A method and an apparatus for a device for a wireless communication system

Abstract

A method, for example a computer-implemented method, for a device for a wireless communication system, the method comprising: determining (100) a position of a target using a positioning method, providing (102) first information characterizing the position of the target based on a type of the positioning method used for the determining.

Description

[0001] R.414608

[0002] - 1 -

[0003] Description

[0004] Title

[0005] A method and an Apparatus for a Device for a Wireless Communication System

[0006] Technical Field

[0007] The disclosure relates to a method for a device for a wireless communication system.

[0008] The disclosure further relates to an apparatus for a device for a wireless communication system.

[0009] Summary

[0010] Some examples relate to a method, for example a computer-implemented method, for a device for a wireless communication system, the method comprising: determining a position of a target using a positioning method, providing first information characterizing the position of the target based on a type of the positioning method used for the determining. In some examples, this enables to notify, e.g., at least one further entity of the type of positioning method used for the determining of the position.

[0011] In some examples, the wireless communications system may, e.g., be a wireless, for example cellular, communications system, which is for example based on and / or adheres at least partially to at least one third generation partnership project, 3GPP, radio standard such as 4G (fourth generation), 5G (fifth generation), or 6G (sixth generation), or to another other radio access technology.

[0012] In some examples, the device for the wireless communication system may, e.g., be a network device, e.g., base station, e.g., gNB. R.414608

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[0014] In some examples, the device for the wireless communication system may, e.g., be a terminal device, e.g., user equipment, e.g., UE.

[0015] In some examples, the method comprises: determining second information characterizing which type of positioning method, e.g., of a plurality of different positioning methods, is to be used and / or which type of positioning method has been used for determining the position of the target. In some examples, this may enable to notify at least one further entity of the type of positioning method used, e.g., for a specific positioning process.

[0016] In some examples, the method comprises including the second information in the first information. In some examples, this may enable to efficiently transmit information on the type of positioning method used, e.g., together with position information as, e.g., obtained by performing the positioning.

[0017] In some examples, the method comprises including third information characterizing a metric for a confidence level associated with the positioning method, e.g., type of positioning method, e.g., as determined by the determining, wherein for example the third information comprises at least one of: a) a position estimate associated with the target, or b) a position uncertainty associated with the position estimate. In some examples, this enables to assess or evaluate the quality, e.g., confidence, related to the position estimate.

[0018] In some examples, the method comprises at least one of: providing a report, e.g., positioning report, comprising at least the first information, wherein for example providing the report comprises formatting the report based on a or the type of the positioning method used for the determining of the position of the target. In some examples, at least one information element may be provided in the report. As an example, a first information element may be provided in the report for accommodating at least a part of the first information. In some examples, a second information element may be provided in the report for accommodating at least a part of the second information. In some examples, a third information element may be provided in the report for accommodating at least a part of the third information. In some other examples at least some of the first information or the second information or the third information may be combined within one or more information elements, e.g., of the report. R.414608

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[0020] In some examples, the method comprises: sending the report, for example to at least one further entity, e.g., a network device or network entity, and / or a terminal device, and the like... .

[0021] In some examples, a first type of positioning methods of a or the plurality of different positioning methods is based on a positioning technique using at least one of a) artificial intelligence (Al) or b) machine learning (ML), wherein for example a second type of positioning methods of a or the plurality of different positioning methods is based on a positioning technique not using artificial intelligence and / or machine learning, wherein for example the second type of positioning methods is a legacy positioning method, e.g., based on, Uu-interface- based positioning and / or Sidelink-interface-based positioning.

[0022] In some examples, the method comprises: determining whether the first type of positioning methods is used and / or has been used for the determining, and, optionally, if the determining yields that the first type of positioning methods is used and / or has been used for the determining, providing the first information together with at least one of the following elements: a) a or the second information characterizing the determined type of positioning method, or b) a or the third information characterizing a or the metric for a confidence level associated with the positioning method, and, optionally, if the determining yields that another type than the first type of positioning methods is used and / or has been used for the determining, providing the first information, e.g., without at least one of the following elements: a) a or the second information characterizing the determined type of positioning method, or b) a or the third information characterizing a or the metric for a confidence level associated with the positioning method.

[0023] In other words, in some examples, if an Al and / or ML-based positioning method has been used, at least one of the second information or the third information may be provided, e.g., transmitted, e.g., together with the first information, whereas, in some examples, if a legacy position method has been used, which, for example, is not based on an Al and / or ML-based technique, only the first information may be provided, e.g., transmitted, e.g., without the second information or the third information. In some examples, this enables to efficiently notify a further entity receiving the first information whether the positioning R.414608

[0024] - 4 - method that has been used to determine the first information is based on at least one of Al, ML, or not.

[0025] In some examples, the providing comprises formatting a or the report, e.g., positioning report, wherein the method optionally further comprises: sending the report, for example to at least one further entity. In some examples, the formatting may, e.g., comprise providing one or more information elements, e.g., for accommodating one or more of the first information, or the second information, or the third information.

[0026] In some examples, the method comprises at least one of: a) receiving a request associated with, e.g., for, a position of a target, or b) performing a specific one of a or the plurality of different positioning methods, or c) providing, e.g., formatting, a or the report, e.g., positioning report, based on the specific one of a or the plurality of different positioning methods, e.g., based on the type of the positioning method used for the performing, or d) sending the report, for example to at least one further entity.

[0027] Note that in some examples, an apparatus or device performing aspects of the disclosure may determine, e.g., locally, which type of positioning method to use. In some other examples, however, the apparatus or device performing aspects of the disclosure may determine which type of positioning method to use based on, e.g., the received request.

[0028] Some examples relate to an apparatus for performing the method according to the disclosure, wherein for example the apparatus is configured to perform the method according to the disclosure.

[0029] Some examples relate to a computer program comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the method according to the disclosure.

[0030] Some examples relate to a computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out the method according to the disclosure. R.414608

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[0032] Some examples relate to a data carrier signal carrying and / or characterizing the computer program according to the disclosure.

[0033] Some examples relate to a device for a wireless communication system, comprising at least one apparatus according to the disclosure.

[0034] Some examples relate to a use of the method according to the disclosure and / or of the apparatus according to the disclosure and / or of the computer program according to the disclosure and / or of the computer-readable storage medium according to the disclosure and / or of the data carrier signal according to the disclosure and / or of the device according to the disclosure for at least one of: a) indicating the positioning method, e.g., the type of positioning method, used for the determining, or b) providing a protocol to indicate whether positioning information is and / or has been derived from at least one model based on artificial intelligence, Al, and / or machine learning, ML, or c) enabling a, for example seamless, integration and / or interpretation of Al and / or ML-generated data, e.g., across different components and / or technologies, or d) reducing, e.g., avoiding, inconsistent formats for reporting positioning information, or e) dynamically accommodating an output of Al and / or ML-based models.

[0035] Brief Description of Some Example Figures

[0036] Some example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0037] Fig. 1 schematically depicts a simplified flow-chart,

[0038] Fig. 2 schematically depicts a simplified block diagram,

[0039] Fig. 3 schematically depicts a simplified flow-chart,

[0040] Fig. 4 schematically depicts a simplified flow-chart,

[0041] Fig. 5 schematically depicts a simplified flow-chart,

[0042] Fig. 6 schematically depicts a simplified flow-chart, R.414608

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[0044] Fig. 7 schematically depicts a simplified flow-chart,

[0045] Fig. 8 schematically depicts a simplified block diagram,

[0046] Fig. 9 schematically depicts a simplified flow-chart,

[0047] Fig. 10 schematically depicts a simplified block diagram,

[0048] Fig. 11 schematically depicts aspects of use.

[0049] Some examples, see, for example, Fig. 1 , 2, relate to a method, for example a computer-implemented method, for a device 10 (Fig. 2) for a wireless communication system 1000, the method comprising: determining 100 (Fig. 1) a position 20-POS of a target 20, e.g., in an environment ENV of the device 10, using a positioning method M-POS-1 , M-POS-2, providing 102 first information I- 1 characterizing the position 20-POS of the target 20 based on a type of the positioning method used for the determining 100. In some examples, this enables to notify, e.g., at least one further entity 30 of the type of positioning method used for the determining 100 of the position 20-POS.

[0050] In some examples, Fig. 2, the wireless communications system 1000 may, e.g., be a wireless, for example cellular, communications system, which is for example based on and / or adheres at least partially to at least one third generation partnership project, 3GPP, radio standard such as 4G (fourth generation), 5G (fifth generation), or 6G (sixth generation), or to another other radio access technology.

[0051] In some examples, Fig. 2, the device 10 for the wireless communication system 1000 may, e.g., be a network device, e.g., base station, e.g., gNB.

[0052] In some examples, Fig. 2, the device 10 for the wireless communication system 1000 may, e.g., be a terminal device, e.g., user equipment, e.g., UE.

[0053] In some examples, Fig. 3, the method comprises: determining 110 second information I-2 characterizing which type M-POS-TYP of positioning method, e.g., of a plurality of different positioning methods M-POS-1 , M-POS-2, is to be used and / or which type M-POS-TYP of positioning method has been used for R.414608

[0054] - 7 - determining 100 (Fig. 1) the position 20-POS of the target 20. In some examples, this may enable to notify at least one further entity 30 of the type M-POS-TYPE of positioning method used, e.g., for a specific positioning process.

[0055] In some examples, Fig. 3, the method comprises including 112 the second information I-2 in the first information 1-1 or combining, e.g., concatenating, the second information I-2 with the first information 1-1. In some examples, this may enable to efficiently transmit information I-2 on the type of positioning method used, e.g., together with position information 1-1 as, e.g., obtained by performing the positioning 100.

[0056] In some examples, Fig. 3, the method comprises including 114 third information I-3 characterizing a metric for a confidence level associated with the positioning method M-POS-1 , M-POS-2, e.g., type M-POS-TYPE of positioning method, e.g., as determined by the determining 100, wherein for example the third information I-3 comprises at least one of: a) a position estimate associated with the target 20, or b) a position uncertainty associated with the position estimate. In some examples, this enables to assess or evaluate the quality, e.g., confidence, related to the position estimate.

[0057] In some examples, Fig. 4, the method comprises at least one of: providing 120 a report REP, e.g., positioning report, comprising at least the first information 1-1 (optionally also at least one of the second information I-2 or the third information I-3), wherein for example providing 120 the report REP comprises formatting 120a the report REP based on a or the type M-POS-TYPE of the positioning method used for the determining 100 (Fig. 1) of the position of the target. In some examples, at least one information element (not shown in Fig. 4, see, for example, Fig. 8) may be provided in the report.

[0058] As an example, Fig. 8, a first information element IE-1 may be provided in the report REP, e.g., for accommodating at least a part of the first information 1-1.

[0059] In some examples, Fig. 8, a second information element IE-2 may be provided in the report REP, e.g., for accommodating at least a part of the second information I-2. R.414608

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[0061] In some examples, Fig. 8, a third information element IE-3 may be provided in the report REP, e.g., for accommodating at least a part of the third information 1.3.

[0062] In some other examples, at least some of the first information 1-1 or the second information I-2 or the third information I-3 may be combined within one or more information elements, e.g., of the report.

[0063] In some examples, Fig. 8, the report may also comprise at least one further information element IE'.

[0064] Returning to fig. 4, in some examples, the method comprises: sending 122 the report REP, for example to the at least one further entity 30 (Fig. 2), e.g., a network device or network entity, and / or a terminal device, and the like... .

[0065] In some examples, Fig. 2, a first type of positioning methods of a or the plurality M-POS-PLUR of different positioning methods is based on a positioning technique using at least one of a) artificial intelligence (Al) or b) machine learning (ML), wherein for example a second type of positioning methods of a or the plurality of different positioning methods is based on a positioning technique not using artificial intelligence and / or machine learning, wherein for example the second type of positioning methods is a legacy positioning method, e.g., based on, Uu-interface-based positioning and / or Sidelink-interface-based positioning.

[0066] In some examples, Fig. 5, the method comprises: determining 130 whether the first type of positioning methods is used and / or has been used for the determining 100 (Fig. 1), and, optionally, if the determining 130 yields that the first type M-pos-1 of positioning methods is used and / or has been used for the determining 100, providing 132a the first information 1-1 together with at least one of the following elements: a) a or the second information I-2 characterizing the determined type of positioning method, or b) a or the third information I-3 characterizing a or the metric for a confidence level associated with the positioning method, and, optionally, if the determining 130 yields that another type M-POS-2 than the first type M-POS-1 of positioning methods is used and / or has been used for the determining 100, providing 132b the first information 1-1 , e.g., without at least one of the following elements: a) a or the second information I-2 characterizing the determined type of positioning method, or b) a or the third R.414608

[0067] - 9 - information I-3 characterizing a or the metric for a confidence level associated with the positioning method.

[0068] In other words, in some examples, if an Al and / or ML-based positioning method has been used, at least one of the second information I-2 or the third information I-3 may be provided, e.g., transmitted, e.g., together with the first information 1-1 (thus, e.g., notifying a receiver of the aspects as characterized by the information I-2, I-3), whereas, in some examples, if a legacy position method has been used, which, for example, is not based on an Al and / or ML-based technique, only the first information 1-1 may be provided, e.g., transmitted, e.g., without the second information or the third information (thus, e.g., also notifying a receiver, e.g., on the fact that no Al- or ML-based positioning method, but rather, e.g., a legacy positioning method, has been used). In some examples, this enables to efficiently notify a further entity 30 (Fig. 2) receiving the first information 1-1 whether the positioning method that has been used to determine the first information is based on at least one of Al, ML, or not.

[0069] In some examples, Fig. 5, the providing 132a comprises formatting 132a' a or the report REP, e.g., positioning report, (e.g., to comprise at least one information element IE-1 , IE-2, IE-3, ... , see, for example, Fig. 8), wherein the method optionally further comprises: sending 134 the report, for example to at least one further entity 30 (Fig. 2). In some examples, Fig. 5, the formatting 132a' may, e.g., comprise providing one or more of the information elements IE-1 , IE-2, IE-3, ... , e.g., for accommodating one or more of the first information 1-1 , or the second information I-2, or the third information I-3. In some examples, an optional formatting may also be performed in block 132b, wherein, however, an information element IE-1 may be provided for the first information 1-1 , but, for example, no information elements IE-2, IE-3 may be provided for second and third information I-2, I-3, as this may be omitted in block 132b, as mentioned above.

[0070] In some examples, Fig. 6, the method comprises at least one of: a) receiving 140 a request REQ associated with, e.g., for, a position 20-POS of a target, or b) performing 142 a specific one of a or the plurality of different positioning methods M-POS-1 , M-POS-2 (e.g., based on the request REQ or according to a determination based on, e.g., one or more operational parameters of, e.g., the device 10, such as, e.g., a capability related to the plurality of different positioning R.414608

[0071] - 10 - methods M-POS-1 , M-POS-2), or c) providing 144, e.g., formatting 144a, a or the report REP, e.g., positioning report, based on the specific one of a or the plurality of different positioning methods, e.g., based on the type of the positioning method used for the performing 142, or d) sending 146, e.g., transmitting, the report REP, for example to the at least one further entity 30.

[0072] Note that in some examples, Fig. 2, an apparatus 200 or device 10 performing aspects of the disclosure may determine, e.g., locally, which type of positioning method to use. In some other examples, however, the apparatus 200 or device 10 performing aspects of the disclosure may determine which type of positioning method to use based on, e.g., the received request REQ.

[0073] Fig. 7 depicts example aspects of a method as may, e.g., be performed by the at least one further entity 30 and / or an apparatus 300 for the at least one further entity 30. Block 150 symbolizes receiving the first information 1-1 , e.g., from the device 10, e.g., in the form of a report REP (Fig. 2). Note that in some examples (not shown in Fig. 7), the entity 30 may request the report REP, e.g., by transmitting a respective request, also see block 140 of Fig. 6, to the device 10. Block 152 of Fig. 7 symbolizes evaluating the received information 1-1 or report REP. In some examples, the evaluating 152 may comprise determining whether the first information 1-1 has been determined by the device 10 using an Al- or ML- based positioning method, wherein this determining may, e.g., be performed by the entity 30 based on whether second and / or third information is comprised in the received report REP.

[0074] As an example, if no second or third information is comprised in the received report REP, the entity 30 may conclude that the device 10 has determined the position 20-POS of the target 20 using a positioning method which is not based on Al or ML, such as, e.g., a legacy positioning method, e.g., based on llu- and / or Sidelink signals.

[0075] As a further example, if the second or third information is comprised in the received report REP, the entity 30 may conclude that the device 10 has determined the position 20-POS of the target 20 using a positioning method which is based on Al and / or ML, and the entity may, e.g., evaluate the second information I-2 and / or the third information I-3 also provided in the report, e.g., to take full advantage of the provided information 1-1 , I-2, I-3. R.414608

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[0077] Fig. 9 schematically depicts a simplified flow-chart according to some examples. Element E1 symbolizes receiving, e.g., by the device 10 and / or the apparatus 200 (Fig. 2), a request REQ for the position 20-POS of a target 20, e.g., from the at least one further entity 30. Element E2 (Fig. 9) symbolizes determining which (type of) positioning method to use for determining the position 20-POS of the target 20. If it is determined that a legacy (e.g., second, e.g., non Al- or ML- based) positioning method is used, the procedure continues with element E3, indicating that the legacy positioning method (e.g., based on llu and / or Sidelink signals) has been chosen to be used. Element E4 symbolizes performing the legacy positioning method, and element E5 symbolizes obtaining the position 20- POS of the target 20 based on performing E4 the chosen method. Element E6 symbolizes providing, e.g., formatting, a position report REP (Fig. 2), e.g., comprising the first information 1-1 characterizing the position 20-POS of the target 20, and element E12 symbolizes sending the position report REP to the requesting entity 30.

[0078] If it is determined that an Al- or ML-based positioning method is used, the procedure continues with element E7, indicating that the first positioning method (e.g., based on Al and / or ML) has been chosen to be used. Element E8 symbolizes performing the Al- and / or ML- positioning method, and element E9 symbolizes obtaining the position 20-POS of the target 20 based on performing E8 the chosen method. Element E10 symbolizes providing, e.g., adding, a confidence level metric, e.g., in the sense of the third information I-3. Element E11 symbolizes providing, e.g., adding, an indicator, e.g. tag, e.g., in the sense of the second information I-2. In some examples, the tag may comprise one bit, indicating that the position as determined by block E8 has been derived using an Al- and / or ML-based technique. Element E6, as already mentioned above, symbolizes providing, e.g., formatting, the position report REP (Fig. 2), e.g., comprising the first information 1-1 characterizing the position 20-POS of the target 20, and also comprising the further information as provided, e.g., added, by elements E10, E11.

[0079] Some examples, Fig. 10, relate to an apparatus 200 for performing the method according to the disclosure, wherein for example the apparatus 200 is configured to perform the method according to the disclosure. In some examples, the apparatus or its functionality may be integrated in the device 10 (Fig. 2). In some R.414608

[0080] - 12 - examples, the apparatus 300 of Fig. 2 may comprise a same or similar functionality as the apparatus 200 of Fig. 10.

[0081] In some examples, the apparatus 200 comprises at least one calculating unit, e.g. processor, 202 and at least one memory unit 204 associated with (i.e., usable by) the at least one calculating unit 202 for at least temporarily storing a computer program PRG and / or data DAT, wherein said computer program PRG is e.g. configured to at least temporarily control an operation of the apparatus 200 and / or the device 10, e.g. an execution of a method according to the disclosure.

[0082] In some examples, the at least one calculating unit 202 comprises at least one core (see the dashed rectangle) for executing the computer program PRG or at least parts thereof, e.g. for executing the method according to the disclosure or at least one or more steps thereof.

[0083] According to some examples, the at least one calculating unit 202 may comprise at least one of the following elements: a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a digital signal processor (DSP), a programmable logic element (e.g., FPGA, field programmable gate array), an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit), hardware circuitry, a tensor processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU).

[0084] According to further preferred embodiments, any combination of two or more of these elements is also possible.

[0085] According to some examples, the memory unit 204 comprises at least one of the following elements: a volatile memory 204a, e.g., a random-access memory (RAM), a non-volatile memory 204b, e.g., a Flash-EEPROM.

[0086] In some examples, the computer program PRG is at least temporarily stored in the non-volatile memory 204b. Data DAT (e.g. associated with the first information 1-1 and / or the second information I-2 and the like), which may, e.g. be used for performing the method according to the disclosure, may at least temporarily be stored in the RAM 204a.

[0087] In some examples, an optional computer-readable storage medium SM comprising instructions, e.g. in the form of a or the computer program PRG, may be provided. As an example, the storage medium SM may comprise or represent a digital storage medium such as a semiconductor memory device (e.g., solid R.414608

[0088] - 13 - state drive, SSD) and / or a magnetic storage medium such as a disk or harddisk drive (HDD) and / or an optical storage medium such as a compact disc (CD) or DVD (digital versatile disc) or the like.

[0089] In some examples, the configuration 200 may comprise an optional data interface 206, e.g. for bidirectional data exchange with at least one further device. As an example, by means of the data interface 206, a data carrier signal DCS may be received, e.g. from the external device, for example via a wired or a wireless data transmission medium, e.g. over a (virtual) private computer network and / or a public computer network such as e.g. the Internet.

[0090] In some examples, the data carrier signal DCS may represent or carry the computer program PRG according to the disclosure, or at least a part thereof.

[0091] Some examples, Fig. 2, relate to a device 10 for a wireless communication system 1000, comprising at least one apparatus 200 according to the disclosure.

[0092] In the following, further aspects and examples are disclosed which, in some examples, may, e.g., be combined with one or more of the example aspects explained above.

[0093] Some examples, Fig. 11 , relate to a use 400 of the method according to the disclosure and / or of the apparatus 200 according to the disclosure and / or of the computer program PRG according to the disclosure and / or of the computer- readable storage medium SM according to the disclosure and / or of the data carrier signal DCS according to the disclosure and / or of the device 10 according to the disclosure for at least one of: a) indicating 401 the positioning method, e.g., the type of positioning method, used for the determining 100, or b) providing 402 a protocol to indicate whether positioning information is and / or has been derived from at least one model based on artificial intelligence, Al, and / or machine learning, ML, or c) enabling 403 a, for example seamless, integration and / or interpretation of Al and / or ML-generated data, e.g., across different components and / or technologies, or d) reducing 404, e.g., avoiding 405, inconsistent formats for reporting positioning information, or e) dynamically 406 accommodating an output of Al and / or ML-based models. R.414608

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[0095] In some examples, the principle according to the disclosure enables to integrate aspects of artificial intelligence (Al) and / or machine learning (ML) into the domain of wireless communication systems, e.g., for enhancing positioning accuracy, e.g., by using positioning methods that employ Al- and / or ML-based techniques.

[0096] In some examples, Al- and / or ML-based techniques for positioning may be used for distinguishing between Line of Sight (LOS) / Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) conditions, e.g., delivering precise timing information that may be useful for positioning.

[0097] In some examples, the principle according to the disclosure enables to address, e.g., improve, at least one of the following aspects, e.g., with respect to AI / ML- assisted positioning, e.g., within wireless communication systems:

[0098] A) The absence of a standardized protocol for indicating whether positioning data, including LOS / NLOS indicators and timing information, is derived from AI / ML models or through traditional legacy measurements according to some conventional approaches. This gap hinders the seamless integration and interpretation of AI / ML-generated data across different network components and technologies.

[0099] B) The presence of inconsistent reporting formats across various entities (UE, gNB, LMF) and across different technological standards, which can lead to inefficiencies and confusion in data interpretation, ultimately affecting the positioning accuracy and reliability.

[0100] C) A notable underutilization of AI / ML's predictive and analytical capabilities, primarily due to the lack of a comprehensive framework that can dynamically accommodate various AI / ML model outputs, including their associated confidence levels or quality metrics. This underutilization represents a missed opportunity to enhance the accuracy and reliability of positioning solutions.

[0101] In other words, using the principle according to the disclosure may enable to A) provide a, for example standardized, protocol, e.g., for indicating whether positioning data, e.g., including LOS / NLOS indicators and / or timing information, is derived from AI / ML models or through traditional, e.g., legacy measurements, e.g., according to some conventional approaches, and / or B) provide a consistent R.414608

[0102] - 15 - reporting format accommodating information associated with different types of positioning methods, and / or C) enable an improved utilization of AI / ML's predictive and analytical capabilities.

[0103] In some examples, the principle according to the disclosure enables to provide a comprehensive unified reporting framework designed to standardize the presentation and interpretation of AI / ML-assisted positioning data across wireless communication systems. In some examples, this innovative framework introduces a set of universally applicable indicators and formats that unequivocally distinguish AI / ML-derived data from traditional legacy measurements. In some examples, the framework also incorporates mechanisms for integrating confidence levels or quality metrics associated with AI / ML outputs, ensuring interoperability, efficient data utilization, and the maximization of AI / ML technologies' potential benefits.

[0104] In some examples, one or more aspects related to an implementation of, for example universal, AI / ML Indicators may be provided: In some examples, a universally recognized indicator, e.g. termed "AI / ML Derived,", may be provided, e.g., across all positioning data reports REP generated within the network 1000. In some examples, this indicator may clearly denote whether the data (e.g., first information 1-1), e.g., including LOS / NLOS conditions and / or timing information, has been derived from AI / ML models or obtained through traditional legacy measurements.

[0105] In some examples, a standardized "Confidence Level" metric may be implemented, e.g., for at least some, e.g., all, AI / ML-derived data, see, for example, the third information I-3. In some examples, this metric may quantify a reliability of the AI / ML model's output (e.g., position information), e.g., based on its performance metrics and / or validation outcomes, thus, e.g., providing a clear, standardized measure of trustworthiness for positioning data 1-1.

[0106] In some examples, the confidence level metric may be specific to the AI / ML (assisted) positioning method, as it is related to the output of the algorithm, positioning estimate and positioning uncertainty. In some examples, the latter should not be confused with the confidence level as uncertainty is a state of the art metric related to the estimate itself. In some examples, the confidence level R.414608

[0107] - 16 - according to the disclosure is related to the performance of the AI / ML algorithm itself. It could be, for instance, a RMSE (root mean square error) report.

[0108] In some examples, unified reporting formats may be created and / or used, which, in some examples, are specifically tailored, e.g., for AI / ML-assisted positioning data 1-1 , I-2, I-3. In some examples, such reporting formats may include designated fields, e.g., information elements, e.g., for the "AI / ML Derived" indicator (e.g., a one-bit information element), and, e.g., for the "Confidence Level" metric (e.g., comprising one or more bits), e.g., ensuring consistency and clarity across, e.g., all, relevant communication protocols, such as, e.g., LPP (LTE Positioning Protocol) and NRPPa (NR positioning protocol A).

[0109] In some examples, the reporting formats according to the disclosure may, e.g., be designed to be inherently flexible, allowing them to accommodate a diverse range of AI / ML model outputs. In some examples, this may ensure that the unique insights and advantages offered by each AI / ML model are fully captured and utilized, enhancing the overall accuracy and utility of the positioning data.

[0110] In some examples, a dynamic adaptation framework may be established, e.g., within a reporting system, e.g., to accommodate evolving AI / ML model outputs. In some examples, this framework may, e.g., allow for an inclusion of modelspecific data fields in the standardized reporting formats, thus, e.g., ensuring that the system remains adaptable and responsive to advancements in AI / ML technologies and methodologies.

[0111] In some examples, it is proposed to incorporate a mechanism for a repeated, e.g., periodic, review and / or update of the reporting formats, e.g., within the dynamic adaptation framework. In some examples, this may ensure that the reporting system remains aligned with the latest developments in AI / ML technologies, maintaining its relevance and effectiveness over time.

[0112] In some examples, protocols for interoperability and data utilization may be provided using the principle according to the disclosure. In other words, using the principle according to the disclosure, protocols for the efficient exchange and integration of AI / ML-assisted positioning data between different network entities (UE, gNB, LMF) and across various technological standards (e.g., 5G NR, LTE) may be developed and implemented. In some examples, these protocols may R.414608

[0113] - 17 - ensure that AI / ML-derived data may be seamlessly integrated into existing network infrastructures, enhancing interoperability and the efficiency of data utilization.

[0114] In some examples, comprehensive guidelines, e.g., for the interpretation and utilization of AI / ML-derived data within the network, may be provided. In some examples, these guidelines may detail how to effectively integrate confidence levels into existing positioning algorithms and decision-making processes, ensuring that the full potential of AI / ML technologies is realized in the enhancement of positioning solutions.

[0115] In some examples, the principle according to the disclosure enables to advance an efficiency, reliability, and interoperability of AI / ML-assisted positioning for wireless communication systems 1000, thus, e.g., facilitating a streamlined reporting and interpretation of AI / ML-derived positioning data, as well as maximizing benefits of integrating, e.g., cutting-edge, AI / ML technologies, e.g., into positioning solutions. In some examples, this may lead to a marked improvement in the accuracy and reliability of positioning capabilities within wireless communication systems 1000, paving the way for a new era of precision and dependability in location-based services and applications.

[0116] In some examples, Fig. 2, a device 10 implementing aspects of the disclosure may, e.g., follow one or more of the following steps: receive a request for the position of a target, analyze a list of methods that can be used to obtain this target position (e.g., a) a legacy method (e.g., based on Uu, Sidelink positioning), b) AI / ML based positioning, perform the chosen method to obtain the target position, format the positioning report including, in case AI / ML is used: a) a confidence level metric for AI / ML derived data, including position estimate and position uncertainty, b) a tag “AI / ML derived” for AI / ML derived data, send the positioning report to the requester.

[0117] In some examples, the principle according to the disclosure enables to integrate new AI / ML-based positioning into a legacy framework, thus, e.g., allowing a smooth integration of new methods as well as hybrid positioning, for example efficient switching between the different methods.

Claims

R.414608- 18 -Claims1 . A method, for example a computer-implemented method, for a device (10) for a wireless communication system (1000), the method comprising: determining (100) a position (20-POS) of a target (20) using a positioning method (M-POS-1 , M-POS-2), providing (102) first information (1-1) characterizing the position (20-POS) of the target (20) based on a type of the positioning method (M-POS-1 , M-POS-2) used for the determining (100).

2. The method according to claim 1 , comprising: determining (110) second information (I-2) characterizing o which type (M-POS-TYP) of positioning method (M-POS-1 , M- POS-2), e.g., of a plurality (M-POS-PLUR) of different positioning methods (M-POS-1 , M-POS-2), is to be used and / or o which type of positioning method (M-POS-1 , M-POS-2) has been used for determining (100) the position (20-POS) of the target (20).

3. The method according to claim 2, comprising: including (112) the second information (I-2) in the first information (1-1 ).

4. The method according to any of the preceding claims, comprising: including (114) third information (I-3) characterizing a metric for a confidence level associated with the positioning method (M-POS-1 , M- POS-2), e.g., type of positioning method, e.g., as determined by the determining (110), wherein for example the third information (I-3) comprises at least one of: a) a position estimate associated with the target (20), or b) a position uncertainty associated with the position estimate.

5. The method according to any of the preceding claims, comprising at least one of:R.414608- 19 - providing (120) a report (REP), e.g., positioning report, comprising at least the first information (1-1), wherein for example providing (120) the report (REP) comprises formatting (120a) the report (REP) based on a or the type (M-POS-TYP) of the positioning method (M-POS-1 , M-POS-2) used for the determining (100) of the position (20-POS) of the target (20).

6. The method according to claim 5, comprising: sending (122) the report (REP), for example to at least one further entity (30).

7. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein a first type of positioning methods of a or the plurality (M-POS- PLUR) of different positioning methods (M-POS-1 , M-POS-2) is based on a positioning technique using at least one of a) artificial intelligence or b) machine learning, wherein for example a second type of positioning methods of a or the plurality (M-POS-PLUR) of different positioning methods (M-POS-1 , M- POS-2) is based on a positioning technique not using artificial intelligence and / or machine learning, wherein for example the second type of positioning methods is a legacy positioning method, e.g., based on, Uu-interface-based positioning and / or Sidelink-interface-based positioning.

8. The method according to claim 7, comprising: determining (130) whether the first type of positioning methods (M-POS-1 , M-POS-2) is used and / or has been used for the determining (100), and, optionally, if the determining (130) yields that the first type of positioning methods (M-POS-1 , M-POS-2) is used and / or has been used for the determining (100), providing (132a) the first information (1-1) together with at least one of the following elements: a) a or the second information (I-2) characterizing the determined type (M-POS-TYP) of positioning method (M-POS-1 , M-POS-2), orR.414608- 20 - b) a or the third information (I-3) characterizing a or the metric for a confidence level associated with the positioning method (M-POS-1 , M- POS-2), and, optionally, if the determining (130) yields that another type than the first type of positioning methods (M-POS-1 , M-POS-2) is used and / or has been used for the determining (100), providing (132b) the first information (1-1), e.g., without at least one of the following elements: a) a or the second information (I-2) characterizing the determined type (M-POS-TYP) of positioning method (M-POS-1 , M-POS-2), or b) a or the third information (I-3) characterizing a or the metric for a confidence level associated with the positioning method (M-POS-1 , M- POS-2).

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the providing (132a, 132b) comprises formatting (132a') a or the report (REP), e.g., positioning report, and wherein the method optionally further comprises: sending (134) the report (134), for example to at least one further entity (30).

10. The method according to any of the preceding claims, comprising at least one of: a) receiving (140) a request (REQ) associated with, e.g., for, a position (20- POS) of a target (20), or b) performing (142) a specific one of a or the plurality of different positioning methods (M-POS-1 , M-POS-2), or c) providing (144), e.g., formatting (144a), a or the report (REP), e.g., positioning report, based on the specific one of a or the plurality of different positioning methods (M-POS-1 , M-POS-2), e.g., based on the type of the positioning method (M-POS-1 , M-POS-2) used for the performing (142), or d) sending (146) the report (REP), for example to at least one further entity (30).11 . An apparatus (200) for performing the method according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein for example the apparatus (200) is configured to perform the method according to at least one of the preceding claims.R.414608- 21 -12. A computer program (PRG) comprising instructions which, when the program (PRG) is executed by a computer (202), cause the computer (202) to perform the method according to at least one of the claims 1 to 10.

13. A computer-readable storage medium (SM) comprising instructions (PRG) which, when executed by a computer (202), cause the computer (202) to carry out the method according to at least one of the claims 1 to 10.

14. A data carrier signal (DCS) carrying and / or characterizing the computer program (PRG) of claim 12.

15. A device (10) for a wireless communication system (1000), comprising at least one apparatus (200) according to claim 11 .

16. A use (400) of the method according to any of the claims 1 to 10 and / or of the apparatus (200) according to claim 11 and / or of the computer program (PRG) according to claim 12 and / or of the computer-readable storage medium (SM) according to claim 13 and / or of the data carrier signal (DCS) according to claim 14 and / or of the device (10) according to claim 15 for at least one of: a) indicating (401) the positioning method (M-POS-1 , M-POS-2), e.g., the type of positioning method, used for the determining (100), or b) providing (402) a protocol to indicate whether positioning information is and / or has been derived from at least one model based on artificial intelligence, Al, and / or machine learning, ML, or c) enabling (403) a, for example seamless, integration and / or interpretation of Al and / or ML-generated data, e.g., across different components and / or technologies, or d) reducing (404), e.g., avoiding (405), inconsistent formats for reporting positioning information, or e) dynamically accommodating (406) an output of Al and / or ML-based models.

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