Combination of a 5-HT2a receptor agonist and an m4 activator and use thereof
A combination of a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and an M4 activator addresses the adverse effects of psychedelic treatments by reducing hallucinations and other CNS effects while maintaining therapeutic efficacy, providing a safer and more accessible treatment for psychiatric conditions.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-08
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-12
AI Technical Summary
Psychedelic 5-HT2A receptor agonists, while effective for treating depression and other psychiatric illnesses, are associated with significant adverse effects such as hallucinations and other consciousness-altering experiences, necessitating a supportive clinical setting and increasing the cost of care, which limits accessibility and does not eliminate adverse effects.
A combination therapy comprising a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 activator (M4 activator) is administered to reduce CNS adverse effects like hallucinations while maintaining therapeutic benefits, with varying pharmacodynamic features such as timing and strength of administration.
The combination therapy effectively reduces CNS adverse effects of 5-HT2A receptor agonists while preserving or enhancing their therapeutic benefits, offering a safer and more accessible treatment option for conditions like depression and psychiatric disorders.
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Abstract
Description
COMBINATION OF A 5-HT2A RECEPTOR AGONIST AND AN M4 ACTIVATOR AND USE THEREOFTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to combination therapies of a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and an M4 activator, and uses thereof.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) , also known as serotonin, is a monoamine neurotransmitter modulating diverse physiological functions such as appetite, digestion, and thermoregulation, as well as brain states underlying mood, cognition, and sleep. 5-HT acts through various 5-HT receptors, which make up a total of 7 functional classes. While the 5-HT3 class is ligand gated ion channels, all other 5-HT receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that activate an intracellular second messenger cascade to produce an excitatory or inhibitory response.
[0003] The Gq / 11-protein-coupled 5-HT2A receptor has received much attention, because it is a shared target of various psychedelics such as psilocybin, N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) . Psychedelics are 5-HT2A (serotonin 2A) receptor agonists that can lead to profound changes in perception, cognition and mood (Kwan et al., 2022, DOI: 10.1038 / s41593-022-01177-4) . Psychedelics have rapid-onset and durable anti-depressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant depression (Goodwin et al., 2022; DOI: 10.1056 / NEJMoa2206443; D’Souza et al., 2022, DOI: 10.1038 / s41386-022-01344-y) and are being investigated for therapeutic benefits in other psychiatric illnesses such as anxiety, addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder and in end-of-life care (eClinicalMedicine Editorial, 2023, DOI: 10.1016 / j. eclinm. 2023.101891) . However, 5-HT2A activation is associated with hallucinogenic and other consciousness-altering effects, also known as psychedelic experiences (Vollenweider et al., 1998, DOI: 10.1097 / 00001756-199812010-00024; Preller et al., 2017, DOI: 10.1016 / j. cub. 2016.12.030; Madsen et al., 2019 DOI: 10.1038 / s41386-019-0324-9) . Proper dosing of psychedelic 5-HT2A agonists requires a supportive clinical setting for safety and tolerability. The requirement increases cost of care, limits accessibility, and does not eliminate the adverse effect burden per se.
[0004] Therefore, a clear need exists for novel methods to improve the benefit-risk profile of psychedelic 5-HT2A agonists, through reducing or even eliminating psychedelic experience and related adverse effects while maintaining the therapeutic benefits unique to this class of compounds.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a combination therapy comprising a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 activator (M4 activator) , compositions and kits comprising the combination therapy, and methods of using the combination therapy.
[0006] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for reducing a central nervous system (CNS) adverse effect (e.g., hallucinations or other forms of changes in perception, cognition or mood) of a 5-HT2A receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and an M4 activator. In some embodiments, the subject has a disease that responds to a 5-HT2A receptor agonist.
[0007] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease that responds to a 5-HT2A receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and an M4 activator, wherein a CNS adverse effect (e.g., hallucinations or other forms of changes in perception, cognition or mood) of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is reduced while the therapeutic benefits of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is maintained or enhanced.
[0008] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease that responds to a 5-HT2A receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and an M4 activator, wherein the M4 activator and the 5-HT2A receptor agonist take effects with different pharmacodynamic features (e.g., relative timing of the two agents being administered or released, and different strength between the two agents) .
[0009] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides use of an M4 activator in the manufacture of a medicament for reducing a CNS adverse effect (e.g., hallucinations or other forms of changes in perception, cognition or mood) of a 5-HT2A receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof, wherein the medicament is administered to the subject in combination with the 5-HT2A receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the subject has a disease that responds to a 5-HT2A receptor agonist.
[0010] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides use of a 5-HT2A receptor agonist in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease that responds to a 5-HT2A receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject the medicament in combination with an M4 activator, wherein a CNS adverse effect (e.g., hallucinations or other forms of changes in perception, cognition or mood) of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is reduced while the therapeutic benefits of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is maintained or enhanced.
[0011] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides use of a combination of a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and an M4 activator in the manufacture of a medicament or a kit for treating a disease that responds to a 5-HT2A receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof, wherein a CNS adverse effect (e.g., hallucinations or other forms of changes in perception, cognition or mood) of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is reduced while the therapeutic benefits of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is maintained or enhanced.
[0012] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides use of a combination of a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and an M4 activator in the manufacture of a medicament or a kit for treating a disease that responds to a 5-HT2A receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof, wherein the M4 activator and the 5-HT2A receptor agonist take effects with different pharmacodynamic features (e.g., relative timing of the two agents being administered or released, and different strength between the two agents) .
[0013] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and an M4 activator wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator come into contact with each other in a subject, and a CNS adverse effect (e.g., hallucinations or other forms of changes in perception, cognition or mood) of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist in the subject is reduced.
[0014] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and an M4 activator wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator come into contact with each other in a subject, and the M4 activator and the 5-HT2A receptor agonist take effects with different pharmacodynamic features (e.g., relative timing of the two agents being administered or released, and different strength between the two agents) .
[0015] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of preparing the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein, comprising bring the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator into contact with each other.
[0016] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising (a) a first composition comprising a 5-HT2A receptor agonist, and (b) a second composition comprising an M4 activator, wherein a CNS adverse effect of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist can be reduced by administering the M4 activator.
[0017] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising (a) a first composition comprising a 5-HT2A receptor agonist, and (b) a second composition comprising an M4 activator, wherein the M4 activator and the 5-HT2A receptor agonist take effects with different pharmacodynamic features (e.g., relative timing of the two agents being administered or released, and different strength between the two agents) .
[0018] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit or a pharmaceutical composition (e.g., a kit disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein) for a method or use disclosed herein.
[0019] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator are administered sequentially, simultaneously, or within the same treatment protocol. In some embodiments, the M4 activator is administered prior to or after the administration of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the M4 activator is administered prior to the administration of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the M4 activator administered prior to the administration of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is in one or more dosage. In some embodiments, the M4 activator takes effects at higher rates and / or earlier times than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist.
[0020] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator are administered in one unit dosage form or in two separate unit dosage forms. In some embodiments, the dosage form is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .
[0021] In some embodiments, the dosage form of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) . In some embodiments, the dosage form of the M4 activator is an immediate release or in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .
[0022] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator are administered in a unit dosage form, wherein (a) the M4 activator is released prior to and / or faster than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist; (b) the M4 activator is released after and / or slower than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist; or (c) the M4 activator is released simultaneously with the 5-HT2A receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator are administered in a unit dosage form, wherein the M4 activator is released prior to and / or faster than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist.
[0023] In some embodiments, the dosage form of the M4 activator is an immediate release formulation and the dosage form of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is in a delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation. In some embodiments, the dosage forms of both the M4 activator and the 5-HT2A receptor agonist are in a delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation, and the M4 activator is released prior to and / or faster than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist.
[0024] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only, and are not restrictive of the invention. Further, the accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain principles of the invention.
[0025] As will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure, each of the individual embodiments described and illustrated herein has discrete components and features which may be readily separated from or combined with the features of any of the other several embodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the present disclosure.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0026] The drawings referenced herein form a part of the specification. Features shown in the drawings illustrate only some embodiments of the application, but not all embodiments of the application, unless the detailed description explicitly indicates otherwise, and readers of the specification should not make implications to the contrary.
[0027] Figure 1 shows results of head-twitch response (HTR) test in C57Bl / 6J mice for psilocybin alone and combination of psilocybin and Compound A or Compound B (administered at various time points relative to psilocybin) . Data are shown as Mean±Standard Error of the Mean (SEM) . mpk stands for mg / kg. Analysis of statistical differences between treatment groups were done using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test or RM two-way ANOVA with the Geisser-Greenhouse correction and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. In Figure 1A, ****indicates p<0.0001, in comparison to psilocybin alone. In Figure 1B, 1C and 1D, *indicates p<0.05, **indicates p<0.01, ***indicates p< 0.001, and ****indicates p<0.0001, in comparison to vehicle; #indicates p<0.05, ##indicates p<0.01, and ####indicates p<0.0001, in comparison to psilocybin alone.
[0028] Figure 2 shows results of head-twitch response (HTR) test in C57Bl / 6J mice for psilocybin alone and combination of psilocybin and Compound B at different dosage, data shown as mean±SEM. *indicates p<0.05, and ****indicates p<0.0001, compared with vehicle + saline control; ####indicates p<0.0001, compared with the vehicle + psilocybin group. Statistical differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. mpk: mg / kg.
[0029] Figure 3 shows results of head-twitch response (HTR) test in C57Bl / 6J mice for psilocybin alone, xanomeline alone and combination of psilocybin and xanomeline at different dosage, data shown as mean±SEM. #indicates p <0.05, ###indicates, p<0.001, and ####indicates p<0.0001, compared with saline + saline control; *indicates p<0.05, ***indicates p<0.001, and ****indicates p<0.0001, compared with saline + psilocybin group. n.s.: nonsignificant. Xano: xanomeline. Statistical differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. mpk: mg / kg.
[0030] Figure 4 shows results of A) tail suspension test (TST) 24 hours post dosing, and B) forced swimming test (FST) 6 days post dosing in C57Bl / 6J mice under chronic stress due to corticosterone (CORT) intake, for ketamine alone, psilocybin alone and combination of psilocybin and Compound A, data shown as mean±SEM. *indicates p<0.05, and **indicates p<0.01, compared with vehicle group. Statistical differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD multiple comparison test. mpk: mg / kg.
[0031] Figure 5 shows the results of social interaction (SI) test A) 24 hours post dosing, and B) 7 days post dosing in mouse CSDS model, for psilocybin alone and combination of Compound A and psilocybin, data shown as mean±SEM. *indicates p < 0.05, **indicates p < 0.01, ***indicates p < 0.001, and ****indicates p < 0.0001, compared with vehicle group. Statistical differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test.
[0032] Figure 6 shows the results of social interaction (SI) test A) 24 hours post dosing, and B) 7 days post dosing in mouse CSDS model, for psilocybin alone and combination of xanomeline and psilocybin, data shown as mean±SEM. *indicates p < 0.05, **indicates p < 0.01, and ***indicates p < 0.001, compared with vehicle group. Statistical differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by uncorrected Fisher’s LSD multiple comparisons test. Xano: xanomeline. mpk: mg / kg.
[0033] Figure 7 shows the antidepressant effect in A) tail suspension test (TST) 24 hours post dosing, B) sucrose preference test (SPT) 48 hours post dosing, and C) SPT 10 days post dosing in mouse CUMS model, for psilocybin alone and combination of xanomeline and psilocybin, data shown as mean±SEM. **indicates p<0.01, ***indicates, p<0.001, and ****indicates p<0.0001, compared with vehicle group. Statistical differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD multiple comparisons test. Xano: xanomeline. mpk: mg / kg.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0034] The following description of the disclosure is merely intended to illustrate various embodiments of the disclosure. As such, the specific modifications discussed are not to be construed as limitations on the scope of the disclosure. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various equivalents, changes, and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure, and it is understood that such equivalent embodiments are to be included herein. All references cited herein, including publications, patents and patent applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0035] In this application, the use of the singular includes the plural unless specifically stated otherwise. In this application, the use of “or” means “and / or” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the term “including” as well as other forms such as “includes” and “included” is not limiting. In addition, terms such as “element” or “component” encompass both elements and components including one unit, and elements and components that include more than one subunit, unless specifically stated otherwise. Additionally, the section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only, and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.Definitions
[0036] As used herein, the term “a, ” “an, ” “the” and similar terms used in the context of the present invention (especially in the context of the claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and plural unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by the context.
[0037] Reference to “about” a value or parameter herein includes (and describes) embodiments that are directed to that value or parameter per se. For example, description referring to “about X” includes description of “X” . Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. Generally speaking, the term “about” refers to the indicated value of the variable and to all values of the variable that are within the experimental error of the indicated value (e.g. within the 95%confidence interval for the mean) or within 10 percent of the indicated value, whichever is greater.
[0038] It is noted that in this disclosure, terms such as “comprises” , “comprised” , “comprising” , “contains” , “containing” and the like are intended to be inclusive or open-ended, and do not exclude additional, un-recited elements or method steps.
[0039] As used herein, administration of one agent “in combination with” another one or more further agents includes simultaneous (concurrent) and consecutive administration in any order. It is to be understood, for example, that Drug A is administered “in combination with” Drug B, or use of Drug A “in combination with” Drug B can encompass at least three scenarios, for example: 1) Drug A and Drug B are formulated in a single dosage form prior to administration or at the time of administration; 2) Drug A and Drug B are formulated in two separate dosage forms and provided (e.g., manufactured or sold) together with instructions of administering Drug A in combination with Drug B; and 3) Drug A and Drug B are formulated in two separate dosage forms and provided (e.g., manufactured or sold) separately with instructions of either i) administering Drug A in combination with Drug B when Drug A is being provided (e.g., manufactured or sold) , or ii) administering Drug B in combination with Drug A when Drug B is being provided (e.g., manufactured or sold) . In other words, use of Drug A in combination with Drug B does not necessarily mean that Drug A and Drug B must be provided (e.g., manufactured or sold) together.
[0040] As used herein, the term “combination therapy” is intended to embrace administration of the therapeutic agents disclosed herein in a sequential or simultaneous manner, wherein each therapeutic agent is administered at a different time, as well as these therapeutic agents, or at least two of the therapeutic agents, are administered concurrently, or in a substantially simultaneous manner. Simultaneous administration can be accomplished, for example, by administering to the subject a single unit dosage having a fixed or variable ratio of each therapeutic agent or in multiple, single unit dosage for each of the therapeutic agents. Sequential or simultaneous administration of each therapeutic agent can be affected by any appropriate route including, but not limited to, oral routes, intravenous routes, intramuscular routes, and direct absorption through mucous membrane tissues. The therapeutic agents can be administered by the same route or by different routes. For example, a first therapeutic agent of the combination selected may be administered orally while the other therapeutic agents of the combination may be administered by intravenous injection. Alternatively, for example, all therapeutic agents may be administered orally, or all therapeutic agents may be administered by intravenous injection. The sequence in which the therapeutic agents are administered can vary. Therapeutic agents may also be administered in alternation.
[0041] As used herein, the term “disorder” or “disease” refers to any disease, disorder or condition that impairs the normal functioning of a subject (e.g., human) .
[0042] As used herein, the term “dosage ratio” refers to the weight ratio of dosages (e.g., mg / kg or mg) between two or more drugs.
[0043] The term “effective amount” is used throughout the specification to describe an amount of the present compound or composition which is used to produce an intended result, within the context of its use. In the case of a pharmaceutical agent (e.g., a 5-HT2A receptor agonist) , this means the amount of a pharmaceutical agent that produces some desired local or systemic therapeutic effect at a reasonable benefit / risk ratio applicable to any treatment alone or together with further doses. In the case of the treatment of a particular disorder, the desired local or systemic therapeutic effect preferably relates to inhibition of the course of the disorder. This comprises slowing down the progress of the disorder and, in particular, interrupting or reversing the progress of the disorder. When administered for preventing a disorder, the amount is sufficient to avoid or delay onset of the disorder. An effective amount need not be curative or prevent a disorder from ever occurring. An effective amount of the pharmaceutical agent described herein will depend on the condition to be treated, the severeness of the disorder, the individual parameters of the patient, including age, physiological condition, size and weight, the duration of treatment, the type of an accompanying therapy (if present) , the specific route of administration and similar factors. Accordingly, the doses administered of the pharmaceutical agent described herein may depend on various such parameters. In the case that a reaction in a patient is insufficient with an initial dose, higher doses (or effectively higher doses achieved by a different, more localized route of administration) may be used. In certain embodiments, an effective amount of a pharmaceutical agent will depend on its therapeutic index, solubility, and the like. In the case of the agent (e.g., an M4 activator) used in combination with the pharmaceutical agent (e.g., a 5-HT2A receptor agonist) , the term “effective amount” relates to the ability of the agent to reduce an adverse effect (e.g., a CNS adverse effect such as hallucinations or other forms of changes in perception, cognition or mood) of the pharmaceutical agent, for example in comparison with otherwise the pharmaceutical agent administered alone.
[0044] As used herein, the term “reduce” or “reducing” with respect to an adverse effect (e.g., a CNS adverse effect such as hallucinations or other forms of changes in perception, cognition or mood) includes preventing, shortening, alleviating, eliminating or terminating the adverse effect at any time point along its course of development. In some embodiments, an M4 activator is administered at a particular dose level and a particular time such that it can prevent the onset or occurrence of the adverse effect. In some embodiments, an M4 activator is administered at a particular dose level and a particular time such that it can shorten the duration or reduce the severity of the adverse effect. In some embodiments, the duration of the adverse effect associated with the combination therapy disclosed herein is about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%or about 90%shorter than the duration of the adverse effect associated with administering the 5-HT2A receptor agonist alone.
[0045] As used herein, the term “inhibit” or “inhibiting” with respect to a disorder or symptom (e.g., depression) refers to decrease / decreasing the severity of the disorder or symptom (e.g., depression) to a manageable level, for example, to a level that is about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%or about 90%lower than that before inhibiting. When the inhibiting is performed by a medicine, the term “inhibiting” can be used interchangeably with the term “medically managing” .
[0046] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” indicates that the substance or composition is compatible chemically and / or toxicologically, with the other ingredients comprising a formulation, and / or the subjects being treated therewith.
[0047] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” , unless otherwise indicated, includes salts that retain the biological effectiveness of the free acids and bases of the specified compound and that are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. Contemplated pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms include, but are not limited to, mono, bis, tris, tetrakis, and so on. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are non-toxic in the amounts and concentrations at which they are administered. The preparation of such salts can facilitate the pharmacological use by altering the physical characteristics of a compound without preventing it from exerting its physiological effect. Useful alterations in physical properties include lowering the melting point to facilitate transmucosal administration and increasing the solubility to facilitate administering higher concentrations of the drug. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can include acid addition salts such as those containing sulfate, chloride, fumarate, maleate, phosphate, sulfamate, acetate, citrate, lactate, tartrate, malonate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, cyclohexylsulfamate and quinate. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be obtained from acids such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfamic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, malonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, cyclohexylsulfamic acid, and quinic acid.
[0048] The term “subject” includes human and non-human animals. Non-human animals include all vertebrates, e.g., mammals and non-mammals, such as non-human primates, mouse, rat, cat, rabbit, sheep, dog, cow, chickens, amphibians, and reptiles.
[0049] As used herein, the term “treatment, ” “treat” or “treating” , with regard to a disorder, refers to managing, eliminating, reducing or ameliorating a disorder and / or a symptom associated therewith. Although not excluded, treatment of a disorder does not require that the disorder, or symptoms associated therewith be completely eliminated. The term “treatment” as used herein may include “prophylactic treatment” that is applied before development of any symptom or manifestation of a disorder to reduce the possibility of occurrence or recurrence of a disorder, or reducing the possibility of relapse of a previously controlled disorder, in a subject who is not afflicted with a disorder but at risk, or who is susceptible to recurrence of the disorder, or who is at risk or susceptible to relapse of the disorder. Within the meaning of the invention, “treatment” also includes prevention of relapse or prevention stages, as well as treatment of acute or chronic signs, symptoms and / or dysfunction. Treatment can target symptoms, for example, to suppress symptoms. It can function in a short period of time, for a medium period of time, or can be a long-term treatment, such as in the case of maintenance therapy.Combination Therapy
[0050] The invention is based on the surprising discovery that when certain 5-HT2A receptor agonists having undesired adverse effects (e.g., CNS adverse effects such as hallucinations or other forms of changes in perception, cognition or mood) were administered in combination with an M4 activator, the CNS adverse effect of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist was reduced while the therapeutic benefits of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist was maintained or enhanced. The discovery is contrary to an appealing theory for psychedelic 5-HT2A agonists, in which the intensity and duration of CNS adverse effects predict therapeutic efficacy of in humans and animal models (Roseman et al., 2018, doi: 10.3389 / fphar. 2017.00974; Yaden and Griffith, 2020, DOI: 10.1021 / acsptsci. 0c00194; Nardou et al., 2023, DOI: 10.1038 / s41586-023-06204-3) .
[0051] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides combination therapies comprising (a) a 5-HT2A receptor agonist; and (b) an M4 activator, compositions and kits comprising the combination therapy, and methods of using the combination therapy.
[0052] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for reducing a central nervous system (CNS) adverse effect (e.g., hallucinations or other forms of changes in perception, cognition or mood) of a 5-HT2A receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and an M4 activator. In some embodiments, the subject has a disease that responds to a 5-HT2A receptor agonist.
[0053] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides use of an M4 activator in the manufacture of a medicament for reducing a CNS adverse effect (e.g., hallucinations or other forms of changes in perception, cognition or mood) of a 5-HT2A receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof, wherein the medicament is administered to the subject in combination with the 5-HT2A receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the subject has a disease that responds to a 5-HT2A receptor agonist.
[0054] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides use of a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and an M4 activator in the manufacture of a medicament for reducing a CNS adverse effect (e.g., hallucinations or other forms of changes in perception, cognition or mood) of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the subject has a disease that responds to a 5-HT2A receptor agonist.
[0055] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease that responds to a 5-HT2A receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and an M4 activator, wherein a CNS adverse effect (e.g., hallucinations or other forms of changes in perception, cognition or mood) of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is reduced while the therapeutic benefits of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is maintained or enhanced.
[0056] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease that responds to a 5-HT2A receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and an M4 activator, wherein the M4 activator and the 5-HT2A receptor agonist take effects with different pharmacodynamic features (e.g., relative timing of the two agents being administered or released, and different strength between the two agents) .
[0057] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides use of a combination of a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and an M4 activator in the manufacture of a medicament or a kit for treating a disease that responds to a 5-HT2A receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof, wherein a CNS adverse effect (e.g., hallucinations or other forms of changes in perception, cognition or mood) of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is reduced while the therapeutic benefits of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is maintained or enhanced.
[0058] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides use of a combination of a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and an M4 activator in the manufacture of a medicament or a kit for treating a disease that responds to a 5-HT2A receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof, wherein the M4 activator and the 5-HT2A receptor agonist take effects with different pharmacodynamic features (e.g., relative timing of the two agents being administered or released, and different strength between the two agents) .
[0059] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides use of a 5-HT2A receptor agonist in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease that responds to 5-HT2A receptor agonists in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject the medicament in combination with an M4 activator, wherein a CNS adverse effect (e.g., hallucinations or other forms of changes in perception, cognition or mood) of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is reduced while the therapeutic benefits of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is maintained or enhanced.
[0060] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides use of an M4 activator in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease that responds to 5-HT2A receptor agonists in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject the medicament in combination with a 5-HT2A receptor agonist, wherein a CNS adverse effect (e.g., hallucinations or other forms of changes in perception, cognition or mood) of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is reduced while the therapeutic benefits of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is maintained or enhanced.
[0061] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator are administered sequentially, simultaneously, or within the same treatment protocol. In some embodiments, the M4 activator is administered prior to or after the administration of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the M4 activator is administered prior to the administration of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the M4 activator administered prior to the administration of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is in one or more dosage. In some embodiments, the M4 activator and the 5-HT2A receptor agonist are administered simultaneously.
[0062] In some embodiments, the M4 activator and the 5-HT2A receptor agonist take effects with different pharmacodynamic features (e.g., relative timing of the two agents being administered or released, and different strength between the two agents) . In some embodiments, the M4 activator takes effects at different rates and / or times than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the M4 activator takes effects at higher rates and / or earlier times than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist.
[0063] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator are administered in one unit dosage form or in two or more separate unit dosage forms. In some embodiments, the dosage form is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .
[0064] In some embodiments, the dosage form of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) . In some embodiments, the dosage form of the M4 activator is an immediate release or in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .
[0065] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator are administered in a unit dosage form, wherein (a) the M4 activator is released prior to and / or faster than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist; (b) the M4 activator is released after and / or slower than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist; or (c) the M4 activator is released simultaneously with the 5-HT2A receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator are administered in a unit dosage form, wherein the M4 activator is released prior to and / or faster than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist.
[0066] In some embodiments, the dosage form of the M4 activator is an immediate release formulation and the dosage form of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is in a delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation. In some embodiments, the dosage forms of both the M4 activator and the 5-HT2A receptor agonist are in a delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation, and the M4 activator is released prior to and / or faster than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist.
[0067] In some embodiments, the CNS adverse effect includes hallucinations or other forms of changes in perception, cognition or mood.
[0068] In some embodiments, diseases that respond to a 5-HT2A receptor agonist include, but not limited to, bipolar disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) , substance abuse disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD) , treatment-resistant depression (TRD) , bipolar depression, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, psychiatric comorbidities and cognitive deficits in neurodegenerative disorders (including but are not limited to Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Lewy Body dementia, Huntington’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, and other neurodegenerative diseases involving proteinopathy and consequent synapse loss) , and neurodevelopmental disorders associated with synaptic deficits or synaptic dysfunction (including but are not limited to Phelan-McDermid Syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, intellectual disability due to SCN2A loss of function, childhood onset schizophrenia) . Therapeutic Agents
[0069] It is to be understood that the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof used in the combination therapy of the present disclosure (e.g., 5-HT2A receptor agonist or an M4 activator) may be prepared, used or supplied in amorphous form, crystalline form, or semicrystalline form and any given compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be capable of being formed into more than one crystalline / polymorphic form. In certain embodiments, the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof include solvate forms, such as hydrate forms (e.g., hemi-hydrate, a mono-hydrate, a di-hydrate, a tri-hydrate or other stoichiometry of hydrate) . It is to be understood that the present disclosure encompasses any and all such solid forms of the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
[0070] Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms are described in more detail below. For purposes of this disclosure, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed., inside cover, and specific functional groups are generally defined as described therein. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in Organic Chemistry, Thomas Sorrell, 2nd Edition, University Science Books, Sausalito, 2006; Smith and March March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition, John Wiley &Sons, Inc., New York, 2007; Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, 3rd Edition, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 2018; Carruthers, Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, 4th Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004; the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0071] The term “alkyl” refers to a saturated linear or branched-chain hydrocarbon radical, which may be optionally substituted independently with one or more substituents. The term “Ci-j alkyl” refers to an alkyl having i to j carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkyl groups contain 1 to 10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkyl groups contain 1 to 9 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkyl groups contain 1 to 8 carbon atoms, 1 to 7 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, 1 to 5 carbon atoms, 1 to 4 carbon atoms, 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or 1 to 2 carbon atoms. Examples of “C1-10 alkyl” include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl.
[0072] The term “alkoxyl” refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom (-O-alkyl) . In some embodiments, alkoxyl groups contain 1 to 10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkoxyl groups contain 1 to 9 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkoxyl groups contain 1 to 8 carbon atoms, 1 to 7 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, 1 to 5 carbon atoms, 1 to 4 carbon atoms, 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or 1 to 2 carbon atoms. Example of alkoxyl group include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, and the like.
[0073] The term “halogen” refers to an atom selected from fluorine (or fluoro) , chlorine (or chloro) , bromine (or bromo) and iodine (or iodo) .
[0074] The term “haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl group having one or more halogen substituents. Examples of haloalkyl group include, but are not limited to, trifluoromethyl (-CF3) , pentafluoroethyl (-C2F5) , difluoromethyl (-CHF2) , trichloromethyl (-CCl3) , dichloromethyl (-CHCl2) , pentachloroethyl (-C2Cl5) , and the like.
[0075] The term “hydroxy” refers to -OH.
[0076] As used herein, the term “hydroxyalkyl” refers to -alkyl-OH.
[0077] The term “cyano” refers to -CN.
[0078] As used herein, the term “heteroatom” refers to nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus or silicon, and includes any oxidized form of nitrogen or sulfur, and any quaternized form of a basic nitrogen (including N-oxides) .
[0079] As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to an aromatic ring having, in addition to carbon atoms, one or more heteroatoms which may be optionally oxidized or quaternized. The heteroaryl radical may be a monocyclic or polycyclic (including but not limited to, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic) ring system. In the case of the polycyclic ring system, it may include fused or spiro ring system. For example, a polycyclic heteroaryl may comprise a heteroaryl ring fused to one or more additional rings such as cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl ring, or an aryl ring fused to one or more additional rings such as heterocyclyl or heteroaryl ring. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a 5-to 10-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a 5-to 6-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a 6-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a 5-membered heteroaryl. Examples of heteroaryl include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzindolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo [b] [1, 4] dioxepinyl, 1, 4-benzodioxanyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranonyl, benzothienyl (benzothiophenyl) , benzotriazolyl, benzo [4, 6] imidazo [1, 2-a] pyridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, furanyl, furanonyl, furyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazolyl, oxiranyl, 1-oxidopyridinyl, 1-oxidopyrimidinyl, 1-oxidopyrazinyl, 1-oxidopyridazinyl, 1-phenyl-1H-pyrrolyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyridyl 1-oxide, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, quinuclidinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, and thiophenyl (i.e., thienyl) . Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heteroaryl may be optionally substituted at one or more ring positions with substituents as described herein.
[0080] The term “substituted” , whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that one or more hydrogens of the designated moiety are replaced with a suitable substituent. Typical substituents include, but are not limited to, the functional groups as described herein, such as halogen, hydroxy, amino, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and the like, each of which may also be similarly substituted. It will be understood that “substitution” or “substituted with” includes the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and that the substitution results in a stable or chemically feasible compound, e.g., which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc. Unless otherwise indicated, an “optionally substituted” group may have a suitable substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position. Unless specifically stated as “unsubstituted” , references to chemical moieties herein are understood to include substituted variants. For example, reference to an “alkyl” group or moiety implicitly includes both substituted and unsubstituted variants.
[0081] The present disclosure also includes isotopically-labelled compounds, wherein one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine and chlorine, such as 2H, 3H, 13C, 14C, 15N, 18O, 17O, 31P, 32P, 35S, 18F, and 36Cl, respectively. Compounds of disclosed herein and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, which contain the aforementioned isotopes and / or other isotopes of other atoms are within the scope of this invention. Certain isotopically-labelled compounds of disclosed herein, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3H and 14C are incorporated, are useful in drug and / or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated, i.e., 3H, and carbon-14, i.e., 14C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., 2H, can afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and, hence, may be preferred in some circumstances. Isotopically labelled compounds disclosed herein and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the Schemes and / or in the Examples below, by substituting a readily available isotopically labelled reagent for a non-isotopically labelled reagent.
[0082] In some embodiments, a hydrogen of a compound disclosed herein may be 1H, 2H (D) or 3H (T) . In some embodiments, a hydrogen of a compound disclosed herein may be 1H or 2H (D) . In some embodiments, one or more of hydrogen of a compound disclosed herein is 2H (D) . In some embodiments, a -CH3 of a compound disclosed herein is -CD3. 5-HT2A Receptor Agonist
[0083] Any suitable 5-HT2A receptor agonist known in the art may be applied in the combination therapy disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a 5-HT2A receptor agonist applied in the combination therapy, method, use, pharmaceutical composition or kit disclosed herein has an unideal adverse effect, e.g., CNS adverse effect such as hallucinations or other forms of changes in perception, cognition or mood.
[0084] A suitable 5-HT2A receptor agonist includes, but not limited to, any compounds disclosed in PCT International Patent Application Publication No. WO2024091506, WO2022226408, WO2024059090, WO2024059017, WO2024035757, WO2021168082, WO2022051670, WO2023077127, WO2023107653, WO2024108179, WO2023183613, WO2023107715, WO2023081306, WO2022061242, WO2022010937, WO2021252538, WO2023039682, WO2024156732, WO2024121253, WO2024056678, WO2024118280, WO2024086682, WO2023076150, WO2021226416, WO2024073601, WO2024044848, WO2023250298, WO2023205116, WO2023173196, WO2024124353, WO2024103185, WO2024086933, WO2024026568, WO2023173227, WO2023173229, WO2023173197, WO2023044556, WO2023114313, WO2023114325, WO2023114238, WO2023114858, WO2023114844, WO2023114320, WO2023108172, WO2023077125, WO2023141595, WO2023141636, WO2023137453, WO2023137446, WO2023133477, WO2023115006, WO2023115002, WO2023108174, WO2023107966, WO2023107965, WO2023107931, WO2023091974, WO2023092044, WO2023023287, WO2022261240, WO2022204323, WO2022192781, WO2022120475, WO2022183288, WO2022183287, WO2023019366, WO2023019367, WO2023019368, WO2024026573, WO2024044847, WO2024026574, WO2022115960, WO2022104475, WO2022047583, WO2022040802, WO2022038299, WO2022053696, WO2022008627, WO2021225796, WO2021089824, WO2024145659, WO2021155467, WO2021155468, WO2021155470, WO2021076572, WO2024124056, WO2024138041, WO2024138032, WO2023023351, WO2023023347, WO2023283373, WO2023283364, WO2022235587, WO2022212854, WO2024102458, WO2024089226, WO2021234608, WO2022038170, WO2024156713, WO2024046837, WO2023156453, WO2023156450, WO2023135237, WO2023078604, WO2022195011, WO2022038171, WO2023201423, WO2023201421, WO2023141225, WO2023115165, WO2023230649, WO2023115167, WO2023115166, WO2023114472, WO2023108260, WO2024145719, WO2023073423, WO2022023812, WO2020157569, WO2023070228, WO2023060255, WO2023036473, WO2023028086, WO2022269266, WO2022241006, WO2022235927, WO2022234339, WO2022067165, WO2022061196, WO2022072808, WO2022094054, WO2022120181, WO2023288013, WO2023101722, WO2023164203, WO2023219789, WO2024054279, WO2022006186, WO2022000091, WO2021252692, WO2021252691, WO2021179091, WO2023130181, WO2023212811, WO2022246554, WO2021173273, WO2002010169, WO2005053688, WO2023036177, WO2024011067, WO2022235530, WO2022182602, WO2022106947, WO2024130140, WO2024092106, WO2024081962, WO2024081961, WO2024054866, WO2022232179, WO2023056102, WO2022261383, WO2025137639, WO2025137596, WO2024229454, WO2024254111, WO2025059373, WO2025085701, WO2024168098, WO2025000051, WO2025118034, WO2024156732, WO2024263978, WO2024243488, WO2024178504, WO2024134619, WO2024108179, WO2024119149, WO2024227149, WO2024192150, WO2025122964, WO2025122979, WO2025137581, WO2024191924, WO2024182807, WO2024182774, WO2024243599, WO2024182807, WO2024178425, WO2025024400, WO2024145719, WO2023115060, WO2023018864, WO2024215824, WO2024077203, WO2023122320, WO2023122135, WO2023059546, WO2024226995, WO2024221110, WO2024234014, WO2024254190, WO2024254645, WO2024263859, WO2024259246, WO2024259250, WO2024259241, WO2024259242, WO2025014719, WO2025038666, WO2025021120, WO2022241006, WO2025098212, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US20230150906, US20230285327, US20230151036, US20220241243, US20210137908, US20240239747, US20230233688, US20230150920, US20230202965, US20230097530, US20250228798, U.S. Patent No. 11,591,353, 11,958,807, Chinese Patent Applications Publication No. CN117624169, CN117069720, CN116444520, CN119930620, CN120172982, CN11958899, CN119707971, publications (ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2024, 15, 12, 2386–2395; J. Med. Chem. 2024, 67, 7224-7244; J. Med. Chem. 2024, 67, 6144-6188; ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2024, 15, 302-309; ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2024, 15, 315-327; J. Med. Chem. 2024, 67, 1024-1043; ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2023, 14, 319-325; J. Med. Chem. 2022, 65, 12031-12043; ACS Pharmacology &Translational Science 2022, 5, 1181-1196; ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2022, 13, 648-657; ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2021, 12, 1667-1673; J. Nat. Prod. 2021, 84, 1403-1408; ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2021, 12, 831-844; ACS Omega, 2020, 5, 2260-2266; J. Med. Chem. 2020, 63, 1142-1155; ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2016, 7, 1614-1619; ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2014, 5, 243-249; ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2013, 4, 96-109; J. Med. Chem. 2013, 56, 1211-1227) , and books (PIHKAL: A Chemical Love Story; TIHKAL: The Continuation) . All references, publications, books, patents, and patent applications cited in the present disclosure are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
[0085] In some embodiments, a 5-HT2A receptor agonist includes, but not limited to, psilocybin or its analogs and / or derivatives (e.g., CYB003, COMP360, 5-methylpsilocybin) , psilocin or its prodrugs, analogs and / or derivatives (e.g. ELE-101, MSP-1014, EB-002, 1-isopropyl-6-fluoro-psilocin, norpsilocin, baeocystin, norbaeocystin, aeruginascin) , 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) or its analogs and / or derivatives, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) or its analogs and / or derivatives (e.g., MM-120) , N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) or its analogs and / or derivatives (e.g., CYB004, SPL028, BPL-003, VLS-01, 5-MeO-DMT, 4-AcO-DMT, 5-HO-DMT, 4-HO-DMT, 5-MeO-MiPT, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT-α, α-d2, DMT-α, α-d2, DMT-α, α, β, β-d4, DMT-d8, DMT-d10, α-methyltryptamine, α, N, N-trimethyltryptamine, α-ethyltryptamine, 5-methoxytryptamine, 4-hydroxy-N, N-diisopropyltryptamine and its prodrug RE104, etc. ) , ergolines, (S) -3- (2, 5-dimethoxy-4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) piperidine (LPH-5) , LPH-48, EB-003, Psylo-1001 (Xyl-1001) , Psylo-1002, Xyl-200x, MKL001, MKL002, psychoplastogenic N-substituted indoles (e.g., AAZ-A-154) , BMB-202, benzofuran derivatives (e.g., R-5-MAPB, S-5-MAPB, R-6-MAPB, S-6-MAPB, R-Bk-5-MAPB, S-Bk-5-MAPB, R-Bk-6-MAPB, S-Bk-6-MAPB, R / S-5-MAPB, R / S-6-MAPB, R / S-Bk-5-MAPB, R / S-Bk-6-MAPB, R-5-MBPB, S-5-MBPB, R-6-MBPB, S-6-MBPB, R / S-5-MBPB, R / S-6-MBPB, etc. ) , GM-2505 (bretisilocin) , DM-506, PHA-57378, PNU-22394, PNU-181731, PNU-96391, WAY-470, 25-NB series (e.g., 25B-NB, 25C-NB, 25I-NB, 25I-NMeTh, 25B-NMePyr, 25I-NMeFur, 25I-NMeTHF, 25B-NBF, 25B-NBOH, 25B-NBOMe, 25B-NB23DM, 25B-NB25DM, 25B-NMe7BF, 25B-NMe7DHBF, 25B-NMe7BT, 25B-NMe7Box, 25B-NMe7Ind, 25B-NMe7Indz, 25B-NMe7Bim, FECIMBI-36, DOB-NBOMe, 25C-NB3OMe, 25C-NB4OMe, C30-NBOMe, 25C-NBF, 25C-NBCI, 25C-NBOH, 25C-NBOMe, 25C-NBOEt, 25C-NBOiPr, 25F-NBOMe, 25CN-NBOH, 25CN-NBOMe, 25D-NBOMe, 25D-NBOH, 25E-NBOH, 25G-NBOMe, 25H-NBOMe, 25I-NB34MD, 25I-NB3OMe, 25I-NB4OMe, 25I-NBF, 25I-NBBr, 25I-NBTFM, 25I-NBMD, 25B-NBMD, 25C-NBMD, 25D-NBMD, 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, DOI-NBOMe, 25I-NBMeOH, 25I-NBAm, 25I-NMe7DHBF, 25I-N2Nap1OH, 25I-N3MT2M, 25I-N4MT3M, 25iP-NBOMe, 25N-NBOMe, 25N-NBOEt, 25N-NB-2-OH-3-Me, 25N-NBOCF2H, 25N-NBPh, 25N-N1-Nap, 25P-NBOMe, 25p-NBOH, 25TFM-NBOMe, 25O-NBcP, 25T-NBOMe, 25T2-NBOMe, 25T4NBOMe, 25T7-NBOMe, 25T7-NBOH, 25AM-NBOMe, NBOMe-escaline, NBOMe-thiobuscaline, MDPEA-NBOMe, 2C2-NBOMe, MDBZ, clobenzorex, 4-EA-NBOMe, 5-APB-NBOMe, etc. ) , bromo-DragonFLY, DMBMPP, mefloquine, Z3517967757 (Z7757) , SCHEMBL5334361, TCB-2 or its analogs or derivatives, EGX-A&EGX-B, IHCH-7113, quipazine, CYB210010, OS-6162, (+) -OSU-6162, (-) -OSU-6162, methylone, Psylo-400X, Psylo-300X, 2C-B (2, 5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine) , MDMA, (R) -MDMA, (S) -MDMA, mescaline and its naturally occurring psychedelic protoalkaloids of the substituted phenethylamine class, natural plants preparations with 5-HT2A receptor agonist activity (e.g., magic mushroom, Ayahuasca, Aceraceae, Aizoaceae, Apocynaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Fabaceae, Malpighiaceae, Myristicaceae, Musaaceae, Ochnaceae, Pandanaceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, etc. ) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or any combination thereof.
[0086] In certain embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is in a solvate form (e.g., a hydrate form) . In certain embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is in a crystalline form (e.g., a co-crystal form) . Any other pharmaceutically acceptable solid forms are also in contemplation of the present disclosure. M4 Activator
[0087] Any suitable M4 activator known in the art may be used in the combination therapy disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, an M4 activator is an M4 positive allosteric modulator (PAM, with or without intrinsic agonist activity at M4) or an M4 agonist (including both orthosteric and allosteric agonists; exhibiting either partial or full agonism at M4) .
[0088] A suitable M4 activator includes, but not limited to, any compounds disclosed in PCT International Patent Application Publication No. WO2024151833, WO2024059249, WO2024158645, WO2022182733, WO2022129951, WO2021101875, WO2021097427, WO2021070091, WO2021070090, WO2020115505, WO2020069301, WO2024243600, WO2019243851, WO2019243850, WO2019183636, WO2018229511, WO2018069732, WO2017077292, WO2017021730, WO2017021729, WO2017021728, WO2016147011, WO2014122474, WO2013122107, WO2012020813, WO2007125293, WO2007125290, WO2007125287, WO2006105035, WO2004089942, WO2004087124, WO2003057672, WO2003028650, WO2001083472, WO2001027104, WO2009045519, WO2008021545, WO2008021375, WO2008005295, WO2007100670, WO2006105035, WO2006058303, WO2006058294, WO2024088409, WO2024088408, WO2024130062, WO2024130066, WO2024130068, WO2024130064, WO2024130065, WO2023141511, WO2023064588, WO2023064587, WO2023064585, WO2023064584, WO2022015988, WO2021099527, WO2020092102, WO2020087202, WO2019113179, WO2019113174, WO2019005589, WO2019005588, WO2019005587, WO2019000238, WO2019000237, WO2019000236, WO2018234953, WO2018002760, WO2018226545, WO2018118736, WO2018118735, WO2018118734, WO2018112843, WO2018112842, WO2018112840, WO2018112312, WO2018085813, WO2018085808, WO2018085803, WO2018066718, WO2018035444, WO2017223290, WO2017112719, WO2017112556, WO2017107089, WO2017107087, WO2015027214, WO2015027204, WO2014035829, WO2013126856, WO2013040534, WO2012154731, WO2006047124, WO2006023852, WO2024220641, WO2024220633, WO2024220635, WO2024263957, WO2025129082, WO2024230794, WO2025055965, WO2025055970, WO2024260386, WO2025083630, WO2025134078, WO2025099660, WO2025122811, WO2025122809, WO2025140364, WO2025103475, WO2025131049, WO2025122733, U.S. Patent No. US12269818, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US20250136600, Chinese Patent No. CN119161338, and Chinese Patent Application Publication No. CN118791494, CN120025315, CN120020134. All references, patents, patent applications cited in the present disclosure are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
[0089] In certain embodiments, an M4 PAM includes, but not limited to, emraclidine and its analogs or derivatives, CV-0000364, LY2033298, LY2119620, VU0152099, VU0152100, VU0467154, VU0467485, VU0473619, VU0476406, VU6000918, VU6002703, VU6009003, VU6009453, McN-A-343, NMRA-266, NMRA-861, MK-4710, MK-6884, [11C] MK-6884, NS-136, (3-chloro-2, 4-dimethyl-5, 7-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo [3, 4-b] pyridin-6-yl) (3- (4- (difluoromethyl) -1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo- [1.1.1] pentan-1-yl) methanone (Compound A) , 6- (2-methyl-3-oxoisoindolin-5-yl) -5- (1- ( (1-methylcyclopentyl) methyl) -1H-pyrazol-4-yl) picolinonitrile, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or any combination thereof.
[0090] In certain embodiments, an M4 agonist includes, but not limited to, bethanechol, carbachol, CI-1017, CMI-1145, CMI-936, furmethide, NBI-1117568 (HTL-0016878) , iperoxo, methacholine, milameline, oxotremorine, pilocarpine, tazomeline, tremorine, vedaclidine, xanomeline and its analogs or derivatives, EUK1001, KarXT, TerXT, and ML-007 / PAC, WAY-132983, NBI-1117570, NBI-1117569, ethyl 2- [4- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl] -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl 2- [4- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl] -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl 2- (4- (1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl) -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl-d5 2- (4- (1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl) -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl-d5 2- (4- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl) -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl-1, 1-d2 2- (4- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl) -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl-1, 1-d2 2- (4- (1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl) -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, N-tert-butyl-1- {8- [3- (trifluoro-methyl) -1, 2, 4-oxadiazol-5-yl] -8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-3-yl} piperidine-4-carboxamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or any combination thereof.
[0091] In certain embodiments, the M4 activator is (3-chloro-2, 4-dimethyl-5, 7-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo [3, 4-b] pyridin-6-yl) (3- (4- (difluoromethyl) -1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo- [1.1.1] pentan-1-yl) methanone (Compound A) . In certain embodiments, the M4 activator is (3- (4-chloro-1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentan-1-yl) (3-chloro-2, 4-dimethyl-5, 7-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo [3, 4-b] pyridin-6-yl) methanone (Compound B)
[0092] In some embodiments, a M4 activator provided herein includes, but not limited to, a compound having Formula (I) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein L is a bond; each R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with deuterium, C1-4 haloalkyl, C1-4 hydroxyalkyl or - (C1-4 alkyl) (C1-4 alkoxyl) ; each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 haloalkyl or C1-4 alkoxyl, each optionally substituted with deuterium; ring A is a 5-to 10-membered heteroaryl; p is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and q is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
[0093] In certain embodiments, the M4 activator is in a solvate form (e.g., a hydrate form) . In certain embodiments, the M4 activator is in a crystalline form (e.g., a co-crystal form) . Any other pharmaceutically acceptable solid forms are also in contemplation of the present disclosure. Dosage of Therapeutic Agents
[0094] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is administered at an effective amount. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is administered less than an effective amount, for example in comparison with the amount will otherwise be administered alone.
[0095] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is administered at a dosage from about 0.01 mg to about 1,000 mg (e.g., 0.01 mg, 0.02 mg, 0.03 mg, 0.04 mg, 0.05 mg, 0.06 mg, 0.07 mg, 0.08 mg, 0.09 mg, 0.1 mg, 0.2 mg, 0.3 mg, 0.4 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.6 mg, 0.7 mg, 0.8 mg, 0.9 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg, 700 mg, 800 mg or 900 mg, including any and all subranges formed from any values recited herein) .
[0096] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is administered at a dosage from about 0.0001 mg / kg of body weight to about 50 mg / kg of body weight (e.g., 0.0005 mg / kg, 0.005 mg / kg, 0.01 mg / kg, 0.05 mg / kg, 0.1 mg / kg, 0.15 mg / kg, 0.2 mg / kg, 0.25 mg / kg, 0.3 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg, 30 mg / kg or 40 mg / kg, including any and all subranges formed from any values recited herein) .
[0097] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is administered at a dosage from about 0.01 mg per day to about 2,000 mg per day (e.g., 0.05 mg, 0.1 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 500 mg, 1,000 mg or 1, 500 mg per day, including any and all subranges formed from any values recited herein) .
[0098] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is administered at a dosage from about 0.0001 mg / kg of body weight per day to about 100 mg / kg of body weight per day (e.g., 0.0005 mg / kg, 0.005 mg / kg, 0.01 mg / kg, 0.05 mg / kg, 0.1 mg / kg, 0.15 mg / kg, 0.2 mg / kg, 0.25 mg / kg, 0.3 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg, 30 mg / kg, 40 mg / kg, 50 mg / kg, 60 mg / kg, 70 mg / kg, 80 mg / kg or 90 mg / kg per day, including any and all subranges formed from any values recited herein) .
[0099] In some embodiments, the M4 activator is administered at an effective amount.
[0100] In some embodiments, the M4 activator is administered at a dosage from about 0.01 mg to about 1,000 mg (e.g., 0.01 mg, 0.02 mg, 0.03 mg, 0.04 mg, 0.05 mg, 0.06 mg, 0.07 mg, 0.08 mg, 0.09 mg, 0.1 mg, 0.2 mg, 0.3 mg, 0.4 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.6 mg, 0.7 mg, 0.8 mg, 0.9 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg, 700 mg, 800 mg or 900 mg, including any and all subranges formed from any values recited herein) .
[0101] In some embodiments, the M4 activator is administered at a dosage from about 0.0001 mg / kg of body weight to about 50 mg / kg of body weight (e.g., 0.0005 mg / kg, 0.005 mg / kg, 0.01 mg / kg, 0.05 mg / kg, 0.1 mg / kg, 0.15 mg / kg, 0.2 mg / kg, 0.25 mg / kg, 0.3 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg, 30 mg / kg or 40 mg / kg, including any and all subranges formed from any values recited herein) .
[0102] In some embodiments, the M4 activator is administered at a dosage from about 0.01 mg per day to about 2,000 mg per day (e.g., 0.05 mg, 0.1 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 500 mg, 1,000 mg or 1, 500 mg per day, including any and all subranges formed from any values recited herein) .
[0103] In some embodiments, the M4 activator is administered at a dosage from about 0.0001 mg / kg of body weight per day to about 100 mg / kg of body weight per day (e.g., 0.0005 mg / kg, 0.005 mg / kg, 0.01 mg / kg, 0.05 mg / kg, 0.1 mg / kg, 0.15 mg / kg, 0.2 mg / kg, 0.25 mg / kg, 0.3 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg, 30 mg / kg, 40 mg / kg, 50 mg / kg, 60 mg / kg, 70 mg / kg, 80 mg / kg or 90 mg / kg per day, including any and all subranges formed from any values recited herein) .
[0104] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and M4 activator are administered at a weight ratio from about 50: 1 to about 1: 10,000 (e.g., about 50: 1 to about 1: 50, about 40: 1 to about 1: 40, about 30: 1 to about 1: 30, about 20: 1 to about 1: 20, about 10: 1 to about 1: 10, about 5: 1 to about 1: 5, about 3: 1 to about 1: 3, such as about 45: 1, about 40: 1, about 35: 1, about 30: 1, about 25: 1, about 20: 1, about 15: 1, about 10: 1, about 5: 1, about 4: 1, about 3: 1, about 2: 1, about 1: 1, about 1: 2, about 1: 3, about 1: 4, about 1: 5, about 1: 10, about 1: 15, about 1: 20, about 1: 25, about 1: 30, about 1: 35, about 1: 40, about 1: 45, about 1: 50, about 1: 100, about 1: 200, about 1: 300, about 1: 400, about 1: 500, about 1: 600, about 1: 700, about 1: 800, about 1: 900, about 1: 1000, about 1: 2000, about 1: 3000, about 1: 4000, about 1: 5000, about 1: 6000, about 1: 7000, about 1: 8000, about 1: 9000 or about 1: 10000, including any and all subranges formed from any values recited herein) .
[0105] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above. In some embodiments, the M4 activator is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above. Dosage Forms of Therapeutic Agents
[0106] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator are administered in one unit dosage form or in two or more separate unit dosage forms.
[0107] In some embodiments, the dosage form is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .
[0108] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist of the one unit dosage form is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .
[0109] In some embodiments, the M4 activator of the one unit dosage form is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .
[0110] In some embodiments, the one unit dosage form is for oral administration. In certain embodiments, the one unit dosage form is for intravenous administration. In some embodiments, the one unit dosage form is in solid dose form or liquid dose form. In some embodiments, the solid dose form is selected from the group consisting of tablet, capsule, powder, suspension, granule, and gelcap. In some embodiments, the tablet is coated tablet or mini-tablet. In some embodiments, the liquid dose form is selected from the group consisting of emulsion, syrup, elixir, suspension and solution.
[0111] In some embodiments, the two or more separate unit dosage forms are for oral administration. In some embodiments, the two or more separate unit dosage forms are for intravenous administration. In some embodiments, one or more of the two or more separate unit dosage forms are for oral administration; and the others of the two or more separate unit dosage forms are for intravenous administration.
[0112] In some embodiments, the two or more separate unit dosage forms are in solid dose form including tablet (such as coated tablet or mini-tablet) , capsule, powder, suspension, granule, and gelcap. In some embodiments, the two or more separate unit dosage forms are in liquid dose form including emulsion, syrup, elixir, suspension and solution. In some embodiments, one or more of the two or more separate unit dosage forms are in solid dose form including tablet (such as coated tablet or mini-tablet) , capsule, powder, suspension, granule, and gelcap; and the rest of the two or more separate unit dosage forms are in liquid dose form including emulsion, syrup, elixir, suspension and solution.
[0113] In some embodiments, the two or more separate unit dosage forms are in a kit.
[0114] In some embodiments, each unit dosage form of the two or more separate unit dosage forms is independently in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) . In some embodiments, one of the separate unit dosage forms is in an immediate release, and the other of the separate unit dosage forms is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) . In some embodiments, all the separate unit dosage forms are in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) . In some embodiments, all the separate unit dosage forms are in an immediate release formulation.
[0115] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above. In certain embodiments, the M4 activator is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above. Administration of Therapeutic Agents
[0116] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is administered via oral, nasal, intravenous, transdermal, subcutaneous, sublingual, or intramuscular administration.
[0117] In certain embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is administered via oral administration.
[0118] In certain embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is administered via intravenous administration.
[0119] In some embodiments, the M4 activator is administered via oral, nasal, intravenous, transdermal, subcutaneous, sublingual, or intramuscular administration.
[0120] In some embodiments, the M4 activator is administered via oral administration.
[0121] In some embodiments, the M4 activator is administered via intravenous administration.
[0122] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is administered as needed. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is administered once daily, twice-a-week, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly.
[0123] In some embodiments, the M4 activator is administered as needed. In some embodiments, the M4 activator is administered once daily, twice-a-week, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly.
[0124] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator are administered sequentially, simultaneously, or within the same treatment protocol. In some embodiments, the M4 activator is administered prior to or after the administration of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the M4 activator is administered prior to the administration of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the M4 activator administered prior to the administration of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is in one or more dosage. In some embodiments, the M4 activator and the 5-HT2A receptor agonist are administered simultaneously. In some embodiments, the M4 activator is administered after the administration of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist.
[0125] In some embodiments, the M4 activator and the 5-HT2A receptor agonist take effects with different pharmacodynamic features (e.g., relative timing of the two agents being administered or released, and different strength between the two agents) . In some embodiments, the M4 activator takes effects at different rates and / or times than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the M4 activator takes effects at higher rates and / or earlier times than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist.
[0126] In some embodiments, the administration of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the administration of the M4 activator are separated with a time interval of 0 to about 12 hours (e.g., about 0.1 to about 12 hours, about 0.5 to about 12 hours, about 1 to about 12 hours, about 1 to about 6 hours, about 1 to about 3 hours or about 1 to about 2 hours, such as about 0.1 hours, about 0.2 hours, about 0.3 hours, about 0.4 hours, about 0.5 hours, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 5 hours, about 6 hour, about 7 hours, about 8 hours, about 9 hours, about 10 hours, about 11 hours or about 12 hours, including any and all subranges formed from any values recited herein) .
[0127] In some embodiments, the M4 activator is administered prior to or after the administration of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist with a time interval of 0 to about 5 hours (e.g., about 0.1 to about 5 hours, about 0.5 to about 5 hours, about 1 to about 5 hours, about 1 to about 4 hours, about 1 to about 3 hours or about 1 to about 2 hours, such as about 0.1 hours, about 0.2 hours, about 0.3 hours, about 0.4 hours, about 0.5 hours, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours or about 5 hours, including any and all subranges formed from any values recited herein) .
[0128] In some embodiments, the M4 activator is administered prior to or after the administration of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist with a time interval of 5 to about 120 minutes (e.g., about 5 to about 120 minutes, about 5 to about 110 minutes, about 5 to about 100 minutes, about 5 to about 90 minutes, about 5 to about 80 minutes, about 5 to about 70 minutes, about 5 to about 60 minutes, about 5 to about 50 minutes, about 5 to about 40 minutes, about 5 to about 30 minutes, about 5 to about 20 minutes, about 5 to about 10 minutes, such as about 5 minutes, about 6 minutes, about 7 minutes, about 8 minutes, about 9 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 90 minutes, about 120 minutes, including any and all subranges formed from any values recited herein) .
[0129] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator are administered simultaneously. For example, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator are administered with a time interval of less than about 5 minutes (e.g., less than about 4 minutes, less than about 3 minutes, less than about 2 minutes, less than about 1 minutes, less than about 0.5 minutes) .
[0130] In some embodiments, the M4 activator is administered prior to the administration of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist with a time interval of 0 to about 5 hours (e.g., about 0.1 to about 5 hours, about 0.5 to about 5 hours, about 1 to about 5 hours, about 1 to about 4 hours, about 1 to about 3 hours or about 1 to about 2 hours, such as about 0.1 hours, about 0.2 hours, about 0.3 hours, about 0.4 hours, about 0.5 hours, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours or about 5 hours, including any and all subranges formed from any values recited herein) .
[0131] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator are administered in a unit dosage form, wherein the M4 activator is released prior to and / or faster than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator are administered in a unit dosage form, wherein the M4 activator is released after and / or slower than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator are administered in a unit dosage form, wherein the M4 activator is released simultaneously with the 5-HT2A receptor agonist.
[0132] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above. In certain embodiments, the M4 activator is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above.Pharmaceutical Composition
[0133] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a 5-HT2A receptor agonist, an M4 activator, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, a CNS adverse effect of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist in the subject is reduced by administering a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein, for example in comparison with otherwise administering the 5-HT2A receptor agonist alone. In some embodiments, the M4 activator and the 5-HT2A receptor agonist in a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein take effects with different pharmacodynamic features (e.g., relative timing of the two agents being administered or released, and different strength between the two agents) .
[0134] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) . In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in solid dose form or liquid dose form. In certain embodiments, the solid dose form is selected from the group consisting of tablet, capsule, powder, suspension, granule, and gelcap. In certain embodiments, the tablet is coated tablet or mini-tablet. In certain embodiments, the liquid dose form is selected from the group consisting of emulsion, syrup, elixir, suspension and solution.
[0135] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) . In certain embodiments, the M4 activator is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .
[0136] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is in an immediate release formulation, and the M4 activator is in an immediate release formulation.
[0137] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is in an immediate release formulation, and the M4 activator is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .
[0138] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) , and the M4 activator is in an immediate release formulation.
[0139] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) , and the M4 activator is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .
[0140] In some embodiments, the M4 activator and the 5-HT2A receptor agonist take effects with different pharmacodynamic features (e.g., relative timing of the two agents being administered or released, and different strength between the two agents) . In some embodiments, the M4 activator is released prior to and / or faster than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the M4 activator is released after and / or slower than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the M4 activator is released simultaneously with the 5-HT2A receptor agonist.
[0141] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is in solid dose form (e.g., tablet, capsule, powder, suspension, granule, and gelcap) or liquid dose form (e.g., emulsion, syrup, elixir, suspension and solution) . In certain embodiments, the M4 activator is in solid dose form (e.g., tablet, capsule, powder, suspension, granule, and gelcap) or liquid dose form (e.g., emulsion, syrup, elixir, suspension and solution) .
[0142] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is in solid dose form (e.g., tablet, capsule, powder, suspension, granule, and gelcap) , and the M4 activator is in solid dose form (e.g., tablet, capsule, powder, suspension, granule, and gelcap) .
[0143] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is in solid dose form (e.g., tablet, capsule, powder, suspension, granule, and gelcap) , and the M4 activator is in liquid dose form (e.g., emulsion, syrup, elixir, suspension and solution) .
[0144] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is in liquid dose form (e.g., emulsion, syrup, elixir, suspension and solution) , and the M4 activator is in solid dose form (e.g., tablet, capsule, powder, suspension, granule, and gelcap) .
[0145] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is in liquid dose form (e.g., emulsion, syrup, elixir, suspension and solution) , and the M4 activator is in liquid dose form (e.g., emulsion, syrup, elixir, suspension and solution) .
[0146] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is administered at a dosage as described in section “Dosage of Therapeutic Agents” above, and the M4 activator is administered at a dosage as described in section “Dosage of Therapeutic Agents” above.
[0147] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator are administered in a dosage ratio as described in section “Dosage of Therapeutic Agents” above.
[0148] In some aspect, the present disclosure also provides a method of preparing the pharmaceutical composition provided herein, comprising mixing the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator to form a pharmaceutical composition.
[0149] In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above. In certain embodiments, the M4 activator is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above.Kit
[0150] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising (a) a first composition comprising a 5-HT2A receptor agonist, and (b) a second composition comprising an M4 activator. In some embodiments, a CNS adverse effect of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist in the first composition can be reduced by administering the M4 activator in the second composition, for example in comparison with otherwise administering the 5-HT2A receptor agonist alone. In some embodiments, the M4 activator and the 5-HT2A receptor agonist take effects with different pharmacodynamic features (e.g., relative timing of the two agents being administered or released, and different strength between the two agents) . In some embodiments, a kit disclosed herein is for a method or use disclosed herein.
[0151] In certain embodiments, the first composition and the second composition are in separate containers. In certain embodiments, the first composition and the second composition are in one container.
[0152] In certain embodiments, the first composition is in solid dose form or liquid dose form. In certain embodiments, the second composition is in solid dose form or liquid dose form. In certain embodiments, the first composition and the second composition are in solid dose form. In certain embodiments, the first composition and the second composition are in liquid dose form. In certain embodiments, the first composition is in solid dose form, and the second composition is in liquid dose form. In certain embodiments, the first composition is in liquid dose form, and the second composition is in solid dose form. In certain embodiments, the solid dose form is selected from the group consisting of tablet, capsule, powder, suspension, granule, and gelcap. In certain embodiments, the tablet is coated tablet or mini-tablet. In certain embodiments, the solid dose form is extended-release tablet or immediate release tablet.
[0153] In certain embodiments, the liquid dose form is selected from the group consisting of emulsion, syrup, elixir, suspension and solution.
[0154] In certain embodiments, the first composition comprises about 0.01 mg to about 1,000 mg (e.g., 0.05 mg, 0.1 mg, 0.4 mg. 0.8 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg, 700 mg, 800 mg or 900 mg, including any and all subranges formed from any values recited herein) of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist.
[0155] In certain embodiments, the second composition comprises about 0.01 mg to about 1,000 mg (e.g., 0.05 mg, 0.1 mg, 0.4 mg. 0.8 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg, 700 mg, 800 mg or 900 mg, including any and all subranges formed from any values recited herein) of the M4 activator.
[0156] In certain embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is administered at a dosage as described in section “Dosage of Therapeutic Agents” above, and the M4 activator is administered at a dosage as described in section “Dosage of Therapeutic Agents” above.
[0157] In certain embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator are administered in a dosage ratio as described in section “Dosage of Therapeutic Agents” above.
[0158] In certain embodiments, the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above. In certain embodiments, the M4 activator is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above.
[0159] Such kits can further include, if desired, one or more of various conventional pharmaceutical kit components, such as, for example, containers with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, additional containers etc., as will be readily apparent to a person skilled in the art. Instructions, either as inserts or as labels, indicating quantities of the components to be administered, guidelines for administration, and / or guidelines for mixing the components, can also be included in the kit.Examples
[0160] Example 1: Synthesis of (3-chloro-2, 4-dimethyl-5, 7-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo [3, 4-b] pyridin-6-yl) (3- (4- (difluoromethyl) -1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentan-1-yl) methanone (Compound A)
[0161] 3-chloro-2, 4-dimethyl-6, 7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo [3, 4-b] pyridine hydrochloride salt (P4) .
[0162] Step 1. Synthesis of methyl 5-chloro-3-cyano-4, 6-dimethylpicolinate (P1) .
[0163] TEA (20.4 mL, 146 mmol) , palladium (II) acetate (837 mg, 3.73 mmol) , and 1, 1-bis (diphenylphosphino) ferrocene (4.14 g, 7.47 mmol) were added to a solution of 2, 5-dichloro-4, 6-dimethylpyridine-3-carbonitrile (15.0 g, 74.6 mmol) in MeOH (600 mL) . Carbon monoxide was bubbled in, and the reaction mixture was heated at 70 ℃ for 24 h under 2 MPa of carbon monoxide. After the reaction completed, the mixture was cooled to rt, then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. Silica gel chromatography afforded the title compound (14.5 g, 88%yield) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 3.94 (s, 3H) , 2.67 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 3H) , 2.61 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 3H) . LCMS (m / z) : 224.9 [M+H] +
[0164] Step 2. Synthesis of 3-chloro-2, 4-dimethyl-5, 6-dihydro-7H-pyrrolo [3, 4-b] pyridin-7-one (P2) .
[0165] Raney nickel (30.0 g) was added to a solution of P1 (14.5 g, 64.73 mmol) in MeOH (250 mL) , and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h, under 4 MPa of hydrogen gas. The catalyst was removed via filtration, and the filter cake was washed with DCM (5 × 200 mL) . The combined filtrates were concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was triturated with MTBE (600 mL) to afford the title compound (12.5 g, 90%yield) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.94 (s, 1H) , 4.36 (s, 2H) , 2.63 (s, 3H) , 2.37 (s, 3H) . LCMS (m / z) : 197.0 [M+H] +
[0166] Step 3. Synthesis of tert-butyl 3-chloro-2, 4-dimethyl-5, 7-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo [3, 4-b] pyridine-6-carboxylate (P3) .
[0167] To a 0 ℃ solution of P2 (12.5 g, 63.6 mmol) in THF (500 mL) was added dropwise borane-dimethyl sulfide complex (10M in dimethyl sulfide; 50.9 mL, 509 mmol) . The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 16 h, before cooled to 0 ℃. The reaction was quenched by slow addition of MeOH (200 mL) , followed by aq. HCl solution (6M; 400 mL) , then the resulting mixture was heated to 80 ℃ for 3 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and treated with 2N aq. NaOH solution until the pH value of the solution was approximately 9-10. Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (20.8 g, 95.3 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at rt for additional 16 h. After removal of organic solvents under vacuum, the residue was diluted with saturated aq. NH4Cl solution (1 L) and extracted with EtOAc (3 × 1 L) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2 × 1L) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Silica gel chromatography afforded the title compound (8.1 g, 47%yield) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 4.58 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 2H) , 4.50 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H) , 2.53 (s, 3H) , 2.27 (d, J = 3.9 Hz, 3H) , 1.46 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 6H) . LCMS (m / z) : 282.9 [M+H] +
[0168] Step 4. Synthesis of 3-chloro-2, 4-dimethyl-6, 7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo [3, 4-b] pyridine hydrochloride salt (P4) .
[0169] To a solution of P3 (4.0 g, 14.1 mmol) in 1, 4-dioxane (10 mL) was added dropwise HCl in dioxane (4 M; 20 mL, 80 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. After the reaction completed, it was concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude title compound (2.8 g, 100%) , which was used in the next step without further purification. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.36 (s, 2H) , 4.57 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H) , 4.43 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) , 2.56 (s, 3H) , 2.32 (s, 3H) . LCMS (m / z) : 183.0 [M+H] +
[0170] 3- (4- (difluoromethyl) -1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo- [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylic acid (P12)
[0171] Step 1. Synthesis of methyl 3- (chlorocarbonyl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P5)
[0172] A solution of 1- (methoxycarbonyl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-3-carboxylic acid (3.0 g, 17.6 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was treated with DMF (0.01 mL, 0.18 mmol) at room temeperature. To the above mixture was added oxalyl chloride (4.5 g, 35.3 mmol) dropwise at 0 ℃. After 1 h, the resulting mixture was concentrated to afford the crude title compound (3.3 g, 17.5 mmol, 99%) , which was directly used in the next step without further purification.
[0173] Step 2. Synthesis of methyl 3-acetylbicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P6)
[0174] A solution of CuI (4.0 g, 21.0 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was treated with MeLi (1.6M in Et2O, 27.34 mL, 43.741 mmol) at 0 ℃ under N2. To the above mixture was added P5 (3.2 g, 17.5 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at -78 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred for additional 2 h at -78 ℃. After the reaction completed, the reaction was quenched by the addition of saturated aq. NH4Cl (10 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 × 15 mL) . The combined organic layers were washed with water (2 × 10 mL) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated to give the crude title compound, which was directly used in the next step without further purification.
[0175] Step 3. Synthesis of methyl (E) -3- (3- (dimethylamino) acryloyl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P7)
[0176] A solution of P6 (2.6 g, 15.459 mmol) in NMP (5 mL) was treated with dimethyl formamide dimethyl acetal (5.5 g, 46.4 mmol) under N2. The mixture was heated to 90 ℃ for 1 h. The resulting mixture was concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford the title compound (2.1g, 9.406 mmol, 61%) . LCMS (m / z) : 224.0 [M+H] +
[0177] Step 4. Synthesis of methyl 3- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P8)
[0178] To a solution of P7 (2.0 g, 8.958 mmol) in MeOH (15 mL) was added methyl hydrazine dihydrochloride (1.1 g, 8.958 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 1 h. The mixture was concentrated and purified by reversed-phase flash chromatography to afford the title compound (600 mg, 2.909 mmol, 32%) . LCMS (m / z) : 207.0 [M+H] +
[0179] Step 5. Synthesis of methyl 3- (4-iodo-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P9) To a solution of P8 (2.0 g, 9.697 mmol) in MeCN (5 mL) was added NIS (4.36 g, 19.394 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 50 ℃ for 2 h. The mixture was filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography to give the title compound (2.8 g, 8.430 mmol, 87%) as a white solid. LCMS (m / z) : 333.1 [M+H] +
[0180] Step 6. Synthesis of methyl 3- (4-formyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P10) To a solution of P9 (500 mg, 1.505 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was added iPrMgCl (3M in THF, 1.13 mL, 2.258 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. To the reaction was added DMF (0.18 mL, 2.258 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and water. The organic layer was collected, concentrated, and dried to afford the crude title compound (200 mg, 0.854 mmol, 57%) , which was used in next step without further purification. LCMS (m / z) : 235.2 [M+H] +
[0181] Step 7. Synthesis of methyl 3- (4- (difluoromethyl) -1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo-[1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P11) To a solution of P10 (200 mg, 0.854 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added DAST (791.4 mg, 4.910 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the reaction was stirred at 50 ℃ for 2 h. The reaction was diluted with DCM and saturated NaHCO3 solution. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine, concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford the title compound (100 mg, 0.390 mmol, 46%) . LCMS (m / z) : 257.1 [M+H] +
[0182] Step 8. Synthesis of 3- (4- (difluoromethyl) -1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo- [1.1.1] -pentane-1-carboxylic acid (P12) To a solution of P11 (100 mg, 0.390 mmol) in THF (1 mL) , MeOH (2 mL) and water (1 mL) was added LiOH (81.9 mg, 1.951 mmol) , and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction was purified by reversed-phase flash chromatography to afford the title compound (50 mg, 0.206 mmol, 53%) . LCMS (m / z) : 243.1 [M+H] +
[0183] Step 13. Synthesis of (3-chloro-2, 4-dimethyl-5, 7-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo [3, 4-b] pyridin-6-yl) (3- (4- (difluoromethyl) -1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentan-1-yl) methanone (Compound A)
[0184] To a solution of P4 (830.9 mg) and P12 (750 mg, 3.096 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) were added TCFH (1.303 g, 4.644 mmol) , and NMI (1.017 g, 12.384 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with water (200 mL) and EtOAc (200 mL) . The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2 × 200 mL) . The combined organic layers were dried, filtered, concentrated and purified by reversed-phase flash chromatography to afford the title compound (670 mg, 53%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.57 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.05 (t, J = 56.0 Hz, 1H) , 5.00 (s, 1H) , 4.95 (s, 1H) , 4.68 (s, 1H) , 4.59 (s, 1H) , 3.89 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 3H) , 2.66 –2.62 (m, 6H) , 2.55 (s, 3H) , 2.34 (s, 1H) , 2.31 (s, 2H) . LCMS (m / z) : 407.3 [M+H] +.
[0185] Example 2: Synthesis of (3- (4-chloro-1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentan-1-yl) (3-chloro-2, 4-dimethyl-5, 7-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo [3, 4-b] pyridin-6-yl) methanone (Compound B)
[0186] The title compound was synthesized using similar methods as in Example 1, starting from (methyl-d3) hydrazine dihydrochloride (step 1) and NCS (step 2) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.43 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 5.01 (s, 1H) , 4.95 (s, 1H) , 4.68 (s, 1H) , 4.59 (s, 1H) , 2.67 –2.66 (m, 6H) , 2.55 –2.50 (m, 3H) , 2.34 –2.30 (m, 3H) . LCMS (m / z) : 394.2 [M+H] +.
[0187] Example 3: Human M4 calcium mobilization assay
[0188] Human M4 mAChR expressing stable cell line was generated using a Flp-In-CHO cell expressing a chimeric Gq protein, Gqi5 (Pharmaron Flp-In-CHO-Gqi5-M4 Clone#57) . The cells were grown in complete growth media containing 90%Ham’s F-12K (Hyclone SH30526.01) , 10%fetal bovine serum (FBS, Ausgenex FBS500-S) , 1 x Penicillin-Streptomycin (PS, Gibco 15140122) , 800 μg / mL Hygromycin B (Sigma-Aldrich V900372) and 800 μg / mL G418 (Beyotime ST081) .
[0189] One day prior to assay, cells were rinsed with PBS (Solarbio P1020-500) and lifted using TrypLETM Express enzyme (ThermoFisher Scientific 12604021) at sub-confluency. TrypLETM Express enzyme was inactivated by 1: 3 dilution with assay media (90%Ham’s F-12K, 10%fetal bovine serum) . The cells were spun in a centrifuge at 250 times gravity for 3 minutes at room temperature. Supernatant was removed and the cell pellet was resuspended in assay media to a concentration of 2.8 × 105 cells / mL. Cells were then added to assay plates (Corning 3764) as 25 μL per well (7000 cells) and incubated overnight (20-24 hours) in a 37℃ humidified incubator with 5%carbon dioxide (CO2) .
[0190] The following day, culture media were removed from the cell plates and replaced with 20 μL assay buffer (1 X HBSS (Gibco 14025076) containing 20 mM HEPES (Gibco 15630080) ) . An equal volume of 2 X Ca2+ indicator (FLIPR Calcium 6 Assay Kit, Molecular Devices R8191) was added to each well. Plates were then covered and incubated for 2 hours in a 37℃ humidified incubator with 5%carbon dioxide (CO2) prior to assay in the FLIPR (Molecular Devices FLIPRTetra) .
[0191] Compounds were prepared during the incubation. Test compounds were solubilized in 100%dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Sigma-Aldrich D8418) to a concentration of 10 mM. A 10-point intermediate dilution series using half log dilutions were created in 100%DMSO by liquid handler (Labcyte Echo 555) , as 250 nL per well in 384-well compound plates (Corning 3657) . To the prepared serially diluted compound plates, 250 nL of 10 mM ACh (MCE HY-B0282, 10 μM final) or 250 nL of 100%DMSO (0.1%final) was added to the positive and negative control wells, respectively. Compound plates were then diluted by adding 50 μL of assay buffer.
[0192] At the end of the 2 h equilibration, a baseline signal was collected with FLIPR, once per second for 10 s prior to compound addition followed by 240 s signal collection at 1 s interval for each addition. For the first addition, 10 μL of test compound, Ach or DMSO was transferred from the compound plates to the cell plates. For the second and third addition, 10 μL of 6 X EC20 concentration of ACh or 10 μL of 7 X EC80 concentration of ACh was transferred to the cell plated, respectively. Prior to compound testing, concentration response curve was run for ACh to determine the EC20 and EC80 concentration.
[0193] The raw data files were exported from the FLIPR ScreenWorks software. Maximum fold increase in fluorescence was determined by dividing the maximum value of fluorescence obtained after compound addition by the average of the baseline values taken before compound addition. The percent effect at each compound concentration was calculated based on and relative to the maximum fold increase in fluorescence after the first addition produced by the positive and negative control wells contained on each plate. The positive control cells contained an EC100 concentration of ACh and the negative control wells contained only DMSO. The concentration and %effect values were analyzed using GraphPad PRISM and fitted in a four-parameter logistic dose response equation. The relative EC50 value (Potency) and the maximum asymptote of the concentration response curve (Efficacy) were then determined.
[0194] Data analysis for the second assay cycle confirmed PAM activity of Compound A and Compound B at the M4 receptor. The relative EC50 of Compound A was determined to be 96.4 nM with an efficacy of 102% (n = 4 repeated experiments) . The relative EC50 of Compound B was determined to be 76.8 nM with an efficacy of 100% (n = 3 repeated experiments) .
[0195] In this assay (calcium mobilization) , neither Compound A or Compound B exhibited significant agonist activity at the M4 receptor.
[0196] Example 4: In vivo effects of M4 activators on psilocybin-induced head-twitch response (HTR) in mice
[0197] Seven-week-old male C57BL / 6J mice were purchased from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. or Shanghai Lingchang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. and habituated in the animal facility for at least 3 days. Then they were anesthetized for a small surgery to insert magnetic bead under scalp to enable automatic identification and recording of HTR events in an electromagnetic field. After the surgery, mice were allowed to recover in their home cages for 3-7 days. For the HTR test, mice were randomly assigned to treatment groups (12 per group) and habituated individually in test boxes for 15min before drug treatments via the intraperitoneal (i.p. ) route. Compound A (Figure 1) was dosed 20 minutes before psilocybin, Compound B (Figure 1 and Figure 2) was dosed 5 minutes before, simultaneously with, or 5 minutes after psilocybin, and xanomeline (Figure 3) was dosed 20 minutes before psilocybin.. In other HTR experiments, the dose timing of M4 PAM and agonists relative to psilocybin also varied –before, simultaneously with, or after psilocybin administration. HTR was recorded in the test box (one mouse at a time) for 30 min after psilocybin treatment. HTR counts as Mean ± SEM per treatment group were plotted using Prism 10.1.2 (Graph pad software, Inc. ) . Analysis of statistical differences between treatment groups were done using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test or RM two-way ANOVA with the Geisser-Greenhouse correction and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test.
[0198] The i.p. formulation for Compound A consists of 5%DMSO+3%Tween-80+57 %PEG400 +35%Water. The i.p. formulation for Compound B consists of 5%DMA+10%Solutol+85%PBS. The i.p. formulations for xanomeline and psilocybin are both saline.
[0199] Figure 1A and 1B demonstrate that psilocybin (1.5 mg / kg i.p. ) alone induced significant HTR (****, p<0.0001, in comparison to vehicle) , which was fully blocked under Compound A treatment (3 mg / kg i.p., 20 minutes pre-psilocybin) . Figure 1A shows the summation of HTR counts over 30 minutes, while Figure 1B illustrates the HTR time course binned every 5 minutes. Figure 1C shows that HTR induced by psilocybin (2 mg / kg i.p. ) was also completely blocked by Compound B (10 mg / kg i.p., simultaneously with psilocybin) . Figure 1D shows that when Compound B was administered 5 minutes after psilocybin, the initial HTR-inducing effect of psilocybin was still evident (for the first 5 minutes) , but HTR-blocking effect of Compound B manifested in full subsequently (for the remaining 25 minutes) . Data are shown as mean±SEM. In Figure 1A, ****indicates p<0.0001, in comparison to psilocybin alone. In Figure 1B, 1C and 1D, *indicates p<0.05, **indicates p<0.01, ***indicates p< 0.001, and ****indicates p<0.0001, in comparison to vehicle; #indicates p<0.05, ##indicates p<0.01, and ####indicates p<0.0001, in comparison to psilocybin alone.
[0200] In another experiment (Figure 2) , Compound B (1-10 mg / kg, i.p., 5 minutes pre-psilocybin) dose-dependently blocked HTR under psilocybin (1 mg / kg i.p. ) treatment. The blockade was complete (100%) at the 10 mg / kg dose of Compound B. In the figure, data are shown as mean±SEM. *indicates p<0.05, and ****indicates p<0.0001, for the comparisons between vehicle + saline control and drug treatment groups labeled; ####indicates p<0.0001, for the comparisons between the vehicle + psilocybin group and Compound B + psilocybin groups labeled.
[0201] In a third experiment (Figure 3) , xanomeline (0.3-3 mg / kg, i.p., pre-psilocybin) dose-dependently blocked HTR under psilocybin (1.5 mg / kg i.p. ) treatment. In the figure, data are shown as mean±SEM. #indicates p <0.05, ###indicates p<0.001, and ####indicates p<0.0001, for the comparisons between the saline + saline control and drug treatment groups labeled; *indicates p <0.05, ***indicates p<0.001, and ****indicates p<0.0001, for the comparisons between the saline + psilocybin group and xanomeline + psilocybin groups labeled. Xanomeline alone (3 mg / kg i.p. ) did not induce HTR (nonsignificant [ns] , compared to the saline + saline control) , but combining this dose of xanomeline with psilocybin reduced HTR to about the baseline level (nonsignificant [ns] , compared to the saline + saline control) .
[0202] Overall, the findings demonstrate that M4 activation, either by positive allosteric modulators (such as Compounds A and B) or direct agonism (e.g. via xanomeline) , could fully block psilocybin-induced HTR in mice. M4 activators represent a mechanism of action that may mitigate psychedelic-induced hallucination and other consciousness-altering effects in humans.
[0203] Example 5: In vivo effects of Compound A in combination with psilocybin on depression-like behaviors in the chronic corticosterone-induced depression (CORT) model
[0204] Six to eight weeks old C57BL / 6J mice (Zhejiang Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. ) were habituated for 1 week. The animals were randomly grouped (10 per group) , then given either corticosterone (80 μg / ml) (test groups) or water ( group) to drink for 18 days. During a successive weaning period of 6 days, the corticosterone concentration was gradually decreased to 0 μg / ml, and the CORT model was established. On the next day, mice were treated according to the group assignment below:
[0205] group (healthy animals without corticosterone treatment) , vehicle group: vehicle (formulation: 5%DMSO+3%Tween-80+57%PEG400 +35%Water) + saline, i.p.;
[0206] S-ketamine group: vehicle + 10 mg / kg S-ketamine (formulation: saline) , i.p.;
[0207] Psilocybin-alone group: vehicle + 1.5 mg / kg psilocybin (formulation: saline) , i.p.;
[0208] Combination groups: Compound A dosed (3 mg / kg, i.p.; formuation: 5%DMSO+3%Tween-80+57%PEG400 +35%Water) 20 minutes prior to / simultaneously with / 5 minutes post psilocybin administration (1.5 mg / kg, i.p.; formulation: saline) .
[0209] After dosing, the animals were returned to their home cage. tail suspension test (TST) was done 24 hours post dosing, and forced swimming test (FST) was done 6 days post dosing. Results of TST and FST where Compound A was dosed prior to psilocybin administration were shown in Figure 4A and 4B.
[0210] TST: The mice were gently picked up from their home cage to be suspended individually by tail in the TST instrument. After recording the movement of mice for 6 minutes, the animals were returned to their home cage. The time of immobility for each animal in the last 4 minutes of recording was calculated. Prism 9.0 (Graph pad software, Inc. ) was used to plot mean ± SEM for all groups (Figure 4A) . One-way ANOVA with Fisher’s LSD was used to analyze statistical differences between groups.
[0211] FST: Mice went through a pretest one day before FST. Mice were gently picked up from their home cage and separately put in transparent cylindrical barrels with water to swim for 10 minutes. Then they were returned to their home cage. On the day of FST, the animals were separately put into the transparent cylindrical barrels with water again to swim for 6 minutes with video recording system on. The time of immobility for each animal in the last 4 minutes of the recording was calculated. Prism 9.0 (Graph pad software, Inc. ) was used to plot mean ± SEM for all groups (Figure 4B) . One-way ANOVA with Fisher’s LSD was used to analyze statistical differences between groups.
[0212] The results demonstrated that combination of psilocybin and compound A maintained both fast-onset and long-lasting anti-depression activity of psilocybin. Therefore, in this behavioral model M4 activation by a positive allosteric modulator did not interfere with the therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin, including 5-HT2A dependent mechanisms.
[0213] Example 6: In vivo effects of Compound A in combination with psilocybin on depression-like behaviors in the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model
[0214] 6-8 weeks old male C57BL / 6J mice were purchased from Zhejiang Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. and habituated in the animal facility for 1 week. 8-10 weeks old male CD-1 mice were purchased from SPF (Beijing) biotechnology co., Ltd. and habituated single-housed in the animal facility till 16-18 weeks old to establish territorial awareness. The aggressive CD-1 individuals were screened to be used for CSDS modeling in C57. During the 7-day modeling phase, each C57 was exposed to a different aggressive CD-1 mouse for 10 minutes every day, then housed with the CD-1 in the same cage but separated by a transparent plastic board with small pores to enable chronic visual and odor pressure. One day after the completion of CSDS modeling, the CSDS-resistant C57 were excluded via a social interaction (SI) test. The susceptible animals were then assigned to the following treatment groups:
[0215] Naive group (healthy C57BL / 6J male mice without social defeat experiences) and vehicle group: vehicle A (5%DMSO+3%Tween-80+57%PEG400 +35%Water) + saline, i.p.;
[0216] Psilocybin-alone group: vehicle A+ 1.5 mg / kg psilocybin (formulation: saline) , i.p.;
[0217] Combination group: 3 mg / kg Compound A (formulation: vehicle A) + 1.5 mg / kg psilocybin (formulation: saline) , i.p.;
[0218] Compound A / vehicle were administered 20 minutes prior to / simultaneously with / 5 minutes post psilocybin / saline.
[0219] The animals then went through 2 subsequent social interaction (SI) tests, on testing Day 1 (24 hours post dosing) and Day 7, respectively. The SI test consisted of two phases that were video recorded. In the first phase, a single C57 was placed into the arena with a small empty mesh enclosure to freely explore for 150 seconds. When entering the second phase, a CD-1 was put into the mesh enclosure, and the response of the C57 mouse was recorded for 150 seconds. The SI ratio was calculated as time spent near mesh enclosure when empty / time spent near mesh enclosure with CD-1 present. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test was used to analyze statistical differences between groups. Results of SI test where Compound A was dosed prior to psilocybin administration were shown in Figure 5A and 5B.
[0220] Figure 5A demonstrates SI ratios assessed 24 hours post dosing. Animals in the vehicle group had evident SI deficits compared to animals. Psilocybin alone rescued the SI deficits. The combination of Compound A with psilocybin also rescued the SI deficits, to an extent indistinguishable from psilocybin alone. Figure 5B demonstrates SI ratios that on Day 7 post dosing, animals in vehicle group showed stable SI deficits, whereas the psilocybin-alone group and the combination group showed similar and durable treatment responses, in the form of SI deficit reduction. In the figures, data are shown as mean±SEM. *indicates p < 0.05, **indicates p < 0.01, ***indicates p < 0.001, and ****indicates p < 0.0001, for the comparison between vehicle group and other treatment groups labeled.
[0221] The results from the CSDS model also indicates that M4 activation by a positive allosteric modulator did not interfere with the therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin, including 5-HT2A dependent mechanisms.
[0222] Example 7: In vivo effects of xanomeline in combination with psilocybin on depression-like behaviors in the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model
[0223] In another experiment using the CSDS model (with identical experimental procedure as described in Example 6) , the effects of direct M4 agonism by xanomeline in combination with a lower dose of psilocybin (0.1 mg / kg, i.p. ) were evaluated, at both 24 hours and 7 days post treatment. The treatment groups were:
[0224] Naive group (healthy C57BL / 6J male mice without social defeat experiences) and vehicle group: saline + saline, i.p.;
[0225] Psilocybin-alone group: Saline + 0.1 mg / kg psilocybin (formulation: saline) , i.p.;
[0226] Combination group: xanomeline 3 mg / kg (formulation: saline) + 0.1 mg / kg psilocybin (formulation: saline) , i.p.;
[0227] Xanomeline was dosed 20 minutes prior to / simultaneously with / 5 minutes post psilocybin. Results of SI test where xanomeline was dosed prior to psilocybin administration were shown in Figure 6A and 6B.
[0228] Figure 6A demonstrates SI ratios assessed 24 hours post dosing. Animals in the vehicle group had evident SI deficits compared to animals. Psilocybin alone rescued the SI deficits. The combination of xanomeline with psilocybin also rescued the SI deficits, to an extent indistinguishable from psilocybin alone. Figure 6B demonstrates SI ratios that on Day 7 post dosing, animals in vehicle group showed stable SI deficits, whereas the combination group showed durable improvement of SI ratio. At this time point, the psilocybin-alone group showed an insignificant trend of SI improvement, possibly due to the lower dose level of 0.1 mg / kg. In the figures, data are shown as mean±SEM. *indicates p < 0.05, **indicates p < 0.01, and ***indicates p < 0.001, for the comparisons between vehicle group and other treatment groups labeled. One-way ANOVA followed by uncorrected Fisher’s LSD multiple comparisons test was used to analyze statistical differences between groups.
[0229] The surprisingly greater treatment effects observed for the combination group than the psilocybin-alone group, especially on long-term effect (7 days) , indicate synergetic effects for the combination of xanomeline and psilocybin, where xanomeline may enhance the efficacy of psilocybin, especially low-dose psilocybin (0.1 mg / kg) , beyond simply being a hallucination-mitigating, non-efficacy-interfering component.
[0230] Example 8: In vivo effects of xanomeline in combination with psilocybin on depression-like behaviors in the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model
[0231] The CUMS model provides additional translational context and clinical relevance for the combination of M4 activators (such as xanomeline) in combination with 5-HT2A agonists (such as psilocybin) . Following 7 days of acclimatization, the experimental animals were subjected to a 28-day CUMS modeling procedure, which included 7 distinct types of random mild stress that were given at random times every day. After model establishment, susceptible mice were screened using the tail suspension test (TST) . These mice were then randomly allocated into experimental groups as the following:
[0232] Naive group (healthy C57BL / 6J male mice without CUMS) and vehicle group: saline +saline, i.p.;
[0233] Psilocybin 3mpk group: saline + 3 mg / kg psilocybin (formulation: saline) , i.p.;
[0234] Psilocybin 1mpk group: saline + 1 mg / kg psilocybin (formulation: saline) , i.p.;
[0235] Combination group: xanomeline 3 mg / kg (formulation: saline) + 1 mg / kg psilocybin (formulation: saline) , i.p.; xanomeline was dosed 20 minutes prior to / together with / 5 minutes post psilocybin administration.
[0236] TST was performed 24 hours post dosing. Sucrose preference test (SPT) was conducted at 48 hours and 10 days post dosing. Results of TST and SPT where xanomeline was dosed prior to psilocybin administration were shown in Figure 7A-7C.
[0237] For the TST, mice were gently picked up from home cage to be suspended individually by tail in the TST instrument. After recording the movement of mice for 6 minutes, the animals were returned to home cage. The time of immobility for each animal in the last 4 minutes of recording was calculated. SPSS Statistics 25.0 (IBM) was used for statistical analysis. One-way ANOVA with Fisher’s LSD was used to analyze statistical differences between groups.
[0238] For the SPT, mice were first acclimated to 1%sucrose solution and plain water for 2 days prior to testing. Between the two days of acclimation, the positions of sucrose and water bottles were swapped to prevent side preference bias. Following habituation, animals underwent 24-hour food and water deprivation. After deprivation, pre-weighed bottles containing 1%sucrose solution and plain water were provided. After 24 hours, the remaining volume of sucrose (A) and volume of water (B) in each cage were measured by weighing the bottles. Sucrose preference (%) was calculated as: Sucrose Preference=A / (A+B) ×100%. SPSS Statistics 25.0 (IBM) was used for statistical analysis. One-way ANOVA with Fisher’s LSD was used to analyze statistical differences between groups.
[0239] At 24 hours, 48 hours and 10 days post dosing, CUMS model mice (the vehicle group) showed stable depression-like behaviors: longer immobility time in the TST at 24 hours post dosing and less sucrose preference at 48 hours and 10 days post dosing. Across the 3 time points, 1 mg / kg and 3 mg / kg of psilocybin showed durable efficacy rescuing the depression-like behaviors, with moderate dose dependency. The combination of xanomeline at 5 mg / kg with psilocybin at 1 mg / kg also showed durable efficacy, comparable to 1 mg / kg of psilocybin alone. In the figures, data are shown as mean±SEM. **indicates p<0.01, ***indicates, p<0.001, and ****indicates p<0.0001, for the comparisons with vehicle group (one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD multiple comparisons test) . Xano: xanomeline.
[0240] The results from the Example 7 and Example 8 model indicate that direct agonism of M4 by xanomeline did not negatively interfere with the therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin, including 5-HT2A dependent mechanisms.
[0241] Findings from Examples 4 through 8 collectively demonstrate that M4 activation by either PAMs or agonists blocked 5-HT2A-driven HTR, a rodent behavior modeling human hallucination and other psychedelic experiences, while maintaining or even enhancing therapeutically relevant effects of psilocybin in multiple rodent models of depression.
[0242] Various embodiments have been described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto, and additional embodiments may be implemented, without departing from the broader scope of the invention as set forth in the claims that follow. Further, other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of one or more embodiments of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended, therefore, that this application and the examples herein be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following listing of exemplary claims.
Claims
1.A method for reducing a central nervous system (CNS) adverse effect of a 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT2A) receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 activator (M4 activator) .2.A method for treating a disease that responds to a 5-HT2A receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and an M4 activator, wherein a CNS adverse effect of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is reduced while the therapeutic benefits of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is maintained or enhanced.3.A method for treating a disease that responds to a 5-HT2A receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and an M4 activator, wherein the M4 activator and the 5-HT2A receptor agonist take effects with different pharmacodynamic features.4.Use of an M4 activator in the manufacture of a medicament for reducing a CNS adverse effect of a 5-HT2A receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof, wherein the medicament is administered to the subject in combination with the 5-HT2A receptor agonist.5.Use of a 5-HT2A receptor agonist in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease that responds to a 5-HT2A receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject the medicament in combination with an M4 activator, wherein a CNS adverse effect of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is reduced while the therapeutic benefits of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is maintained or enhanced.6.Use of a combination of a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and an M4 activator in the manufacture of a medicament or a kit for treating a disease that responds to 5-HT2A receptor agonists in a subject in need thereof, wherein a CNS adverse effect of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is reduced while the therapeutic benefits of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is maintained or enhanced.7.Use of a combination of a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and an M4 activator in the manufacture of a medicament or a kit for treating a disease that responds to a 5-HT2A receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof, wherein the M4 activator and the 5-HT2A receptor agonist take effects with different pharmacodynamic features.8.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator are administered sequentially, simultaneously, or within the same treatment protocol.9.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the M4 activator is administered prior to or after the administration of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist.10.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the administration of the 5-HT receptor agonist and the administration of the M4 activator are separated with a time interval of 0 to 12 hours.11.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the M4 activator is administered prior to the administration of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist.12.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the M4 activator administered prior to the administration of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is in one or more dosages.13.The method or use of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the M4 activator is administered after the administration of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist.14.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator are administered in one unit dosage form or in two or more separate unit dosage forms.15.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the dosage form is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation.16.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the dosage form of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation.17.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the dosage form of the M4 activator is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation.18.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator are administered in a unit dosage form, wherein(a) the M4 activator is released prior to and / or faster than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist;(b) the M4 activator is released after and / or slower than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist; or(c) the M4 activator is released simultaneously with the 5-HT2A receptor agonist.19.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is selected from the group consisting of psilocybin and its analogs and / or derivatives, CYB003, COMP360, 5-methylpsilocybin, psilocin and its prodrugs, analogs and / or derivatives, ELE-101, MSP-1014, EB-002, 1-isopropyl-6-fluoro-psilocin, norpsilocin, baeocystin, norbaeocystin, aeruginascin, 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) and its analogs and / or derivatives, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its analogs and / or derivatives, MM-120, N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and its analogs and / or derivatives, CYB004, SPL028, BPL-003, VLS-01, 5-MeO-DMT, 4-AcO-DMT, 5-HO-DMT, 4-HO-DMT, 5-MeO-MiPT, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT-α, α-d2, DMT-α, α-d2, DMT-α, α, β, β-d4, DMT-d8, DMT-d10, α-methyltryptamine, α, N, N-trimethyltryptamine, α-ethyltryptamine, 5-methoxytryptamine, 4-hydroxy-N, N-diisopropyltryptamine and its prodrug RE104, ergolines, (S) -3- (2, 5-dimethoxy-4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) piperidine (LPH-5) , LPH-48, EB-003, Psylo-1001 (Xyl-1001) , Psylo-1002, Xyl-200x, MKL001, MKL002, psychoplastogenic N-substituted indoles, AAZ-A-154, BMB-202, benzofuran derivatives, R-5-MAPB, S-5-MAPB, R-6-MAPB, S-6-MAPB, R-Bk-5-MAPB, S-Bk-5-MAPB, R-Bk-6-MAPB, S-Bk-6-MAPB, R / S-5-MAPB, R / S-6-MAPB, R / S-Bk-5-MAPB, R / S-Bk-6-MAPB, R-5-MBPB, S-5-MBPB, R-6-MBPB, S-6-MBPB, R / S-5-MBPB, R / S-6-MBPB, GM-2505 (bretisilocin) , DM-506, PHA-57378, PNU-22394, PNU-181731, PNY-96391, WAY-470, 25B-NB, 25C-NB, 25I-NB, 25I-NMeTh, 25B-NMePyr, 25I-NMeFur, 25I-NMeTHF, 25B-NBF, 25B-NBOH, 25B-NBOMe, 25B-NB23DM, 25B-NB25DM, 25B-NMe7BF, 25B-NMe7DHBF, 25B-NMe7BT, 25B-NMe7Box, 25B-NMe7Ind, 25B-NMe7Indz, 25B-NMe7Bim, FECIMBI-36, DOB-NBOMe, 25C-NB3OMe, 25C-NB4OMe, C30-NBOMe, 25C-NBF, 25C-NBCI, 25C-NBOH, 25C-NBOMe, 25C-NBOEt, 25C-NBOiPr, 25F-NBOMe, 25CN-NBOH, 25CN-NBOMe, 25D-NBOMe, 25D-NBOH, 25E-NBOH, 25G-NBOMe, 25H-NBOMe, 25I-NB34MD, 25I-NB3OMe, 25I-NB4OMe, 25I-NBF, 25I-NBBr, 25I-NBTFM, 25I-NBMD, 25B-NBMD, 25C-NBMD, 25D-NBMD, 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, DOI-NBOMe, 25I-NBMeOH, 25I-NBAm, 25I-NMe7DHBF, 25I-N2Nap1OH, 25I-N3MT2M, 25I-N4MT3M, 25iP-NBOMe, 25N-NBOMe, 25N-NBOEt, 25N-NB-2-OH-3-Me, 25N-NBOCF2H, 25N-NBPh, 25N-N1-Nap, 25P-NBOMe, 25p-NBOH, 25TFM-NBOMe, 25O-NBcP, 25T-NBOMe, 25T2-NBOMe, 25T4NBOMe, 25T7-NBOMe, 25T7-NBOH, 25AM-NBOMe, NBOMe-escaline, NBOMe-thiobuscaline, MDPEA-NBOMe, 2C2-NBOMe, MDBZ, clobenzorex, 4-EA-NBOMe, 5-APB-NBOMe, bromo-DragonFLY, DMBMPP, mefloquine, Z3517967757 (Z7757) , SCHEMBL5334361, TCB-2 and its analogs and / or derivatives, EGX-A&EGX-B, IHCH-7113, quipazine, CYB210010, OS-6162, (+) -OSU-6162, (-) -OSU-6162, methylone, Psylo-400X, Psylo-300X, 2C-B (2, 5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine) , MDMA, (R) -MDMA, (S) -MDMA, mescaline and its naturally occurring psychedelic protoalkaloids of the substituted phenethylamine class, magic mushroom, Ayahuasca, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and any combination thereof.20.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the M4 activator is an M4 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) or an M4 agonist.21.The method or use of claim 20, wherein the M4 PAM is selected from the group consisting of emraclidine and its analogs or derivatives, CV-0000364, LY2033298, LY2119620, VU0152099, VU0152100, VU0467154, VU0467485, VU0473619, VU0476406, VU6000918, VU6002703, VU6009003, VU6009453, McN-A-343, NMRA-266, NMRA-861, MK-4710, MK-6884, [11C] MK-6884, NS-136, (3-chloro-2, 4-dimethyl-5, 7-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo [3, 4-b] pyridin-6-yl) (3- (4- (difluoromethyl) -1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo- [1.1.1] pentan-1-yl) methanone (Compound A) , (3- (4-chloro-1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentan-1-yl) (3-chloro-2, 4-dimethyl-5, 7-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo [3, 4-b] pyridin-6-yl) methanone (Compound B) and 6- (2-methyl-3-oxoisoindolin-5-yl) -5- (1- ( (1-methylcyclopentyl) methyl) -1H-pyrazol-4-yl) picolinonitrile, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and any combination thereof;or a compound having Formula (I) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein,L is a bond;each R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with deuterium, C1-4 haloalkyl, C1-4 hydroxyalkyl or - (C1-4 alkyl) (C1-4 alkoxyl) ;each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 haloalkyl or C1-4 alkoxyl, each optionally substituted with deuterium;ring A is a 5-to 10-membered heteroaryl;p is 0, 1, 2 or 3; andq is 0, 1, 2 or 3.22.The method or use of claim 20, wherein the M4 agonist is selected from the group consisting of bethanechol, carbachol, CI-1017, CMI-1145, CMI-936, furmethide, NBI-1117568 (HTL-0016878) , iperoxo, methacholine, milameline, oxotremorine, pilocarpine, tazomeline, tremorine, vedaclidine, xanomeline and its analogs or derivatives, EUK1001, KarXT, TerXT, and ML-007 / PAC, WAY-132983, NBI-1117570, NBI-1117569, ethyl 2- [4- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl] -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl 2- [4- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl] -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl 2- (4- (1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl) -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl-d5 2- (4- (1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl) -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl-d5 2- (4- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl) -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl-1, 1-d2 2- (4- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl) -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl-1, 1-d2 2- (4- (1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl) -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, N-tert-butyl-1- {8- [3- (trifluoro-methyl) -1, 2, 4-oxadiazol-5-yl] -8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-3-yl} piperidine-4-carboxamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and any combination thereof.23.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is administered at a dosage from about 0.01 mg to about 1, 000 mg.24.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is administered at a dosage from about 0.0001 mg / kg of body weight to about 50 mg / kg of body weight.25.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is administered at a dosage from about 0.01 mg per day to about 2, 000 mg per day.26.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is administered at a dosage from about 0.0001 mg / kg of body weight per day to about 100 mg / kg of body weight per day.27.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the M4 activator is administered at a dosage from about 0.01 mg to about 1, 000 mg.28.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the M4 activator is administered at a dosage from about 0.0001 mg / kg of body weight to about 50 mg / kg of body weight.29.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the M4 activator is administered at a dosage from about 0.01 mg per day to about 2, 000 mg per day.30.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the M4 activator is administered at a dosage from about 0.0001 mg / kg of body weight per day to about 100 mg / kg of body weight per day.31.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator are administered at a weight ratio from about 50: 1 to about 1: 10, 000.32.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and / or the M4 activator is independently administered via oral, nasal, intravenous, transdermal, subcutaneous, sublingual, or intramuscular administration.33.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is administered via oral administration.34.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is administered via intravenous administration.35.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the M4 activator is administered via oral administration.36.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the M4 activator is administered via intravenous administration.37.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is administered once daily, twice-a-week, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly.38.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the M4 activator is administered once daily, daily, twice-a-week, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly.39.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the two or more separate unit dosage forms are in a kit.40.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the CNS adverse effect include hallucinations or other forms of changes in perception, cognition or mood.41.The method or use of any one of the preceding claims, wherein diseases that respond to a 5-HT2A receptor agonist are selected from bipolar disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) , substance abuse disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD) , treatment-resistant depression (TRD) , bipolar depression, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, psychiatric comorbidities and cognitive deficits in neurodegenerative disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders associated with synaptic deficits or synaptic dysfunction.42.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and an M4 activator wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator come into contact with each other in a subject, and a CNS adverse effect of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist in the subject is reduced.43.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a 5-HT2A receptor agonist and an M4 activator wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator come into contact with each other in a subject, and the M4 activator and the 5-HT2A receptor agonist take effects with different pharmacodynamic features.44.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 42 or 43, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation.45.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 42-44, wherein(a) the M4 activator is released prior to and / or faster than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist;(b) the M4 activator is released after and / or slower than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist; or(c) the M4 activator is released simultaneously with the 5-HT2A receptor agonist.46.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 42-45, wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is selected from the group consisting of psilocybin and its analogs and / or derivatives, CYB003, COMP360, 5-methylpsilocybin, psilocin and its prodrugs, analogs and / or derivatives, ELE-101, MSP-1014, EB-002, 1-isopropyl-6-fluoro-psilocin, norpsilocin, baeocystin, norbaeocystin, aeruginascin, 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) and its analogs and / or derivatives, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its analogs and / or derivatives, MM-120, N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and its analogs and / or derivatives, CYB004, SPL028, BPL-003, VLS-01, 5-MeO-DMT, 4-AcO-DMT, 5-HO-DMT, 4-HO-DMT, 5-MeO-MiPT, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT-α, α-d2, DMT-α, α-d2, DMT-α, α, β, β-d4, DMT-d8, DMT-d10, α-methyltryptamine, α, N, N-trimethyltryptamine, α-ethyltryptamine, 5-methoxytryptamine, 4-hydroxy-N, N-diisopropyltryptamine and its prodrug RE104, ergolines, (S) -3- (2, 5-dimethoxy-4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) piperidine (LPH-5) , LPH-48, EB-003, Psylo-1001 (Xyl-1001) , Psylo-1002, Xyl-200x, MKL001, MKL002, psychoplastogenic N-substituted indoles, AAZ-A-154, BMB-202, benzofuran derivatives, R-5-MAPB, S-5-MAPB, R-6-MAPB, S-6-MAPB, R-Bk-5-MAPB, S-Bk-5-MAPB, R-Bk-6-MAPB, S-Bk-6-MAPB, R / S-5-MAPB, R / S-6-MAPB, R / S-Bk-5-MAPB, R / S-Bk-6-MAPB, R-5-MBPB, S-5-MBPB, R-6-MBPB, S-6-MBPB, R / S-5-MBPB, R / S-6-MBPB, GM-2505 (bretisilocin) , DM-506, PHA-57378, PNU-22394, PNU-181731, PNY-96391, WAY-470, 25B-NB, 25C-NB, 25I-NB, 25I-NMeTh, 25B-NMePyr, 25I-NMeFur, 25I-NMeTHF, 25B-NBF, 25B-NBOH, 25B-NBOMe, 25B-NB23DM, 25B-NB25DM, 25B-NMe7BF, 25B-NMe7DHBF, 25B-NMe7BT, 25B-NMe7Box, 25B-NMe7Ind, 25B-NMe7Indz, 25B-NMe7Bim, FECIMBI-36, DOB-NBOMe, 25C-NB3OMe, 25C-NB4OMe, C30-NBOMe, 25C-NBF, 25C-NBCI, 25C-NBOH, 25C-NBOMe, 25C-NBOEt, 25C-NBOiPr, 25F-NBOMe, 25CN-NBOH, 25CN-NBOMe, 25D-NBOMe, 25D-NBOH, 25E-NBOH, 25G-NBOMe, 25H-NBOMe, 25I-NB34MD, 25I-NB3OMe, 25I-NB4OMe, 25I-NBF, 25I-NBBr, 25I-NBTFM, 25I-NBMD, 25B-NBMD, 25C-NBMD, 25D-NBMD, 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, DOI-NBOMe, 25I-NBMeOH, 25I-NBAm, 25I-NMe7DHBF, 25I-N2Nap1OH, 25I-N3MT2M, 25I-N4MT3M, 25iP-NBOMe, 25N-NBOMe, 25N-NBOEt, 25N-NB-2-OH-3-Me, 25N-NBOCF2H, 25N-NBPh, 25N-N1-Nap, 25P-NBOMe, 25p-NBOH, 25TFM-NBOMe, 25O-NBcP, 25T-NBOMe, 25T2-NBOMe, 25T4NBOMe, 25T7-NBOMe, 25T7-NBOH, 25AM-NBOMe, NBOMe-escaline, NBOMe-thiobuscaline, MDPEA-NBOMe, 2C2-NBOMe, MDBZ, clobenzorex, 4-EA-NBOMe, 5-APB-NBOMe, bromo-DragonFLY, DMBMPP, mefloquine, Z3517967757 (Z7757) , SCHEMBL5334361, TCB-2 and its analogs and / or derivatives, EGX-A&EGX-B, IHCH-7113, quipazine, CYB210010, OS-6162, (+) -OSU-6162, (-) -OSU-6162, methylone, Psylo-400X, Psylo-300X, 2C-B (2, 5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine) , MDMA, (R) -MDMA, (S) -MDMA, mescaline and its naturally occurring psychedelic protoalkaloids of the substituted phenethylamine class, magic mushroom, Ayahuasca, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and any combination thereof.47.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 42-46, wherein the M4 activator is an M4 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) or an M4 agonist.48.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 47, wherein the M4 PAM is selected from the group consisting of emraclidine and its analogs or derivatives, CV-0000364, LY2033298, LY2119620, VU0152099, VU0152100, VU0467154, VU0467485, VU0473619, VU0476406, VU6000918, VU6002703, VU6009003, VU6009453, McN-A-343, NMRA-266, NMRA-861, MK-4710, MK-6884, [11C] MK-6884, NS-136, (3-chloro-2, 4-dimethyl-5, 7-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo [3, 4-b] pyridin-6-yl) (3- (4- (difluoromethyl) -1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo- [1.1.1] pentan-1-yl) methanone (Compound A) , (3- (4-chloro-1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentan-1-yl) (3-chloro-2, 4-dimethyl-5, 7-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo [3, 4-b] pyridin-6-yl) methanone (Compound B) and 6- (2-methyl-3-oxoisoindolin-5-yl) -5- (1- ( (1-methylcyclopentyl) methyl) -1H-pyrazol-4-yl) picolinonitrile, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and any combination thereof;or a compound having Formula (I) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein,L is a bond;each R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with deuterium, C1-4 haloalkyl, C1-4 hydroxyalkyl or - (C1-4 alkyl) (C1-4 alkoxyl) ;each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 haloalkyl or C1-4 alkoxyl, each optionally substituted with deuterium;ring A is a 5-to 10-membered heteroaryl;p is 0, 1, 2 or 3; andq is 0, 1, 2 or 3.49.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 47, wherein the M4 agonist is selected from the group consisting of bethanechol, carbachol, CI-1017, CMI-1145, CMI-936, furmethide, NBI-1117568 (HTL-0016878) , iperoxo, methacholine, milameline, oxotremorine, pilocarpine, tazomeline, tremorine, vedaclidine, xanomeline and its analogs or derivatives, EUK1001, KarXT, TerXT, and ML-007 / PAC, WAY-132983, NBI-1117570, NBI-1117569, ethyl 2- [4- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl] -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl 2- [4- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl] -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl 2- (4- (1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl) -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl-d5 2- (4- (1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl) -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl-d5 2- (4- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl) -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl-1, 1-d2 2- (4- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl) -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl-1, 1-d2 2- (4- (1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl) -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, N-tert-butyl-1- {8- [3- (trifluoro-methyl) -1, 2, 4-oxadiazol-5-yl] -8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-3-yl} piperidine-4-carboxamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and any combination thereof.50.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 42-49, wherein the CNS adverse effect include hallucinations or other forms of changes in perception, cognition or mood.51.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 42-50, wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist in the pharmaceutical composition is at a dosage from about 0.01 mg to about 1, 000 mg.52.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 42-51, wherein the M4 activator in the pharmaceutical composition is at a dosage from about 0.01 mg to about 1, 000 mg.53.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 42-52, wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator in the pharmaceutical composition are at a weight ratio from about 50: 1 to about 1: 10, 000.54.A method of preparing the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 42-53, comprising bring the 5-HT2A receptor agonist and the M4 activator into contact with each other.55.A kit comprising (a) a first composition comprising a 5-HT2A receptor agonist, and (b) a second composition comprising an M4 activator, wherein a CNS adverse effect of the 5-HT2A receptor agonist can be reduced by administering the M4 activator.56.A kit comprising (a) a first composition comprising a 5-HT2A receptor agonist, and (b) a second composition comprising an M4 activator, wherein the M4 activator and the 5-HT2A receptor agonist take effects with different pharmacodynamic features.57.The kit of claim 55 or 56, wherein the first and / or the second composition is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation.58.The kit of any one of claims 55-57, wherein the first composition is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation.59.The kit of any one of claims 55-58, wherein the second composition is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation.60.The kit of any one of claims 55-59, wherein(a) the M4 activator is released prior to and / or faster than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist;(b) the M4 activator is released after and / or slower than the 5-HT2A receptor agonist; or(c) the M4 activator is released simultaneously with the 5-HT2A receptor agonist.61.The kit of any one of claims 55-60, wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist is selected from the group consisting of psilocybin and its analogs and / or derivatives, CYB003, COMP360, 5-methylpsilocybin, psilocin and its prodrugs, analogs and / or derivatives, ELE-101, MSP-1014, EB-002, 1-isopropyl-6-fluoro-psilocin, norpsilocin, baeocystin, norbaeocystin, aeruginascin, 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) and its analogs and / or derivatives, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its analogs and / or derivatives, MM-120, N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and its analogs and / or derivatives, CYB004, SPL028, BPL-003, VLS-01, 5-MeO-DMT, 4-AcO-DMT, 5-HO-DMT, 4-HO-DMT, 5-MeO-MiPT, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT-α, α-d2, DMT-α, α-d2, DMT-α, α, β, β-d4, DMT-d8, DMT-d10, α-methyltryptamine, α, N, N-trimethyltryptamine, α-ethyltryptamine, 5-methoxytryptamine, 4-hydroxy-N, N-diisopropyltryptamine and its prodrug RE104, ergolines, (S) -3- (2, 5-dimethoxy-4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl) piperidine (LPH-5) , LPH-48, EB-003, Psylo-1001 (Xyl-1001) , Psylo-1002, Xyl-200x, MKL001, MKL002, psychoplastogenic N-substituted indoles, AAZ-A-154, BMB-202, benzofuran derivatives, R-5-MAPB, S-5-MAPB, R-6-MAPB, S-6-MAPB, R-Bk-5-MAPB, S-Bk-5-MAPB, R-Bk-6-MAPB, S-Bk-6-MAPB, R / S-5-MAPB, R / S-6-MAPB, R / S-Bk-5-MAPB, R / S-Bk-6-MAPB, R-5-MBPB, S-5-MBPB, R-6-MBPB, S-6-MBPB, R / S-5-MBPB, R / S-6-MBPB, GM-2505 (bretisilocin) , DM-506, PHA-57378, PNU-22394, PNU-181731, PNY-96391, WAY-470, 25B-NB, 25C-NB, 25I-NB, 25I-NMeTh, 25B-NMePyr, 25I-NMeFur, 25I-NMeTHF, 25B-NBF, 25B-NBOH, 25B-NBOMe, 25B-NB23DM, 25B-NB25DM, 25B-NMe7BF, 25B-NMe7DHBF, 25B-NMe7BT, 25B-NMe7Box, 25B-NMe7Ind, 25B-NMe7Indz, 25B-NMe7Bim, FECIMBI-36, DOB-NBOMe, 25C-NB3OMe, 25C-NB4OMe, C30-NBOMe, 25C-NBF, 25C-NBCI, 25C-NBOH, 25C-NBOMe, 25C-NBOEt, 25C-NBOiPr, 25F-NBOMe, 25CN-NBOH, 25CN-NBOMe, 25D-NBOMe, 25D-NBOH, 25E-NBOH, 25G-NBOMe, 25H-NBOMe, 25I-NB34MD, 25I-NB3OMe, 25I-NB4OMe, 25I-NBF, 25I-NBBr, 25I-NBTFM, 25I-NBMD, 25B-NBMD, 25C-NBMD, 25D-NBMD, 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, DOI-NBOMe, 25I-NBMeOH, 25I-NBAm, 25I-NMe7DHBF, 25I-N2Nap1OH, 25I-N3MT2M, 25I-N4MT3M, 25iP-NBOMe, 25N-NBOMe, 25N-NBOEt, 25N-NB-2-OH-3-Me, 25N-NBOCF2H, 25N-NBPh, 25N-N1-Nap, 25P-NBOMe, 25p-NBOH, 25TFM-NBOMe, 25O-NBcP, 25T-NBOMe, 25T2-NBOMe, 25T4NBOMe, 25T7-NBOMe, 25T7-NBOH, 25AM-NBOMe, NBOMe-escaline, NBOMe-thiobuscaline, MDPEA-NBOMe, 2C2-NBOMe, MDBZ, clobenzorex, 4-EA-NBOMe, 5-APB-NBOMe, bromo-DragonFLY, DMBMPP, mefloquine, Z3517967757 (Z7757) , SCHEMBL5334361, TCB-2 and its analogs and / or derivatives, EGX-A&EGX-B, IHCH-7113, quipazine, CYB210010, OS-6162, (+) -OSU-6162, (-) -OSU-6162, methylone, Psylo-400X, Psylo-300X, 2C-B (2, 5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine) , MDMA, (R) -MDMA, (S) -MDMA, mescaline and its naturally occurring psychedelic protoalkaloids of the substituted phenethylamine class, magic mushroom, Ayahuasca, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and any combination thereof.62.The kit of any one of claims 55-61, wherein the M4 activator is an M4 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) or an M4 agonist.63.The kit of claim 62, wherein the M4 PAM is selected from the group consisting of emraclidine and its analogs or derivatives, CV-0000364, LY2033298, LY2119620, VU0152099, VU0152100, VU0467154, VU0467485, VU0473619, VU0476406, VU6000918, VU6002703, VU6009003, VU6009453, McN-A-343, NMRA-266, NMRA-861, MK-4710, MK-6884, [11C] MK-6884, NS-136, (3-chloro-2, 4-dimethyl-5, 7-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo [3, 4-b] pyridin-6-yl) (3- (4- (difluoromethyl) -1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo- [1.1.1] pentan-1-yl) methanone (Compound A) , (3- (4-chloro-1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentan-1-yl) (3-chloro-2, 4-dimethyl-5, 7-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo [3, 4-b] pyridin-6-yl) methanone (Compound B) and 6- (2-methyl-3-oxoisoindolin-5-yl) -5- (1- ( (1-methylcyclopentyl) methyl) -1H-pyrazol-4-yl) picolinonitrile, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and any combination thereof;or a compound having Formula (I) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein,L is a bond;each R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with deuterium, C1-4 haloalkyl, C1-4 hydroxyalkyl or - (C1-4 alkyl) (C1-4 alkoxyl) ;each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 haloalkyl or C1-4 alkoxyl, each optionally substituted with deuterium;ring A is a 5-to 10-membered heteroaryl;p is 0, 1, 2 or 3; andq is 0, 1, 2 or 3.64.The kit of claim 62, wherein the M4 agonist is selected from the group consisting of bethanechol, carbachol, CI-1017, CMI-1145, CMI-936, furmethide, NBI-1117568 (HTL-0016878) , iperoxo, methacholine, milameline, oxotremorine, pilocarpine, tazomeline, tremorine, vedaclidine, xanomeline and its analogs or derivatives, EUK1001, KarXT, TerXT, and ML-007 / PAC, WAY-132983, NBI-1117570, NBI-1117569, ethyl 2- [4- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl] -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl 2- [4- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl] -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl 2- (4- (1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl) -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl-d5 2- (4- (1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl) -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl-d5 2- (4- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl) -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl-1, 1-d2 2- (4- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl) -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, cis ethyl-1, 1-d2 2- (4- (1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) piperidin-1-yl) -6-azaspiro [3.4] octane-6-carboxylate, N-tert-butyl-1- {8- [3- (trifluoro-methyl) -1, 2, 4-oxadiazol-5-yl] -8-azabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-3-yl} piperidine-4-carboxamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and any combination thereof.65.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 55-64, wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist in the first composition is at a dosage from about 0.01 mg to about 1, 000 mg.66.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 55-65, wherein the M4 activator in the second composition is at a dosage from about 0.01 mg to about 1, 000 mg.67.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 55-66, wherein the 5-HT2A receptor agonist in the first composition and the M4 activator in the second composition are at a weight ratio from about 50: 1 to about 1: 10, 000.68.The kit of any one of claims 55-67, wherein the first composition and the second composition are in separate containers.69.The kit of any one of claims 55-68, wherein the first composition and the second composition are in one container.70.The kit of any one of claims 55-69, further comprising instructions on how to use the kit.71.A kit of any one of claims 55-70, for a method or use of any one of claims 1-41.
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