Method for maintaining or improving psychomotor performance

Abstract

A method for maintaining or improving psychomotor performance or improving cognitive function in a subject, comprising administrating to the subject a composition comprising an effective amount of α-glycerophosphocholine in one dose prior to, during or after exercise or workout. Use of a composition for preparing a food, a drink, a supplement, or an animal feed for maintaining or improving psychomotor performance or improving cognitive function in a subject, wherein the composition comprises an effective amount of α-glycerophosphocholine in one dose administered to the subject prior to, during or after exercise or workout.

Description

Method for Maintaining or Improving Psychomotor PerformanceTechnical Field

[0001] The invention relates to a method for maintaining or improving psychomotor performance or improving cognitive function in a subject, comprising administrating to the subject a composition comprising an effective amount of α-glycerophosphocholine in one dose prior to, during or after exercise or workout. The invention also relates to use of a composition for preparing a food, a drink, a supplement, or an animal feed for maintaining or improving psychomotor performance in a subject, wherein the composition comprises an effective amount of α-glycerophosphocholine in one dose administered to the subject prior to, during or after exercise or workout.Background Technology

[0002] Alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine (α-GPC) is a choline source that can synthesize the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, thereby improving cognitive function. Alpha-Glycerophosphocholine (α-GPC) is a nutritional supplement that is converted to phosphorylcholine after ingestion. And it is a naturally occurring compound found in various tissues and fluids of the human body. It serves as a precursor to acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter critical for cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and learning.

[0003] Cognitive function encompasses a wide range of mental processes, including attention, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making. These processes are heavily influenced by the levels and activity of neurotransmitters in the brain.

[0004] Acetylcholine, in particular, plays a pivotal role in these cognitive domains. Adequate levels of acetylcholine are essential for maintaining optimal cognitive performance, and deficiencies have been linked to cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.

[0005] Α-GPC is metabolized in the body to produce choline, which is then used to synthesize acetylcholine. By increasing the availability of choline, α-GPC can potentially enhance the synthesis and release of acetylcholine, thereby supporting cognitive function. Additionally, α-GPC has been shown to have neuroprotective properties, helping to protect neurons from damage and promoting their repair and regeneration. Thus, α-GPC supplementation improved cognitive performance in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment. However, achieving such therapeutic effects requires taking α-GPC for a considerable amount of time.

[0006] Psychomotor performance refers to an individual's ability to execute tasks that require limb coordination, rapid reactions, and fine motor skills. This performance depends on vigilance, attention, and the speed, accuracy, and coordination of sensorimotor behavior. Most importantly, it relies on the speed, capacity, and flexibility of the cognitive system. Enhancing psychomotor performance is crucial for physical health, occupational performance, athletic performance, and overall quality of life.

[0007] This study found that a single oral dose of α-GPC can enhance cognitive function, reduce reaction time, improve coordination and agility, enhance athletic performance, reduce fatigue, and boost psychomotor performance. There is little research reporting on the effectiveness of short-term α-GPC supplementation or its effects on healthy young adults. Our study found that one dose of α-GPC can significantly enhance cognitive function in healthy young adults, which may bring benefits to future athletes and help prevent cognitive decline and improve brain health through neurotrophic effects in the general population.SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

[0008] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for maintaining or improving psychomotor performance or improving cognitive function in a subject, comprising administrating to the subject a composition comprising an effective amount of α-glycerophosphocholine in one dose prior to, during or after exercise or workout.

[0009] In some embodiments, maintaining or improving psychomotor performance comprises maintaining or improving psychomotor vigilance; relieving mental fatigue; improving psychomotor slowing; enhancing emotional response; improving attentional focus; increasing reaction speed; improving coordination and flexibility; enhancing self-efficacy; promoting decision-making ability, improving cognitive function comprises improving cognitive abilities consisting of learning ability, recall, focus ability, problem-solving agility, resistance to interference; and / or enhancing memory, sustained attention, responsiveness, brain activity, alertness.

[0010] In some embodiments, the improved psychomotor performance is measured by an increase in one or more of: delta stroop time per score, delta flanker compatible reaction time, concentration, reaction speed, reaction time, accuracy, attention and alertness in the subject. The improved cognitive function is measured by an increase in one or more of: attention, information acquisition, information processing, working memory, short-term memory, long-term memory, anterograde memory, retrograde memory, memory retrieval, discrimination learning, decision-making, inhibitory response control, attentional set-shifting, delayed reinforcement learning, reversal learning, the temporal integration of voluntary behavior, speed of processing, reasoning, problem solving, resisting distractions, quicker thinking and / or social cognition in the subject.

[0011] In some embodiments, the administration is prior to exercise or workout.

[0012] In some embodiments, the administration is acute.

[0013] In some embodiments, the effective amount is 150-2000 mg. In some embodiments, the effective amount may be 150-2000 mg, 175-2000 mg, 200-2000 mg, 220-1800 mg, 245-1500 mg, 280-1200 mg, 315-1000 mg, 350-1000 mg, 320-800 mg, 350-700 mg.

[0014] In some embodiments, the composition contains not less than 50% by weight of L-α-glycerophosphocholine.

[0015] In some embodiments, the composition contains not less than 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% by weight of L-α-glycerophosphocholine.

[0016] In some embodiments, the subject is human or cattle or pet. In some embodiments, the subject is human.

[0017] In some embodiments, the subject is healthy.

[0018] In some embodiments, the subject receives resistance training, strength training, anaerobic training, and / or aerobic training. In some embodiments, the subject receives resistance training.

[0019] In some embodiments, the composition is prepared as a food, a drink, a supplement, or an animal feed.

[0020] In some embodiments, the administration is through various routes selected from oral administration, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, intraperitoneal injection, or sublingual application.

[0021] In some embodiments, the administration is once or twice a day. In some embodiments, the administration is at least 7 days and above in one period.

[0022] In some embodiments, the composition is formulated in solutions, liquid suspensions, injections, tablets, pills, granules, powders, films, suppositories, capsules, aerosols, tonics, syrups, or a functionalized food composition.

[0023] In a second aspect, the present invention provides use of a composition for preparing a food, a drink, a supplement, or an animal feed for maintaining or improving psychomotor performance or improving cognitive function in a subject, wherein the composition comprises an effective amount of α-glycerophosphocholine in one dose administered to the subject prior to, during or after exercise or workout. In some embodiments, the present invention provides use of α-glycerophosphocholine for preparing composition for maintaining or improving psychomotor performance or improving cognitive function in a subject, wherein an effective amount of α-glycerophosphocholine in one dose administered to the subject prior to, during or after exercise or workout.

[0024] In some embodiments, maintaining or improving psychomotor performance comprises maintaining or improving psychomotor vigilance; relieving mental fatigue; improving psychomotor slowing; enhancing emotional response; improving attentional focus; increasing reaction speed; improving coordination and flexibility; enhancing self-efficacy; promoting decision-making ability. Improving cognitive function comprises improving cognitive abilities consisting of learning ability, recall, focus ability, problem-solving agility, resistance to interference; and / or enhancing memory, sustained attention, responsiveness, brain activity, alertness.

[0025] In some embodiments, the improved psychomotor performance is measured by an increase in one or more of: delta stroop time per score, delta flanker compatible reaction time, concentration, reaction speed, reaction time, accuracy, attention and alertness in the subject. the improved cognitive function is measured by an increase in one or more of: attention, information acquisition, information processing, working memory, short-term memory, long-term memory, anterograde memory, retrograde memory, memory retrieval, discrimination learning, decision-making, inhibitory response control, attentional set-shifting, delayed reinforcement learning, reversal learning, the temporal integration of voluntary behavior, speed of processing, reasoning, problem solving, resisting distractions, quicker thinking and / or social cognition in the subject.

[0026] In some embodiments, the administration is prior to exercise or workout.

[0027] In some embodiments, the administration is acute.

[0028] In some embodiments, the effective amount is 150-2000 mg. In some embodiments, the effective amount may be 150-2000 mg, 175-2000 mg, 200-2000 mg, 220-1800 mg, 245-1500 mg, 280-1200 mg, 315-1000 mg, 350-1000 mg, 320-800 mg, 350-700 mg.

[0029] In some embodiments, the composition contains not less than 50% by weight of L-α-glycerophosphocholine.

[0030] In some embodiments, the composition contains not less than 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% by weight of L-α-glycerophosphocholine.

[0031] In some embodiments, the subject is human or cattle or pet. In some embodiments, the subject is human.

[0032] In some embodiments, the subject is healthy.

[0033] In some embodiments, the subject receives resistance training, strength training, anaerobic training, and / or aerobic training. In some embodiments, the subject receives resistance training.

[0034] In some embodiments, the administration is through various routes selected from oral administration, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, intraperitoneal injection, or sublingual application.

[0035] In some embodiments, the administration is once or twice a day. In some embodiments, the administration is at least 7 days and above in one period.

[0036] In some embodiments, the composition is formulated in solutions, liquid suspensions, injections, tablets, pills, granules, powders, films, suppositories, capsules, aerosols, tonics, syrups, or a functionalized food composition.

[0037] These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following description and appended claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0038] Figure 1 shows the Experimental Technology Roadmap.

[0039] Figure 2 shows effect of different concentrations of α-GPC on delta Stroop total score.

[0040] Figure 3 shows effect of different concentrations of α-GPC on delta Stroop time per score.

[0041] Figure 4 shows effect of different concentrations of α-GPC on alertness at 60 min post ingestion.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0042] In the Summary Section above and the Detailed Description Section, and the claims below, reference is made to particular features of the invention. It is to be understood that the disclosure of the invention in this specification includes all possible combinations of such particular features. For example, where a particular feature is disclosed in the context of a particular aspect or embodiment of the invention, or a particular claim, that feature can also be used, to the extent possible, in combination with and / or in the context of other particular aspects and embodiments of the invention, and in the invention generally.

[0043] As used herein, the term “or” is meant to include both “and” and “or.” In other words, the term “or” may also be replaced with “and / or.”

[0044] As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0045] As used herein, the term “comprise” or “include” and their conjugations, refer to a situation wherein said terms are used in their non-limiting sense to mean that items following the word are included, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded. It also encompasses the more limiting verb ‘to consist essentially of’ and ‘to consist of’.

[0046] As used herein, the term "effective amount" refers to the amount required to achieve the effect as taught herein. The specific effective dose level for any particular subject will depend upon a variety of factors including the conditions being treated and the severity of the conditions; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the subject; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of α-glycerophosphocholine; the duration of the treatment; and like factors well known in the medical arts. For example, it is well known within the skill of the art to start doses of the compound at levels lower than those required to achieve the desired effect and to gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.

[0047] One of skill in the art recognizes that an amount may be considered “effective” even if the condition is not totally eradicated or prevented, but it or its symptoms and / or effects are improved or alleviated partially in the subject.

[0048] As used herein, the term “one dose” means that a particular dose of the supplement is taken only once during the entire trial. As used herein, the term “one dose” means α-glycerophosphocholine or a composition comprising the same is only administered once during a certain period. Such certain period may be half a day, a day, two or more days. “One dose” may be administered prior to, during or after exercise or workout, preferably prior to exercise or workout. Exercise or workout as used herein may include, but are not limited to, resistance training, strength training, anaerobic training, aerobic training, and the like.

[0049] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means pharmaceutically, physiologically, alimentarily, and / or nutritionally acceptable, and refers to those compositions or combinations of agents, materials, or compositions, and / or their dosage forms, which are within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio.

[0050] As used herein, the term “mammal” or “subject”may be used interchangeably to refer to any animal to which the presently disclosed methods and compositions may be applied or administered. The animal may have an illness or other disease, but the animal does not need to be sick to benefit from the presently disclosed methods and compositions. As such any animal may apply the disclosed combinations, compositions or kits, or be a recipient of the disclosed methods. “Mammal” includes, without limitation, mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs, cats, sheep, goats, cows, horses, primates, such as monkeys, chimpanzees, and apes, and, in particular, humans. Although the animal subject is preferably a human, the methods and compositions of the invention have application in veterinary medicine.

[0051] The dosage of α-glycerophosphocholine in one dose and / or composition comprising the same may range broadly, depending upon the desired effects and the indication. The dosage may be given in the course of one or more days, as is needed by the subject. In some embodiments, the compounds are administered for a period of time, for example for a week or more, or for months or years.

[0052] As used herein, the term "administration" refers to the process of delivering a disclosed composition or active ingredient to a subject. The compositions of the invention can be administered in a variety of ways, including orally, intragastrically, and parenterally (e.g., intravenous and intraarterial as well as other suitable parenteral routes), and the like.

[0053] Multiple techniques of administering a substance exist in the art including, but not limited to, oral, rectal, topical, aerosol, injection and parenteral delivery, including intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramedullary injections, intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intranasal and intraocular injections.

[0054] “Intraperitoneal” as used here means within or administered through the peritoneum. The peritoneum is a thin, transparent membrane that lines the walls of the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity and contains / encloses the abdominal organs such as the stomach and intestines.

[0055] As used herein, “sublingual” refers to situated or applied under the tongue.

[0056] A “functionalized food composition” includes a food composition that has a potentially positive effect on health beyond basic nutrition.Examples

[0057] This trial was conducted as a placebo-controlled, crossover study, recruiting 20 healthy male subjects with at least two years of resistance training experience (Visit 1, age range 31.3 ± 11.0 years). The subjects were randomly divided into three groups: G1 group, G2 group, and G3 group.

[0058] Figure 1 shows the Experimental Technology Roadmap. G1 group, G2 group, and G3 group received high-dose of supplement (700 mg); low-dose of supplement (350 mg); and placebo (resistant dextrin), respectively, in the first visit (Visit 2). As shown in Figure 1, the first visit (Visit 2) involved the following procedures: After consuming the respective supplement, subjects completed a visual analog scale (VAS) for mood indices and cognitive tests (Stroop test and Flanker test) 60 minutes later. Ninety minutes after consumption, participants engaged in 40 minutes of exercise. Thirty minutes post-exercise, VAS and cognitive tests were repeated.

[0059] Four days after Visit 2, Visit 3 was conducted. In this visit, the G1 group  received the placebo, the G2 group received the 700 mg supplement, and the G3 group received the 350 mg supplement. The testing times and content were the same as in Visit 2.

[0060] Four days after Visit 3, Visit 4 was conducted. In this visit, the G1 group received the 350 mg supplement, the G2 group received the placebo, and the G3 group received the 700 mg supplement. The testing times and content were the same as in Visit 2.

[0061] All trials were conducted after an overnight fast of ≥8 hours and no exercise for 48 hours, and at the same time of day to minimize the effects of circadian variations and other factors.

[0062] Psychomotor performance is dependent on vigilance, attention and the speed, accuracy and coordination of sensorimotor behavior, and, most importantly, the speed, capacity, and flexibility of the cognitive system. Cognitive function refers to the brain's ability to process information, encompassing various aspects such as attention, memory, language, executive function, perception, learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and emotional processing. These cognitive processes work together to support daily activities, from simple tasks to complex decision-making and creative endeavors.

[0063] In the experimental data (Figures 2-4), the values for the HD, LD, and PL groups were analyzed and plotted using the mean ± standard deviation (mean ± SD) format. The sample size for each group was calculated by summing the data from three visits; for example, the sample size for the HD group is the sum of the data from the second visit, the third visit, and the fourth visit (HD = HDvisit2+ HDvisit3+ HDvisit4).

[0064] Figure 2 shows effect of different concentrations of α-GPC on delta Stroop total score. The Stroop test is a classic neuropsychological task that assesses selective attention, executive control, and resistance to interference through the color-word interference paradigm, such as naming the ink color while ignoring the word's meaning. By creating cognitive conflict, the task reveals the brain's ability to inhibit automatic responses and focus attention on target stimuli; a higher Stroop total score indicates greater efficiency in maintaining attention to relevant information (e.g., ink color) and suppressing distracting information (e.g., word meaning) in the presence of conflicting cues, reflecting enhanced selective attention and inhibitory control. Faced with cognitive conflicts between "word meaning" and "color", participants were able to more effectively suppress automated responses (reading text). This is the core manifestation of executive control function, especially the well-functioning prefrontal cortex. The higher the Total Score, the better the individual's ability to maintain high performance even under interference, indicating a stronger resistance to interference. As shown in Figure 2, α-GPC improved subjects' attention and resistance to interference. Specifically, the delta stroop total score was 150% higher in the HD group compared to the placebo group, and 108% higher in the LD group compared to the placebo group.

[0065] Figure 3 shows effect of different concentrations of α-GPC on delta Stroop time per score. Stroop Time per Score (time per correct response) is an efficiency metric in the Stroop test, calculated by dividing the total time taken to complete a set of correct responses by the number of correctly answered items. It represents the average time an individual spends per correct response. This metric is a sensitive indicator of cognitive functions such as cognitive flexibility, processing speed, and resistance to interference, with lower values indicating better cognitive performance. Time / score reduction indicates a shortening of the perception-decision-motor execution chain from stimulus presentation to correct response output. Significantly improved reaction speed reflects "enhanced cognitive-behavioral coupling efficiency." In the Stroop task, maintaining focus is key to overcoming "word-color conflict." Individuals who are easily distracted or have diffused attention may frequently misread word meanings, leading to error correction, hesitation, and delayed responses. A reduction in Time per Score indicates the ability to consistently concentrate attentional resources on target features, effectively suppress irrelevant information, and achieve more stable attention switching and maintenance. Although the Stroop task is not a "problem-solving" task in the traditional sense, it is inherently a dynamic cognitive conflict resolution process. A reduction in Time per Score reflects improvements in executive flexibility (cognitive flexibility) and adaptive decision-making ability — in other words, the agility of "quick problem resolution". Working memory is responsible for storing and manipulating information over short periods. In the Stroop task, a decrease in Time per Score may reflect sufficient working memory capacity, allowing for efficient maintenance of the task set. This eliminates the need for frequent rule recall, reduces cognitive load, enables smoother information retrieval, and minimizes processing "lags." Efficient working memory supports a more fluid cognitive, thereby shortening per-response time. Individuals with strong cognitive abilities accomplish more with fewer neural resources when performing tasks such as the Stroop test. A reduction in Time per Score reflects efficient coordination within the brain's executive networks, indicating either neurological maturation or training-induced optimization. As shown in Figure 3, α-GPC has demonstrated significant improvements in the reaction speed and is more important for the pre-workout community. The high-dose of α-GPC led to a remarkable 140% increase in performance compared to the placebo. Even the low-dose variant showed a substantial enhancement, with a 100% improvement over the placebo. From Figure 3, it was found that α-GPC improved memory, problem-solving agility, focus and brain activity. The HD group significantly improved the delta stroop time per score by 140% compared to the placebo group, while the LD group improved by 100%.

[0066] Reaction time refers to the interval between the presentation of a stimulus and the individual's response. Short reaction times typically indicate that the individual can rapidly process information and respond, reflecting high efficiency in the cognitive processing stage. This is crucial for overall psychomotor performance.

[0067] Psychomotor performance involves the integration of cognitive processing and motor reactions. High alertness can increase the speed of cognitive processing, thereby reducing reaction time and enhancing overall psychomotor performance. Figure 4 shows effect of different concentrations of α-GPC on alertness at 60 min post ingestion. As shown in Figure 4, alertness was 16.1% and 8.1% higher in the high-dose and low-dose of α-GPC groups respectively when compared to the placebo group. This indicates that α-GPC can enhance psychomotor performance by increasing alertness.

[0068] The delta compatible reaction time for the HD group was significantly increased by 294% compared to the placebo group. This indicates that α-GPC can enhance psychomotor performance by reducing reaction time.

[0069] Alertness refers to an individual's sensitivity and readiness to respond to the surrounding environment. High alertness can significantly enhance cognitive processing speed, attention, information processing ability, emotional state, reaction time, task performance, sustained performance, and decision-making capabilities, thereby promoting overall cognitive function. From Figure 4, alertness was 16.1% and 8.1% higher in the high-dose and low-dose of α-GPC groups respectively when compared to the placebo group.

[0070] Enhanced responsiveness and sustained attention with α-GPC were observed. The delta compatible reaction time for the HD group was significantly increased by 294% compared to the placebo group.

[0071] The results showed that α-GPC can improve subjects' cognitive performance and promotes brain health by enhancing attention, focus, resistance to interference, memory, brain activity, resourcefulness, alertness.

[0072] The α-GPC compositions containing not less than 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% by weight, especially not less than 70% by weight of L-α-glycerophosphocholine can have the same or equivalent effects as above.

[0073] Although specific embodiments and examples of this invention have been illustrated herein, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that any modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. The examples and illustrations above are not intended to limit the scope of this invention. Any combination of embodiments of this invention, along with any obvious their extension or analogs, are within the scope of this invention. Further, it is intended that this invention encompass any arrangement, which is calculated to achieve that same purpose, and all such variations and modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for maintaining or improving psychomotor performance or improving cognitive function in a subject, comprising administrating to the subject a composition comprising an effective amount of α-glycerophosphocholine in one dose prior to, during or after exercise or workout.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein maintaining or improving psychomotor performance comprises maintaining or improving psychomotor vigilance; relieving mental fatigue; improving psychomotor slowing; enhancing emotional response; improving attentional focus; increasing reaction speed; improving coordination and flexibility; enhancing self-efficacy; promoting decision-making ability, improving cognitive function comprises improving cognitive abilities consisting of learning ability, recall, focus ability, problem-solving agility, resistance to interference; and / or enhancing memory, sustained attention, responsiveness, brain activity, alertness.

3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the improved psychomotor performance is measured by an increase in one or more of: delta stroop time per score, delta flanker compatible reaction time, concentration, reaction speed, reaction time, accuracy, attention and alertness in the subject, the improved cognitive function is measured by an increase in one or more of: attention, information acquisition, information processing, working memory, short-term memory, long-term memory, anterograde memory, retrograde memory, memory retrieval, discrimination learning, decision-making, inhibitory response control, attentional set-shifting, delayed reinforcement learning, reversal learning, the temporal integration of voluntary behavior, speed of processing, reasoning, problem solving, resisting distractions, quicker thinking and / or social cognition in the subject.

4. The method of any of claims 1-3, wherein the administration is prior to exercise or workout.

5. The method of any of claims 1-4, wherein the administration is acute.

6. The method of any of claims 1-5, wherein the effective amount is 150-2000 mg.

7. The method of any of claims 1-6, wherein the composition contains not less than 50% by weight of L-α-glycerophosphocholine.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the composition contains not less than 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% by weight of L-α-glycerophosphocholine.

9. The method of any of claims 1-8, wherein the subject is human or cattle or pet.

10. The method of any of claims 1-9, wherein the subject is healthy.

11. The method of any of claims 1-10, wherein the subject receives resistance training, strength training, anaerobic training, and / or aerobic training.

12. The method of any of claims 1-11, wherein the composition is prepared as a food, a drink, a supplement, or an animal feed.

13. The method of any of claims 1-12, wherein the administration is through various routes selected from oral administration, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, intraperitoneal injection, or sublingual application.

14. The method of any of claims 1-13, wherein the composition is formulated in solutions, liquid suspensions, injections, tablets, pills, granules, powders, films, suppositories, capsules, aerosols, tonics, syrups, or a functionalized food composition.

15. Use of a composition for preparing a food, a drink, a supplement, or an animal feed for maintaining or improving psychomotor performance or improving cognitive function in a subject, wherein the composition comprises an effective amount of α-glycerophosphocholine in one dose administered to the subject prior to, during or after exercise or workout.

16. The use of claim 15, wherein maintaining or improving psychomotor performance comprises maintaining or improving psychomotor vigilance; relieving mental fatigue; improving psychomotor slowing; enhancing emotional response; improving attentional focus; increasing reaction speed; improving coordination and flexibility; enhancing self-efficacy; promoting decision-making ability, improving cognitive function comprises improving cognitive abilities consisting of learning ability, recall, focus ability, problem-solving agility, resistance to interference; and / or enhancing memory, sustained attention, responsiveness, brain activity, alertness.

17. The use of claim 15 or 16, wherein the improved psychomotor performance is measured by an increase in one or more of: delta stroop time per score, delta flanker compatible reaction time, concentration, reaction speed, reaction time, accuracy, attention and alertness in the subject, the improved cognitive function is measured by an increase in one or more of: attention, information acquisition, information processing, working memory, short-term memory, long-term memory, anterograde memory, retrograde memory, memory retrieval, discrimination learning, decision-making, inhibitory response control, attentional set-shifting, delayed reinforcement learning, reversal learning, the temporal integration of voluntary behavior, speed of processing, reasoning, problem solving, resisting distractions, quicker thinking and / or social cognition in the subject.

18. The use of any of claims 15-17, wherein the administration is prior to exercise or workout.

19. The use of any of claims 15-18, wherein the administration is acute.

20. The use of any of claims 15-19, wherein the effective amount is 150-2000 mg.

21. The use of any of claims 15-20, wherein the composition contains not less than 50% by weight of L-α-glycerophosphocholine.

22. The use of claim 21, wherein the composition contains not less than 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% by weight of L-α-glycerophosphocholine.

23. The use of any of claims 15-22, wherein the subject is human or cattle or pet.

24. The use of any of claims 15-23, wherein the subject is healthy.

25. The use of any of claims 15-24, wherein the subject receives resistance training, strength training, anaerobic training, and / or aerobic training.

26. The use of any of claims 15-25, wherein the administration is through various routes selected from oral administration, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, intraperitoneal injection, or sublingual application.

27. The use of any of claims 15-26, wherein the composition is formulated in solutions, liquid suspensions, injections, tablets, pills, granules, powders, films, suppositories, capsules, aerosols, tonics, syrups, or a functionalized food composition.

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