Method and apparatus for transmitting signal by using modulation symbol

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a method and an apparatus for transmitting a signal by using a modulation symbol. A method of an electronic device for transmitting a symbol may comprise the steps of: receiving a data symbol sequence; decomposing the symbol sequence to generate a symbol vector sequence equivalent to the symbol sequence; performing pulse-shaping for the symbol vector sequence to generate a continuous time vector signal; up-converting the continuous time vector signal to generate at least one bandpass vector signal; amplifying the at least one bandpass vector signal to generate at least one amplified bandpass vector signal; and generating at least one electromagnetic wave through the at least one amplified bandpass vector signal and transmitting same.

Description

Method and device for transmitting a signal using modulation symbols

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for transmitting a signal using modulation symbols.

[0002] Looking back at the evolution of wireless communication through successive generations, technologies have been developed primarily for human-oriented services, such as voice, multimedia, and data. Following the commercialization of 5G (5th-generation) communication systems, connected devices, which have been increasing explosively, are expected to be connected to communication networks. Examples of networked objects include vehicles, robots, drones, home appliances, displays, smart sensors installed in various infrastructures, construction machinery, and factory equipment. Mobile devices are expected to evolve into various form factors, such as augmented reality glasses, virtual reality headsets, and holographic devices. In the 6G (6th-generation) era, efforts are underway to develop improved 6G communication systems to connect hundreds of billions of devices and objects to provide diverse services. For this reason, 6G communication systems are being referred to as "beyond 5G" systems.

[0003] In the 6G communication system predicted to be realized around 2030, the maximum transmission speed is tera (i.e., 1,000 gigabit) bps, and the wireless latency is 100 microseconds (μsec). In other words, compared to the 5G communication system, the transmission speed in the 6G communication system is 50 times faster, and the wireless latency is reduced to one-tenth.

[0004] To achieve such high data transmission speeds and ultra-low latency, 6G communication systems are being considered for implementation in the terahertz band (e.g., the 95 GHz to 3 terahertz (3 THz) band). In the terahertz band, due to more severe path loss and atmospheric absorption compared to the millimeter wave (mmWave) band introduced in 5G, the importance of technology capable of guaranteeing signal reach, or coverage, is expected to increase. As key technologies to ensure coverage, radio frequency (RF) devices, antennas, new waveforms that offer better coverage than orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), beamforming, and multi-antenna transmission technologies such as massive multiple-input and multiple-output (massive MIMO), full-dimensional MIMO (FD-MIMO), array antennas, and large-scale antennas must be developed. In addition, new technologies such as metamaterial-based lenses and antennas, high-dimensional spatial multiplexing technology using orbital angular momentum (OAM), and reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) are being discussed to improve coverage of terahertz band signals.

[0005] In addition, to improve frequency efficiency and system network, development is underway in 6G communication systems for full duplex technology, in which uplink and downlink simultaneously utilize the same frequency resources at the same time; network technology that integrates satellites and HAPS (high-altitude platform stations); network structure innovation technology that supports mobile base stations and enables network operation optimization and automation; dynamic spectrum sharing technology through collision avoidance based on spectrum usage prediction; AI-based communication technology that utilizes AI (artificial intelligence) from the design stage and internalizes end-to-end AI support functions to realize system optimization; and next-generation distributed computing technology that realizes services of complexity exceeding the limits of terminal computing capabilities by utilizing ultra-high performance communication and computing resources (mobile edge computing (MEC), cloud, etc.). In addition, attempts are continuing to further strengthen connectivity between devices, further optimize networks, promote the softwareization of network entities, and increase the openness of wireless communication through the design of new protocols to be used in 6G communication systems, the implementation of hardware-based security environments, the development of mechanisms for the safe utilization of data, and the development of technologies regarding privacy maintenance methods.

[0006] Due to the research and development of such 6G communication systems, it is expected that a new dimension of hyper-connected experience will become possible through the hyper-connectivity of 6G communication systems, which encompasses not only connections between objects but also connections between people and objects. Specifically, it is projected that 6G communication systems will enable the provision of services such as truly immersive extended reality (truly immersive XR), high-fidelity mobile holograms, and digital replicas. Furthermore, services such as remote surgery, industrial automation, and emergency response, which are provided through 6G communication systems with enhanced security and reliability, will be applied in various fields including industry, healthcare, automotive, and home appliances.

[0007] Meanwhile, although the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) can have continuous values, modern digital communication systems use modulation symbols with practical discrete alphabets for data transmission. Compared to theoretical continuous alphabets, discrete alphabets can be used to improve the characteristics of the transmitted signal.

[0008] The present disclosure provides a signal transmission method and apparatus using a modulation symbol.

[0009] A method of an electronic device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure for achieving the above objective may include the steps of receiving a sequence of data symbols, decomposing the sequence of symbols to generate a sequence of symbols equivalent to the sequence of symbols, pulse-shaping the sequence of symbols to generate a continuous-time vector signal, up-converting the continuous-time vector signal to generate at least one bandpass vector signal, amplifying the at least one bandpass vector signal to generate at least one amplified bandpass vector signal, and generating and transmitting at least one electromagnetic wave through the amplified at least one bandpass vector signal.

[0010] An electronic device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure for achieving the above objective may include a transceiver and a processor configured to control the transceiver to receive a sequence of data symbols, decompose the sequence of symbols to generate a sequence of symbols equivalent to the sequence of symbols, pulse shape the sequence of symbols to generate a continuous time vector signal, up-convert the continuous time vector signal to generate at least one bandpass vector signal, amplify the at least one bandpass vector signal to generate at least one amplified bandpass vector signal, and generate and transmit at least one electromagnetic wave through the amplified at least one bandpass vector signal.

[0011] According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a transmitter using modulation symbols can increase power efficiency by generating a signal having a low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) using a parallelization unit. The present disclosure may propose a method to lower the PAPR by optimizing the transmission pulse. Various pulse types may be proposed as a method to lower the PAPR. The transmitter can efficiently transmit data by lowering the PAPR.

[0012] FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a parallelize-amplify-combine (PAC) transmitter according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0013] FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a parallelizer according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0014] FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an amplifier bank according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0015] FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing an electromagnetic wave generating combiner (EM (electromagnetic wave, EM) Wave generating combiner) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0016] FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a decomposer according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0017] FIG. 6a is a conceptual diagram showing a natural binary code-based extractor according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0018] FIG. 6b is a conceptual diagram showing a natural binary code-based extraction unit according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a pi / 2-interweaver bank according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing an equivalent vector generator according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing a disassembled section according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing a disassembled section according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0023] FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a PAC transmission method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0024] FIG. 12 is a flowchart of a disassembly unit using a PAC transmission method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0025] FIG. 13 is a flowchart of a disassembly unit using a PAC transmission method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 14 is a flowchart of a disassembly unit using a PAC transmission method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0027] FIG. 15 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a transmitter according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0028] FIG. 16 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a transmitter according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0029] FIG. 17 is a block diagram showing an electronic device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0030] The operating principles of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the attached drawings. In describing the present disclosure below, specific descriptions of related known functions or configurations will be omitted if it is determined that such detailed descriptions would unnecessarily obscure the essence of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the terms described below are defined in consideration of their functions in the present disclosure, and these may vary depending on the intentions or practices of the user or operator. Therefore, their definitions should be based on the content throughout this specification.

[0031] For the same reason, some components in the attached drawings have been omitted or depicted schematically. Additionally, the dimensions of each component do not fully reflect their actual dimensions. Identical or corresponding components in each drawing have been assigned the same reference numbers.

[0032] The advantages and features of the present disclosure and the methods for achieving them will become clear by referring to the embodiments described below in detail together with the accompanying drawings. However, the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments disclosed below but may be implemented in various different forms. Various embodiments are provided to make the present disclosure complete and to fully inform those skilled in the art of the scope of the present disclosure, and the present disclosure is defined only by the scope of the claims. Throughout the specification, like reference numerals refer to like components.

[0033] At this time, it will be understood that each block of the process flow diagrams and combinations of the flow diagrams can be executed by computer program instructions. Since these computer program instructions can be loaded into the processor of a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, or other programmable data processing equipment, the instructions executed through the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing equipment create means to perform the functions described in the flow diagram block(s). Since these computer program instructions can also be stored in computer-available or computer-readable memory that can be directed toward the computer or other programmable data processing equipment to implement the function in a specific way, the instructions stored in computer-available or computer-readable memory can also produce a manufactured item containing the means of instruction to perform the function described in the flow diagram block(s). Since computer program instructions can be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing equipment, instructions that perform a series of operation steps on the computer or other programmable data processing equipment to create a process executed by the computer can also provide steps for executing the functions described in the flowchart block(s).

[0034] Additionally, each block may represent a module, segment, or part of code containing one or more executable instructions for executing a specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that in some alternative execution examples, the functions mentioned in the blocks may occur out of order. For instance, two blocks described in succession may actually be executed substantially simultaneously, or the blocks may be executed in reverse order according to their corresponding functions.

[0035] In various embodiments of the present disclosure, the term “part” as used refers to a software or hardware component, and the “part” performs certain roles. However, the “part” is not limited to software or hardware. The “part” may be configured to reside in an addressable storage medium or may be configured to operate one or more processors. Thus, by example, the “part” includes components such as software components, object-oriented software components, class components, and task components, as well as processes, functions, attributes, procedures, subroutines, segments of program code, drivers, firmware, microcode, circuits, data, databases, data structures, tables, arrays, and variables. The functions provided within the components and “parts” may be combined into a smaller number of components and “parts” or further separated into additional components and “parts.” Furthermore, the components and “parts” may be implemented to operate one or more CPUs within a device or secure multimedia card. In addition, in various embodiments of the present disclosure, the ‘~part’ may include one or more processors.

[0036] In the present disclosure, each of the phrases such as “A and / or B,” “A or B,” “at least one of A and B,” “at least one of A or B,” “A, B or C,” “at least one of A, B and C,” and “at least one of A, B, or C” may include any one of the items listed together in the corresponding phrase, or all possible combinations thereof. Terms such as “first,” “second,” or “first” or “second” may be used simply to distinguish a component from another component and do not limit the components in any other aspect (e.g., importance or order).

[0037] In the embodiments of the present disclosure, user equipment (UE) may be a terminal, a mobile station (MS), a cellular phone, a smartphone, a computer, or various electronic devices capable of performing communication functions. Additionally, a base station (BS) is a network entity that performs resource allocation to a terminal and may be a Node B, an eNB (eNode B), a gNB (gNode B), a wireless access unit, a base station controller, or a node on a network.

[0038] In addition, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to other communication systems having a technical background or channel type similar to the various embodiments of the present disclosure described below. Furthermore, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to other communication systems with some modifications made at the discretion of a person with skilled technical knowledge, without significantly departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0039] The present invention is capable of various modifications and may have various embodiments, and specific embodiments are illustrated in the drawings and described in detail. However, this is not intended to limit the invention to specific embodiments, and it should be understood that the invention includes all modifications, equivalents, and substitutions that fall within the spirit and scope of the invention.

[0040] Terms such as "first," "second," etc., may be used to describe various components, but said components should not be limited by said terms. These terms are used solely for the purpose of distinguishing one component from another. For example, without departing from the scope of the present invention, the first component may be named the second component, and similarly, the second component may be named the first component.

[0041] When it is stated that one component is “connected” or “connected” to another component, it should be understood that while it may be directly connected or connected to that other component, there may also be other components in between. On the other hand, when it is stated that one component is “directly connected” or “directly connected” to another component, it should be understood that there are no other components in between.

[0042] The terms used in this application are used merely to describe specific embodiments and are not intended to limit the invention. Singular expressions include plural expressions unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. In this application, terms such as “comprising” or “having” are intended to specify the presence of the features, numbers, steps, actions, components, parts, or combinations thereof described in the specification, and should be understood as not precluding the existence or addition of one or more other features, numbers, steps, actions, components, parts, or combinations thereof.

[0043] Unless otherwise defined, all terms used herein, including technical or scientific terms, have the same meaning as generally understood by those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains. Terms such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries should be interpreted as having a meaning consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant technology, and should not be interpreted in an ideal or overly formal sense unless explicitly defined in this application.

[0044] Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and in detail with reference to the attached drawings so that a person skilled in the art can easily practice the present invention.

[0045] Digital communication systems may use data symbols with discrete alphabets for data transmission. When using data symbols with discrete alphabets, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can have a continuous value. Even when the SNR has a continuous value, the modulation order can limit the maximum achievable transmission rate. In other words, the modulation order can limit the actual capacity of the channel. The modulation order can refer to the number of bits per unit modulation symbol. The modulation order can also refer to the modulation order of the signal transmitted by the transmitter.

[0046] Communication systems can use adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) to reduce the difference between the channel capacity theoretically derived from the signal-to-noise ratio and the actual capacity limited by the modulation order. In other words, communication systems can use AMC to reduce the difference between the continuous SNR and the capacity due to the discrete modulation order. Communication systems can use adaptive modulation and coding to respond to channel conditions that change in real time. In changing channel conditions, communication systems can use adaptive modulation and coding to adapt and / or select a transmission strategy for the signal. When channel conditions are good, communication systems can use symbols employing high-order modulation (HOM). Modulated symbols may contain modulation constellations. Modulation constellations may contain more constellation points as the modulation order of the symbol increases. If a modulated symbol contains many constellation points, each symbol may contain more bit information. When channel conditions deteriorate, the communication system may use symbols employing low-order modulation (LOM). When using low-order modulation symbols, the number of bits transmitted per symbol may be reduced. By using low-order modulation symbols, the communication system can perform stable communication. The communication system can adjust the data transmission rate by adaptively selecting the modulation order. The communication system can dynamically adjust the modulation coding scheme (MCS) according to channel conditions. The communication system can bridge the gap between theoretical and practical aspects. The theoretical aspect may refer to the aspect of continuous distributed information. The practical aspect may refer to the aspect of using discrete signals.The transmitter can change the data transmission rate by adaptively selecting the modulation order. The transmitter can dynamically adjust the MCS according to channel conditions. By dynamically adjusting the MCS according to channel conditions, modern communication systems can bridge the gap between the theoretical advantages of continuous information distribution and practical systems using discrete signals.

[0047] A communication system may use single-carrier (SC) or SC-like signals with Higher Order Modulation (HOM) symbols. When a communication system uses single-carrier (SC) or SC-like signals with Higher Order Modulation (HOM) symbols, problems may arise. SC-like signals may include Discrete Fourier transform-spread orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM). There may be a problem where the instantaneous power of the signal used as the input to the power amplifier in the transmitter varies significantly in the time domain.

[0048] In the time domain, indicators measuring the change in instantaneous power of a signal may include the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). In terms of the peak-to-average power ratio, HOM symbols can generate continuous-time (CT) signals with a large PAPR.

[0049] Power amplifiers in communication systems may not be linear devices. Power amplifiers in communication systems can amplify continuous-time signals with high PAPR. When a power amplifier in a communication system amplifies a continuous-time signal, the output signal may be distorted in the time domain and the frequency domain. When a power amplifier in a communication system amplifies a continuous-time signal, distortion of the output signal in the time domain and the frequency domain may be referred to as 'nonlinear distortion'. Nonlinear distortion can increase the bit error rate at a receiver. High PAPR can be a problem in communication systems using multiple carrier schemes (e.g., orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)). Communication systems may use single-carrier or SC-like signals instead of OFDM. When transmitting single-carrier or SC-like signals, the present disclosure may include a method for addressing the PAPR problem.

[0050] For signals with high PAPR, communication systems can control the degree of nonlinear distortion by adjusting the amount of input or output back-off of the power amplifier. Small back-off can improve the power efficiency of the power amplifier. Small back-off can cause large nonlinear distortion. Large back-off can reduce nonlinear distortion. Large back-off can waste a significant portion of available power. In other words, large back-off can occupy a substantial portion of available power. Single-carrier or SC-like signals using high-order modulation symbols may involve a trade-off between reduced power efficiency and nonlinear distortion.

[0051] The present disclosure may include a method for overcoming a trade-off. The method for overcoming a trade-off may be applied to a communication network that includes both a terrestrial network (TN) and a non-terrestrial network (NTN). For example, the communication network may include a network that includes cellular mobile communication and satellite communication where the efficiency of the power amplifier is important.

[0052] FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a parallelize-amplify-combine (PAC) transmitter according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0053] Referring to FIG. 1, the transmitter (100) can be implemented in a terminal, inside a base station, a device that transmits signals, an electronic device, or a device using a PAC method.

[0054] When a single carrier or SC-like signal uses Higher Order Modulation (HOM) symbols, methods to reduce the effects of high PAPR may include Digital Pre-Distortion (DPD) techniques or non-linear distortion compensation techniques. Digital Pre-Distortion techniques may refer to techniques implemented on the transmitter (TX) side. Non-linear distortion compensation techniques may refer to techniques used on the receiver (RX) side. Methods to reduce the effects of high PAPR may be as follows.

[0055] A single carrier signal in the complex baseband can be represented as Equation 1.

[0056]

[0057] can mean a single carrier signal. can mean a sequence of modulated symbols with modulation order m. can mean an energy-normalized transmission symbol waveform or transmission pulse. can mean the symbol rate. can mean a symbol period. can mean a constant proportional to the transmission power. can mean the transmission rate of codeword bits. can mean an integer. Signal The PAPR for can be expressed as in Equation 2.

[0058]

[0059] can mean a time interval. The signal of It can refer to the ratio of instantaneous maximum power to average power over a time interval. Signal can mean a random signal (random process). can mean a random variable or probability variable. This can be described by the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF). For example, a low PAPR can mean that the PAPR value is low at a specific CCDF value. In other words, a low PAPR can mean that the PAPR value is low at a probability value.

[0060] PAPR is It can be determined by the parameters of. The parameters of may include at least one of the probability distribution of the symbol sequence, the normalized transmission pulse, or the observation interval. The symbol sequence is It can be represented as. The normalized transmission pulse is It can be represented as. The observation interval is It can be represented as. Constant It may be unrelated to PAPR.

[0061] When applying the ergodic assumption to the symbol sequence, the denominator of Equation 2 ( ) can be expressed as a statistical average power value. The statistical average power value is It can be represented as follows. cast In cases where it is represented as, may not mean a random variable. is the length of the observation interval As α increases, it can converge to a specific constant multiple. The specific constant multiple is It can mean a specific constant multiple of .

[0062] Symbol sequence It can be probability-independent. Symbol sequence It can have the same distribution. In other words, the symbol sequence It can be defined as a modulation symbol of a statistically independent and identically distributed (iid) distribution with a mean of 0. Symbol sequence can be defined as a modulation symbol with a variance of 1 of the independent identity distribution. The PAPR in Equation 2 can be determined through the length of the observation interval and the constellation. In other words, the PAPR in [Equation 2] uses the length of the observation interval and the constellation to determine the modulation symbol The probability density function or normalized transmitted pulse It can be determined by at least one of them.

[0063] PAPR can be determined by considering SC-like signals in the complex baseband. DFT-s-OFDM can be expressed in the time domain similar to [Equation 1]. PAPR can be defined by a finite number of modulation symbols within a single OFDM symbol. The reason PAPR is defined by a finite number of modulation symbols within a single OFDM symbol may be that the OFDM signal is represented in a block transmission format separated by a cyclic prefix (CP).

[0064] In addition to PAPR, other performance indicators may be used for the transmitter. For example, instantaneous normalized power (INP), which represents the distribution of instantaneous power, can be defined similarly to [Equation 2]. Observation interval Each time within In this case, instantaneous power can represent a random variable. If one or more random variables exist within the observation interval, the maximum value operator can be removed. The transmitter can use the empirical inverse cumulative distribution function (empirical CCDF). The empirical inverse cumulative function may converge under the ergodic assumption as the observation interval increases.

[0065] The transmitter may use a cubic metric in addition to PAPR or INP. The cubic metric (CM) can be defined similarly to [Equation 2]. Symbol sequence In the case where it consists of iid modulation symbols with a mean of 0 and a variance of 1, the normalized transmitted pulse and modulation symbols The probability mass function of can be a key parameter that can be used for optimization. In other words, the sequence of symbols In the case where it consists of iid modulated symbols with a mean of 0 and a variance of 1, the normalized transmitted pulse is obtained regardless of whether an arbitrary signal model, reasonable performance measure, observation interval length, or modulation order is selected. and modulation symbols The probability mass function of can be a key parameter that can be used for optimization.

[0066] The present disclosure may propose a method to lower PAPR by optimizing a transmission pulse. Methods using various pulse shapes may be proposed as a method to lower PAPR. The present disclosure may include a method using a square-root raised cosine (SRRC) pulse in the frequency domain. The SRRC pulse is a roll-off factor It can be used for SC signals using QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying) modulation symbols. When using SRRC pulses, PAPR may not decrease monotonically even if the roll-off factor is increased. In other words, for SRRC pulses, increased excess bandwidth may not be efficient in reducing PAPR. The performance of DFT-s-OFDM signals using QPSK modulation symbols can be verified by generating frequency-domain spectrum shaping (FDSS) vectors using SRRC pulses. DFT-s-OFDM signals using QPSK modulation symbols may exhibit the same trend as SC signals. The pulse shaping approach can improve PAPR at low modulation orders. The gain obtained through the pulse shaping approach may decrease rapidly as the modulation order increases. The phenomenon of rapid decrease as the modulation order increases can be defined by the following terms.

[0067] The PAPR defined in Equation 2 can be defined as the signal PAPR. The signal PAPR can be defined to distinguish the PAPR of a continuous-time (CT) signal from the symbol PAPR of a modulation symbol. The symbol PAPR can be represented as in Equation 3.

[0068]

[0069] can refer to Symbol PAPR. Signal PAPR can refer to a random variable. Symbol PAPR can refer to the PAPR of a symbol with a finite modulation order. Symbol PAPR can be a deterministic number rather than a random variable. The denominator of Symbol PAPR can refer to average power. The denominator of Symbol PAPR can be determined by the probability distribution of each star point. In other words, the distribution of the probability P of each star point can influence the determination of the average power of Symbol PAPR. For example, When the points of a square QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) modulated symbol have a uniform probability distribution, the symbol PAPR can be expressed as in Equation 4.

[0070]

[0071] silver -ary can refer to the symbol PAPR in the case where the star points of square QAM modulation symbols have a uniform probability distribution. Equation 4 increases monotonically as the modulation order m increases, It can converge to (dB). can represent the size of a star cluster. The pair of star cluster size and symbol PAPR can be represented as follows. Modulation order and symbol PAPR can be represented as pairs.

[0072] When the points of the -ary equally spaced linear PAM modulation symbols have a uniform probability distribution, the symbol PAPR can be expressed as in Equation 5.

[0073]

[0074] Is -ary can refer to the symbol PAPR in the case where the star points of equally spaced linear PAM modulation symbols have a uniform probability distribution. In Equation 5 It increases monotonically as the modulation order m increases, It can converge to (dB). The reason the convergence value of Equation 5 and the convergence value of Equation 4 are the same is This could be because of the star cluster size. and PAM symbol PAPR in dB can be expressed in pairs. For example, star cluster size and PAM symbol PAPR The pair in dB is It can be represented as follows. The modulation order and symbol PAPR can be represented as a pair.

[0075] The signal PAPR may be lower bounded by the symbol PAPR calculated by square QAM symbols or equally spaced linear PAM symbols. The signal PAPR lower bounded by the symbol PAPR can be expressed as Equation 6.

[0076]

[0077] For example, the CCDF value through numerical analysis In the case where pulse shaping is absent in at least one of 4QAM, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM, or 1024QAM, the signal PAPR can be calculated to be approximately 7–9 dB. In other words, when using time-domain time pulses, the signal PAPR can be calculated to be approximately 7–9 dB. A signal PAPR of 7–9 dB may include values ​​that are more than 3.3 dB worse in each symbol PAPR. If the CCDF value is set smaller, the signal PAPR value can deteriorate rapidly. In other words, if the CCDF value is set smaller, the signal PAPR value can increase rapidly. A modulation order with a large value can produce a larger symbol PAPR value. The signal PAPR value can increase due to an increased symbol PAPR value. Since the signal PAPR value increases in tandem with an increasing symbol PAPR value, there may be limitations to optimizing only the transmit waveform. For signals using high-order modulation (HOM) symbols, limitations may arise. The gap between the signal PAPR and the symbol PAPR may persist even after numerical optimization of the transmit waveform. This gap can occur when intersymbol interference (ISI) is reinforced in the signal at the input of a power amplifier where pulses are used. Depending on the gap that occurs, the signal PAPR may be higher than the symbol PAPR. If a DFT-s-OFDM signal, which is an SC-like signal, uses quadrature amplitude modulation (square QAM), the DFT-s-OFDM signal may have a lower PAPR than the OFDM signal without pulse shaping. The method using the SC-like DFT-s-OFDM signal can be referred to as single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA).SC-FDMA can be used in the uplink of 4G LTE. SC-FDMA can be used in the uplink of 5G NR.

[0078] The present disclosure may include a method for optimizing the PDF of a modulation symbol. A method for optimizing the PDF of a modulation symbol may include a method of changing the probability distribution of a star cluster while shifting the phase of a square QAM or an equally spaced linear PAM. A method for optimizing the PDF of a modulation symbol may include a method of changing the probability distribution of a star cluster while equivalently rotating the star cluster. A method for optimizing the PDF of a modulation symbol may include a method in which channel coding and decoding techniques use square QAM or linear PAM. Satellite shifting or star cluster rotation may be conceived in the sense that compensation can be made at the receiver. When the star cluster rotates, The star cluster for is It can rotate while maintaining a predetermined rotation angle difference with the star cluster for. For example, in a communication system, DFT-s-OFDM is It may include BPSK (binary phase-shift keying) modulation symbols. The star cluster for is Compared to star clusters for It may include a phase difference. The signal PAPR of a DFT-s-OFDM signal transmitting BPSK modulation symbols is CCDF At approximately 5 dB, the signal PAPR of the OFDM signal can be a small value. Power-hungry IoT (Internet of Things) devices or cell-bound user equipment (UE) may contain small non-linear distortion. Power-hungry IoT devices or UEs can communicate with the base station with high power efficiency.

[0079] DFT-s-OFDM signals using QPSK modulated symbols may not achieve greater gain than when using QPSK modulated symbols. When transmitting HOM modulated symbols, there may be no gain because the increased symbol PAPR increases the signal PAPR.

[0080] The present disclosure may propose a method for combining pulse shaping and phase shifting. The signal PAPR of a DFT-s-OFDM signal using BPSK modulation symbols is 0 dB The symbol PAPR of a BPSK modulated symbol can be higher than the symbol PAPR. - Signal PAPR and 0 dB of a DFT-s-OFDM signal using BPSK modulation symbols The spacing of the symbol PAPR of BPSK modulated symbols may occur because the transmitted pulses in the absence of FDSS are highly proportional. The present disclosure may include methods for combining pulse shapes and modulated symbol rotation methods. For example, a time-domain tap weight vector CCDF can be proposed without methods such as excess sub-carriers or spectral extension (SE). at When transmitting BPSK modulated symbols, the signal PAPR may be reduced to 2 dB or less. The present disclosure may include FDSS vectors using spectrum expansion. For example, Continuous-phase modulation for DFT-s-OFDM using BPSK modulation symbols can be proposed. The FDSS vector may include a minimum shift keying (MSK)-like pulse using spectral expansion. The FDSS vector can achieve a PAPR of 0 dB or close to 0 dB. The MSK-like FDSS pulse form is It is possible to achieve the minimum signal PAPR in PAM modulated symbols. The minimum signal PAPR value can be expressed as Equation 7.

[0081]

[0082] The condition for the equality to hold in Equation 7 may be the use of an MSK pulse. The MSK pulse When used with PAM modulation symbols, The symbol PAPR of PAM modulated symbols may not increase the signal PAPR. Cluster size and symbol PAPR A pair of in dB can be represented as follows. .

[0083] MSK-like FDSS pulses can achieve the minimum signal PAPR in square QAM modulated symbols. The minimum signal PAPR value can be expressed as in Equation 8.

[0084]

[0085] The condition for the equality to hold in Equation 8 may be the use of MSK pulses. MSK pulses can represent the signal PAPR by adding 3 dB to the square QAM symbol PAPR. Star cluster size and twice the symbol PAPR A pair of in dB can be represented as follows. .

[0086] If FDSS is not used, The signal PAPR of a DFT-s-OFDM signal using -ary square QAM modulation symbols is CCDF It can contain 7-8 dB. If FDSS is not used, -ary The signal PAPR of a DFT-s-OFDM signal using square QAM modulation symbols is when FDSS is not used, The signal PAPR of a DFT-s-OFDM signal using square QAM modulated symbols can differ by more than 3.3 dB from the symbol PAPR. Pulse shaping may be necessary to reduce the dB difference between the symbol PAPR and the signal PAPR. Even when using an MSK-like FDSS vector for a DFT-s-OFDM signal, the gain obtained may decrease as the modulation order increases compared to the case where the FDSS vector is not used. The reason the gain decreases as the modulation order increases may be that the signal PAPR asymptotically converges to a value 3 dB higher than the symbol PAPR. In the absence of FDSS, the signal PAPR can differ from the symbol PAPR by approximately 3.3 dB. The signal PAPR of a DFT-s-OFDM signal using -ary PAM symbols is It can be similar to the signal PAPR of a DFT-s-OFDM signal using -ary square QAM modulation symbols. In other words, The signal PAPR of a DFT-s-OFDM signal using -ary PAM symbols may decrease as the modulation order increases, compared to the signal PAPR gain obtained through pulse shaping.

[0087] The signal PAPR value of the optimal asymptotic signal obtained by transmitting an SC signal or a DFT-s-OFDM signal using an MSK pulse can be calculated to be 7.78 dB. The signal PAPR value of the optimal asymptotic signal obtained by transmitting an SC signal or a DFT-s-OFDM signal using an MSK pulse can be a high value. If the signal PAPR value is high, using the optimal pulse -ary QAM symbols instead of the same modulation order If symbols are transmitted, the signal PAPR can be reduced to 3 dB. The method of combining symbols and optimal pulses can asymptotically result in gains for PAPR. Equally spaced linear PAM clusters have smaller minimum distances between cluster points compared to square QAM clusters of the same modulation order, which can lead to larger differences in bit error rates. For example, in a multiplicative white Gaussian noise channel, PAM symbols of the same size as HOM symbols containing 64QAM may require a signal-to-noise ratio of more than 10 dB at the same bit error rate.

[0088] If the signal PAPR of an SC signal or SC-like signal transmitting a HOM symbol is the minimum signal PAPR, the minimum signal PAPR may still be a high value. A high signal PAPR can force a trade-off of power inefficiency and non-linear distortion from the perspective of the power amplifier. In other words, according to Equations 7 and 8, a low signal PAPR cannot be achieved. If the location of the star cluster is optimized for shaping, the signal PAPR can be lowered. The method of optimizing the location of the star cluster may use an irregular-shaped cluster. If an irregular-shaped cluster is used, the power amplifier may not be usable with the channel coding decoder. If an irregular-shaped cluster is used, the gain for the signal PAPR may not be large.

[0089] The present disclosure -ary equally spaced linear PAM symbols and - It may be applied to PAM symbols. The present disclosure may be applied to square QAM symbols of a low modulation order. Square QAM symbols may include natural binary coding (NBC) representations for the real and imaginary parts. In other words, square QAM symbols may be represented by natural binary coding (NBC) representations for the real and imaginary parts. NBC representations may not be used for transmission signals using non-square QAM symbols or amplitude-phase shift keying (APSK) modulation symbols introduced by the DVB-S (digital video broadcasting - satellite) series. NBC representations may be applied when representing the sum of transmission signals. The sum of transmission signals may mean the sum of signals in which the modulation symbols have high effective power efficiency.

[0090] The present disclosure may be applied when transmitting an SC signal or an SC-like signal using HOM symbols. In other words, the present disclosure may be applied to an SC signal or an SC-like signal. The present disclosure may not be limited to QAM symbols. The present disclosure may improve the efficiency of a power amplifier. The present disclosure may minimize non-linear distortion by reducing the signal PAPR at the input of the power amplifier.

[0091] The present disclosure may include a method for transmitting a signal and a transmitter. Given a sequence of data symbols, the sequence of data symbols may be converted into a continuous-time signal by applying a shaping pulse. The continuous-time signal may be up-converted into a real passband signal. The continuous-time signal may be amplified by a power amplifier. The amplified continuous-time signal may be transmitted to an antenna, etc., which converts into an electromagnetic wave. The antenna, etc., may radiate and / or transmit the amplified continuous-time signal.

[0092] The transmitter can convert a data symbol sequence into an equivalent vector symbol sequence. The transmitter can convert it into continuous-time signals by applying the same shaping pulse to each element sequence. The transmitter can up-convert the converted continuous-time signals. The transmitter can amplify at least one continuous-time signal using power amplifiers. The transmitter can transmit at least one amplified signal to an electromagnetic derivative-generating coupler. The transmitter can perform a parallelization process on the signal. The transmitter can obtain multiple bandpass signals through the parallelization process. If the bandpass signal is not subjected to the parallelization process, it may decompose into a signal having a low signal-to-PAPR. The transmitter can ensure that the electromagnetic waves radiated by the electromagnetic derivative-generating coupler are indistinguishable from electromagnetic waves radiated using unparallelized signals at a distance or at a receiver. The power-amplified signals can be combined through an RF coupler. The combined signal can be transmitted through at least one antenna. The power-amplified signals can each be converted into electromagnetic waves. The power-amplified signals can be combined in a waveguide. Power-amplified signals can be combined in the air while being transmitted.

[0093] Referring again to FIG. 1, the transmitter (100) may include at least one of a parallelization unit (110), an amplification unit (130), or an electromagnetic wave generating combination unit (150). The transmitter may perform at least one step among a parallelization step that converts a sequence of symbols, an amplification step that amplifies elements of the sequence of symbols, or an electromagnetic wave generating combination (EM-wave generating) step that generates electromagnetic waves using the sequence of symbols. Since the parallelization step, the amplification step, and the electromagnetic wave generating combination (EM-wave generating) step are performed, this may be referred to as a parallelize-amplify-combine (PAC) method. In the PAC method, multiple amplifiers may be used in the amplification step. When multiple amplifiers are used, the input signal of each power amplifier may have a low signal PAPR. When multiple amplifiers are used, each power amplifier may have high power efficiency. When using multiple amplifiers, each power amplifier can operate at low nonlinear distortion.

[0094] The parallelization unit (110) is a symbol sequence It can receive from an external electronic device. In other words, the parallelization unit (110) of the transmitter (100) can receive a symbol sequence from an external electronic device. The parallelization unit (110) can perform a parallelization step of converting the symbol sequence into a symbol sequence equivalent to the symbol sequence using the symbol sequence. The parallelization unit (110) performing the parallelization step is one -ary QAM symbol sequences can be converted into at least two equivalent symbol sequences. The parallelization unit (110) can generate a bandpass vector signal using the symbol sequences. The bandpass vector signal (real bandpass vector-valued signal) is It can be represented as follows. The parallelization unit (110) can enable the symbol sequence to have a low signal PAPR through a parallelization step. In other words, the parallelization unit can generate a bandpass vector signal with a low signal PAPR through a parallelization step. The symbol sequence of the parallelization unit (110) may include a symbol sequence of a single carrier transmitter. The symbol sequence of the parallelization unit (110) may include a symbol sequence transmitted from at least one antenna included in a multi-antenna transmitter. The symbol sequence of the parallelization unit (110) may include a symbol sequence transmitted in a Discrete Fourier Transform Spread Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (DFT-spread OFDM) manner.

[0095] The parallelization unit (110) can enable multiple power amplifiers to achieve high power efficiency for the transmitter during the amplification stage. The parallelization unit (110) can transmit a bandpass vector signal to the amplification unit (130).

[0096] The amplifier (130) can increase the power efficiency of the transmitter by amplifying the bandpass vector signal. A performance measure for comparing the power efficiency of a single power amplifier with the power efficiency of multiple power amplifiers can be expressed as Equation 9.

[0097]

[0098] (Effective Power Efficiency) can refer to a performance metric. This performance metric may be expressed by quantifying EPE. When applied to a single amplifier, Equation 9 can be used to simplify the power efficiency of the single amplifier. For power amplifiers to which the envelope tracking (ET) method is not applied, a fixed supply voltage The difference in envelope voltage between the signal and the signal can be released as heat. can mean the output power (transmitted power) of the power amplifier for the i-th. can mean the dissipated power of the i-th power amplifier. can mean the power consumption of the i-th power amplifier. Is It can be represented as follows. can mean total transmitted power. can refer to total consumed power. Effective power efficiency can be defined as the ratio of total output power to total consumed power.

[0099] Inevitable trade-offs can be overcome through envelope tracing methods. In other words, these trade-offs can be overcome by applying envelope tracing methods to one or more RF (radio frequency) paths to upconvert baseband I / Q signals (in-phase and quadrature signals). Inevitable trade-offs can be overcome by amplifying the baseband I / Q signals. The first RF path may consist of a path including an upconverter and an amplifier. In the first path, the supply voltage of the power amplifier may not be fixed. In the first path, the supply voltage of the power amplifier may be controlled by the output of the second path. The amplifier may refer to the amplification section. The upconverter may refer to the upconversion section.

[0100] The second path may include at least one of an envelope detector, an envelope shaping filter, or an envelope tracking power supply (ETPS). If the envelope is tracked in the second path, if the ETPS output is synchronized with the PA input, and if the ETPS has low power waste, the envelope tracking power supply can improve the power efficiency of the power amplifier. As the demand for increasing bit rates in communication systems is increasing, the envelope tracking method may need to be modified. The bandwidth of the envelope signal may be twice the existing signal bandwidth. If the bandwidth of the envelope signal is high, envelope tracking may be difficult. If the bandwidth of the envelope signal is high, synchronization may be difficult. If the bandwidth of the envelope signal is high, the effectiveness of the envelope tracking method may be reduced. The envelope tracking method may include RF paths of different structures.

[0101] In the PAC method of the present disclosure, parallel paths may have the same structure. In the PAC method, the i-th path may include a path comprising at least one of a pulse shaping filter, an up-switch, or a power amplifier. The pulse shaping filters may include the same shaping filter. The up-switches may include the same I / Q carrier signal. In other words, the up-switches may input and / or output the same I / Q carrier signal. The PAC method may have uniformity. In other words, the PAC method may use the same shaping filter or the same carrier. The PAC method may perform synchronization between pulse shaping digital-to-analog converters (DACs) between paths based on uniformity. The PAC method may include a synchronization step between up-switches based on uniformity. For a digital RF TX system with multiple channels including at least one channel, the PAC method may be applicable because synchronization between paths is performed within the chip. For communication systems requiring wide bandwidth, the envelope tracking method may be difficult to track and / or synchronize. For communication systems requiring wide bandwidth, the PAC method may be more useful than the envelope tracing method. The PAC method may not be mutually exclusive with the ET method. The PAC method can be used in conjunction with the ET method. The PAC method can convert a single QAM symbol sequence into a vector symbol sequence with a low symbol PAPR. The PAC method can pulse-shape each element sequence of the vector symbol sequence. The PAC method can generate an up-converted signal from the pulse-shaped vector symbol sequence. The envelope of the up-converted signal may be easy to trace. The PAC method can be combined with the ET method. When used in combination with the ET method, the PAC method can increase effective power efficiency.

[0102] The PAC method can enable power amplifiers to have high power efficiency. The PAC method can enable transmitted signals to have excellent linearity. Symbol PAPR and / or signal PAPR may have a mathematical lower limit. The mathematical lower limit of symbol PAPR and / or signal PAPR may be the lower limit that occurs when data symbols are not parallelized. Performance by the PAC method can be improved independently of the ET method. Performance by the PAC method may include high efficiency when combined with the ET method. The present disclosure can quantify the degree of power efficiency improvement. Assuming the same transmit power, improved power efficiency may mean power saved. Assuming the same power consumption, improved power efficiency may mean at least one of increased receive power, increased range, or increased coverage.

[0103] Referring again to FIG. 1, the amplifier (130) can receive a bandpass vector signal which is the output of the parallelization unit (110). The amplifier (130) can use the bandpass vector signal to generate a power-amplified bandpass vector signal (amplified vector-valued signal) with a common gain. The power-amplified bandpass vector signal is It can be represented as follows. The amplifier (130) can transmit the bandpass vector signal to the electromagnetic wave generating coupling unit (150).

[0104] The electromagnetic wave generation coupling unit (150) can receive the amplified bandpass vector signal, which is the output of the amplifier (130). The electromagnetic wave generation coupling unit (150) can generate an output signal transmitted to another electronic device using the amplified bandpass vector signal. The output signal output by the electromagnetic wave generation coupling unit (150) may mean that the sum of each element (element or entry of a vector) of the amplified bandpass vector signal has been converted into an electromagnetic wave. The output signal output by the electromagnetic wave generation coupling unit (150) It can be represented as follows. can mean an electromagnetic wave (radiated EM wave) radiated by the electromagnetic wave generating coupling part (150).

[0105] FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a parallelizer according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0106] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the parallelization unit (110) may include at least one of a decomposer (111), a pulse-shaper bank (113), and an up-converter bank (115).

[0107] The disassembly section (111) is a symbol sequence It can receive from an external electronic device. The disassembly unit (111) is a symbol sequence symbol vector sequence using It can generate. In other words, the disassembly part (111) Using It can generate. can mean a vector that is the nth term of a sequence of symbols. is the number of elements (or entries of a vector) It can mean an in vector. can mean a natural number greater than or equal to 2. The n-th term of the symbol column It can be expressed as in mathematical formula 10.

[0108]

[0109] can mean an all-one vector. The number of elements is It may include. can mean the transposition of a matrix. The sum of all elements of is It may mean that. The disassembly part (111) of the PAC type transmitter (100) is second When decomposing into each element, symbol sequence It may not be decomposed. The decomposition unit (111) can decompose the bandpass signal obtained through pulse shaping, up-conversion, amplification, and transmission to have a higher effective power efficiency (EPE) through the amplification and transmission of the bandpass vector signal generated as the output of the up-conversion unit (115). The bandpass vector signal generated as the output of the up-conversion unit (115) is It can be represented as follows. The decomposition unit (111) can decompose the symbol sequence and transmit the generated symbol vector sequence to the pulse shaping unit (113).

[0110] The pulse shaping unit (113) is a sequence of symbol vectors output by the decomposition unit (111). It can receive. The pulse shaping unit (113) uses a symbol vector sequence It can generate. This may mean a pulse-shaped continuous-time vector-valued signal. In other words, the pulse-shaping unit (113) can generate a continuous-time vector-valued signal. It can contain the same number of elements as a symbol vector. The elements of may include a synchronized common forming pulse. The elements of may include a synchronized common symbol period. Output vector signal It can be expressed as in mathematical formula 11.

[0111]

[0112] It may include a common transmission symbol waveform. It can contain unit energy as a transmitted shaping pulse. In other words, can mean a forming pulse. Is It can mean a constant proportional to the power. can mean a common symbol transmission rate. can mean a symbol period. The pulse shaping section (113) is vector sequence according to the i-th element The nth element sequence can be converted into a combustion-time single carrier signal. The pulse shaping unit (113) It may include a bank of pulse shapers configured using a pulse shaper. Is It may include shaping pulses It can include various shaping pulses. Shaping pulse If is an MSK shaping pulse, the shaping pulse It can be expressed in the time domain as shown in Equation 12.

[0113]

[0114] forming pulse If is an MSK shaping pulse, the shaping pulse It can be expressed in the frequency domain as shown in Equation 13.

[0115]

[0116] A practical MSK shaped pulse can be used by approximating an ideal MSK shaped pulse in the time domain or frequency domain within 5% of the error energy. The pulse shaping unit (113) can transmit a continuous-time vector signal to the upconversion unit (115).

[0117] The upconversion unit (115) can receive a pulse-shaped continuous-time vector signal, which is the output of the pulse-shaping unit (113). The upconversion unit (115) uses the pulse-shaped continuous-time vector signal to obtain a bandpass vector signal ( It can generate ). In other words, the upconversion unit (115) can upconvert a continuous-time vector signal to generate a bandpass vector signal. The upconversion unit (115) can transmit the generated bandpass vector signal to the amplifier. The bandpass vector signal is It can be represented as follows. Vector signal is a vector signal It may include the number of elements such as. The elements of can have a common carrier wave with synchronized frequency and phase. The up-converted bandpass vector signal can be represented as in Equation 14.

[0118]

[0119] Is Each element can include a bandpass signal that has been up-converted. can mean an operator that selects the real part. is Napier's constant or Euler's number It can mean an exponential function with base . j is It can mean. can mean the frequency of a common carrier wave. can mean the phase of a common carrier wave.

[0120] Referring again to FIG. 2, the parallelization unit (110) is a pulse-shaped vector signal Each element of can be generated as a single carrier signal. The parallelization unit (110) may use a DFT-s-OFDM modulation scheme that performs pulse shaping. The parallelization unit (110) may generate a single carrier-like (SC-like) signal using a DFT-s-OFDM modulation scheme. The DFT-s-OFDM modulator may perform pulse or frequency-domain spectrum shaping (FDSS) in the frequency domain.

[0121] FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an amplifier bank according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0122] Referring to FIGS. 1 and FIGS. 3, the amplifier (130) of the transmitter (100) may include at least one amplifier. The transmitter may refer to a transmitter that performs a PAC method. The amplifier (130) of the transmitter (100) is a bandpass vector signal Each element of can be amplified by a power amplifier (PA). The amplifier (130) can receive the bandpass vector signal transmitted by the parallelization unit (110). In other words, the amplifier receives each element of the bandpass vector signal transmitted by the parallelization unit (110). ) can receive. Is Each element of can be represented. The amplification unit (130) may include at least one amplifier (PA1, PA2...PAk). Each amplifier can receive each bandpass vector signal transmitted by the parallelization unit (110). For example, amplifier PA1 receives the bandpass vector signal It can be received from the parallelization unit (110). Each amplifier can generate elements of each amplified bandpass vector signal through each bandpass vector signal. The elements of the amplified bandpass vector signal It can be represented as follows. The amplified bandpass vector signal consists of the elements of the amplified bandpass vector signal ( It may include ). The amplification unit (130) receives the bandpass vector signal amplified through the power amplifier. It can generate. In other words, the amplifier (130) can generate each element of the amplified bandpass vector signal using each element of the bandpass vector signal. The amplifier (130) generates the amplified bandpass vector signal using each element of the amplified bandpass vector signal. It can generate. The power amplifier can amplify each element of the bandpass vector signal to have a common amplification gain. The amplifier (130) may include at least one power amplifier bank (PA bank). Vector signal of The nth element is a vector of The nth element can be defined as a signal that has been power-amplified. When the amplifier (130) uses linear amplifiers, It can output a signal with power amplified by a common gain for each element of vector signal It can be expressed as in mathematical formula 15.

[0123]

[0124] can mean a common amplification ratio. When the amplification section (130) uses non-linear amplifiers, A signal can be generated by non-linearly power amplifying each element of the signal with a common gain. The amplifier (130) may include an amplifier to which an envelope tracking (ET) method is applied to the power amplifier amplifying each element. The amplifier (130) may use a digital pre-distorter (DPD). The amplifier (130) may include a non-linear amplifier. The amplifier (130) may amplify each element of the signal using a non-linear amplifier.

[0125] FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing an electromagnetic wave generating coupling unit (EM (electromagnetic wave, EM) Wave Generating Combiner) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0126] Referring to FIGS. 1 and FIGS. 4, the electromagnetic wave generating coupling unit (150) is an amplified vector signal It can receive from the amplification unit (130). The electromagnetic wave generation coupling unit (150) can receive each element of the amplified vector signal from the amplification unit (130). The electromagnetic wave generation coupling unit (150) The sum of each element for can be converted. The electromagnetic wave generation coupling part (150) Electromagnetic waves can be generated by converting the sum of each element for. In other words, the electromagnetic wave generation coupling unit (150) Each element regarding can be combined. The electromagnetic wave generation coupling part (150) is combined Each element of can be generated as an electromagnetic wave. The electromagnetic wave generation coupling unit (150) can radiate an electromagnetic wave (radiated EM wave) through an antenna. The electromagnetic wave is It can be represented as follows. The electromagnetic wave generation coupling unit (150) is each element of the uncoupled amplified vector signal. It can be converted into electromagnetic waves. The electromagnetic wave generation coupling unit (150) is each element of the amplified vector signal converted into electromagnetic waves. It can be radiated over-the-air (OTA) so that it can be combined in the air. The electromagnetic waves measured in the far-field or at a receiver can be expressed as Equation 16.

[0127]

[0128] can mean the position vector of the measurement point relative to the transmitter. can mean the distance from the transmitter. Is It can refer to the value of the effective antenna gain compensated for by distance-dependent loss. can mean the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves. The location and vision It can refer to electromagnetic waves measured in. can mean a vector field. can mean a scalar field. Depending on the measuring instrument, it can refer to the strength of the electric field in a specific direction. can refer to the strength of the magnetic field in a specific direction. It may not follow Equation 16 in the near-field.

[0129] When linear amplifiers are used in the amplification section (1530), the electromagnetic wave generating coupling section (150) It can generate. It can be generated as in mathematical formula 17.

[0130]

[0131] When comparing mathematical formula 1 and mathematical formula 17, the output of the electromagnetic wave generating coupling unit (150) can be directly proportional when comparing the case where a linearly amplified signal is transmitted as an electromagnetic wave and the case where it is measured at a long distance.

[0132] The electromagnetic wave generation coupling part (150) is Each element of can be combined to have a common gain. The electromagnetic wave generating coupling unit (150) can transmit the combined signal to the antenna. The electromagnetic wave generating coupling unit (150) can transmit the combined signal through a component that functions to convert an electrical signal into an electromagnetic wave, such as an antenna.

[0133] FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a decomposer according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0134] Referring to FIGS. 2 and FIGS. 5, the disassembly unit (500) may be identical or substantially identical to the disassembly unit (111) included in the parallelization unit (110).

[0135] Referring to FIG. 5, the decomposition unit (500) may use a high-power RF combiner with low insertion loss for linear combination of signals. The decomposition unit (500) may use a structure used in the payload of a communication satellite. In other words, the decomposition unit (500) Each element of can be transmitted to the output multiplexer (OMUX). The output multiplexer combines with the common feed to the antenna. It may include a structure that radiates each element of. The electromagnetic wave generation coupling unit (150) can convert the signal into an electromagnetic wave to have a common modulation or gain. The electromagnetic wave generation coupling unit (150) can combine each electromagnetic wave with a coupler and radiate it. The coupler may use waveguide technology. The electromagnetic wave generation coupling unit (150) is a vector signal Each element of from a distance It can be converted into electromagnetic waves to have gain. The electromagnetic wave generation coupling unit (150) can enable each electromagnetic wave to be combined over-the-air (OTA) combining.

[0136] The electromagnetic wave generating coupling member (150) can be implemented in various structures that can obtain gains in power efficiency. The structure of the electromagnetic wave generating coupling member (150) may not be limited.

[0137] The decomposition unit (500) may include at least one of a natural binary code-based extraction unit (510), a pi / 2-convolution unit (530), or an equivalent vector generation unit (550). The decomposition unit (500) is a QAM symbol sequence When the modulation order is even, it may include at least one of a natural binary code-based extraction unit (510), a pi / 2-convolution unit (530), or an equivalent vector generation unit (550). When the modulation order is even A square QAM symbol sequence can mean cases such as 4QAM, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM, or 1024QAM.

[0138] The natural binary code-based extraction unit (510) is a QAM symbol sequence It can be received from another electronic device. In other words, the natural binary code-based extraction unit (510) is a symbol sequence It can be received from another electronic device. The natural binary code-based extraction unit (510) uses the received QAM symbol sequence to obtain a PAM symbol sequence. , or QAM symbol vector sequence At least one of the following can be generated. The natural binary code-based extraction unit (510) uses the received QAM symbol sequence to generate a PAM symbol sequence. , or QAM symbol vector sequence Can output at least one of the following. PAM symbol vector sequence of The nth term is It can be represented as. PAM symbol vector sequence of The nth term is It can be represented as. silver or It may include at least one of the following. class The urea solution It could be. It can contain natural numbers greater than or equal to 1. QAM vector sequence of The nth term is It can be represented as follows. The urea solution It could be. It can contain integers greater than or equal to 0. If is 0, It can be 0. and It can be expressed as in mathematical formula 18.

[0139]

[0140] In the disassembly section (500) is the output vector sequence for It can mean the number of elements in the nth term. It can be expressed as follows. . Regarding, PAM symbol vector of nth element and PAM symbol vector of The modulation order for the nth element It can be the same as. It can be expressed as follows. . QAM symbol vector of The modulation order of the i-th element is It can be expressed as follows. Modulation order , and It can be expressed as in mathematical formula 19.

[0141]

[0142] can mean the number of bits. In other words, The number of bits It can be represented as. Is It can mean the number of bits. Is It can mean the number of bits. If is 0, can be defined as 0. Is The number of bits and It can be equal to the sum of the number of bits.

[0143] The natural binary code-based extraction unit (510) can generate a PAM symbol vector and a QMA symbol vector. The PAM symbol vector is or It may include at least one of the following. The natural binary code-based extraction unit (510) or PAM symbol vectors and / or QAM symbol vectors can be generated using at least one of the following. Is The real part of may be expressed in natural binary code (NBC). Is The real part of can be expressed in natural binary code. is to use the symbol sequence in the pi / 2-convolution part (530). About It can mean a value with a phase change applied by a negative multiple of . is a QAM symbol sequence of It can mean the nth term. can mean a pi / 2-phase displacement sequence. , , and The relationship can be expressed as in mathematical equation 20.

[0144]

[0145] , , and The relationship can be expressed as in mathematical equation 21.

[0146]

[0147] can refer to a scaling constant. The scaling constant may be a necessary constant when assuming that the mean and variance of the square QAM symbol are 0 and 1, respectively. The scaling constant is class set If assumed to be an element of, it may be a necessary constant. class Each can represent a binary symbol.

[0148] Pi / 2 phase displacement sequence It can be expressed as in mathematical formula 22.

[0149]

[0150] is a symbol It can represent a sequence by rotating it by pi / 2. Is You can use . Is You can use . 0 can be used. can use other constants.

[0151] pi / 2-phase displacement sequence silver symbol It can be obtained by rotating it by ± pi / 2 relative to the previous symbol. The method of rotating the symbol by pi / 2 may refer to the method used when transmitting pi / 2-BPSK symbols via DFT-s-OFDM. Pi / 2 phase shift sequence It can be expressed as in mathematical formula 23.

[0152]

[0153] Is You can use . Is You can use . 0 can be used. can use other constants.

[0154] The natural binary code-based extraction unit (510) extracts the natural binary code representation ( It can be grouped into one or more consecutive groups of bits. The natural binary code representation is and It may include. The natural binary code-based extraction unit (510) grouping the natural binary code representation into bit groups can be represented as in Equation 24 or Equation 25.

[0155]

[0156]

[0157] can mean a set of indices. Is It may include. is 0 or more It may include one or more consecutive integers below. and The intersection of can mean the empty set. All The union of is from 0 It can be equal to the set of integers up to. The number of elements It can mean.

[0158] The natural binary code-based extraction unit (510) uses a set of PAM symbol vector indices. and It can represent. is of the PAM symbol vector It can mean the nth element. It can be equal to mathematical formula 26.

[0159]

[0160] is of the PAM symbol vector It can mean the nth element. It can be equal to mathematical formula 27.

[0161]

[0162] is a QAM symbol vector of It can mean the nth element. is an index set Using this, an expression like mathematical formula 28 can be represented.

[0163]

[0164] Referring again to FIG. 5, the pi / 2-convolutional section (530) is a pi / 2-phase displacement sequence It can receive from the natural binary code-based extraction unit (510). In other words, the pi / 2-convolution unit (530) or It can be received from the natural binary code-based extraction unit (510). The pi / 2-convolution unit (530) is a pi / 2-phase displacement sequence Receive and , and It can generate. In other words, the pi / 2-convolution part (530) by receiving and It can generate pi / 2-convolution part (530) by receiving It can generate. Is or It may include at least one of the following. and , and is of each output vector It can mean the nth term.

[0165] The equivalent vector generation unit (550) is or At least one of them can be received from the pi / 2-convolution unit (530). The equivalent vector generation unit (550) or Using at least one of It can generate. Is or It may include at least one of the following.

[0166] FIG. 6a is a conceptual diagram showing a natural binary code-based extractor according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0167] FIG. 6b is a conceptual diagram showing a natural binary code-based extraction unit according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0168] Referring to FIGS. 6a and 6b, the natural binary code-based extraction unit (510) is 16QAM symbol class It can be received from another electronic device. The natural binary code-based extraction unit (510) can use [Equation 18]—[Equation 28]. In this case, the natural binary code-based extraction unit (510) class A natural binary code representation can be applied to the star cluster. The natural binary code-based extraction unit (510) BPSK symbols extracted from the star cluster and , QPSK symbol The star cluster can be extracted. The natural binary code-based extraction unit (510) BPSK symbols extracted from the star cluster and , QPSK symbol The star cluster can be extracted. In other words, the natural binary code-based extraction unit (510) is a PAM symbol vector sequence , PAM symbol vector sequence or QAM symbol vector sequence You can generate at least one of them.

[0169] The pi / 2-convolution unit (530) can receive a vector sequence generated by the natural binary code-based extraction unit (510) from the natural binary code-based extraction unit (510). The pi / 2-convolution unit (530) pi / 2-convolutions to obtain a pi / 2-PAM symbol vector sequence , or QAM symbol vector sequence You can generate at least one of them.

[0170] 16QAM's Is It may include. can mean each bit. For example, can mean the 4th bit (1000).

[0171] At BPSK It can have a value of 0 or 1. In BPSK If is 0, in 16QAM It can include the star point to the right of the Im axis. In other words, in BPSK If is 0, in 16QAM is the Re value It could be. At BPSK When ga has a value of 1, in 16QAM It can include the star point to the left of the Im axis. In other words, in BPSK When ga has a value of 1, in 16QAM is the Re value It could be.

[0172] At BPSK It can have a value of 0 or 1. In BPSK If is 0, in 16QAM is the Re value It could be. At BPSK When ga has a value of 1, in 16QAM is the Re value It could be.

[0173] At BPSK It can have a value of 0 or 1. In BPSK If is 0, in 16QAM It can include the upper segment relative to the Re axis. In other words, in BPSK If is 0, in 16QAM is the Im value It could be. At BPSK When ga has a value of 1, in 16QAM It can include a star point on the lower side relative to the Re axis. In other words, in BPSK When ga has a value of 1, in 16QAM is the Im value It could be.

[0174] At BPSK It can have a value of 0 or 1. In BPSK If is 0, in 16QAM is the Im value It could be. At BPSK When ga has a value of 1, in 16QAM is the Im value It could be.

[0175] QPSK is or It may include. In QPSK can mean the 2nd bit value (10) in the bit. In QPSK can mean the 1st bit value (01) in bits.

[0176] 16QAM's Is It may include. can mean each bit. For example, can mean the 4th bit (1000).

[0177] At BPSK It can have a value of 0 or 1. In BPSK If is 0, in 16QAM It can include the upper star point based on the Re axis. In other words, in BPSK If is 0, in 16QAM is the Im value It could be. At BPSK When ga has a value of 1, in 16QAM It can include a star point on the lower side relative to the Re axis. In other words, in BPSK When ga has a value of 1, in 16QAM is the Im value It could be.

[0178] At BPSK It can have a value of 0 or 1. In BPSK If is 0, in 16QAM is the Im value It could be. At BPSK When ga has a value of 1, in 16QAM is the Im value It could be.

[0179] At BPSK It can have a value of 0 or 1. In BPSK If is 0, in 16QAM It can include the star point to the left of the Im axis. In other words, in BPSK If is 0, in 16QAM is the Re value It could be. At BPSK When ga has a value of 1, in 16QAM It can include the star point to the right of the Im axis. In other words, in BPSK When ga has a value of 1, in 16QAM is the Re value It could be.

[0180] At BPSK It can have a value of 0 or 1. In BPSK If is 0, in 16QAM is the Re value It could be. At BPSK When ga has a value of 1, in 16QAM is the Re value It could be.

[0181] QPSK is or It may include. In QPSK can mean the 2nd bit value (10) in the bit. In QPSK can mean the 1st bit value (01) in bits.

[0182] FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a pi / 2-interweaver bank according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0183] Referring to FIG. 7, the pi / 2-woven part (530) is , or At least one of them can be received from the natural binary code-based extraction unit (510). The pi / 2-convolution unit (530) , or A specific value can be multiplied to at least one of them. The specific value is or It may include. The first specific value is It may include. The second specific value is It may include pi / 2-woven part (530). , or For at least one of them, a first specific value can be multiplied. pi / 2-convolution part (530) is , or Using and , and It can generate. In other words, the pi / 2-convolution part (530) Using It can generate pi / 2-convolution part (530) Using It can generate pi / 2-convolution part (530) Using It can generate. The pi / 2-convolutional part (530) is a pi / 2-phase displacement sequence Receive and , and It can generate. and , and is of each output vector It can mean the i-th term. The output vector is , or It can mean. For example, output vector of The nth term is It can mean. The output vectors are , , or It can represent at least one of them. It can be expressed as in mathematical formula 29.

[0184]

[0185] It can be expressed as in mathematical formula 30.

[0186]

[0187] It can be expressed as in mathematical formula 31.

[0188]

[0189] Referring again to FIG. 5, the equivalent vector generator (550) can receive the output of the pi / 2-convolution unit (530) from the pi / 2-convolution unit (530). In other words, the equivalent vector generator (550) receives the pi / 2-PAM symbol vector sequence , pi / 2-PAM symbol vector sequence or QAM symbol vector sequence At least one of them can be received from the pi / 2-convolution unit (530). The equivalent vector generation unit (550) receives the equivalent vector signal of The nth term It can generate. The registration vector signal is the input of the natural binary code-based extraction unit (510). It can mean a vector that holds an equivalence relationship with. The equivalence vector generator can be as follows.

[0190] FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing an equivalent vector generator according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0191] Referring to FIG. 8, the equivalent vector generation unit and , and It can receive from the pi / 2-convolution unit (530). The equivalent vector generation unit and , and Using It can generate. of the output of the equivalent vector generator. The nth term can determine. of the output The nth term Determining can be expressed as in mathematical formula 32.

[0192]

[0193] If [Mathematical Formula 18] to [Mathematical Formula 32] are used, the input of the decomposition unit (500) and output of The nth term class It can be confirmed that it is an equivalence relationship satisfying [Equation 10].

[0194] FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing a disassembled section according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0195] Referring to FIG. 9, the decomposition unit (900) of the PAC type transmitter (100) may include at least one of a BPSK pair extraction unit (910), a pi / 2-BPSK pair convolution unit (930), or an equivalent vector generation unit (950). In other words, a QAM symbol sequence With this modulation order being an even number greater than or equal to 2 In the case of a square QAM symbol sequence, the output of the decomposition unit of The nth term urea solution In the case where 3, the decomposition unit (900) of the PAC type transmitter (100) may include at least one of a BPSK pair extraction unit (910), a pi / 2-BPSK pair convolution unit (930), or an equivalent vector generation unit (950).

[0196] The BPSK pair extraction unit (910) is It can receive from another electronic device. The BPSK pair extraction unit (910) BPSK symbol sequence using the real and imaginary parts class It can generate. is a pi / 2-phase displacement sequence It can mean a value with a phase shift applied by a negative multiple of . pi / 2 - phase shift sequence silver Regarding this, it may mean a value generated for use in the pi / 2-BPSK paired convolution part (930). is the QAM symbol sequence of It can mean the nth term.

[0197] BPSK symbol sequence of The nth term and the above BPSK symbol sequence of The nth term The urea solution can be 1. , , or The relationship can be as shown in mathematical formula 33.

[0198]

[0199] , , or The relationship can be as follows. The natural binary code representation of can be determined without using it directly. It can be expressed as in mathematical formula 34.

[0200]

[0201] can mean a scaling constant. is a square QAM symbol It can mean the scaling constant required when assuming the average of is 0. is a square QAM symbol It can mean the scaling constant required when assuming the variance of is 1. can mean a phase displacement sequence used in the pi / 2-BPSK biconvolution section (930). It can mean a sign function that outputs 1 if the input is positive and -1 if it is negative, depending on the sign of the input.

[0202] The BPSK pair extraction unit (910) is or At least one of the above can be transmitted to the pi / 2-BPSK biconvolution unit. The pi / 2-BPSK biconvolution unit (930) is the BPSK symbol sequence Receives as input pi / 2-BPSK symbol sequence It can generate as output. The pi / 2-BPSK biconvolution part (930) is the BPSK symbol sequence above. Receives as input pi / 2-BPSK symbol sequence It can generate as output. pi / 2-BPSK symbol sequence of The nth term It can be expressed as in mathematical formula 35.

[0203]

[0204] The above pi / 2-BPSK symbol sequence of The nth term It can be expressed as in mathematical formula 36.

[0205]

[0206] pi / 2-BPSK twin-wire section (930) is or At least one of them can be transmitted to the equivalent vector generation unit. The equivalent vector generation unit (950) is a QAM symbol sequence , pi / 2-BPSK symbol sequence or pi / 2-BPSK symbol sequence At least one of these can be received from the BPSK pair extraction unit or the pi / 2-BPSK pair convolution unit (930). The equivalent vector generation unit (950) is a QAM symbol vector sequence of The nth term It can generate an equivalent vector. The equivalent vector generation unit (950) is an output vector sequence of The nth term can decide. It can be expressed as in mathematical formula 37.

[0207]

[0208] In the case of, can be 0. The output of the equivalent vector generation unit (950) can be the same as the output of the equivalent vector generation unit (550). The output of the equivalent vector generation unit (950) has an even modulation order. and the above If is 1, it can be the same as the output of the equivalent vector generation unit (550).

[0209] It can be expressed as in mathematical formula 38.

[0210]

[0211] FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing a disassembled section according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0212] Referring to FIG. 10, the decomposition unit (1000) of the parallelization unit (110) in the PAC type transmitter (100) may include at least one of a BPSK / PAM pair extraction unit (1010), a pi / 2-convolution unit (1030), or an equivalent vector generation unit (1050). QAM symbol sequence With this modulation order being an even number greater than or equal to 4 In the case of a square QAM symbol sequence, the decomposition unit (1000) of the parallelization unit (110) in the PAC type transmitter (100) may include at least one of a BPSK / PAM pair extraction unit (1010), a pi / 2-convolution unit (1030), or an equivalent vector generation unit (1050). The output of the decomposition unit of nth term urea solution In the case where 4, the decomposition unit (1000) of the parallelization unit (110) in the PAC type transmitter (100) may include at least one of a BPSK / PAM pair extraction unit (1010), a pi / 2-convolution unit (1030), or an equivalent vector generation unit (1050).

[0213] The BPSK / PAM pair extraction unit (1010) of the decomposition unit (1000) is It can receive from another electronic device. The BPSK / PAM pair extraction unit (1010) BPSK / PAM symbol vector sequence using the real and imaginary parts class It can generate. In other words, the BPSK / PAM pair extraction unit (1010) Using a specific value in or It can generate. can be referred to as the first specific value. is a pi / 2-phase displacement sequence It can mean a value with a phase displacement of a negative multiple. Is This can mean a value generated for use in the pi / 2-convolution part (1030). is the QAM symbol sequence of It can mean the i-th term. BPSK / PAM symbol vector sequence of The nth term and the above BPSK / PAM symbol vector sequence of The nth term Each can have a urea content of 2. , , class The relationship can be expressed as in mathematical equation 39.

[0214]

[0215] The above , , class The relationship can be expressed as in mathematical equation 40. The natural binary code representation of can be determined without using it directly.

[0216]

[0217] Scaling constant is a square QAM symbol It can mean a constant required to assume the mean and variance of are 0 and 1, respectively. can mean a phase displacement sequence for use in the pi / 2-convolution part (1030). can mean a (sign) function that outputs 1 if the input is positive, depending on the sign. can mean a sign function that outputs -1 if the sign is negative. The first element of It can be equal to the BPSK symbol on the right side of [Equation 33]. The second element of silver It can be equal to subtracting the BPSK symbols on the right side from. In other words, The second element of silver at It can be the same as subtracting. The first element of can be equal to the BPSK symbol on the right side of [Equation 34]. The second element of silver It may be equal to subtracting the BPSK symbol on the right-hand side above. In other words, silver at It can be the same as subtracting.

[0218] The BPSK / PAM pair extraction unit (1010) is or It can be transmitted to the pi / 2-weaving unit (1030). The pi / 2-weaving unit (1030) or It can receive from the BPSK / PAM pair extraction unit (1010). In other words, the pi / 2-convolution unit (1030) receives a PAM symbol vector sequence for BPSK. class It can receive from the BPSK / PAM pair extraction unit (1010). The pi / 2-convolution unit (1030) receives a PAM symbol vector sequence for pi / 2-BPSK. class It can generate as output. is a PAM symbol vector sequence for pi / 2-BPSK of It can mean the nth term. is a PAM symbol vector sequence for pi / 2-BPSK of It can mean the nth term. It can be determined by [Equation 29]. It can be determined by [Equation 30]. class The first element of can be a pi / 2-BPSK symbol. class The second element of can be a pi / 2-PAM symbol.

[0219] The equivalent vector generation unit (1050) is a pi / 2-BPSK / PAM symbol vector sequence class It can be received from the pi / 2-convolution unit (1030). The equivalent vector generation unit (1050) is an output vector sequence of The nth term It can determine. The equivalent vector generation unit (1050) is It can generate. It can be expressed as in mathematical formula 41.

[0220]

[0221] When the element is 0, the output of the equivalent vector generator (1050) may be the same as the output of the equivalent vector generator (550). The output of the equivalent vector generator (550) is an even number with a modulation order of 4 or more. and the above ga is 2 and If is selected as 0, it may mean the output according to [Equation 32].

[0222] Referring again to FIG. 2, the decomposition unit (111) of the parallelization unit (110) may include a natural binary code-based extraction unit (510), a pi / 2-convolution unit (530), or an equivalent vector generation unit (550). The decomposition unit (111) of the parallelization unit (110) may include a BPSK pair extraction unit (910), a pi / 2-BPSK pair convolution unit (930), or an equivalent vector generation unit (950). The decomposition unit (111) of the parallelization unit (110) may include a BPSK / PAM pair extraction unit (1010), a pi / 2-convolution unit (1030), or an equivalent vector generation unit (1050). The decomposition unit (111) of the parallelization unit (110) is an input symbol sequence ... an equivalent output symbol vector sequence In decomposing, the above input and output can be made to have an equivalent relationship through [Mathematical Formula 10]. The decomposition unit (111) of the parallelization unit (110) is a symbol sequence Pulse shaping, up-conversion, amplification, and transmission can be performed without decomposition. The decomposition unit (111) of the parallelization unit (110) is a symbol sequence Bandpass vector signal generated as the output of the up-conversion unit (115) is higher than the power efficiency of the bandpass signal generated without decomposition. It may include a structure that decomposes to have a higher effective power efficiency when amplified and transmitted. The decomposition unit (111) of the parallelization unit (110) may not be limited by the embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0223] FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a PAC transmission method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0224] Referring to Fig. 11, the transmitter is a sequence of symbols Decompose into an equivalent sequence of symbol vectors It can generate. In other words, the transmitter can decompose the symbol sequence to generate an equivalent symbol vector sequence (S1110). The transmitter class It can determine. In other words, the transmitter class It can be made to satisfy [Equation 10]. The transmitter is a sequence of symbol vectors pulse shaping a continuous-time vector signal It can generate. In other words, the transmitter can pulse-shape a sequence of symbol vectors to generate a continuous-time vector signal (S1120). The transmitter uses [Equation 11] It can determine. The transmitter is a continuous-time vector signal bandpass vector signal by up-converting It can generate. In other words, the transmitter can generate a bandpass vector signal by up-converting the continuous-time vector signal (S1130). The transmitter uses [Equation 14] It can determine. The transmitter is a bandpass vector signal Power-amplified bandpass vector signal by amplifying each element of with a common gain It can generate. In other words, the transmitter can generate a power-amplified bandpass vector signal by amplifying each element of the bandpass vector signal with a common gain (S1140). can be determined by [Equation 15] when using a linear amplifier. The transmitter receives the amplified bandpass vector signal An electromagnetic wave equivalent to the transformed sum of each element of It can generate. In other words, the transmitter can generate an electromagnetic wave equivalent to the transformed sum of each element of the amplified bandpass vector signal (S1150). The transmitter amplifies the bandpass vector signal An electromagnetic wave equivalent to the transformed sum of each element of It can be generated at a distance or at the receiver input. The above It can be determined by [Equation 16].

[0225] FIG. 12 is a flowchart of a disassembly unit using a PAC transmission method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0226] Referring to Fig. 12, the transmitter is a QAM symbol sequence with an even modulation order. pi / 2-phase displacement sequence for each term A value with a phase shift applied by a negative multiple of The real and imaginary parts of which are each expressed in natural binary code class It can generate. The transmitter In each of the After multiplying, the real and imaginary parts can be expressed in natural binary code. In other words, the transmitter can express the real and imaginary parts in natural binary code after multiplying each term of the symbol sequence by a specific value (S1210). The specific value is It can mean. The natural binary code representation can be determined by [Equation 20] and [Equation 21]. The transmitter set of indices and PAM symbol vector using the above natural binary code representation and , and QAM symbol vector It can generate. In other words, the transmitter can generate PAM symbol vectors and QAM symbol vectors using a set of indices and natural binary code representations (S1220). and is the above index set and can be determined as [Equation 26] and [Equation 27], respectively, by using the above natural binary code expression. and Is and of It can mean the nth element. is the above index set And it can be determined as in [Equation 28] by using the above natural binary code expression. is a QAM symbol vector of It can mean the nth element. The transmitter is pi / 2-PAM symbol vector using and , and QAM symbol vector It can generate. The transmitter , or The above pi / 2-PAM symbol vector using the value with a phase shift applied by a positive multiple of and , and QAM symbol vector It can generate. In other words, the transmitter can generate a pi / 2-PAM symbol vector and a QAM symbol vector using a second specific value (S1230). , and Each can be determined by [Equation 29]–[Equation 31]. The transmitter and , and A column vector with elements It can generate. In other words, the transmitter can generate a symbol sequence vector with elements of a pi / 2-PAM symbol vector and a QAM symbol vector (S1240). It can be determined by [Equation 32].

[0227] FIG. 13 is a flowchart of a disassembly unit using a PAC transmission method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0228] Referring to FIG. 13, the transmitter is an even QAM symbol sequence with a modulation order of 2 or higher. pi / 2-phase displacement sequence for each term A value with a phase shift applied by a negative multiple of BPSK symbols using the real and imaginary parts of class It can generate. In other words, the transmitter multiplies each term of the symbol sequence by a specific value and then generates BPSK symbols from the real and imaginary parts. class It can generate (S1310). The specific value is It can generate. class can be determined by [Equation 33] and [Equation 34], respectively. The transmitter class The above pi / 2-BPSK symbol using the value with a phase shift applied by a positive multiple of and It can generate. In other words, the transmitter uses a specific value to generate the pi / 2BPSK symbol and It can generate (S1320). and can be determined by [Equation 35] and [Equation 36], respectively. The transmitter , and QAM symbols using It can generate. In other words, the transmitter at and Remove to get the QAM symbol It can generate (S1330). can be determined as in [Equation 37]. The transmitter is and , and A column vector with elements It can generate (S1340). It can be determined by [Equation 38].

[0229] FIG. 14 is a flowchart of a disassembly unit using a PAC transmission method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0230] Referring to FIG. 14, the transmitter is an even QAM symbol sequence with a modulation order of 4 or higher. pi / 2-phase displacement sequence for each term A value with a phase shift applied by a negative multiple of I(in-phase) BPSK symbols using the real and imaginary parts and Q(quadrature) BPSK symbols It can generate. The transmitter can generate BPSK symbols in the real and imaginary parts after multiplying each term of the symbol sequence by a first specific value (S1410). class can be determined by the right-hand sides of [Equation 33] and [Equation 34], respectively. The transmitter In each of the After multiplying, BPSK symbols in the real and imaginary parts class Remove the I PAM symbol and Q PAM symbol It can generate. In other words, the transmitter can generate an I / Q PAM symbol by multiplying each term of the symbol sequence by a first specific value and then removing the BPSK symbol from the real and imaginary parts (S1420). class can be determined as the second element of the right-hand side of [Equation 39] and [Equation 40], respectively. The transmitter class Using I BPSK / PAM symbol vector It can generate. The transmitter class Q BPSK / PAM symbol vector with as an element It can generate. In other words, the transmitter can generate an I symbol vector using an I symbol, and the transmitter can generate a Q symbol vector using a Q symbol (S1430). The transmitter Using and weaving pi / 2 and It can generate. In other words, the transmitter can generate a pi / 2-BPSK symbol vector by concatenating the I symbol vector and the Q symbol vector by pi / 2 using the second specific value (S1440). In other words, the transmitter can generate a pi / 2-BPSK symbol vector by concatenating the I / Q (in-phase and quadrature) symbol vector by pi / 2 using the second specific value. The second specific value is the above It can mean a value with a phase displacement applied by a positive multiple of . The second specific value It may include. and can be determined by [Equation 29] and [Equation 30], respectively. The transmitter and A symbol sequence vector with elements It can generate. In other words, the transmitter can generate a symbol sequence vector with pi / 2-BPSK symbol vectors as elements (S1450). It can be determined by [Equation 41].

[0231] The fixed supply voltage of each power amplifier can be selected to be equal to the maximum value of each input signal. The effective power efficiency (EPE) can be expressed as Equation 42.

[0232]

[0233] can mean the peak power of the input signal of the i-th amplifier. can be average power. In the case of a transmission method and transmitter according to conventional technology, a sequence of symbols The power efficiency (PE) of a single amplifier used for transmission can be expressed as Equation 43.

[0234]

[0235] The power efficiency (PE) of a single amplifier can be the reciprocal of the signal PAPR. Silver modulation scale It can be assumed to be a QAM data symbol sequence. The minimum value of the signal PAPR can be represented when using MSK shaped pulses. The minimum value of the signal PAPR can be represented as the left side of [Equation 8]. The power efficiency can be represented by an inequality such as Equation 44.

[0236]

[0237] The pair of and PE (dB) can be expressed as follows. The and PE (dB) pair is , and It can be like that.

[0238] In this case, the effective power efficiency of the transmission method and the transmitter can be maximized. In other words, The length of go When the longest possible length is selected, the effective power efficiency of the transmission method and transmitter can be maximized. In the case of, Each element of can be pi / 2-BPSK. Effective power efficiency It can be expressed as in mathematical formula 45.

[0239]

[0240] The maximum value of can be 1. A value of 1 can be achieved when using MSK pulses with 100% efficiency. silver It can be expressed as. Even when using the MSK pulse optimized for power efficiency, the achievable EPE is the modulation order It can be 1 regardless of. The pair of and EPE gain (dB) can be expressed as follows. , and . It could be.

[0241] EPE gain can be interpreted in two ways. EPE gain can refer to the output power gain when the power consumption is kept constant. EPE gain can refer to the power consumption gain when the output power is kept constant. Is It can appear as. It can be calculated asymptotically to 7.78 dB. When interpreted as output power gain, the transmission distance in free space It can be converted into a double. This can be translated into a 6-fold increase in coverage. If interpreted as a power consumption gain, it can be converted into a 2.45-fold increase in usage time.

[0242] , In this case, the transmission method and the transmitter are Divide it into a real part and an imaginary part. Two pi / 2-PAM elements can be assigned to it. The transmission method and the transmitter are If two pi / 2-PAM elements are allocated, it can be implemented at the lowest complexity. The length of is 2, that is , It can be. When the length is 2, effective power efficiency It can be expressed as in mathematical formula 46.

[0243]

[0244] The maximum value of can be calculated when using MSK pulses. go , An equivalent vector sequence containing It can be represented as. When considering this, the obtainable EPE gain (dB) pairs can be expressed as follows. and . Here silver It can be represented as follows. silver It can be represented as follows. second In cases where it is expressed as, It can always be expressed as 3 dB asymptotically. is the transmission distance in free space It can be a ship. It can be converted by doubling the coverage. It can be converted to 1.41 times the usage time.

[0245] and When comparing, A difference of about 4.77 dB may be observed. It can always be used with K=2 fixed regardless of the modulation order.

[0246] In this case, the effective power efficiency of the transmitter is From the MSBs of the real and imaginary parts when represented in natural binary code Two pi / 2-BPSK elements can be assigned to it. If the remaining components of the pi / 2-PAM elements are represented as pi / 2-PAM, the transmitter can achieve an appropriate trade-off with complexity. The first two elements of can both be expressed as pi / 2-BPSK. Effective power efficiency It can be expressed as in mathematical formula 47.

[0247]

[0248] The maximum value of can be calculated when using MSK pulses. go An equivalent vector sequence containing It can be represented as. When considering this, the obtainable EPE gain (dB) pairs can be expressed as follows. , and . Here silver It can be represented as follows. second In cases where it is represented as, It can be asymptotically represented as a 6 dB gain. is the transmission distance in free space It can be converted by doubling. It can be converted with a 4x increase in coverage. It can be converted into a twofold increase in usage time.

[0249] Is When compared to, there may be an asymptotic loss of about 1.76 dB. It can always be used with K fixed at 4 regardless of the modulation order. The transmitter increases complexity and fixes K at 6, and , You can select as follows. The transmitter is fixed at K=8, and , , It can be selected as follows. If K=4 is selected, the transmitter can use a method that sacrifices complexity to reduce the loss by 1.76 dB compared to the optimal.

[0250] Even if we assume that each power amplifier has a fixed supply voltage to operate with an input backoff equal to the same dB value from the peak power of the input signal, the same conclusion can be reached.

[0251] FIG. 15 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a transmitter according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0252] Referring to FIG. 15, the transmitter (1500) may include at least one of a pulse shaping unit (1510), an up-conversion unit (1530), an amplifier (1550), or an electromagnetic wave generating unit (1570). The pulse shaping unit (1510) It can receive from another electronic device. The pulse shaping unit (1510) Using It can generate. The pulse shaping unit (1510) It can be transmitted to the up-conversion unit (1530). The up-conversion unit (1530) transmits the pulse shaping unit (1510). It can receive from the pulse shaping unit (1510). The upconversion unit (1530) Using It can generate. The up-conversion unit (1530) It can be transmitted to the amplifier (1550). The amplifier (1550) transmits the up-conversion unit (1530) It can receive from the up-conversion unit (1530). The amplifier (1550) Using It can generate. The amplification unit (1550) is It can transmit to the electromagnetic wave generator (1570). The electromagnetic wave generator (1570) transmits the signal transmitted by the amplifier (1550). It can be received from the amplifier (1550). The electromagnetic wave generator (EM Wave Generator) (1570) may include at least one of an antenna or a waveguide. The electromagnetic wave generator (1570) Using It can generate. The electromagnetic wave generating unit (1570) It can radiate to the outside. In other words, the electromagnetic wave generating unit (1570) It can be transmitted to an external electronic device.

[0253] symbol The symbol peak-to-average power ratio (symbol PAPR) of can be defined as in [Equation 3]. For a QAM symbol with modulation order m, the symbol peak-to-average power ratio can be expressed as [Equation 4]. Output of the pulse-shaping modulator It can be expressed as [Mathematical Formula 1]. The above output The signal peak-to-average power ratio (signal PAPR) of can be defined as in [Equation 2]. The above symbol For a PAM symbol with a modulation order of m, the symbol peak-to-average power ratio can be expressed as [Equation 5]. For a pi / 2-PAM symbol with a modulation order of m, the symbol peak-to-average power ratio can be expressed as [Equation 7].

[0254] MSK shaped pulses or MSK-like shaped pulses can be used in the pulse shaping modulation section. In the case of a pi / 2-PAM symbol with a modulation order of m, the signal peak-to-average power ratio may be equal to the symbol peak-to-average power ratio shown in [Equation 7]. It can asymptotically converge to 4.77 dB as m increases. In the case of a QAM symbol with a modulation order of m, the signal peak-to-average power ratio can be equal to twice the symbol PAPR of the QAM symbol with a modulation order of m, as given on the left side of [Equation 8]. It can asymptotically converge to 7.78 dB as m increases.

[0255] FIG. 16 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a transmitter according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0256] Referring to FIG. 16, the transmitter may include at least one of a parallelization unit, an amplifier (1670), or an electromagnetic wave generation coupling unit (1690). The parallelization unit may include at least one of a decomposer (1610), a pulse-shaper bank (1630), or an up-converter bank (1650). In other words, the transmitter (1600) may include at least one of a decomposer (1610), a pulse-shaper bank (1630), an up-converter bank (1657), an amplifier (1630), or an electromagnetic wave generation coupling unit (1690).

[0257] The disassembly part (1610) It can receive from another electronic device. The disassembly unit (1610) is Using It can generate. The disassembly part (1610) is It can be transmitted to the pulse forming unit (1630). The pulse forming unit (1630) transmits the disassembly unit (1610) It can be received from the disassembly unit (1610). The pulse shaping unit (1630) Using It can generate. The pulse shaping unit (1630) It can be transmitted to the up-conversion unit (1650). The up-conversion unit (1650) transmits the pulse shaping unit (1630). It can receive from the pulse shaping unit (1630). The upconversion unit (1650) Using It can generate. The up-conversion unit (1650) is It can be transmitted to the amplifier (1670). The amplifier (1670) transmits the up-conversion unit (1650) It can receive from the upconversion unit (1650). The amplifier unit (1670) Using It can generate. The amplification unit (1670) is It can transmit to the electromagnetic wave generation coupling unit (1690). The electromagnetic wave generation coupling unit (1690) transmits the signal transmitted by the amplifier unit (1670). It can receive from the amplification unit (1670). The electromagnetic wave generation coupling unit (1690) may include at least one of an antenna or a waveguide. The electromagnetic wave generation coupling unit (1690) Using It can generate. The electromagnetic wave generation coupling unit (1690) is It can radiate to the outside. In other words, the electromagnetic wave generating coupling part (1690) It can be transmitted to an external electronic device.

[0258] FIG. 17 is a block diagram showing an electronic device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0259] Referring to FIG. 17, the electronic device (1701) exemplified in FIG. 17 may include a transmitter, a receiver, a UE, a base station, or any device that transmits and receives signals. The electronic device may include a device that performs a PAC method. The electronic device (1701) may include a transceiver (1702) that performs signal transmission and reception with other electronic devices or network entities, and a control unit (1703) that controls all operations of the electronic device (1701). All operations or methods in the electronic device described above in this disclosure may be understood as being performed under the control of the control unit (1703).

[0260] The control unit (1703) and the transceiver unit (1702) do not necessarily have to be implemented as separate devices, and can, of course, be implemented as a single component in the form of a single chip. The control unit (1703) of the electronic device (1701) can be implemented within the electronic device (1701) as a single processor.

[0261] It should be noted that the system configuration diagrams, method example diagrams, device configuration diagrams, etc., illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 16 above are not intended to limit the scope of the rights of the present disclosure. That is, all configurations or operations described in FIGS. 1 to 12 above should not be interpreted as essential components for the implementation of the present disclosure, and may be implemented within a scope that does not impair the essence of the present disclosure even if only some components are included.

[0262] Methods according to the claims or embodiments described in the specification of the present disclosure may be implemented in the form of hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software.

[0263] When implemented in software, a computer-readable storage medium may be provided for storing one or more programs (software modules). One or more programs stored in the computer-readable storage medium are configured for execution by one or more processors within an electronic device. One or more programs may include instructions that cause the electronic device to execute methods according to the claims or embodiments described in the specification of this disclosure.

[0264] Such programs (software modules, software) may be stored in random access memory, non-volatile memory including flash memory, ROM (Read Only Memory), EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), magnetic disc storage devices, CD-ROM (Compact Disc-ROM), Digital Versatile Discs (DVDs), or other forms of optical storage devices, magnetic cassettes. Alternatively, they may be stored in memory composed of some or all of these. Additionally, each constituent memory may include multiple units.

[0265] Additionally, the program may be stored on an attachable storage device accessible via a communication network such as the Internet, Intranet, Local Area Network (LAN), Wide LAN (WLAN), or Storage Area Network (SAN), or a combination thereof. Such a storage device may be connected to a device performing an embodiment of the present disclosure through an external port. Additionally, a separate storage device on a communication network may be connected to a device performing an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0266] In the specific embodiments of the present disclosure described above, the components included in the present disclosure are expressed in a singular or plural form according to the specific embodiments presented. However, the singular or plural expression is selected to suit the situation presented for convenience of explanation, and the present disclosure is not limited to singular or plural components; even if a component is expressed in the plural form, it may be composed in the singular form, or even if a component is expressed in the singular form, it may be composed in the plural form.

Claims

1. In a method of an electronic device for transmitting a symbol, Step of receiving a data symbol sequence; A step of decomposing the above symbol sequence to generate a symbol vector sequence equivalent to the above symbol sequence; A step of generating a continuous-time vector signal by pulse-shaping the above symbol vector sequence; A step of upconverting the continuous time vector signal to generate the at least one bandpass vector signal; A step of amplifying at least one bandpass vector signal to generate at least one amplified bandpass vector signal; and A method comprising the step of generating and transmitting at least one electromagnetic wave through the amplified at least one bandpass vector signal. Method of electronic devices.

2. In Paragraph 1, The above electronic device is, Includes a transmitter, a receiver, a UE (user equipment), a base station, a device for transmitting and receiving signals, or a device for performing PAC operations, Method of electronic devices.

3. In Paragraph 1, The step of decomposing the above symbol sequence to generate a symbol vector sequence equivalent to the above symbol sequence is: A step of generating BPSK (binary phase shift keying) symbols for the real part and symbols for the imaginary part as natural binary codes using each term of the above symbol sequence; A step of generating a PAM (pulse amplitude modulation) symbol vector and a QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) symbol vector using an index set and the natural binary code; A step of generating a pi / 2-PAM symbol vector using a PAM symbol vector; and A method comprising the step of generating the symbol vector sequence using the pi / 2-PAM symbol vector and the QAM symbol vector. Method of electronic devices.

4. In Paragraph 1, The step of decomposing the above symbol sequence to generate a symbol vector sequence equivalent to the above symbol sequence is: A step of generating BPSK symbols for the real part and symbols for the imaginary part using each term of the above symbol sequence; A step of generating a pi / 2-BPSK symbol for the real part and a pi / 2-BPSK symbol for the imaginary part using the BPSK symbol for the real part and the symbol for the imaginary part above; A step of generating a QAM symbol using the pi / 2-BPSK symbol of the real part and the pi / 2-BPSK symbol of the imaginary part; The step of generating the symbol vector sequence having at least one of the pi / 2-BPSK symbol of the real part, the pi / 2-BPSK symbol of the imaginary part, or the QAM symbol, Method of electronic devices.

5. In Paragraph 1, The step of generating and transmitting at least one electromagnetic wave through the amplified at least one bandpass vector signal is, A method comprising the step of generating and transmitting the at least one electromagnetic wave by converting the sum of each element of the amplified at least one bandpass vector signal. Method of electronic devices.

6. In Paragraph 1, The step of generating and transmitting at least one electromagnetic wave through the amplified at least one bandpass vector signal is, A step of generating a combined signal by combining each element of at least one amplified bandpass vector signal; A step comprising generating the at least one electromagnetic wave using the combined signal, Method of electronic devices.

7. In Paragraph 1, The step of amplifying the above at least one bandpass vector signal to generate at least one amplified bandpass vector signal is: A step of amplifying each element of the above at least one bandpass vector signal by a common gain; and A step comprising generating at least one bandpass vector signal that is power-amplified using a common gain of each of the above elements, Method of electronic devices.

8. In Paragraph 1, The method of the above electronic device is, A step comprising radiating at least one electromagnetic wave so as to be combined in the air during transmission (over-the-air combining, OTA combining), Method of electronic devices.

9. In Paragraph 1, The above data symbol sequence is, The above symbol sequence transmitted using the Discrete Fourier Transform-Spread Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (DFT-spread OFDM) method, Method of electronic devices.

10. In an electronic device for transmitting a symbol, Transmitter / receiver; and It includes a processor, and the processor, Receiving a data symbol sequence, decomposing the symbol sequence to generate a symbol vector sequence equivalent to the symbol sequence, pulse-shaping the symbol vector sequence to generate a continuous-time vector signal, up-converting the continuous-time vector signal to generate at least one bandpass vector signal, amplifying the at least one bandpass vector signal to generate at least one amplified bandpass vector signal, and controlling to generate and transmit at least one electromagnetic wave through the amplified at least one bandpass vector signal. Electronic device.

11. In Paragraph 10, The operation of decomposing the above symbol sequence to generate a symbol vector sequence equivalent to the above symbol sequence is: A processor configured to generate BPSK (binary phase shift keying) symbols of the real part and symbols of the imaginary part as natural binary codes using each term of the above symbol sequence, generate PAM (pulse amplitude modulation) symbol vectors and QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) symbol vectors using an index set and the above natural binary codes, generate a pi / 2-PAM symbol vector using the PAM symbol vector, and generate the above symbol vector sequence using the pi / 2-PAM symbol vector and the QAM symbol vector. Electronic device.

12. In Paragraph 10, The operation of decomposing the above symbol sequence to generate a symbol vector sequence equivalent to the above symbol sequence is: A processor configured to generate a BPSK symbol of the real part and a symbol of the imaginary part using each term of the above symbol sequence, generate a pi / 2-BPSK symbol of the real part and a pi / 2-BPSK symbol of the imaginary part using the BPSK symbol of the real part and the symbol of the imaginary part, generate a QAM symbol using the pi / 2-BPSK symbol of the real part and the pi / 2-BPSK symbol of the imaginary part, and generate the above symbol vector sequence having at least one of the pi / 2-BPSK symbol of the real part, the pi / 2-BPSK symbol of the imaginary part, or the QAM symbol. Electronic device.

13. In Paragraph 10, The operation of generating and transmitting at least one electromagnetic wave through the amplified at least one bandpass vector signal is: A processor configured to generate and transmit at least one electromagnetic wave by converting the sum of each element of at least one amplified bandpass vector signal. Electronic device.

14. In Paragraph 10, The operation of generating and transmitting at least one electromagnetic wave through the amplified at least one bandpass vector signal is: A processor configured to generate a combined signal by combining each element of the amplified at least one bandpass vector signal and to generate the at least one electromagnetic wave using the combined signal, Electronic device.

15. In Paragraph 10, The operation of amplifying at least one bandpass vector signal to generate at least one amplified bandpass vector signal is: A processor configured to amplify each element of the at least one bandpass vector signal with a common gain and to generate the at least one bandpass vector signal that is power-amplified using the common gain of each element. Electronic device.

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