PD1. In some specific embodiments, the transmembrane domain comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence having at least 88%, 92%, 96%, sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13. In a particular embodiment, the transmembrane domain comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13.
[0051] In one aspect, the intracellular signaling domain of the CAR is generally responsible for activation of at least one of the normal effector functions. In one aspect, the intracellular signaling domains include two distinct classes of cytoplasmic signaling sequences: those that initiate antigen-dependent primary activation through the TCR (primary intracellular signaling domains) and those that act in an antigen-independent manner to provide a secondary or co-stimulatory signal (secondary cytoplasmic domain, e.g., a co-stimulatory signaling domain) .
[0052] In one aspect, the costimulatory molecule is a cell surface molecule other than an antigen receptor or its ligands that is required for an efficient response of lymphocytes to an antigen. Examples of such molecules include MHC class I molecule, TNF receptor proteins, Immunoglobulin-like proteins, cytokine receptors, integrins, signaling lymphocytic activation molecules (SEAM proteins) , activating NK cell receptors, BTFA, aToll ligand receptor, OX40, CD2, CD7, CD27, CD28, CD30, CD40, CDS, ICAM-l, FFA-l (CD11a / CD18) , 4-1BB (CD137) , B7-H3, CDS, ICAM-l, ICOS (CD278) , GITR, BAFFR, FIGHT, HVEM, KIRDS2, SFAMF7, NKp80 (KFRF1) , NKp44, NKp30, NKp46, CD19, CD4, CD8alpha, CD8beta, IF2Rbeta, IF2Rgamma, IF7R alpha, ITGA4, VFA1, CD49a, ITGA4, IA4, CD49D, ITGA6, VFA-6, CD49f, ITGAD, CD11d, ITGAE, CD103, ITGAF, FFA-l, ITGAM, CD11b, ITGAX, CD11c, ITGB1, CD29, ITGB2, CD18, FFA-l, ITGB7, NKG2D, NKG2C, TNFR2, TRANCE / RANKF, DNAM1 (CD226) , SFAMF4 (CD244, 2B4) , CD84, CD96 (Tactile) , CEACAM1, CRTAM, Fy9 (CD229) , CD160 (BY55) , PSGF1, CD100 (SEMA4D) , CD69, SFAMF6 (NTB-A, Fyl08) , SEAM (SFAMF1, CD150, IPO-3) , BFAME (SFAMF8) , SEFPFG (CD162) , FTBR, FAT, GADS, SFP-76, PAG / Cbp, CD19a, and a ligand that specifically binds with CD83, and the like. In one aspect, the intracellular signaling domain is designed to comprise two or more, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more, costimulatory signaling domains.
[0053] Primary intracellular signaling domains that act in a stimulatory manner in CARs may contain signaling motifs which are known as immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) . Examples of ITAM containing primary intracellular signaling domains that are of particular use in the invention include those of TCR zeta, FcR gamma, FcR beta, CD3 gamma, CD3 delta, CD3 epsilon, CD5, CD22, CD79a, CD79b, CD278 (also known as “ICOS” ) , FceRI, DAP 10, DAP12, and CD66d. In one aspect, a CAR comprises a primary intracellular signaling domain of CD3ζ. In one aspect, a primary intracellular signaling domain comprises a modified ITAM domain, e.g., a mutated ITAM domain which has altered (e.g., increased or decreased) activity as compared to the native ITAM domain. In one aspect, a primary intracellular signaling domain comprises a modified ITAM-containing primary intracellular signaling domain, e.g., an optimized and / or truncated ITAM-containing primary intracellular signaling domain. In one aspect, the signaling domain of CD3ζis a mutant CD3ζor a wild-type human CD3ζ. In one aspect, a primary intracellular signaling domain comprises one, two, three, four or more ITAM motifs. In one aspect, the primary intracellular signaling domain is a functional mutant of the cytoplasmic signaling domain of CD3ζcontaining one or more mutations, such as Q65K.
[0054] In one aspect, the co-stimulatory signaling domain comprises a CD137 co-stimulatory signaling domain or a CD28 co-stimulatory signaling domain. In one aspect, the co-stimulatory signaling domain comprises a CD137 co-stimulatory signaling domain. In one aspect, the intracellular signaling domain comprises CD3ζcytoplasmic signaling domain. In one aspect, the intracellular signaling domain comprises a CD137 co-stimulatory signaling domain or a CD28 co-stimulatory signaling domain, and a CD3ζcytoplasmic signaling domain. In a particular embodiment, the intracellular signaling domain comprises a CD137 co-stimulatory signaling domain and a CD3ζcytoplasmic signaling domain. In one aspect, the CD137 co-stimulatory signaling domain comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%or 97%identity thereto. In one aspect, the CD3ζcytoplasmic signaling domain comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%identity thereto.
[0055] In one aspect, the polypeptide comprises the extracellular antigen-binding domain comprises a VH comprising a HCDR1, a HCDR2 and a HCDR3 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5 and SEQ ID NO: 6, respectively, and a VL comprising a LCDR1, a LCDR2 and a LCDR3 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 9, respectively; the spacer comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; the transmembrane domain comprises a transmembrane domain of CD8; the co-stimulatory signaling domain comprises a signaling domain of CD137, and the primary intracellular signaling domain comprises a cytoplasmic signaling domain of CD3ζ. In one aspect, the VH comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; the VL comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In one aspect, the extracellular antigen-binding domain is an scFv. In one aspect, the VH is fused by its N-terminus via a flexible polypeptide linker to the C-terminus of the VL. In one aspect, the extracellular antigen-binding domain comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In one aspect, the spacer comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. In one aspect, the transmembrane domain comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. In one aspect, the co-stimulatory signaling domain comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15. In one aspect, the primary intracellular signaling domain comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In one aspect, the polypeptide comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.
[0056] 2.2 EAR
[0057] 2.2.1 Chimeric activation receptor
[0058] A Chimeric activation receptor of the present disclosure may be designed to transmit a positive signal, by virtue of comprising an intracellular domain associated with the positive signal, and optionally reduce the effects of a negative signal (e.g., Fas ligand (FasL) , transforming growth factorβ (TGFβ) , programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) , programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2) , macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (M-CSF1) , tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) , receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells ligand (RCAS1) , CD47, interleukin-4 (IL-4) , interleukin-6 (IL-6) , interleukin-8 (IL-8) , interleukin-10 (IL-10) or interleukin-13 (IL-13) ) transduction molecule through its extracellular domain associated with the negative signal. In one aspect, the chimeric activation receptor doesn’ t include CD3ζcytoplasmic signaling domain.
[0059] In one aspect, the polypeptide of an EAR comprises an extracellular domain and an intracellular domain. In one aspect, the extracellular domain is an ectodomain selected from a group consisting of FAS, PD-1, BTLA, CD30, HER2, EGFR, CD34, TGFβR2, TGFβR1, IL-4R, IL-13R1, IL-13R2, IL-8R, IL-10R, LAG3, TIGIT, CTLA4, CD19, CD27, CD28, CD52, CD134, CD137 and NGFR. In one aspect, the EAR is capable of binding Fas ligand. In one aspect, the extracellular domain is a Fas ectodomain. In one aspect, the extracellular domain is a full-length Fas ectodomain. In one aspect, the extracellular domain is a human Fas ectodomain. In one aspect, the extracellular domain is a full-length human Fas ectodomain. In one aspect, the Fas ectodomain includes or doesn’ t include a signal peptide (e.g. SP-2) which usually locates in 1 to 25 amino acids of wild-type Fas with the signal peptide. In one aspect, the Fas ectodomain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24. In one aspect, the Fas ectodomain comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24. In one aspect, the EAR polypeptide comprising the Fas ectodomain loses the function of Fas signal transduction. In one aspect, the EAR polypeptide comprising the Fas ectodomain doesn’ t comprise a Fas endodomain or at least a portion of the Fas endodomain necessary to signaling.
[0060] In one aspect, the chimeric activation receptor is designed to facilitate downstream signaling without need for binding of the relevant ligand, though it may bind a ligand to neutralize a negative signal meanwhile. A common feature of such chimeric activation receptors is that they are engineered to comprise one or more gain-of-function mutations, e.g., in the transmembrane domain. In one aspect, the transmembrane component is capable of self-oligomerizing. In one aspect, the transmembrane domain consists of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 30. In one aspect, the intracellular domain comprises a cytokine signaling domain. In one aspect, the intracellular domain comprises an endodomain selected from the group consisting of IL-7Rα, IL-12Rα, IL-15Rα, IL-21Rαand IL-23Rα. In one aspect, the cytokine signaling domain comprises or consists of an IL-7R endodomain. In one aspect, the IL-7R endodomain is an IL-7Rαendodomain. In one aspect, the IL-7Rαendodomain is a human IL-7Rαendodomain. In one aspect, the IL-7Rαendodomain has been modified compared to the naturally occurring IL-7Rαendodomain, as long as it maintains the signaling activity. In one aspect, the intracellular domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 27. In one aspect, the intracellular domain comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27. In one aspect, the EAR polypeptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31. In one aspect, the EAR polypeptide comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31.
[0061] In one aspect, the transmembrane domain consists of a transmembrane domain selected from the group consisting of Fas, CD2, CD3s, CD35, CD3C, CD25, CD27, CD28, CD40, CD79A, CD79B, CD80, CD86, OX40, 4-IBB, SLAMF1, CTLA4, CD200R, LAG3, HVEM, BTLA, PD-L2, PD-L1, ICOS, PD-1, CD300, GITR, A2aR, DAP10, FcRα, FcRβ, FcRγ, Fyn, GAL9, KIR, Lck, LAT, LRP, KG2D, NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, NOTCH4, PTCH2, ROR2, Ryk, Slp76, SIRPa, pTa, TCRa, TCRβ, TIM3, TRIM, LPA5 and Zap70. In one aspect, the transmembrane domain is a Fas transmembrane domain. In one aspect, the transmembrane domain is a wild-type Fas transmembrane domain. In some specific embodiments, the transmembrane domain comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence having at least 88%, 92%, 96%, sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29. In a particular embodiment, the transmembrane domain comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29. In one aspect, the intracellular domain comprises an intracellular signaling domain selected from the group consisting of CD2, CD27, CD28, CD137, OX40, CD30, CD40, CD3, HVEM, ICOS, Myd88, LFA-1, ICOS, CD7, NKG2C, B7-H3 and Ligands of CD83, and a combination thereof. In one aspect, the intracellular domain comprises a CD2 intracellular signaling domain. In one aspect, the CD2 intracellular signaling domain is a CD2 endodomain. In one aspect, the CD2 endodomain is a human CD2 endodomain. In one aspect, the CD2 endodomain has been modified compared to the naturally occurring CD2 endodomain, as long as it maintains the signaling activity. In one aspect, the CD2 endodomain is a full-length CD2 endodomain. In one aspect, the intracellular domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 28. In one aspect, the intracellular domain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 28.
[0062] 2.2.2 Dominant negative receptor
[0063] A dominant negative receptor (DNR) of the present disclosure may bind a negative signal transduction molecule by virtue of an extracellular domain associated with the negative signal and reduce the effect of the negative signal transduction molecule. For example, a modified immune cell comprising a DNR may bind a negative signal transduction molecule in the microenvironment of the modified immune cell and reduce the effect the negative signal transduction molecule may have on the modified immune cell. In one aspect, the DNR polypeptide is a truncated variant of a wild-type protein associated with the negative signal.
[0064] In one aspect, the DNR is capable of binding TGFβ, Fas-L or PD-1L. In one aspect, the DNR is dnTGFβ (dominant negative TGFβR) , dnFas or dnPD-1. In one aspect, the DNR is dnTGFβR. In one aspect, the DNR is dnTGFβR1 or dnTGFβR2. In one aspect, the DNR polypeptide comprises TGFβR ectodomain. In one aspect, the DNR polypeptide doesn’ t comprise the TGFβR endodomain or at least a portion of the TGFβR endodomain necessary to signaling. In one aspect, the extracellular domain of the DNR polypeptide comprises a TGFβR (e.g. TGFβR1 or TGFβR2) ectodomain. In one aspect, the extracellular domain comprises or consists of a full-length TGFβR ectodomain. In one aspect, the extracellular domain comprises or consists of a human TGFβR ectodomain. In one aspect, the TGFβR ectodomain comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 25. In one aspect, the TGFβR ectodomain comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25. In one aspect, the DNR polypeptide comprising the TGFβR ectodomain loses the function of TGFβR signal transduction. In one aspect, the DNR polypeptide comprising the TGFβR ectodomain doesn’ t comprise a TGFβR endodomain. In one aspect, the DNR polypeptide is a dnTGFβR1 polypeptide or a dnTGFβR2 polypeptide. In one aspect, the DNR polypeptide is a dnTGFβR2 polypeptide. In one aspect, the DNR polypeptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 32. In one aspect, the DNR polypeptide comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32.
[0065] In one aspect, the EAR (e.g. chimeric activation receptor or DNR) polypeptides comprising the Fas ectodomain are capable of segregating together to form a trimeric complex. In one aspect, the trimeric complex is formed on the surface of the engineered cell expressing the EAR. In one aspect, the trimeric complex is formed automatically on the surface of the engineered cell. In one aspect, the Fas ectodomain comprises a cysteine-rich domain 1, a cysteine-rich domain 2 and a cysteine-rich domain 3. Cysteine residues in these cysteine-rich domains contribute to the formation of trimeric complex. In one aspect, the trimeric complex is formed via disulfide bridge (s) between the cysteine-rich domains. In one aspect, the trimeric complex is formed via disulfide bridge (s) between the cysteine-rich domain 1.
[0066] 2.3 Polypeptide systems
[0067] The polypeptide system of the present disclosure includes any combinations of the polypeptide described in sections 2.1 and / or 2.2. the polypeptides in the system may be separated or linked through a peptide (e.g. self-cleavage peptide) . Exemplary systems are a combination of a CAR and one or more EAR polypeptides (armored CAR) . In one aspect, the polypeptide system is expressed in one cell (as describe in section 3.1) . In one aspect, the present disclosure also provides a cell comprising the polypeptide system as described in this section. In one aspect, the cell exhibits cytotoxic activity against GPC3 expressing cells.
[0068] In one aspect, the polypeptide system comprises at least one CAR as described in section 2.1 and at least one EAR polypeptide as described in section 2.2. In one aspect, the polypeptide system comprises a CAR capable of specifically binding to the same epitope on GPC3 as a reference antibody that comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, a polypeptide of a first EAR and a polypeptide of a second EAR, wherein the first EAR is capable of binding Fas ligand, the second EAR is capable of binding TGFβ. In one aspect, the CAR comprises, from its N to C terminus in order, an extracellular antigen-binding domain capable of specifically binding to the same epitope on GPC3 as a reference antibody that comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, a spacer comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, a transmembrane domain comprising a transmembrane domain of CD8, a co-stimulatory signaling domain comprising a signaling domain of CD137, and a primary intracellular signaling domain comprising a cytoplasmic signaling domain of CD3ζ. In one aspect, the first EAR polypeptide comprises, from its N to C terminus in order, a Fas ectodomain, a transmembrane domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30, and an IL-7Rαendodomain. In one aspect, second EAR is a dnTGFβR1 or a dnTGFβR2. In one aspect, the polypeptide system comprises the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 31 and SEQ ID NO: 32. III. Engineered Cells and preparation thereof
[0069] 3.1 Cells
[0070] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides engineered cells comprising an aforementioned polypeptide or polypeptide system, e.g., engineered immune cells. The source of the engineered immune cells of the present disclosure may be a patient to be treated (i.e., autologous cells) or from a donor who is not the patient to be treated (e.g., allogeneic cells) .
[0071] In one aspect, the cell is an immunoresponsive cell. In one aspect, the cell is a cell of the lymphoid lineage. In one aspect, the engineered immune cells are engineered T cells. In one aspect, the T cells are derived from a mammalian subject. In one aspect, the T cells are derived from a primate subject, such as a human subject. Among the sub-types and subpopulations of T cells and / or of CD4+and / or of CD8+T cells are naive T (TN) cells, effector T cells (TEFF) , memory T cells and sub-types thereof, such as stem cell memory T (TSCM) , central memory T (TCM) , effector memory T (TEM) , or terminally differentiated effector memory T cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) , immature T cells, mature T cells, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, naturally occurring and adaptive regulatory T (Treg) cells, helper T cells, such as TH1 cells, TH2 cells, TH3 cells, TH17 cells, TH9 cells, TH22 cells, follicular helper T cells, α / βT cells, andδ / γT cells. Non-limiting examples of commercially available T-cell lines include lines BCL2 (AAA) Jurkat ( CRL-2902TM) , BCL2 (S70A) Jurkat ( CRL-2900TM) , BCL2 (S87A) Jurkat ( CRL-2901TM) , BCL2 Jurkat ( CRL-2899TM) , Neo Jurkat ( CRL-2898TM) , TALL-104 cytotoxic human T cell line (ATCC#CRL-11386) . Further examples include but are not limited to mature T-cell lines, e.g., such as Deglis, EBT-8, HPB-MLp-W, HUT 78, HUT 102, Karpas 384, Ki 225, My-La, Se-Ax, SKW-3, SMZ-1 and T34; and immature T-cell lines, e.g., ALL-SIL, Be13, CCRF-CEM, CML-T1, DND-41, DU. 528, EU-9, HD-Mar, HPB-ALL, H-SB2, HT-1, JK-T1, Jurkat, Karpas 45, KE-37, KOPT-K1, K-T1, L-KAW, Loucy, MAT, MOLT-1, MOLT 3, MOLT-4, MOLT 13, MOLT-16, MT-1, MT-ALL, P12 / Ichikawa, Peer, PER0117, PER-255, PF-382, PFI-285, RPMI-8402, ST-4, SUP-T1 to T14, TALL-1, TALL-101, TALL-103 / 2, TALL-104, TALL-105, TALL-106, TALL-107, TALL-197, TK-6, TLBR-1, -2, -3, and-4, CCRF-HSB-2 (CCL-120.1) , J. RT3-T3.5 (ATCC TIB-153) , J45.01 (ATCC CRL-1990) , J. CaM1.6 (ATCC CRL-2063) , RS4; 11 (ATCC CRL-1873) , CCRF-CEM (ATCC CRM-CCL-119) ; and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma lines, e.g., HuT78 (ATCC CRM-TIB-161) , MJ [G11] (ATCC CRL-8294) , HuT102 (ATCC TIB-162) . Non-limiting exemplary sources for such commercially available cell lines include the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, VA) , and the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures.
[0072] In certain aspects, the cells are cytotoxic T cells (also known as TC, Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte, CTL, T Killer cell, a lytic T cell, CD8+T cells or killer T cell) . In certain aspects, the T cell is a CD4+T cell. In certain aspects, the T cell can be a CD4+T cell or a CD8+T cell. In certain aspects, the cell is a tumor-specific T cell.
[0073] In one aspect, the cells are natural killer (NK) cells, Natural Killer T (NKT) cells, cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) , lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, or the like. NK cells may either be isolated or obtained from a commercially available source. Non-limiting examples of commercial NK cell lines include lines NK-92 ( CRL-2407TM) , NK-92MI ( CRL-2408TM) . Further examples include but are not limited to NK lines HANK1, KHYG-1, NKL, NK-YS, NOI-90, and YT. Non-limiting exemplary sources for such commercially available cell lines include the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, VA) and the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures.
[0074] In one aspect, the cells are B cells, monocytes or granulocytes, e.g., myeloid cells, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils, and / or basophils.
[0075] In certain embodiments, the cell is a cell of the myeloid lineage. Non-limiting examples of cells of the myeloid lineage include monocytes, macrophages, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cell, erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, thrombocytes, and stem cells from which myeloid cells may be differentiated. In certain embodiments, the stem cell is a pluripotent stem cell (e.g., embryonic stem cell or induced pluripotent stem cell) .
[0076] 3.2. Methods for genetic engineering
[0077] In one aspect, the engineered cells are prepared by various methods of the transfer of polynucleotides encoding polypeptides, e.g., CARs. Physical methods include calcium phosphate precipitation, lipofection, particle bombardment, microinjection, electroporation, and the like. Biological methods include the use of DNA and RNA vectors, e.g., a viral vector, e.g., a lentiviral vector. Chemical methods include colloidal dispersion systems, such as macromolecule complexes, nanocapsules, microspheres, beads, and lipid-based systems including oil-in-water emulsions, micelles, mixed micelles, and liposomes. Exemplary methods are shown in Table 2. In some aspects, those well-known methods include transduction via viral e.g., retroviral or lentiviral, transposons, and electroporation. Table 2. Delivery methods for the genome editing systems
[0078] In one aspect, recombinant polynucleotides are transferred into cells using recombinant infectious virus particles, e.g., adenoviral vector, AAV vector, lentiviral vector, retroviral vector, such as gamma-retroviral vectors. In one aspect, the retroviral vector or lentiviral vector has a long terminal repeat sequence (LTR) . In one aspect, the vectors are self-inactivating (SIN) . In one aspect, the vectors are conditionally replicating (mobilizable) vectors. In one aspect, the lentiviral vectors are derived from human, feline or simian lentiviruses. In one aspect, the retroviral vectors are derived from murine retroviruses. In one aspect, the lentiviruses or retroviruses include those derived from any avian or mammalian cell source. In one aspect, the lentiviruses or retroviruses are amphotropic, meaning that they are capable of infecting host cells of several species, including humans. In one aspect, the gene to be expressed replaces the retroviral gag, pol and / or env sequences.
[0079] In one aspect, the vector comprising the polynucleotides encoding the polypeptide e.g., CAR, can contain a promoter and / or enhancer or regulatory elements to regulate expression of the encoded recombinant receptor. In one aspect, the promoter and / or enhancer or regulatory elements can be condition-dependent promoters, enhancers, and / or regulatory elements. In one aspect, the polynucleotides encoding the polypeptide can be operatively linked to a constitutive promoter. In one aspect, the promoter is selected from the group consisting of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, elongation factors-1 alpha (EF1α) promoter, ubiquitin C promoter (UbiC) , phosphor-glycerokinase promoter (PGK) , simian virus 40 early promoter (SV40) and chickenβ-Actin promoter coupled with CMV early enhancer (CAGG) .
[0080] In one aspect, the polynucleotides are operably linked to an inducible promoter. The inducible promoter can be induced by one or more conditions, such as a physical condition, microenvironment of the engineered immune effector cell, or the physiological state of the engineered immune effector cell, an inducer (i.e., an inducing agent) , or a combination thereof. In one aspect, the inducing condition does not induce the expression of endogenous genes in the engineered mammalian cell, and / or in the subject that receives the pharmaceutical composition. In one aspect, the inducing condition is selected from the group consisting of: inducer, irradiation (such as ionizing radiation, light) , temperature (such as heat) , redox state, tumor environment, and the activation state of the engineered mammalian cell.
[0081] In one aspect, the polynucleotides are operatively linked to a Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Posttranscriptional Regulatory Element (WPRE) , located downstream of the polynucleotides.
[0082] In one aspect, the vector can contain a single promoter that drives the expression of one or more nucleic acid molecules. In one aspect, such nucleic acid molecules can be multi-cistronic. For example, in one aspect, transcription units can be engineered as a bi-cistronic unit containing an IRES (internal ribosome entry site) , which allows co-expression of gene products (e.g., encoding a first and second CAR) by a message from a single promoter. In one aspect, a single promoter may direct expression of an RNA that contains, in a single open reading frame (ORF) , two or three genes (e.g. encoding a first and second CAR) separated from one another by sequences encoding a self-cleavage peptide or a protease recognition site. In one aspect, the self-cleavage peptide is selected from the group consisting of foot-and-mouth disease virus (F2A) , equine rhinitis A virus (E2A) , Thosea asigna virus (T2A) and porcine teschovirus-1 (P2A) .
[0083] In one aspect, polynucleotides are transferred into T cells via electroporation. In one aspect, polynucleotides are transferred into T cells via transposition. In one aspect, polynucleotides are delivered by means of transposons including a Sleeping Beauty transposon system (SB) and / or a piggyBac (PB) transposon system.
[0084] Polynucleotides encoding fusion proteins may be associated with additional coding regions which encode secretory or signal peptides, which direct the secretion of the fusion protein. For example, if secretion of the fusion protein is desired, DNA encoding a signal sequence may be placed upstream of the fusion protein. Those of ordinary skill in the art are aware that polypeptides secreted by vertebrate cells generally have a signal peptide fused to the N-terminus of the polypeptide, which is cleaved from the translated polypeptide to produce a secreted or "mature" form of the polypeptide. In one aspect, the signal peptide comprises a sequence of a human CD2, CD3δ, CD3ε, CD3γ, CD3ζ, CD4, CD8α, CD19, CD28, CD37, CD45, 4-1BB, GM-CSFR, IL-2, CD33, Human IgKVIII, Human IgG2 H, Chymotrypsinogen, trypsinogen-2, HSA, Insulin or tPA signal peptide.
[0085] In one aspect, the polynucleotides encoding the fusion protein contain a nucleic acid sequence encoding one or more marker (s) . In one aspect, the one or more marker (s) is a transduction marker, surrogate marker and / or a selection marker. In one aspect, the polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides contain a nucleic acid sequence encoding one or more additional polypeptides that enhance and / or dampen responses of the cells upon adoptive transfer and encounter with ligand.
[0086] In one aspect, the polynucleotides can also encode one or more surrogate marker (s) . In one aspect, the surrogate markers can include truncated forms of cell surface polypeptides, such as truncated forms that are non-functional and to not transduce or are not capable of transducing a signal or a signal ordinarily transduced by the full-length form of the cell surface polypeptide, and / or do not or are not capable of internalizing. In one aspect, the truncated cell surface polypeptides including truncated forms of growth factors or other receptors such as a truncated human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (tHER2) , a truncated epidermal growth factor receptor (tEGFR) , a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) or modified form thereof. tEGFR can be used to identify or select cells that have been engineered with the tEGFR and an encoded exogenous protein, and / or to eliminate or separate cells expressing the encoded exogenous protein.
[0087] In one aspect, the marker is a fluorescent protein, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) , enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) , such as super-fold GFP (sfGFP) , red fluorescent protein (RFP) , such as tdTomato, mCherry, mStrawberry, AsRed2, DsRed or DsRed2, cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) , blue green fluorescent protein (BFP) , enhanced blue fluorescent protein (EBFP) , and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) , and variants thereof, including species variants, monomeric variants, and codon-optimized and / or enhanced variants of the fluorescent proteins. In one aspect, the marker is or comprises an enzyme, such as a luciferase, the lacZ gene from E. coli, alkaline phosphatase, secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) , chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) . Exemplary light-emitting reporter genes include luciferase (luc) , b-galactosidase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) , b-glucuronidase (GUS) or variants thereof.
[0088] In one aspect, the marker is a selection marker. In one aspect, the selection marker is a polypeptide that confers resistance to exogenous agents or drugs. In one aspect, the selection marker is an antibiotic resistance gene. In one aspect, the selection marker is an antibiotic resistance gene confers antibiotic resistance to a mammalian cell. In one aspect, the selection marker is selected from the group consisting of a Puromycin resistance gene, a Hygromycin resistance gene, a Blasticidin resistance gene, a Neomycin resistance gene, a Geneticin resistance gene or a Zeocin resistance gene or a modified form thereof.
[0089] Alternatively, various assays can be used to confirm the presence of the recombinant DNA sequence in the engineered cell, such as Southern and Northern blotting, RT-PCR and PCR. In one aspect, the polypeptide can be detected by the ability to recognize target cells, or the release of cytokines (e.g., interferon-γ, granulocyte / monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) , tumor necrosis factorα (TNF-α) or interleukin 2 (IL-2) ) . In addition, the function of polypeptide can be evaluated by measurement of cellular cytotoxicity.
[0090] 3.3 Preparation of Engineered Cells
[0091] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a manufacture process of the engineered cells. In one aspect, any known method for preparation may be used. In a particular aspect, the method includes transducing a population of isolated cells with the polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide and selecting a subpopulation of said isolated cells that have been successfully transduced with the polynucleotide thereby producing genetically modified cells, as described above.
[0092] In one aspect, the method includes acquisition, isolation, transduction, expansion steps. In a particular aspect, the method includes the following steps: (i) acquisition of an immune cell population (e.g. blood cells) (ii) isolation of a particular cell population (e.g. T cells and / or NK cells) (iii) transducing a population of isolated cells with the polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide; and (iv) expanding a subpopulation of said isolated cells that have been successfully transduced with said nucleic acid sequence of step (iii) thereby producing genetically modified cells. These different steps are more particularly described below.
[0093] 3.3.1 Cell acquisition
[0094] In one aspect, the subject from which the cell is obtained for introduction of the polypeptide (e.g., CAR) is one having the disease or condition or in need of a cell therapy or to which cell therapy will be administered. In one aspect, the cells can be derived from a healthy donor.
[0095] In one aspect, the cells may be obtained from a sample, such as a biological sample. In one aspect, the samples are selected from whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) , leukocytes, bone marrow, thymus, tissue biopsy, tumor, leukemia, lymphoma, lymph node, gut associated lymphoid tissue, mucosa associated lymphoid tissue, spleen, other lymphoid tissues, liver, lung, stomach, intestine, colon, kidney, pancreas, breast, bone, prostate, cervix, testes, ovaries, tonsil, or other organ, and / or cells derived therefrom. In one aspect, the cells are primary cells. In one aspect, cells from the circulating blood of a subject are obtained, e.g., by apheresis or leukapheresis. The resulting samples comprise lymphocytes, including T cells, monocytes, granulocytes, B cells, other nucleated white blood cells, red blood cells, and / or platelets, and in some aspects contain cells other than red blood cells and platelets.
[0096] 3.3.2 Cell isolation
[0097] Various methods are readily available for isolating immune cells from a sample, for example using Life Technologies system; STEMcell Technologies EasySepTM, RoboSepTM, RosetteSepTM, SepMateTM; Miltenyi Biotec MACSTM cell separation kits, cell surface marker expression and other commercially available cell separation and isolation kits (e.g., ISOCELL from Pierce, Rockford, IL) . Particular subpopulations of immune cells may be isolated through the use of beads or other binding agents available in such kits specific to unique cell surface markers. For example, MACSTM CD4+and CD8+MicroBeads may be used to isolate CD4+and CD8+T-cells.
[0098] In one aspect, isolation of the cells includes one or more non-affinity-based cell separation steps. In one aspect, cells are washed, centrifuged, and / or incubated in the presence of one or more reagents, for example, to remove unwanted components, enrich for desired components, lyse or remove cells sensitive to particular reagents. In one aspect, cells are separated based on one or more properties, such as density, adherent properties, size, sensitivity and / or resistance to particular components.
[0099] In one aspect, the blood cells collected from the subject are washed, e.g., to remove the plasma fraction and to place the cells in an appropriate buffer or media for subsequent processing steps. In one aspect, the cells are washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) . In one aspect, the wash solution lacks calcium and may lack magnesium or may lack many if not all divalent cations. Initial activation steps in the absence of calcium may lead to magnified activation. In one aspect, a washing step is accomplished by a semi-automated “flow-through” centrifuge (for example, the Cobe 2991 cell processor, Baxter) according to the manufacturer's instructions. In one aspect, a washing step is accomplished by tangential flow filtration (TFF) according to the manufacturer's instructions. In one aspect, the cells are resuspended in a variety of biocompatible buffers after washing, such as, for example, Ca2+ / Mg2+free PBS. In certain embodiments, components of a blood cell sample are removed and the cells directly resuspended in culture media. In one aspect, the isolation includes density-based cell separation methods, such as the preparation of white blood cells from peripheral blood by lysing the red blood cells and centrifugation through a Percoll or Ficoll gradient.
[0100] In one aspect, the isolation methods include the separation of different cell types based on the expression or presence in the cell of one or more specific molecules, such as surface markers, e.g., surface proteins, intracellular markers, or nucleic acid. In one aspect, the separation is affinity-or immunoaffinity-based separation. The separation can be based on positive selection, in which the cells having bound the reagents are retained for further use, and / or negative selection, in which the cells having not bound to the antibody or binding partner are retained. The separation needs not result in 100%enrichment or removal of a particular cell population or cells expressing a particular marker.
[0101] In one aspect, one separation step can deplete cells expressing multiple markers simultaneously, such as by incubating cells with a plurality of antibodies or binding partners, each specific for a marker targeted for negative selection. Likewise, multiple cell types can simultaneously be positively selected by incubating cells with a plurality of antibodies or binding partners expressed on the various cell types. In one aspect, multiple rounds of separation steps are carried out, where the positively or negatively selected fraction from one step is subjected to another separation step, such as a subsequent positive or negative selection.
[0102] In some aspects, specific subpopulations of T cells, such as cells positive or expressing high levels of one or more surface markers, e.g., CD3+, CD28+, CD62L+, CCR7+, CD27+, CD127+, CD4+, CD8+, CD45RA+, and / or CD45RO+T cells, are isolated by positive or negative selection techniques. In one aspect, T cells are isolated by incubation with anti-CD3 / anti-CD28 conjugated particles or beads (e.g., M-450 CD3 / CD28 T Cell Expander, MACSiBeadsTM, etc. ) . In one aspect, the time period of positive selection is about 30 minutes. In a further embodiment, the time period is at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 hours. In one aspect, the time period is 10 to 24 hours. In one aspect, the incubation time period is 24 hours. For isolation of a desired population of cells by positive or negative selection, the concentration of cells and particles can be varied. In certain embodiments, it may be desirable to significantly decrease the volume in which beads and cells are mixed together (i.e., increase the concentration of cells) , to ensure maximum contact of cells and beads. In one aspect, greater than 100 million cells / mL is used.
[0103] In some aspects, T cells are separated from a sample by negative selection of markers expressed on non-T cells, such as B cells, monocytes, or other white blood cells, such as CD14. In some aspects, a CD4 or CD8 selection step is used to separate CD4+helper and CD8+cytotoxic T cells. Such CD4+and CD8+populations can be further sorted into sub-populations by positive or negative selection for markers expressed or expressed to a relatively higher degree on one or more naive, memory, and / or effector T cell subpopulations.
[0104] In some aspects, CD8+cells are further enriched for or depleted of naive, central memory, effector memory, and / or central memory stem cells, such as by positive or negative selection based on surface antigens associated with the respective subpopulation. In some aspects, enrichment for central memory T (TCM) cells is carried out to increase efficacy, such as to improve long-term survival, expansion, and / or engraftment following administration. In some aspects, combining TCM-enriched CD8+T cells and CD4+T cells further enhances efficacy.
[0105] In some aspects, memory T cells are present in both CD62L+and CD62L-subsets of CD8+peripheral blood lymphocytes. PBMC can be enriched for or depleted of CD62L-CD8+and / or CD62L+CD8 fractions, such as using anti-CD8 and anti-CD62L antibodies.
[0106] In some aspects, the enrichment for central memory T (TCM) cells is based on positive or high surface expression of CD45RO, CD62L, CCR7, CD28, CD3, and / or CD127. In some aspects, it is based on negative selection for cells expressing or highly expressing CD45RA and / or granzyme B. In some aspects, isolation of a CD8+population enriched for TCM cells is carried out by depletion of cells expressing CD4, CD14, CD45RA, and positive selection or enrichment for cells expressing CD62L. In one aspect, enrichment for central memory T (TCM) cells is carried out starting with a negative fraction of cells selected based on CD4 expression, which is subjected to a negative selection based on expression of CD14 and CD45RA, and a positive selection based on CD62L.
[0107] In one aspect, the enrichment for NK cells is based on positive or high surface expression of CD56 and CD16 and on the negative expression of CD3 and / or optionally on the presence of NKp46 or NKp30 receptors.
[0108] In one aspect, the sample or composition of cells to be separated is incubated with small, magnetizable or magnetically responsive material, such as magnetically responsive particles or microparticles, such as paramagnetic beads (e.g., or beads) . The magnetically responsive material, e.g., particle, generally is directly or indirectly attached to a binding partner, e.g., an antibody, that specifically binds to a molecule, e.g., surface marker, present on the cell, cells, or population of cells that it is desired to separate, e.g., that it is desired to negatively or positively select. In one aspect, the sample is placed in a magnetic field, and those cells having magnetically responsive or magnetizable particles attached thereto will be attracted to the magnet and separated from the unlabeled cells. For positive selection, cells that are attracted to the magnet are retained; for negative selection, cells that are not attracted (unlabeled cells) are retained. In some aspects, a combination of positive and negative selection is performed during the same selection step, where the positive and negative fractions are retained and further processed or subject to further separation steps.
[0109] In one aspect, the magnetically responsive particles are left attached to the cells that are to be subsequently incubated, cultured and / or engineered; in some aspects, the particles are left attached to the cells for administration to a patient. In one aspect, the magnetically responsive particles are removed from the cells. Methods for removing magnetically responsive particles from cells are known and include, e.g., the use of competing non-labeled antibodies, magnetically responsive particles or antibodies conjugated to cleavable linkers, etc. In one aspect, the magnetically responsive particles are biodegradable.
[0110] In one aspect, the affinity-based selection is via magnetic-activated cell sorting (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, CA) . Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting systems are capable of high-purity selection of cells having magnetized particles attached thereto. In certain embodiments, operates in a mode wherein the non-target and target species are sequentially eluted after the application of the external magnetic field. That is, the cells attached to magnetized particles are held in place while the unattached species are eluted. Then, after this first elution step is completed, the species that were trapped in the magnetic field and were prevented from being eluted are freed in some manner such that they can be eluted and recovered. In certain embodiments, the non-target cells are labelled and depleted from the heterogeneous population of cells.
[0111] In one aspect, a cell population described herein is collected and enriched (or depleted) via flow cytometry, in which cells stained for multiple cell surface markers are carried in a fluidic stream. In one aspect, a cell population described herein is collected and enriched (or depleted) via preparative scale (FACS) -sorting. In certain embodiments, a cell population described herein is collected and enriched (or depleted) by use of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) chips in combination with a FACS-based detection system. In both cases, cells can be labeled with multiple markers, allowing for the isolation of well-defined T cell subsets at high purity.
[0112] In one aspect, the preparation methods include steps for freezing, e.g., cryopreserving, the cells, either before or after isolation, incubation, and / or engineering. In one aspect, the freeze and subsequent thaw step removes granulocytes and, to some extent, monocytes in the cell population. In one aspect, the cells are suspended in a freezing solution, e.g., following a washing step to remove plasma and platelets. Any of a variety of known freezing solutions and parameters in some aspects may be used. One example involves using PBS containing 20%DMSO and 8%human serum albumin (HSA) , or other suitable cell freezing media. This is then diluted 1: 1 with media so that the final concentration of DMSO and HSA are 10%and 4%, respectively. The cells are then frozen to-80℃ at a rate of 1℃ per minute and stored in the vapor phase of a liquid nitrogen storage tank. In one aspect, cryopreserved cells are thawed and washed as described herein and allowed to rest for one hour at room temperature prior to activation.
[0113] 3.3.3 Cell expansion
[0114] In one aspect, the provided methods include cultivation, incubation, culture, and / or genetic engineering steps. In one aspect, the cells are incubated and / or cultured prior to or in connection with genetic engineering. The incubation steps can include culture, cultivation, stimulation, activation, and / or propagation. In one aspect, the cells are incubated in the presence of stimulating conditions or a stimulatory agent. The conditions can include one or more of particular media, temperature, oxygen content, carbon dioxide content, time, agents, e.g., nutrients, amino acids, antibiotics, ions, and / or stimulatory factors, such as cytokines, chemokines, antigens, binding partners, fusion proteins, recombinant soluble receptors, and any other agents designed to activate the cells.
[0115] In one aspect, the stimulating conditions or agents include one or more agent, e.g., ligand, which is capable of stimulating or activating an intracellular signaling domain of a TCR complex. In some aspects, the agent turns on or initiates TCR / CD3 intracellular signaling cascade in a T cell. Such agents can include antibodies, such as those specific for a TCR component and / or co-stimulatory receptor, e.g., anti-CD3, anti-CD28, for example, bound to solid support such as a bead (e.g., ) , and / or one or more cytokines. In one aspect, a concentration of cells of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100125 or 150 million cells / mL is used.
[0116] In one aspect, the mixture may be cultured for several hours (about 3 hours) to about 14 days or any hourly integer value in between. In another embodiment, the mixture may be cultured for 21 days. In one embodiment, the beads and the T cells are cultured together for about eight days. In another embodiment, the beads and cells are cultured together for 2-3 days. Several cycles of stimulation may also be desired such that culture time of T cells can be 60 days or more. Conditions appropriate for T cell culture include an appropriate media that may contain factors necessary for proliferation and viability, including interleukin-2 (IL-2) , insulin, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-7, GM-CSF, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, TGFβ, and TNF-αor any other additives. Other additives for the growth of cells include, but are not limited to, surfactant, plasmanate, and reducing agents such as N-acetyl-cysteine and 2-mercaptoethanol. Media can include RPMI 1640, AIM-V, DMEM, MEM, α-MEM, F-12, X-Vivo 15, and X-Vivo 20, optimizer, with added amino acids, sodium pyruvate, and vitamins, either serum-free or supplemented with an appropriate amount of serum (or plasma) or a defined set of hormones, and / or an amount of cytokine (s) sufficient for the growth and expansion of T cells. Antibiotics, e.g., penicillin and streptomycin, are included only in experimental cultures, not in cultures of cells that are to be infused into a subject. The target cells are maintained under conditions necessary to support growth, for example, an appropriate temperature (e.g., 37℃) and atmosphere (e.g., air plus 5%CO2) .
[0117] In one aspect, NK cell populations can be expanded in vitro using interleukin-2 (IL-2) IL-15, IL-15 / IL-15RA complex, IL-18 and IL-12. In one aspect, the NK cells are ex vivo expanded for at least about 5 days, for example, not less than about 10 days, not less than about 15 days, or not less than about 20 days before administration to the patient. IV. Pharmaceutical composition
[0118] Pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may comprise engineered cells in combination with one or more pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients. Such compositions may comprise buffers such as neutral buffered saline, phosphate buffered saline and the like; carbohydrates such as glucose, mannose, sucrose or dextrans, mannitol; proteins; polypeptides or amino acids such as glycine; antioxidants; chelating agents such as EDTA or glutathione; adjuvants (e.g., aluminum hydroxide) ; and preservatives. Compositions of the present disclosure are in one aspect formulated for intravenous administration.
[0119] In one aspect, the pharmaceutical composition is substantially free of, e.g., there are no detectable levels of a contaminant, e.g., selected from the group consisting of endotoxin, mycoplasma, replication competent lentivirus (RCL) , p24, VSV-G nucleic acid, HIV gag, residual anti-CD3 / anti-CD28 coated beads, mouse antibodies, pooled human serum, bovine serum albumin, bovine serum, culture media components, vector packaging cell or plasmid components, a bacterium and a fungus. In one aspect, the bacterium is at least one selected from the group consisting of Alcaligenes faecalis, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenza, Neisseria meningitides, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, and Streptococcus pyogenes group A.
[0120] When “an immunologically effective amount” , “an anti-tumor effective amount” , “a tumor-inhibiting effective amount” , or “therapeutic amount” is indicated, the precise amount of the compositions of the present disclosure to be administered can be determined by a physician with consideration of individual differences in age, weight, tumor size, extent of infection or metastasis, and condition of the patient (subject) . It can generally be stated that a pharmaceutical composition comprising the T cells described herein may be administered at a dosage of 104 to 109 cells / kg body weight, in some instances 105 to 106 cells / kg body weight, including all integer values within those ranges. T cell compositions may also be administered one time or multiple times at these dosages. The cells can be administered by using infusion techniques that are commonly known in immunotherapy. V. Method of treatment
[0121] Engineered cells or pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be administered in a manner appropriate to the disease to be treated (or prevented) . The diseases may comprise solid tumors, such as sarcomas and carcinomas, include fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, and other sarcomas, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing′s tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon carcinoma, lymphoid malignancy, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, lung cancers, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytomas sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, Wilms′ tumor, cervical cancer, testicular tumor, seminoma, bladder carcinoma, melanoma, and CNS tumors (such as a glioma (such as brainstem glioma and mixed gliomas) , glioblastoma (also known as glioblastoma multiforme) astrocytoma, CNS lymphoma, germinoma, medulloblastoma, Schwannoma craniopharyogioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, menangioma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma and brain metastases) ; the non-solid tumors, such as leukemias, including acute leukemias (such as acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia and myeloblastic, promyelocytic, myelomonocytic, monocytic and erythroleukemia) , chronic leukemias (such as chronic myelocytic (granulocytic) leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia) , polycythemia vera, lymphoma, Hodgkin′s disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (indolent and high grade forms) , multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom′s macroglobulinemia, heavy chain disease, myelodysplastic syndrome, hairy cell leukemia, Ewing sarcoma and myelodysplasia. In one aspect, the diseases are HCC (Advance HCC, or unresectable or recurrence advanced HCC) , melanoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, neuroblastoma, hepatoblastoma, Wilms’ tumor, testicular nonseminomatous germ cell tumor, gastric carcinoma, and liposarcoma.
[0122] In one aspect, the subject has a relapsed or refractory disease or disorder associated with GPC3. In one aspect, the subject has been previously treated with at least one regimen comprising a medicament directing against GPC3. In one aspect, the subject has been relapsed or refractory to the treatment comprising an anti-GPC3 monoclonal antibody. In one aspect, the subject has disease progression within 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 or 36 months after initiation of prior therapy. In one aspect, the subject has not been treated with the anti-GPC3 monoclonal antibody for at least 4 weeks (e.g., 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, 10 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks, 36 weeks, 48 weeks, 60 weeks, or more) prior to being administered the effective amount of engineered cells or pharmaceutical compositions of this disclosure.
[0123] The quantity and frequency of administration will be determined by the condition of the patient, and the type and severity of the patient’s disease, although appropriate dosages may be determined by clinical trials. The administration of the subject compositions may be carried out in any convenient manner, including by aerosol injection, ingestion, transfusion, implantation or transplantation. The compositions described herein may be administered to a patient transarterially, subcutaneously, intradermally, intratumorally, intranodally, intramedullary, intramuscularly, by intravenous (i. v. ) injection, or intraperitoneally. In one aspect, the T cell compositions of the present invention are administered to a patient by intradermal or subcutaneous injection. In one aspect, the compositions are directly injected into an organ of interest (e.g., an organ affected by a neoplasm) . Alternatively, the compositions are provided indirectly to the organ of interest, for example, by administration into the circulatory system (e.g., the tumor vasculature) . Expansion and differentiation agents can be provided prior to, during or after administration of the cells or compositions to increase production of T cells or NK cells in vitro or in vivo.
[0124] In one aspect, lymphodepletion is performed on a subject, e.g., prior to administering one or more cells described herein. In one aspect, the lymphodepletion comprises administering one or more of melphalan, cytoxan, cyclophosphamide, and fludarabine.
[0125] In one aspect, the engineered cells are administered as part of a combination treatment, such as simultaneously with or sequentially with, in any order, another therapeutic intervention, such as an antibody or engineered cell or receptor or agent, such as a cytotoxic or therapeutic agent. The cells or antibodies in some embodiments are co-administered with one or more additional therapeutic agents or in connection with another therapeutic intervention, either simultaneously or sequentially in any order. In one aspect, the cells are co-administered with another therapy sufficiently close in time such that the cell populations enhance the effect of one or more additional therapeutic agents, or vice versa. In one aspect, the cells or antibodies are administered prior to the one or more additional therapeutic agents. In one aspect, the cells or antibodies are administered after to the one or more additional therapeutic agents, such as anti-cancer agents. In the context of the present disclosure, it is contemplated that cell therapy could be used similarly in conjunction with chemotherapeutic, radiotherapeutic, or immunotherapeutic intervention, as well as pro-apoptotic or cell cycle regulating agents such as immune checkpoint inhibitor.
[0126] Alternatively, the present therapy may precede or follow the other agent treatment by intervals ranging from minutes to weeks. In embodiments where the other agent and present disclosure are applied separately to the individual, one would generally ensure that a significant period of time did not expire between the times of each delivery, such that the agent and therapy would still be able to exert an advantageously combined effect on the cell. In such instances, it is contemplated that one may contact the cell with both modalities within about 12-24 h of each other and, more preferably, within about 6-12 h of each other. In some situations, it may be desirable to extend the time period for treatment significantly, however, where several days (2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7) to several week (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8) lapse between the respective administrations. It is expected that the treatment cycles would be repeated if necessary. It also is contemplated that various standard therapies, as well as surgical intervention, may be applied in combination with the cell therapy. VI. Sequences Table 3. Sequences of the present disclosure VII. Exemplary Embodiments
[0127] Among the embodiments provided herein are:
[0128] 1. A polypeptide comprising, from its N to C terminus in order, an extracellular antigen-binding domain, a spacer, a transmembrane domain, a co-stimulatory signaling domain and a primary intracellular signaling domain, wherein: a) the extracellular antigen-binding domain is capable of specifically binding to the same epitope on GPC3 as a reference antibody that comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; b) the spacer comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 or 11; c) the transmembrane domain comprises a transmembrane domain of CD8 or CD28; d) the co-stimulatory signaling domain comprises a signaling domain of CD137 or CD28, and e) the primary intracellular signaling domain comprises a cytoplasmic signaling domain of CD3ζ.
[0129] 2. The polypeptide of embodiment 1, wherein the extracellular antigen-binding domain comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a light chain variable region (VL) , wherein the VH comprises a HCDR1, a HCDR2 and a HCDR3 contained within the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and the VL comprises a LCDR1, a LCDR2 and a LCDR3 contained within the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0130] 3. The polypeptide of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the VH comprises a HCDR1, a HCDR2 and a HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5 and SEQ ID NO: 6, respectively; the VL comprises a LCDR1, a LCDR2 and a LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 9, respectively.
[0131] 4. The polypeptide of any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0132] 5. The polypeptide of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the extracellular antigen-binding domain is an scFv.
[0133] 6. The polypeptide of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the VH is fused by its N-terminus via a flexible polypeptide linker to the C-terminus of the VL.
[0134] 7. The polypeptide of any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the extracellular antigen-binding domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0135] 8. The polypeptide of any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the spacer consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0136] 9. The polypeptide of any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the transmembrane domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13 or 14.
[0137] 10. The polypeptide of any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the co-stimulatory signaling domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 or 16.
[0138] 11. The polypeptide of any one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the primary intracellular signaling domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0139] 12. The polypeptide of any one of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein a) the extracellular antigen-binding domain comprises a VH comprising a HCDR1, a HCDR2 and a HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5 and SEQ ID NO: 6, respectively, and a VL comprising a LCDR1, a LCDR2 and a LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 9, respectively; b) the spacer comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; c) the transmembrane domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13; d) the co-stimulatory signaling domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, and e) the primary intracellular signaling domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0140] 13. The polypeptide of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the VH is fused by its N-terminus via a flexible polypeptide linker to the C-terminus of the VL.
[0141] 14. The polypeptide of any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.
[0142] 15. A polypeptide system comprising the polypeptide comprising, from its N to C terminus in order, an extracellular antigen-binding domain capable of specifically binding to the same epitope on GPC3 as a reference antibody that comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, a spacer, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular signaling domain; and one or more polypeptides of engineered armor receptor (EAR) .
[0143] 16. The polypeptide system of embodiment 15, wherein the extracellular antigen-binding domain comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a light chain variable region (VL) , wherein the VH comprises a HCDR1, a HCDR2 and a HCDR3 contained within the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and the VL comprises a LCDR1, a LCDR2 and a LCDR3 contained within the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0144] 17. The polypeptide system of embodiment 15 or 16, wherein the VH comprises a HCDR1, a HCDR2 and a HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5 and SEQ ID NO: 6, respectively; the VL comprises a LCDR1, a LCDR2 and a LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 9, respectively.
[0145] 18. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 17, wherein the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0146] 19. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 18, wherein the extracellular antigen-binding domain is an scFv.
[0147] 20. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 19, wherein the VH is fused by its C-terminus via a flexible polypeptide linker to the N-terminus of the VL.
[0148] 21. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 20, wherein the extracellular antigen-binding domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0149] 22. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 21, wherein the spacer consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0150] 23. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 22, wherein the transmembrane domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13.
[0151] 24. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 23, wherein the co-stimulatory signaling domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15.
[0152] 25. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 24, wherein the primary intracellular signaling domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0153] 26. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 25, wherein a) the extracellular antigen-binding domain comprises a VH comprising a HCDR1, a HCDR2 and a HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5 and SEQ ID NO: 6, respectively, and a VL comprising a LCDR1, a LCDR2 and a LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 9, respectively; b) the spacer comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; c) the transmembrane domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13; d) the co-stimulatory signaling domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, and e) the primary intracellular signaling domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0154] 27. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 26, wherein the VH is fused by its N-terminus via a flexible polypeptide linker to the C-terminus of the VL.
[0155] 28. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 27, wherein the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.
[0156] 29. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 28, wherein the EAR is capable of binding Fas ligand (FasL) , transforming growth factorβ (TGFβ) , programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) , programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2) , macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (M-CSF1) , tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) , receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells ligand (RCAS1) , CD47, interleukin-4 (IL-4) , interleukin-6 (IL-6) , interleukin-8 (IL-8) , interleukin-10 (IL-10) , or interleukin-13 (IL-13) .
[0157] 30. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 29, wherein the EAR is capable of binding Fas ligand or binding TGFβ.
[0158] 31. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 30, wherein the polypeptide system comprises a polypeptide of a first EAR and a polypeptide of a second EAR, wherein the first EAR is capable of binding Fas ligand, the second EAR is capable of binding TGFβ.
[0159] 32. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 31, wherein the EAR capable of binding Fas ligand is a chimeric activation receptor or a dominant negative receptor.
[0160] 33. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 32, wherein the EAR polypeptide comprises, from its N to C terminus in order, a Fas ectodomain, a transmembrane domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30, and an IL-7Rαendodomain.
[0161] 34. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 33, wherein the EAR polypeptide comprises, from its N to C terminus in order, a Fas ectodomain, a transmembrane domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, and an IL-7Rαendodomain.
[0162] 35. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 34, wherein the EAR polypeptide comprises, from its N to C terminus in order, a Fas ectodomain, a transmembrane domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30, and CD2 endodomain.
[0163] 36. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 35, wherein the EAR polypeptide comprises, from its N to C terminus in order, a Fas ectodomain, a transmembrane domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, and CD2 endodomain.
[0164] 37. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 36, wherein the EAR polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31.
[0165] 38. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 37, wherein the EAR polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38.
[0166] 39. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 38, wherein the EAR polypeptide comprises, from its N to C terminus in order, a Fas ectodomain, a Fas transmembrane domain, and an CD2 endodomain.
[0167] 40. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 39, wherein the CD2 endodomain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28.
[0168] 41. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 40, wherein the EAR polypeptide comprises, from its N to C terminus in order, a Fas ectodomain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, a Fas transmembrane domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, and an CD2 endodomain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28.
[0169] 42. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 41, wherein the EAR capable of binding TGFβis a dominant negative receptor or a chimeric activation receptor.
[0170] 43. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 42, wherein the EAR is a dnTGFβR1 or a dnTGFβR2.
[0171] 44. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 43, wherein the EAR polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32 or SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0172] 45. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 44, wherein the first EAR is a chimeric activation receptor and the second EAR is a dominant negative receptor.
[0173] 46. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 45, wherein the first EAR polypeptide comprises, from its N to C terminus in order, a Fas ectodomain, a transmembrane domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30, and an IL-7Rαendodomain, and the second EAR is a dnTGFβR1 or a dnTGFβR2.
[0174] 47. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 46, wherein the first EAR polypeptide comprises, from its N to C terminus in order, a Fas ectodomain, a transmembrane domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, and a CD2 endodomain, and the second EAR is a dnTGFβR1 or a dnTGFβR2.
[0175] 48. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 47, wherein the first EAR polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 or SEQ ID NO: 38, the second EAR polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32 or SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0176] 49. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 48, wherein the polypeptide system comprises one or more self-cleaving peptides located between the polypeptides contained within the polypeptide system.
[0177] 50. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 49, wherein the self-cleaving peptide is a viral self-cleaving 2A polypeptide.
[0178] 51. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 50, wherein the viral self-cleaving 2A polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of a foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) (F2A) peptide, an equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) (E2A) peptide, a Thosea asigna virus (TaV) (T2A) peptide, a porcine teschovirus-1 (PTV-1) (P2A) peptide, a Theilovirus 2A peptide, and an encephalomyocarditis virus 2A peptide.
[0179] 52. The polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 51, wherein the polypeptide system contained in one cell.
[0180] 53. A polynucleotide system encoding the polypeptide of any one of embodiments 1 to 14 or the polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 52.
[0181] 54. A vector system comprising one or more vectors comprising the polynucleotide system of embodiment 53.
[0182] 55. The vector system of embodiments 54, wherein the vector is a retroviral, lentiviral, adenoviral, or adeno-associated viral vector.
[0183] 56. A cell comprising the polypeptide of any one of embodiments 1 to 14, the polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 52, the polynucleotide system of embodiment 53, or the vector system of embodiment 54 or 55.
[0184] 57. The cell of embodiment 56, wherein the cell is an immune cell.
[0185] 58. The cell of embodiment 55 or 56, wherein the cell is a T-cell, a NK cell, a NK T-cell, anαβT-cell, aγδT-cell, a Mucosa Associated Invariant T-cell (MAIT T-cell) , an innate lymphoid cell, a stem cell, or a progenitor cell.
[0186] 59. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising the polypeptide of any one of embodiments 1 to 14, the polypeptide system of any one of embodiments 15 to 52, , the polynucleotide system of embodiment 53, the vector system of embodiment 54 or 55, or the cell of claim of any one of embodiments 56 to 57; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0187] 60. A method of treating a disease in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the cell of any one of embodiments 56 to 57 or the pharmaceutical formulation of embodiment 59 to the subject having a disease or disorder associated with GPC3.
[0188] 61. The method of embodiment 60, wherein the subject has a relapsed or refractory disease or disorder associated with GPC3 or has been previously treated with at least one regimen comprising a medicament directing against GPC3.
[0189] 62. The method of embodiment 61, wherein the disease or disorder is a cancer.
[0190] 63. The method of embodiment 62, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of HCC, melanoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, neuroblastoma, hepatoblastoma, Wilms’ tumor, testicular nonseminomatous germ cell tumor, gastric carcinoma, and liposarcoma. VIII. Example
[0191] The following examples are included for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
[0192] Example 1: Structure of GPC3 CARs
[0193] GPC3 CARs shown in Figure. 1 with signal peptides were formed through the fusion of signal peptides (SP-1) to scFvs (the sequences of VH, VL and linker located between VH and VL are set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, 3 and 10, respectively) followed by Mut CD8 hinges or CD8 hinge (SEQ ID NO: 12 and 11, respectively) and different transmembrane derived from CD8 or CD28 (SEQ ID NO: 13 and 14, respectively) and different endodomains encoding the signaling motifs from 4-1BB or CD28 (SEQ ID NO: 15 and 16, respectively) and CD3ζ (SEQ ID NO: 17) .
[0194] Primary human T cell populations expressing the various candidate GPC3 CARs were generated. T cells from 4 healthy donors were activated with CD3 / CD28 Dynabeads (Gibco) . One day after the activation, the T cells were transduced with the lentiviral vectors of each CAR. During the T cell passage, cell density was adjusted to 5×105~1×106 cells / mL through adding fresh T cell culture medium every 2~3 days, followed by culturing for 7 days.
[0195] Example 2: Anti-tumor activities of GPC3 CARs
[0196] At day 7 after lentivirus transduction, CAR-T cells from Example 1 were rested for 24 h through withdrawing CD3 / CD28 Dynabeads. Transduction efficiency of GPC3 CAR, as assessed by G4S staining, was normalized to 50%for all samples through the addition of non-transduced T cells. Cytotoxicity was then examined after these effector cells were challenged by GPC3lo or GPC3hi target cells (Figure 2A) derived from HepG2, a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (ATCC) . The effector cells or the non-transduced T cells (NC) were co-cultured with the HepG2_GPC3lo tumor cells at the E: T ratio of 1: 2, 1: 4 or 1: 8, co-cultured with the HepG2_GPC3hi tumor cells at the E: T ratio of 1: 2. During day 0 to day 7 of the co-culture assays, the killing efficiency for each CAR-T cell sample was calculated by “Real Time Cellular Analysis” (RTCA) . As shown in Figure 2B, GPC3 CAR-2 showed similar killing ability of GPC3hi target cells to other GPC3 CARs, but more potent elimination of GPC3lo target cells than other GPC3 CARs.
[0197] The supernatants at day 1 of co-culture assay were collected and analyzed for accumulated IL-2 and IFN-γcytokines by AlphaLISA detection kit (Perkin Elmer) . The results are depicted in Figure 2C. GPC3 CAR-2 produces greatest cytokines of IL-2 and IFN-γ. The results demonstrate the more potent anti-tumor activity of GPC3 CAR-2 than the other four candidate structures.
[0198] Example 3: Generation of armored GPC3 CAR
[0199] Plasmid construct containing armored GPC3 CAR-2 was designed to encode an ordinal sequence of (SP-1) GPC3 CAR-2, P2A peptide, (SP-2) Fas-IL-7Rα, T2A peptide, (SP-1) dnTGFβR2 (Figure 3) to improve CAR-T cell function in shielding, persistence, and expansion. Primary human T-cells from 4 healthy donors were transduced with lentiviral vectors of GPC3 CAR-2 or armored GPC3 CAR-2, followed by expansion for 7 days. In this case, TGFβR2 and TGFβRII denote the same meaning.
[0200] Example 4: Enhanced shielding, persistence, and expansion of armored GPC3 CAR
[0201] At day 7 after lentivirus transduction, CAR-T cells from Example 3 were rested for 24 h through withdrawing CD3 / CD28 Dynabeads. Transduction efficiency of GPC3 CAR, as assessed by G4S staining, was normalized to 50%for all samples through the addition of non-transduced T cells (NC) . Cytotoxicity was then examined after these effector cells were challenged by tumor cells with different GPC3 expression levels (Figure 4A) . The effector cells or the non-transduced T cells (NC) were co-cultured with the HepG2_GPC3lo / hi tumor cells at the E: T ratio of 1: 1. During killing day 0 to day 7, the killing efficiency for each CAR-T cell sample was calculated by RTCA. As shown in Figure 4B, armored GPC3 CAR-2 showed more potent elimination of GPC3lo / hi target cells than GPC3 CAR-2 at killing day 1. However, both the armored GPC3 CAR-2 and GPC3 CAR-2 kill almost all the target cells (HepG2_GPC3lo / hi) from killing day 3.
[0202] To further interrogate the expansion ability of armored GPC3 CAR-2, at day 1, 3, 6 of the co-culture assays, the cell samples were isolated for live cell counting by flow cytometry with Absolute Counting Beads (Invitrogen) . CAR-T cell numbers during co-culture assays, were made relative to the day 0 analysis to measure expansion fold difference. As shown in Figure 4C, armored GPC3 CAR-2 showed more potent proliferation ability than GPC3 CAR-2 when co-culture with GPC3lo target cells.
[0203] To test the resistance ability of the CAR-T cells to TGFβ1 inhibition, the transduced T cells (normalized to 50%) from Example 3 were challenged with GPC3lo target cells at the E: T ratio of 1: 1 in the absent / presence of 20 ng / mL soluble TGFβ1 (PeproTech) treatment. At day 6 of the co-culture assays, the cell samples were isolated for live cell counting by flow cytometry with Absolute Counting Beads (Invitrogen) . As shown in Figure 4D, the CAR-T cell expansion fold of GPC3 CAR-2 is suppressed with the sTGFβ1 treatment, and armored GPC3 CAR-2 could be resistant for sTGFβ1 treatment. Meanwhile, the elimination of GPC3 CAR-2 to GPC3lo target cells is suppressed with the sTGFβ1 treatment (sTGFβ1+vs. sTGFβ1-, p<0.05) at day 6 of co-culture assay. However, armored GPC3 CAR-2 shows similar killing efficiency in both absent and presence of sTGFβ1 treatment. Furthermore, armored GPC3 CAR-2 shows the significant increased killing efficiencies to GPC3lo target cells post TGFβ1 treatment (armored GPC3 CAR-2 vs. GPC3 CAR-2, p<0.005) compared to GPC3 CAR-2.
[0204] To test the ability of the CAR-T cells withstanding Fas / FasL mediated apoptosis, the transduced T cells (normalized to 50%) from Example 3 were seeded at the same density (1×106 T cells / mL) and exposed to 50 ng / mL trimeric soluble FasL stimulation in the presence of supplemented IL-2 (100 IU / mL) for 7 days. At day 3 and 7 during incubation, live T cell counting was detected by Cell Counter. T cell number was made relative to the day 0 analysis to measure proliferation fold difference during incubation. Figure 4E show that armored GPC3 CAR-2 shows linear growth over the 6-day period culture and significant proliferation and survival advantage over the GPC3 CAR-2, no matter with or without sFasL treatment. However, GPC3 CAR-2 is unable to proliferate at day 6 post sFasL stimulation but recovered T cell viability compared with non-transduced T cells (NC) . Above results demonstrate that the increased persistence of armored GPC3 CAR-2 with T cell proliferation and viability post sFasL stimulation, GPC3 CAR-2 shows a slight resistance ability to sFasL stimulation in nature.
[0205] To test the ability of the CAR-T cells to survive in hush conditions, we subjected the transduced T cells to starvation assays without further stimulation and exogenous cytokines. CAR-T cells (normalized to 50%) from Example 3 were seeded at the same density (5×105 T cells / mL) under non-IL-2 condition for 48 days in an incubator. Live T cell count was detected by Cell Counter during long time starvation assay. Live T cell numbers during incubation were made relative to the day 0 analysis to measure proliferation fold difference. As shown in Figure 4F, armored GPC3 CAR-2 displays increased survival ability without further stimulation and exogenous cytokines. Above results demonstrate that armored GPC3 CAR-2 shows higher level of T cell expansion and persistence capabilities than GPC3 CAR-2 after withdrawing IL-2 in T cell culture condition.
[0206] Example 5: Expansion of EAR (s) post non-IL-2 starvation
[0207] Plasmid constructs were designed to encode a marker of transduction (tEGFR) on its 3’ of the ORF followed by a sequence encoding a self-cleaving 2A peptide derived from the equine rhinitis A virus. Following this was the sequence encoding the signal peptide and extracellular domain of human Fas followed by a transmembrane sequence (IL-7RαTM, Fas TM) and then the endodomain of either human IL7Ra or human CD2 endodomain (F-1, F-2) . As a functional negative control, a plasmid encoding only the tEGFR transduction marker was developed (Ctrl) . The C-3 containing plasmid was designed encoding tEGFR followed by the 2A sequences from equine rhinitis A virus followed by a signal peptide and extracellular domain from human TGFβR followed by IL-7RαTM and the endodomain from human IL7Ra. The C-4 containing plasmid was formed similarly. Table 4. Structures of fusion polypeptides (from N-to C-terminus)
[0208] To interrogate the fusion proteins’ (sharing different extracellular domain from either human Fas or TGFβR and same transmembrane domain and endodomain) expansion ability in cytokine starvation, we subjected the transduced T cells to non-IL-2 conditions. Briefly, primary T cells from 4 healthy donors were transduced with either Ctrl, C-3 or F-1. All transduced T cells were spun by centrifugation, stained for EGFR to evaluate the transduction efficiency. And then, the EGFR+T cells were normalized to be 50%through the addition of non-transduced T cells and then seeded at the same density (1×106 T cells / mL) for 7 days in an incubator. At day 3, 7 during incubation, cell suspension was harvested for living T cell counting by Cell Counter and EGFR+T cell detection by flow cytometry. EGFR+T cell numbers during incubation were made relative to the day 0 analysis to measure proliferation fold difference. Figure. 5A shows that T cells transduced with C-3 are unable to proliferate in the absence of cytokine over the 7-day period (C-3 vs. F-1, p=0.0277 at day3, p=0.0060 at day7) . Above results demonstrate that the function of IL-7RαTM-endo would be prevented by the definite extracellular domain.
[0209] Primary human T-cells from 2 healthy donors were transduced with lentiviral vectors of F1 (F-1+dnTGFβR2) , F2 (F-2+dnTGFβR2) or C4 (C-4+dnTGFβR2) . Transduction efficiency of tEGFR was normalized to 50%for all samples through the addition of non-transduced cells. Then, T cells were seeded at the same density (4×105 T cells / mL) with 50 ng / mL sFasL (Adipogene) stimulation in the presence of supplemented 20 ng / mL TGFβ1 (PeproTech) treatment for 7 days in an incubator. At day 1, 3, 7 during incubation, T cells were mixed gently and removed for surviving T cell count by High Speed, High Throughput Cell Counter (Nexcelom) . At day 3 after the detection of live T cell number, the live T cell density was normalized to 5×105 T cells / mL for repetitive 50 ng / mL sFasL and 20 ng / mL sTGFβ1 treatment. Live T cell numbers during incubation were made relative to the day 0 analysis to measure proliferation fold difference. As shown in Figure. 5B, both F1 and F2 engineered T cells displayed the significant survival advantage and proliferation ability post the repetitive sFasL and sTGFβ1 treatments. These results demonstrate the increased persistence of F1 and F2 with enhanced resistance to repetitive sFasL and sTGFβ1 treatments.
[0210] Example 6: Generation of individual armor with GPC3 CAR
[0211] As shown in Figure 6A, plasmid construct containing GPC3 CAR-2 armor-1 was designed to encode an ordinal sequence of (SP-1) GPC3 CAR-2, P2A peptide, (SP-2) Fas-IL-7Rα, to improve CAR-T cell function in persistence and expansion. Plasmid construct containing GPC3 CAR-2 armor-2 was designed to encode an ordinal sequence of (SP-1) GPC3 CAR-2, T2A peptide, (SP-1) and dnTGFβR2 to improve CAR-T cell function in shielding. Plasmid construct containing GPC3 CAR-2 armor-3 was designed to encode an ordinal sequence of (SP-1) , GPC3 CAR-2, T2A peptide, (SP-1) and dnTGFβR2-CD2, to further improve CAR-T cell function in shielding than (SP-1) dnTGFβR2 in theory. Primary human T-cells from 2 healthy donors were transduced with lentiviral vectors of GPC3 CAR-2, GPC3 CAR-2 armor-1, GPC3 CAR-2 armor-2, GPC3 CAR-2 armor-3 or armored GPC3 CAR-2, followed by expansion for 7 days.
[0212] Example 7: Enhanced shielding or persistence and expansion of GPC3 armors
[0213] At day 7 after lentivirus transduction, CAR-T cells from Example 6 were rested for 24 hrs through withdrawing CD3 / CD28 Dynabeads. Transduction efficiency of GPC3 CAR, as assessed by G4S staining, was normalized to 50%for all samples through the addition of non-transduced T cells (NC) . Cytotoxicity was then examined after these effector cells were challenged by tumor cells with different GPC3 expression levels (Figure 6B) . The effector cells were co-cultured with the HepG2_GPC3lo / HepG2_GPC3hi / HepG2_GPC3loFasko tumor cells at the E: T ratio of 1: 2. During killing time 0 h to 96 hrs, the killing efficiency for each CAR-T cell sample was calculated by RTCA. As shown in Figure 6C, armored GPC3 CAR-2, GPC3 CAR-2 armor-1, GPC3 CAR-2 armor-2 or GPC3 CAR-2 armor-3 showed more potent elimination of GPC3lo / hi target cells than GPC3 CAR-2. However, all the armored GPC3 CAR-2, GPC3 CAR-2 armor-1, GPC3 CAR-2 armor-2, GPC3 CAR-2 armor-3 and GPC3 CAR-2 kill almost all the target cells (HepG2_GPC3lo / hi) at killing day 4 (96 hrs) .
[0214] To test the resistance ability of the CAR-T cells to TGFβ1 inhibition, the transduced T cells (normalized to 50%) from Example 6 were challenged with GPC3lo target cells at the E: T ratio of 1: 2 in the presence of 20 ng / mL soluble TGFβ1 (PeproTech) treatment. As shown in Figure 6C, GPC3 CAR-2 armor-1 and GPC3 CAR-2 showed the decreased killing efficiencies to GPC3lo target cells post TGFβ1 treatment from 36 to 84 hrs of coculture assay compared to other constructs.
[0215] To verify the ability of the CAR-T cells withstanding Fas / FasL mediated apoptosis, the transduced T cells (normalized to 50%) from Example 6 were challenged with GPC3loFasko target cells at the E: T ratio of 1: 2 with 50 ng / mL trimeric soluble FasL stimulation. GPC3 CAR-2 armor-1 and armored GPC3 CAR-2 showed the increased killing efficiencies to GPC3loFasko target cells post FasL treatment compared to other constructs (Figure 6C) .
[0216] Furthermore, the CAR-T cell expansion fold of GPC3 CAR-2 or GPC3 CAR-2 armor-1 or GPC3 CAR-2 armor-2 or GPC3 CAR-2 armor-3 is suppressed with the sTGFβ1 treatment, and armored GPC3 CAR-2 could be resistant for sTGFβ1 treatment at day 8 of coculture assay (Figure 6D) . So GPC3 CAR-2 armor-2 or GPC3 CAR-2 armor-3 and armored GPC3 CAR-2 show resistance ability to sTGFβ1 treatment.
[0217] Moreover, at day 8 of coculture assay (challenged with GPC3loFasko target cells at the E: T ratio of 1: 2 with 50 ng / mL trimeric soluble FasL stimulation) , live T cell counting was detected by Cell Counter. T cell number was made relative to the day 0 analysis to measure proliferation fold difference during coculture assay. Figure 6D showed that GPC3 CAR-2 armor-1 and armored GPC3 CAR-2 showed higher level of T cell fold change over the GPC3 CAR-2, GPC3 CAR-2 armor-2 or GPC3 CAR-2 armor-3. Above results demonstrate that the increased persistence of GPC3 CAR-2 armor-1 and armored GPC3 CAR-2 with T cell proliferation post sFasL stimulation when coculture with GPC3loFasko target cells. So GPC3 CAR-2 armor-1 and armored GPC3 CAR-2 showed resistance ability to sFasL stimulation.
Claims
1.A polypeptide comprising, from its N to C terminus in order, an extracellular antigen-binding domain, a spacer, a transmembrane domain, a co-stimulatory signaling domain and a primary intracellular signaling domain, wherein:a) the extracellular antigen-binding domain is capable of specifically binding to the same epitope on GPC3 as a reference antibody that comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1;b) the spacer comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 or 11;c) the transmembrane domain comprises a transmembrane domain of CD8 or CD28;d) the co-stimulatory signaling domain comprises a signaling domain of CD137 or CD28, ande) the primary intracellular signaling domain comprises a cytoplasmic signaling domain of CD3ζ.2.The polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the extracellular antigen-binding domain comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a light chain variable region (VL) , wherein the VH comprises a HCDR1, a HCDR2 and a HCDR3 contained within the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and the VL comprises a LCDR1, a LCDR2 and a LCDR3 contained within the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3;preferably, the VH comprises a HCDR1, a HCDR2 and a HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5 and SEQ ID NO: 6, respectively; the VL comprises a LCDR1, a LCDR2 and a LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 9, respectively;more preferably, the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.3.The polypeptide of claim 1 or 2, wherein the extracellular antigen-binding domain is an scFv;preferably, the VH is fused by its N-terminus via a flexible polypeptide linker to the C-terminus of the VL;more preferably, the extracellular antigen-binding domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.4.The polypeptide of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the transmembrane domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13 or 14;preferably, the co-stimulatory signaling domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 or 16;more preferably, the primary intracellular signaling domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.5.The polypeptide of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein:a) the extracellular antigen-binding domain comprises a VH comprising a HCDR1, a HCDR2 and a HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5 and SEQ ID NO: 6, respectively, and a VL comprising a LCDR1, a LCDR2 and a LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 9, respectively;b) the spacer comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12;c) the transmembrane domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13;d) the co-stimulatory signaling domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, ande) the primary intracellular signaling domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17;preferably, the VH is fused by its N-terminus via a flexible polypeptide linker to the C-terminus of the VL;more preferably, the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.6.A polypeptide system comprising the polypeptide of any one of claims 1 to 5 and one or more polypeptides of engineered armor receptor (EAR) ;preferably, the EAR is capable of binding Fas ligand (FasL) , transforming growth factorβ (TGFβ) , programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) , programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2) , macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (M-CSF1) , tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) , receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells ligand (RCAS1) , CD47, interleukin-4 (IL-4) , interleukin-6 (IL-6) , interleukin-8(IL-8) , interleukin-10 (IL-10) , or interleukin-13 (IL-13) ;more preferably, the EAR is capable of binding Fas ligand or binding TGFβ;more preferably, the polypeptide system comprises a polypeptide of a first EAR capable of binding Fas ligand and a polypeptide of a second EAR capable of binding TGFβ.7.The polypeptide system of claim 6, wherein the EAR capable of binding Fas ligand is a chimeric activation receptor or a dominant negative receptor;preferably, the EAR polypeptide comprises, from its N to C terminus in order, a Fas ectodomain, a transmembrane domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 or SEQ ID NO: 30, and an IL-7Rαor CD2 endodomain;more preferably, the IL-7Rαendodomain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27;more preferably, the CD2 endodomain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28;more preferably, the EAR polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 or SEQ ID NO: 38.8.The polypeptide system of claim 6, wherein the EAR capable of binding TGFβis a dominant negative receptor or a chimeric activation receptor;preferably, the EAR is a dnTGFβR1 or a dnTGFβR2;more preferably, the EAR polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32 or SEQ ID NO: 37.9.The polypeptide system of any one of claim 6 to 8, wherein the first EAR is a chimeric activation receptor and the second EAR is a dominant negative receptor;preferably, the first EAR polypeptide comprises, from its N to C terminus in order, a Fas ectodomain, a transmembrane domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30 or SEQ ID NO: 29, and an IL-7Rαor CD2 endodomain, and the second EAR is a dnTGFβR1 or a dnTGFβR2;more preferably, the IL-7Rαendodomain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27;more preferably, the CD2 endodomain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28;more preferably, the first EAR polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31 or SEQ ID NO: 38, the second EAR polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32 or SEQ ID NO: 37.10.The polypeptide system of any one of claims 6 to 9, which comprises one or more self-cleaving peptides located between the polypeptides contained within the polypeptide system;preferably, the self-cleaving peptide is a viral self-cleaving 2A polypeptide;more preferably, the viral self-cleaving 2A polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of a foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) (F2A) peptide, an equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) (E2A) peptide, a Thosea asigna virus (TaV) (T2A) peptide, a porcine teschovirus-1 (PTV-1) (P2A) peptide, a Theilovirus 2A peptide, and an encephalomyocarditis virus 2A peptide.11.A polynucleotide system encoding the polypeptide of any one of claims 1 to 5 or the polypeptide system of any one of claims 6 to 10.12.A vector system comprising the polynucleotide system of claim 11; preferably, the vector is a retroviral, lentiviral, adenoviral, or adeno-associated viral vector.13.A cell comprising the polypeptide of any one of claims 1 to 5, the polypeptide system of any one of claims 6 to 10, the polynucleotide system of claim 11, or the vector system of claim 12;preferably, the cell is an immune cell;more preferably, the cell is a T-cell, a NK cell, a NK T-cell, an αβ T-cell, a γδ T-cell, a Mucosa Associated Invariant T-cell (MAIT T-cell) , an innate lymphoid cell, a stem cell, or a progenitor cell.14.A pharmaceutical formulation comprising the polypeptide of any one of claims 1 to 5, the polypeptide system of any one of claims 6 to 10, the polynucleotide system of claim 11, the vector system of claim 12 or the cell of claim 13; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.15.A method of treating a subject, comprising administering the cell of claim 13 or the pharmaceutical formulation of claim 14 to the subject having a disease or disorder associated with GPC3; optionally the subject has a relapsed or refractory disease or disorder associated with GPC3 or has been previously treated with at least one regimen comprising a medicament directing against GPC3;preferably, the disease or disorder is a cancer;more preferably, the cancer is selected from the group consisting ofHCC, melanoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, neuroblastoma, hepatoblastoma, Wilms’ tumor, testicular nonseminomatous germ cell tumor, gastric carcinoma, and liposarcoma.
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