Techniques of handling legacy parameters and interworking with new gen (6G) registration
By establishing a unified deregistered state and resetting counters, the UE maintains consistent registration across 6G, 5G, and 4G networks, addressing state inconsistencies and facilitating seamless transitions, thus improving mobility management and reducing service disruptions.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/120967
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-09-13
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-12
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-19
AI Technical Summary
The existing coordination of registration and mobility management procedures for user equipment (UE) during interworking between next-generation (6G) and legacy networks is undefined, leading to potential state inconsistencies, service interruptions, and failed handovers due to the lack of defined coordination rules across different mobility management protocols.
A unified deregistered state is established across all mobility management layers for the UE, ensuring consistent registration states by entering 6GMM-DEREGISTERED, 5GMM-DEREGISTERED, and EMM-DEREGISTERED states when registration attempts fail, and resetting associated counters to facilitate new attempts, along with defined procedures for inter-system changes based on the existence of interoperability interfaces.
This approach ensures consistent registration states and prevents service disruptions by maintaining synchronized deregistered states and resetting counters, allowing seamless transitions and efficient network re-attempts, thereby enhancing mobility management across multiple network generations.
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Figure CN2025120967_19032026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
TECHNIQUES OF HANDLING LEGACY PARAMETERS AND INTERWORKING WITH NEW GEN (6G) REGISTRATIONCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION (S)
[0001] This application claims priority to Indian Patent Application Serial No. 202421069491, entitled “METHOD TO HANDLE LEGACY PARAMETERS AND INTERWORKING WITH NEW GEN (6G) REGISTRATION” and filed on September 13, 2024, which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.BACKGROUNDField
[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques of coordinating registration and mobility management procedures for a user equipment (UE) during interworking between a next-generation network, such as a sixth-generation (6G) network, and one or more legacy networks. Background
[0003] The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
[0004] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0005] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR) . 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT) ) , and other requirements. Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. There exists a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.SUMMARY
[0006] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
[0007] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may be a UE. The UE is capable of communicating with a first network operating according to a first mobility management (MM) protocol and a second network operating according to a second, different MM protocol. The UE performs a registration procedure with the first network. Upon successful completion of the registration procedure, the UE enters a first registered state for the first MM protocol, and the first registered state enables normal service from the first network. The UE also enters a second registered state or a deregistered state for the second MM protocol. The second registered state indicates that the UE is registered but has no cell available on the second network. The UE resets a first attempt counter associated with the first network and resets a second attempt counter associated with the second network.
[0008] In another aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may be a UE. The UE performs an inter-system change from a first network to a second network, and the first and second networks operate according to different core network technologies. The UE determines whether an interoperability interface that enables UE context transfer exists between a first core network associated with the first network and a second core network associated with the second network. The UE selects one of a first registration procedure or a second registration procedure based on whether the interoperability interface is determined to exist. The first registration procedure establishes a new UE context in the second core network, and the second registration procedure utilizes an existing UE context transferred from the first core network. The UE performs the selected registration procedure to connect to the second network.
[0009] In yet another aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may be a UE. The UE is capable of communicating with a 6G network, a 5G network, and a 4G network. In response to a failed registration attempt on any one of the 6G, 5G, or 4G networks, the UE enters or maintains a 6G Mobility Management (6GMM) DEREGISTERED state. The UE also enters or maintains a 5G Mobility Management (5GMM) DEREGISTERED state. The UE additionally enters or maintains an Evolved Packet System Mobility Management (EMM) DEREGISTERED state. The UE performs these actions to synchronize itself into a deregistered state across all supported network generations.
[0010] To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed, and this description is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network.
[0012] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a base station in communication with a UE in an access network.
[0013] FIG. 3 illustrates an example logical architecture of a distributed access network.
[0014] FIG. 4 illustrates an example physical architecture of a distributed access network.
[0015] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a multi‐generation interworking architecture in which a multi‐mode UE 504 may communicate with different generations of networks.
[0016] FIG. 6 is a flow chart of a method for managing mobility states across multiple network generations.
[0017] FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a method for performing an inter-system change between networks.
[0018] FIG. 8 is a flow chart of a method for coordinating registration states across multiple network generations.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0019] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.
[0020] Several aspects of telecommunications systems will now be presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0021] By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs) , central processing units (CPUs) , application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs) , reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoC) , baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.
[0022] Accordingly, in one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise a random-access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of the aforementioned types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.
[0023] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network 100. The wireless communications system (also referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN) ) includes base stations 102, UEs 104, an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160, and another core network 190 (e.g., a 5G Core (5GC) ) . The base stations 102 may include macrocells (high power cellular base station) and / or small cells (low power cellular base station) . The macrocells include base stations. The small cells include femtocells, picocells, and microcells.
[0024] The base stations 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through backhaul links 132 (e.g., SI interface) . The base stations 102 configured for 5G NR (collectively referred to as Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ) may interface with core network 190 through backhaul links 184. In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform one or more of the following functions: transfer of user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity) , inter cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, radio access network (RAN) sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) , subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM) , paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or core network 190) with each other over backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2 interface) . The backhaul links 134 may be wired or wireless.
[0025] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. There may be overlapping geographic coverage areas 110. For example, the small cell 102’ may have a coverage area 110’ that overlaps the coverage area 110 of one or more macro base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macrocells may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include Home Evolved Node Bs (eNBs) (HeNBs) , which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG) . The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links may be through one or more carriers. The base stations 102 / UEs 104 may use spectrum up to 7 MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, etc. MHz) bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) used for transmission in each direction. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) . The component carriers may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. A primary component carrier may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier may be referred to as a secondary cell (SCell) .
[0026] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 may use the DL / UL WWAN spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . D2D communication may be through a variety of wireless D2D communications systems, such as for example, FlashLinQ, WiMedia, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, LTE, or NR.
[0027] The wireless communications system may further include a Wi-Fi access point (AP) 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in a 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum. When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the STAs 152 / AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.
[0028] The small cell 102’ may operate in a licensed and / or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell 102’ may employ NR and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the Wi-Fi AP 150. The small cell 102’ , employing NR in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and / or increase capacity of the access network.
[0029] A base station 102, whether a small cell 102’ or a large cell (e.g., macro base station) , may include an eNB, gNodeB (gNB) , or another type of base station. Some base stations, such as gNB 180 may operate in a traditional sub 6 GHz spectrum, in millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies, and / or near mmW frequencies in communication with the UE 104. When the gNB 180 operates in mmW or near mmW frequencies, the gNB 180 may be referred to as an mmW base station. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in the band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW / near mmW radio frequency band (e.g., 3 GHz -300 GHz) has extremely high path loss and a short range. The mmW base station 180 may utilize beamforming 182 with the UE 104 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range.
[0030] The base station 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to the UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 108a. The UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the base station 180 in one or more receive directions 108b. The UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the base station 180 in one or more transmit directions. The base station 180 may receive the beamformed signal from the UE 104 in one or more receive directions. The base station 180 / UE 104 may perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of the base station 180 / UE 104. The transmit and receive directions for the base station 180 may or may not be the same. The transmit and receive directions for the UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0031] The EPC 160 may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172. The MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. The MME 162 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, the MME 162 provides bearer and connection management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the Serving Gateway 166, which itself is connected to the PDN Gateway 172. The PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The PDN Gateway 172 and the BM-SC 170 are connected to the IP Services 176. The IP Services 176 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a PS Streaming Service, and / or other IP services. The BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. The BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. The MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the base stations 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0032] The core network 190 may include a Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a location management function (LMF) 198, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. The AMF 192 may be in communication with a Unified Data Management (UDM) 196. The AMF 192 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the core network 190. Generally, the SMF 194 provides QoS flow and session management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the UPF 195. The UPF 195 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The UPF 195 is connected to the IP Services 197. The IP Services 197 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a PS Streaming Service, and / or other IP services.
[0033] The base station may also be referred to as a gNB, Node B, evolved Node B (eNB) , an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS) , an extended service set (ESS) , a transmit reception point (TRP) , or some other suitable terminology. The base station 102 provides an access point to the EPC 160 or core network 190 for a UE 104. Examples of UEs 104 include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player) , a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a large or small kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, or any other similar functioning device. Some of the UEs 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meter, gas pump, toaster, vehicles, heart monitor, etc. ) . The UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology.
[0034] Although the present disclosure may reference 5G New Radio (NR) , the present disclosure may be applicable to other similar areas, such as LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) , or other wireless / radio access technologies.
[0035] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a base station 210 in communication with a UE 250 in an access network. In the DL, IP packets from the EPC 160 may be provided to a controller / processor 275. The controller / processor 275 implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The controller / processor 275 provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) , RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release) , inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) , and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer packet data units (PDUs) , error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs) , re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs) , demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0036] The transmit (TX) processor 216 and the receive (RX) processor 270 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The TX processor 216 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) , quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) , M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK) , M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) ) . The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 274 may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 250. Each spatial stream may then be provided to a different antenna 220 via a separate transmitter 218TX. Each transmitter 218TX may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
[0037] At the UE 250, each receiver 254RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 252. Each receiver 254RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receive (RX) processor 256. The TX processor 268 and the RX processor 256 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 256 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 250. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 250, they may be combined by the RX processor 256 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 256 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) . The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 210. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 258. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 210 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller / processor 259, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.
[0038] The controller / processor 259 can be associated with a memory 260 that stores program codes and data. The memory 260 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 259 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the EPC 160. The controller / processor 259 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0039] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the DL transmission by the base station 210, the controller / processor 259 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) ; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0040] Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 258 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 210 may be used by the TX processor 268 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 268 may be provided to different antenna 252 via separate transmitters 254TX. Each transmitter 254TX may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission. The UL transmission is processed at the base station 210 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 250. Each receiver 218RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 220. Each receiver 218RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 270.
[0041] The controller / processor 275 can be associated with a memory 276 that stores program codes and data. The memory 276 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 275 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 250. IP packets from the controller / processor 275 may be provided to the EPC 160. The controller / processor 275 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0042] New radio (NR) may refer to radios configured to operate according to a new air interface (e.g., other than Orthogonal Frequency Divisional Multiple Access (OFDMA) -based air interfaces) or fixed transport layer (e.g., other than Internet Protocol (IP) ) . NR may utilize OFDM with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink and may include support for half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD) . NR may include Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) service targeting wide bandwidth (e.g. 80 MHz beyond) , millimeter wave (mmW) targeting high carrier frequency (e.g. 60 GHz) , massive MTC (mMTC) targeting non-backward compatible MTC techniques, and / or mission critical targeting ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) service.
[0043] A single component carrier bandwidth of 100 MHz may be supported. In one example, NR resource blocks (RBs) may span 12 sub-carriers with a sub-carrier bandwidth of 60 kHz over a 0.25 ms duration or a bandwidth of 30 kHz over a 0.5 ms duration (similarly, 50MHz BW for 15kHz SCS over a 1 ms duration) . Each radio frame may consist of 10 subframes (10, 20, 40 or 80 NR slots) with a length of 10 ms. Each slot may indicate a link direction (i.e., DL or UL) for data transmission and the link direction for each slot may be dynamically switched. Each slot may include DL / UL data as well as DL / UL control data. UL and DL slots for NR may be as described in more detail below with respect to FIGs. 5 and 6.
[0044] The NR RAN may include a central unit (CU) and distributed units (DUs) . A NR BS (e.g., gNB, 5G Node B, Node B, transmission reception point (TRP) , access point (AP) ) may correspond to one or multiple BSs. NR cells can be configured as access cells (ACells) or data only cells (DCells) . For example, the RAN (e.g., a central unit or distributed unit) can configure the cells. DCells may be cells used for carrier aggregation or dual connectivity and may not be used for initial access, cell selection / reselection, or handover. In some cases DCells may not transmit synchronization signals (SS) in some cases DCells may transmit SS. NR BSs may transmit downlink signals to UEs indicating the cell type. Based on the cell type indication, the UE may communicate with the NR BS. For example, the UE may determine NR BSs to consider for cell selection, access, handover, and / or measurement based on the indicated cell type.
[0045] FIG. 3 illustrates an example logical architecture of a distributed RAN 300, according to aspects of the present disclosure. A 5G access node 306 may include an access node controller (ANC) 302. The ANC may be a central unit (CU) of the distributed RAN. The backhaul interface to the next generation core network (NG-CN) 304 may terminate at the ANC. The backhaul interface to neighboring next generation access nodes (NG-ANs) 310 may terminate at the ANC. The ANC may include one or more TRPs 308 (which may also be referred to as BSs, NR BSs, Node Bs, 5G NBs, APs, or some other term) . As described above, a TRP may be used interchangeably with “cell. ”
[0046] The TRPs 308 may be a distributed unit (DU) . The TRPs may be connected to one ANC (ANC 302) or more than one ANC (not illustrated) . For example, for RAN sharing, radio as a service (RaaS) , and service specific ANC deployments, the TRP may be connected to more than one ANC. A TRP may include one or more antenna ports. The TRPs may be configured to individually (e.g., dynamic selection) or jointly (e.g., joint transmission) serve traffic to a UE.
[0047] The local architecture of the distributed RAN 300 may be used to illustrate fronthaul definition. The architecture may be defined that support fronthauling solutions across different deployment types. For example, the architecture may be based on transmit network capabilities (e.g., bandwidth, latency, and / or jitter) . The architecture may share features and / or components with LTE. According to aspects, the next generation AN (NG-AN) 310 may support dual connectivity with NR. The NG-AN may share a common fronthaul for LTE and NR.
[0048] The architecture may enable cooperation between and among TRPs 308. For example, cooperation may be preset within a TRP and / or across TRPs via the ANC 302. According to aspects, no inter-TRP interface may be needed / present.
[0049] According to aspects, a dynamic configuration of split logical functions may be present within the architecture of the distributed RAN 300. The PDCP, RLC, MAC protocol may be adaptably placed at the ANC or TRP.
[0050] FIG. 4 illustrates an example physical architecture of a distributed RAN 400, according to aspects of the present disclosure. A centralized core network unit (C-CU) 402 may host core network functions. The C-CU may be centrally deployed. C-CU functionality may be offloaded (e.g., to advanced wireless services (AWS) ) , in an effort to handle peak capacity. A centralized RAN unit (C-RU) 404 may host one or more ANC functions. Optionally, the C-RU may host core network functions locally. The C-RU may have distributed deployment. The C-RU may be closer to the network edge. A distributed unit (DU) 406 may host one or more TRPs. The DU may be located at edges of the network with radio frequency (RF) functionality.
[0051] FIG. 5 is a diagram 500 illustrating an example of a wireless communications system that demonstrates the interworking challenges and solutions for a multi-mode user equipment (UE) operating across 4G, 5G, and 6G networks. A UE 504 is a multi-mode device capable of establishing connections with multiple network generations simultaneously or sequentially. The UE 504 can connect to a 6G base station 502, a 5G base station 512, and a 4G base station 522, each providing access to their respective core networks through dedicated backhaul links.
[0052] The 6G network architecture comprises the 6G base station 502, which provides access to a 6G Radio Access Network (6G-RAN) , connected to a 6G core network 540 via a backhaul link 542. The 6G core network 540 may be implemented as a standalone 6G core network, an evolved 5G core network supporting 6G services, or a network connected to an IMT-2030 network framework. The 6G base station 502 communicates with the UE 504 through a wireless communication link 506, enabling the UE 504 to register and receive services using 6G-RAN or 6G NAS protocols when operating in 6G mode.
[0053] The 5G network includes the 5G base station 512, implemented as a gNodeB (gNB) , which connects to a 5G core network 550 through a backhaul link 552. The 5G base station 512 provides Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) access to the UE 504 via a wireless communication link 514, enabling the UE 504 to operate in N1 mode for 5G services. Similarly, the 4G network comprises the 4G base station 522, implemented as an evolved NodeB (eNB) , connected to an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 560 via a backhaul link 562. The 4G base station 522 communicates with the UE 504 through a wireless communication link 524, allowing the UE 504 to operate in S1 mode for 4G services.
[0054] The system architecture illustrates three critical interworking interfaces that determine the UE’s registration and mobility procedures. A 6G-5G interworking interface 570 connects the 6G core network 540 and the 5G core network 550. This interface, which may be implemented as an Nxx interface or similar mechanism, enables context transfer between the 6G and 5G core networks. When this interface exists, the UE 504 can perform mobility registration procedures when transitioning between 5G and 6G networks, allowing for efficient handovers without requiring complete re-authentication or context re-establishment. The interface facilitates the exchange of UE context information, including security credentials, UE identity parameters such as GUTI (Globally Unique Temporary Identifier) , and session information.
[0055] A 6G-4G interworking interface 580 may optionally connect the 6G core network 540 and the EPC 560. This interface, conceptually similar to the N26 interface used between 5G and 4G networks, determines whether the UE 504 can perform mobility-based procedures or must execute initial registration procedures when moving between 4G and 6G systems. The presence of this interface allows the 6G core network 540 to retrieve UE context from the EPC 560 during inter-system changes from S1 mode to 6G mode, enabling the UE 504 to perform a mobility registration procedure in 6G. Conversely, when the UE 504 moves from 6G mode to S1 mode with this interface present, it can perform a Tracking Area Update (TAU) procedure rather than a full attach procedure. However, the absence of this interface, which is anticipated in many deployment scenarios, requires the UE 504 to perform initial registration in 6G when coming from 4G, and to perform a full attach procedure when moving from 6G to 4G.
[0056] A 5G-4G interworking interface 590 connects the 5G core network 550 and the EPC 560, representing the established N26 interface that enables interoperability between 5G and 4G systems. This existing interface provides a reference model for the proposed 6G interworking mechanisms and demonstrates the benefits of core network interoperability for seamless mobility management.
[0057] In a first scheme, when the UE 504 operates in this multi-generation environment, its behavior for coordinating registration states across different Mobility Management (MM) protocols is undefined. The UE 504 may need to maintain three distinct MM states: 6GMM (6G Mobility Management) for 6G operations, 5GMM (5G Mobility Management) for 5G operations, and EMM (EPS Mobility Management) for 4G operations. Without defined coordination rules, the UE 504 may encounter state inconsistencies, such as being registered in one network generation while deregistered in another, leading to failed handovers, service interruptions, or inability to perform inter-system changes.
[0058] Referring to FIG. 5, in a second scheme, a set of rules is defined to govern the behavior of the UE 504 when operating in an environment with 6G, 5G, and 4G networks, thereby addressing the undefined coordination between the different network generations. A foundational rule establishes a unified deregistered state. If the UE 504 is not successfully registered in the 6G network, for example after a failed registration attempt, it enters a 6GMM-DEREGISTERED state. To maintain state consistency across its different radio access capabilities, the UE 504 also enters a 5GMM-DEREGISTERED state for its 5G mobility management and an EMM-DEREGISTERED state for its 4G mobility management. This synchronization of deregistered states across all mobility management layers provides a consistent baseline and prevents ambiguous conditions where the UE 504 might be considered registered on a legacy network while being deregistered from the 6G network.
[0059] The coordination between the 6G Mobility Management (6GMM) and 5G Mobility Management (5GMM) states of the UE 504 is defined for various operational scenarios. When the UE 504 is operating in 6G mode and successfully registers with the 6G core network 540, it enters a 6GMM-REGISTERED state with a sub-state of normal service. Concurrently, the UE 504 sets its 5G state to 5GMM-REGISTERED with a sub-state of ‘no cell available ‘. This active / standby model maintains the registration context for the 5G network, preparing the UE 504 for a potential inter-system change to the 5G base station 512. Upon this successful registration, the UE 504 also resets both its 6G registration attempt counter and its 5G registration attempt counter. Resetting these counters allows the UE 504 to make new registration attempts on a network where it might have previously reached a maximum attempt limit.
[0060] Symmetrically, if the UE 504 successfully completes a registration procedure in N1 mode with the 5G core network 550, it enters a 5GMM-REGISTERED state for normal service and a 6GMM-REGISTERED state with a ‘no cell available ‘sub-state. The UE 504 again resets both registration attempt counters. This action is beneficial, for example, if the UE 504 had previously exhausted its 6G registration attempts before moving to 5G, as the reset enables it to attempt registration again upon a subsequent inter-system change back to the 6G network.
[0061] Furthermore, if the UE 504 is capable of operating in a dual mode, for example, connected to both the 6G-RAN via the 6G base station 502 and the NG-RAN via the 5G base station 512, a successful registration for this mode results in the UE 504 entering a normal service state for both its 6GMM and 5GMM states. In this case, the UE 504 also resets both the 6G and 5G registration attempt counters.
[0062] Procedures for inter-system changes between 5G and 6G networks are also defined, with the specific procedure depending on the existence of the 6G-5G interworking interface 570. When the UE 504 performs an inter-system change from N1 mode to 6G mode, and the interface 570 is present to allow communication between the 6G core network 540 and the 5G core network 550, the UE 504 performs a mobility registration procedure. This procedure is used because the 6G core network 540 can retrieve the necessary UE context, such as a Globally Unique Temporary Identifier (GUTI) or security context, from the 5G core network 550 via the interface 570. However, if the 6G-5G interworking interface 570 is not present, no context can be exchanged between the core networks. In this scenario, the UE 504 performs an initial registration procedure in the 6G network. Following a successful change to the 6G network, regardless of the procedure used, the UE 504 enters the 6GMM-REGISTERED state for normal service and the 5GMM-REGISTERED state with a ‘no cell available’s ub-state.
[0063] In addition, the coordination between the 6G Mobility Management (6GMM) and the Evolved Packet System (EPS) Mobility Management (EMM) states of the UE 504 governs the UE’s behavior when operating across 6G and 4G networks. This coordination addresses scenarios where direct interoperability between the 6G core network 540 and the EPC 560 may or may not exist through the 6G-4G interworking interface 580.
[0064] When the UE 504 operates in S1 mode and successfully completes an attach procedure or a tracking area updating procedure with the EPC 560 via the 4G base station 522, the UE 504 enters an EMM-REGISTERED state with a sub-state of normal service to maintain its active connection to the 4G network. For its 6G capability management, the UE 504 has two options for state configuration. The primary option is to enter a 6GMM-DEREGISTERED state with a sub-state of ‘no cell available’ , which is particularly appropriate when the 6G-4G interworking interface 580 does not exist between the 6G core network 540 and the EPC 560. Alternatively, the UE 504 may enter a 6GMM-REGISTERED state with a sub-state of ‘no cell available’ in deployments where some form of coordination between the networks is anticipated. The selection of the deregistered state as the primary option prevents potential synchronization conflicts that would arise if the UE 504 attempted to maintain registration context in both networks without an interface to exchange that context. Upon successful completion of the 4G procedure, the UE 504 resets both its 6G registration attempt counter and its 4G attach attempt counter, allowing fresh registration attempts on either network without being constrained by previous failed attempts.
[0065] Conversely, when the UE 504 operates in 6G mode and successfully completes a registration procedure with the 6G core network 540 via the 6G base station 502, the UE 504 enters a 6GMM-REGISTERED state with a sub-state of normal service for its active 6G connection. For its 4G capability, the UE 504 primarily enters an EMM-DEREGISTERED state, though it may alternatively enter an EMM-REGISTERED state with a sub-state of ‘no cell available’ . The preference for the deregistered state in EMM reflects the anticipated absence of the 6G-4G interworking interface 580. Without this interface, if the UE 504 were to maintain a registered state in EMM and subsequently perform an inter-system change from 6G to 4G, it would attempt a Tracking Area Update (TAU) procedure. This TAU procedure would fail because the EPC 560 cannot retrieve the required UE context, such as security keys or temporary identifiers, from the 6G core network 540 due to the absence of the interface 580. By setting EMM to a deregistered state, the UE 504 prepares to perform a full attach procedure when moving to the 4G network, which establishes a new context without requiring information transfer from the 6G core network 540. Following the successful 6G registration, the UE 504 resets both its 6G registration attempt counter and its 4G attach attempt counter to prevent registration lockouts and enable future registration attempts on both networks.
[0066] Further, the procedures for inter-system changes between the 6G network and the 4G network are defined based on the presence or absence of the 6G-4G interworking interface 580. This interface, which may be implemented as an N26-like interface or similar interoperability mechanism, determines whether the UE 504 can perform efficient mobility-based procedures or must execute complete initial connection procedures during network transitions. The interface 580 facilitates the exchange of UE context information between the 6G core network 540 and the EPC 560, including security parameters, temporary identifiers such as the Globally Unique Temporary Identifier (GUTI) , and session information.
[0067] When the UE 504, which supports both 4G and 6G capabilities, performs an inter-system change from S1 mode to 6G mode without the 6G-4G interworking interface 580, the absence of any interoperability mechanism between the EPC 560 and the 6G core network 540 prevents context transfer. Consequently, the UE 504 must perform an initial registration procedure in the 6G network through the 6G base station 502 and the wireless communication link 506. This initial registration establishes a completely new context within the 6G core network 540 without relying on any existing information from the 4G network. Upon successful completion of this initial registration, the UE 504 enters a 6GMM-REGISTERED state with a sub-state of normal service, activating its 6G connectivity. For its 4G mobility management, the UE 504 transitions to either an EMM-DEREGISTERED state with a sub-state of ‘no cell available’ or maintains an EMM-REGISTERED state with a sub-state of ‘no cell available’ . The selection between these EMM states depends on the specific deployment scenario and whether any residual 4G context should be maintained.
[0068] In contrast, when the 6G-4G interworking interface 580 exists and provides interoperability between the 4G and 6G core networks, the same inter-system change from S1 mode to 6G mode follows a more efficient path. The presence of the interface 580 allows the 6G core network 540 to retrieve the UE context directly from the EPC 560. Therefore, the UE 504 performs a mobility registration procedure in the 6G network instead of an initial registration. This mobility registration procedure reuses the existing security context and identifiers obtained through the interface 580, reducing signaling overhead and connection establishment time. Following successful mobility registration, the UE 504 enters the 6GMM-REGISTERED state with normal service for its active 6G connection. The EMM state transitions to either EMM-DEREGISTERED with ‘no cell available’ or EMM-REGISTERED with ‘no cell available’ , providing flexibility for the 4G mobility management based on operator policies and network configuration.
[0069] For the reverse direction, when the UE 504 performs an inter-system change from 6G mode to S1 mode without the 6G-4G interworking interface 580, the EPC 560 cannot obtain any UE context from the 6G core network 540. This lack of context transfer necessitates that the UE 504 perform a complete attach procedure in the 4G network via the 4G base station 522 and the wireless communication link 524. The attach procedure establishes an entirely new session within the EPC 560, including authentication, security setup, and bearer establishment. Upon successful completion of the attach procedure, the UE 504 enters an EMM-REGISTERED state with a sub-state of normal service, making the 4G connection active. Simultaneously, the 6G services are effectively stopped, and the UE 504 transitions its 6GMM state to 6GMM-DEREGISTERED with a sub-state of ‘no cell available’ , preventing any 6G-related operations while the UE 504 operates in the 4G network.
[0070] When the 6G-4G interworking interface 580 provides interoperability during an inter-system change from 6G mode to S1 mode, the EPC 560 can retrieve the necessary UE context from the 6G core network 540 through the interface 580. This context transfer capability allows the UE 504 to perform a tracking area update (TAU) procedure in the 4G network, which is significantly more efficient than a full attach procedure. The TAU procedure updates the UE’s location and reactivates the existing security context without requiring complete re-authentication. After successful completion of the TAU procedure, the UE 504 enters the EMM-REGISTERED state with normal service for active 4G operations. The 6GMM state transitions to 6GMM-DEREGISTERED with ‘no cell available’ , placing the 6G capability in an inactive state while maintaining the possibility of future transitions back to the 6G network.
[0071] The distinction between procedures based on interface availability reflects practical deployment considerations. Without the 6G-4G interworking interface 580, the networks operate independently, requiring complete context establishment during each transition. This approach, while more resource-intensive, avoids the complexity of maintaining synchronized states across non-communicating core networks. With the interface 580 present, the networks can exchange context information, allowing for seamless transitions that preserve session continuity and reduce service interruption time. The UE 504 adapts its behavior accordingly, performing either lightweight mobility procedures when interoperability exists or comprehensive initial procedures when the networks cannot communicate, thereby maintaining reliable connectivity across the heterogeneous network environment comprising 4G, 5G, and 6G technologies .
[0072] FIG. 6 is a flow chart 600 of a method for managing mobility states across multiple network generations. The method may be performed by a UE (e.g., the UE 504) capable of communicating with a first network operating according to a first MM protocol and a second network operating according to a second, different MM protocol.
[0073] In operation 602, the UE performs a registration procedure with the first network. In operation 604, upon successful completion of the registration procedure, the UE enters a first registered state for the first MM protocol. The first registered state enables normal service from the first network. In operation 606, the UE enters a second registered state or a deregistered state for the second MM protocol. The second registered state indicates that the UE is registered but has no cell available on the second network. In operation 608, the UE resets a first attempt counter associated with the first network. In operation 610, the UE resets a second attempt counter associated with the second network.
[0074] In certain implementations, the first network is a 6G network operating with 6GMM protocol and the second network is a 5G network operating with 5GMM protocol. In certain implementations, the first network is a 6G network operating with 6GMM protocol and the second network is a 4G network operating with EMM protocol. In certain implementations, the first network is a 5G network operating with 5GMM protocol and the second network is a 6G network operating with 6GMM protocol.
[0075] In certain implementations, the UE is further capable of communicating with a third network operating according to a third MM protocol. Upon successful completion of the registration procedure with the first network, the UE enters a third state for the third MM protocol. The third state is either a registered state with no cell available or a deregistered state. The UE also resets a third attempt counter associated with the third network.
[0076] In certain implementations, the first network is a 6G network, the second network is a 5G network, and the third network is a 4G network. The third state is an EMM DEREGISTERED state when no interoperability interface exists between the 6G network and the 4G network.
[0077] In certain implementations, the UE is capable of dual-mode operation supporting simultaneous connection to both the first network and the second network. Upon successful registration for the dual-mode operation, the UE enters the first registered state with normal service for the first MM protocol and enters the second registered state with normal service for the second MM protocol. The UE resets both the first and second attempt counters.
[0078] FIG. 7 is a flow chart 700 of a method for a UE to perform an inter-system change from a first network to a second network. The method may be performed by a UE (e.g., the UE 504) .
[0079] In operation 702, the UE determines whether an interoperability interface that enables UE context transfer exists between a first core network associated with the first network and a second core network associated with the second network. The first and second networks operate according to different core network technologies. In operation 704, the UE selects one of a first registration procedure or a second registration procedure based on whether the interoperability interface is determined to exist. The first registration procedure establishes a new UE context in the second core network and the second registration procedure utilizes an existing UE context transferred from the first core network. In operation 706, the UE performs the selected registration procedure to connect to the second network.
[0080] In certain implementations, the first network is a 5G network with a 5G core network and the second network is a 6G network with a 6G core network. The first registration procedure is an initial registration procedure and the second registration procedure is a mobility registration procedure.
[0081] In certain implementations, the first network is a 4G network with an EPC and the second network is a 6G network with a 6G core network. The first registration procedure is an initial registration procedure when the interoperability interface does not exist. The second registration procedure is a mobility registration procedure when the interoperability interface exists.
[0082] In certain implementations, the first network is a 6G network with a 6G core network and the second network is a 4G network with an EPC. The first registration procedure is an attach procedure when the interoperability interface does not exist. The second registration procedure is a TAU procedure when the interoperability interface exists.
[0083] In certain implementations, the UE context transferred through the interoperability interface comprises at least one of a security context, a GUTI, or session information.
[0084] In certain implementations, upon successful completion of the selected registration procedure, the UE enters a registered state with normal service for a mobility management protocol of the second network. The UE enters either a registered state with no cell available or a deregistered state for a mobility management protocol of the first network. The UE resets attempt counters for both the first and second networks.
[0085] In certain implementations, upon successful completion of the attach procedure or the TAU procedure, the UE enters an EMM REGISTERED state with normal service. The UE enters a 6GMM DEREGISTERED state with no cell available.
[0086] FIG. 8 is a flow chart 800 of a method for coordinating registration states across multiple network generations. The method may be performed by a UE (e.g., the UE 504) capable of communicating with a 6G network, a 5G network, and a 4G network.
[0087] In operation 802, in response to a failed registration attempt on any one of the 6G, 5G, or 4G networks, the UE enters or maintains a 6GMM DEREGISTERED state. In operation 804, the UE enters or maintains a 5GMM DEREGISTERED state. In operation 806, the UE enters or maintains an EMM DEREGISTERED state. These operations synchronize the UE into a deregistered state across all supported network generations.
[0088] In certain implementations, upon successful registration with the 6G network after the failed registration attempt, the UE transitions from the 6GMM DEREGISTERED state to a 6GMM REGISTERED state with normal service. The UE transitions from the 5GMM DEREGISTERED state to a 5GMM REGISTERED state with no cell available. The UE maintains the EMM DEREGISTERED state or transitions to an EMM REGISTERED state with no cell available based on whether an interoperability interface exists between the 6G network and the 4G network.
[0089] In certain implementations, upon successful attach or tracking area update with the 4G network after the failed registration attempt, the UE transitions from the EMM DEREGISTERED state to an EMM REGISTERED state with normal service. The UE maintains the 6GMM DEREGISTERED state with no cell available. The UE maintains the 5GMM DEREGISTERED state or transitions to a 5GMM REGISTERED state with no cell available.
[0090] In certain implementations, the 6G network comprises at least one of: a 6G-RAN; an NG-RAN connected to an IMT-2030 network; an evolved 5G core network; or a standalone 6G core network.
[0091] In certain implementations, the UE connects to the 6G network using at least one of:6G-RAN protocols; or 6G NAS protocols when operating in 6G mode.
[0092] In certain implementations, the UE resets a 6G attempt counter, a 5G attempt counter, and a 4G attempt counter upon any successful registration or attach procedure on any of the 6G, 5G, or 4G networks.
[0093] The UE 504 illustrated in FIG. 5, as well as the UEs performing the methods described in FIGs. 6-8, may be implemented with hardware components similar to those of the UE 250 depicted in FIG. 2, with adaptations to support multi-generation network connectivity including 6G capabilities. Specifically, the UE 504 includes multiple receivers 254RX and transmitters 254TX coupled to respective antennas 252 to enable communication across the wireless communication links 506, 514, and 524 with the 6G base station 502, 5G base station 512, and 4G base station 522, respectively. The RX processor 256 and TX processor 268 implement layer 1 functionality for processing signals according to the different radio access technologies, including 6G-RAN protocols, NG-RAN (5G) protocols, and E-UTRAN (4G) protocols. The controller / processor 259, in conjunction with the memory 260 storing program codes and data, implements the higher layer functionality including the 6G Mobility Management (6GMM) , 5G Mobility Management (5GMM) , and EPS Mobility Management (EMM) protocols described in the invention disclosure. This controller / processor 259 executes the coordination logic for managing registration states across the different network generations, maintaining separate attempt counters for each network type, and determining appropriate registration procedures based on the presence or absence of interoperability interfaces between core networks.
[0094] The memory 260 of the UE 504 stores not only the program codes for implementing the multi-generation mobility management procedures but also maintains the various state information and counters described in the disclosure, including the 6GMM states (REGISTERED / DEREGISTERED with respective sub-states) , 5GMM states, EMM states, and their associated registration attempt counters. The controller / processor 259 utilizes this stored information to make decisions regarding inter-system changes, such as determining whether to perform initial registration or mobility registration procedures when transitioning between networks, and to synchronize deregistered states across all supported network generations when registration fails on any network. The hardware architecture thus enables the UE 504 to operate in 6G mode, N1 mode (5G) , S1 mode (4G) , or dual-mode configurations, with the controller / processor 259 managing the complex state transitions and ensuring consistent behavior across the heterogeneous network environment as defined in the disclosed methods for handling legacy parameters and interworking with 6G registration.
[0095] It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts disclosed is an illustration of exemplary approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts may be rearranged. Further, some blocks may be combined or omitted. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various blocks in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
[0096] The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration. ” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” include any combination of A, B, and / or C, and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” may be A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combinations may contain one or more member or members of A, B, or C. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. The words “module, ” “mechanism, ” “element, ” “device, ” and the like may not be a substitute for the word “means. ” As such, no claim element is to be construed as a means plus function unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for. ”
Claims
1.A method performed by a User Equipment (UE) capable of communicating with a first network operating according to a first mobility management (MM) protocol and a second network operating according to a second, different MM protocol, the method comprising:performing a registration procedure with the first network; andupon successful completion of the registration procedure:entering a first registered state for the first MM protocol, the first registered state enabling normal service from the first network;entering a second registered state or a deregistered state for the second MM protocol, the second registered state indicating that the UE is registered but has no cell available on the second network;resetting a first attempt counter associated with the first network; andresetting a second attempt counter associated with the second network.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the first network is a 6G network operating with 6G Mobility Management (6GMM) protocol and the second network is a 5G network operating with 5G Mobility Management (5GMM) protocol.3.The method of claim 1, wherein the first network is a 6G network operating with 6G Mobility Management (6GMM) protocol and the second network is a 4G network operating with Evolved Packet System Mobility Management (EMM) protocol.4.The method of claim 1, wherein the first network is a 5G network operating with 5G Mobility Management (5GMM) protocol and the second network is a 6G network operating with 6G Mobility Management (6GMM) protocol.5.The method of claim 1, wherein the UE is further capable of communicating with a third network operating according to a third MM protocol, the method further comprising:upon successful completion of the registration procedure with the first network:entering a third state for the third MM protocol, the third state being either a registered state with no cell available or a deregistered state; andresetting a third attempt counter associated with the third network.6.The method of claim 5, wherein:the first network is a 6G network;the second network is a 5G network;the third network is a 4G network; andthe third state is an Evolved Packet System Mobility Management (EMM) DEREGISTERED state when no interoperability interface exists between the 6G network and the 4G network.7.The method of claim 1, wherein the UE is capable of dual-mode operation supporting simultaneous connection to both the first network and the second network, the method further comprising:upon successful registration for the dual-mode operation:entering the first registered state with normal service for the first MM protocol;entering the second registered state with normal service for the second MM protocol; andresetting both the first and second attempt counters.8.A method for a User Equipment (UE) to perform an inter-system change from a first network to a second network, the first and second networks operating according to different core network technologies, the method comprising:determining whether an interoperability interface that enables UE context transfer exists between a first core network associated with the first network and a second core network associated with the second network;selecting one of a first registration procedure or a second registration procedure based on whether the interoperability interface is determined to exist, wherein the first registration procedure establishes a new UE context in the second core network and the second registration procedure utilizes an existing UE context transferred from the first core network; andperforming the selected registration procedure to connect to the second network.9.The method of claim 8, wherein:the first network is a 5G network with a 5G core network;the second network is a 6G network with a 6G core network;the first registration procedure is an initial registration procedure; andthe second registration procedure is a mobility registration procedure.10.The method of claim 8, wherein:the first network is a 4G network with an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) ;the second network is a 6G network with a 6G core network;the first registration procedure is an initial registration procedure when the interoperability interface does not exist; andthe second registration procedure is a mobility registration procedure when the interoperability interface exists.11.The method of claim 8, wherein:the first network is a 6G network with a 6G core network;the second network is a 4G network with an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) ;the first registration procedure is an attach procedure when the interoperability interface does not exist; andthe second registration procedure is a Tracking Area Update (TAU) procedure when the interoperability interface exists.12.The method of claim 8, wherein the UE context transferred through the interoperability interface comprises at least one of:a security context;a Globally Unique Temporary Identifier (GUTI) ; orsession information.13.The method of claim 8, further comprising:upon successful completion of the selected registration procedure:entering a registered state with normal service for a mobility management protocol of the second network;entering either a registered state with no cell available or a deregistered state for a mobility management protocol of the first network; andresetting attempt counters for both the first and second networks.14.The method of claim 11, further comprising:upon successful completion of the attach procedure or the TAU procedure:entering an Evolved Packet System Mobility Management (EMM) REGISTERED state with normal service; andentering a 6G Mobility Management (6GMM) DEREGISTERED state with no cell available.15.A method performed by a User Equipment (UE) capable of communicating with a 6G network, a 5G network, and a 4G network, the method comprising:in response to a failed registration attempt on any one of the 6G, 5G, or 4G networks:entering or maintaining a 6G Mobility Management (6GMM) DEREGISTERED state;entering or maintaining a 5G Mobility Management (5GMM) DEREGISTERED state; andentering or maintaining an Evolved Packet System Mobility Management (EMM) DEREGISTERED state,thereby synchronizing the UE into a deregistered state across all supported network generations.16.The method of claim 15, further comprising:in response to a successful registration with the 6G network after the failed registration attempt:transitioning from the 6GMM DEREGISTERED state to a 6GMM REGISTERED state with normal service;transitioning from the 5GMM DEREGISTERED state to a 5GMM REGISTERED state with no cell available; ormaintaining the EMM DEREGISTERED state or transitioning to an EMM REGISTERED state with no cell available.17.The method of claim 15, further comprising:in response to a successful attach or tracking area update with the 4G network after the failed registration attempt:transitioning from the EMM DEREGISTERED state to an EMM REGISTERED state with normal service; andmaintaining the 6GMM DEREGISTERED state or transitioning to a 6GMM REGISTERED state with no cell available.18.The method of claim 15, wherein the 6G network comprises at least one of:a 6G Radio Access Network (6G-RAN) ;a Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) connected to an International Mobile Telecommunications-2030 (IMT-2030) network;an evolved 5G core network; ora standalone 6G core network.19.The method of claim 15, further comprising:resetting a 6G attempt counter, a 5G attempt counter, or a 4G attempt counter in response to any successful registration or attach procedure on any of the 6G, 5G, or 4G networks.20.An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus being a user equipment (UE) , comprising:a memory; andat least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to:perform a registration procedure with a first network that operates according to a first mobility management (MM) protocol; andin response to successful completion of the registration procedure:enter a first registered state for the first MM protocol, the first registered state enabling normal service from the first network;enter a second registered state or a deregistered state for a second MM protocol, wherein the second MM protocol is different from the first MM protocol and is associated with a second network, and wherein the second registered state indicates that the UE is registered but has no cell available on the second network;reset a first attempt counter associated with the first network; andreset a second attempt counter associated with the second network.
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