Antenna system, and associated methods and uses

Abstract

The present invention discloses an antenna system comprising a dielectric substrate, an antenna radiator integrated to the substrate, a ground plane and a dielectric panel comprising a first trace and a second trace The ground plane comprises a slot in front of the antenna radiator. The ground plane is positioned at a non-zero-distance from the antenna radiator. The antenna system further comprises a first connection means electrically connected to the first trace of the dielectric panel. The antenna system further comprises a second connection means electrically connected to the second trace of the dielectric panel. The first connection means and the second connection means are electrically connected to the ground around the slot. The present invention also discloses a vehicle comprising an antenna system and associated methods and use.

Description

Antenna system, and associated methods and usesDescriptionTechnical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of antenna systems, specifically to antenna systems that utilize aperture coupling. The invention is particularly concerned with antenna systems that incorporate a dielectric panel, such as a glass panel, and aim to achieve high efficiency, unidirectional radiation patterns, and ease of integration with a dielectric panel such as a printed circuit board (PCBs).

[0002] This is particularly relevant in modern applications where the integration of antennas into transparent substrates, such as glass, is becoming increasingly important. For instance, in automotive and architectural applications, antennas embedded in glass panels can provide seamless connectivity without compromising the aesthetic or structural integrity of the vehicle or building.

[0003] The invention is particularly relevant to antennas that are mounted on supports, such as windows or other structural elements, where the antenna is used for communication purposes in various applications including but not limited to automotive, aerospace, and building infrastructure.

[0004] Thus, the invention concerns multiple domains especially domains where antenna system is required and where such antenna system, especially the dielectric panel, is related to a window, for example, that can be mounted on such a stationary object, for instance a building or alike, or a mobile object, for instance a vehicle, a train, a plane or alike.Background Art

[0005] In the field of antenna systems, significant advancements have been made to improve the performance and integration of antennas with various substrates, including glass. These systems are essential in numerous applications, such as telecommunications or automotive, where efficient and reliable signal transmission is critical. Current state-of-the-art antenna systems often employ complex configurations that require multiplelayers of materials and intricate designs to achieve the desired performance characteristics. Aperture coupling is a common technique used to facilitate the transition of signals between different components of the antenna system, but it comes with its own set of challenges.

[0006] One of the primary issues with existing antenna systems is the loss incurred during the transition of signals from the transmission lines to the antenna radiator, especially when different substrates are involved. This loss can significantly degrade the overall performance of the antenna system, leading to reduced signal strength and efficiency. Additionally, many current systems require multiple metal layers within the substrate to achieve a unidirectional radiation pattern, which complicates the manufacturing process and increases the cost.

[0007] Another significant disadvantage of existing antenna systems is their dependency on the size and stack-up configuration of the exiting part of the antenna system hold on PCBs. This dependency restricts the design flexibility and often necessitates larger PCBs to accommodate the antenna system, which is not ideal for applications where space is at a premium. The need for larger PCBs also adds to the weight and cost of the final product, making it less competitive in the market. Furthermore, the complexity of these systems often results in higher production costs and longer development times, which can be a barrier to innovation and rapid deployment.

[0008] The document EP0590928 discloses a laminar microstrip patch antenna comprising a ground plane element located between a patch radiator and a transmission line circuit for feeding the antenna. The ground plane has a cross aperture formed by two intersecting linear slots and the transmission line circuit has two linear conductors (27,28) intersecting each other in alignment with the centre of the cross aperture and the two linear conductors are electrically insulated from each other at the point of intersection. This document is using a cross slot using an open circuit projection beyond said slot and creating an aperture coupling.

[0009] The objective of the present invention is to address these disadvantages by providing an antenna system that offers a loss-less transition from the PCB, or any other dielectric panel, to the glass substrate,or any other dielectric substrate.

[0010] It is therefore an objective of the present invention to provide an antenna system that overcomes the disadvantages of existing solutions by offering a loss-less transition from PCB to glass, a unidirectional radiation pattern, high efficiency, and independence from PCB size and stack-up configuration.Summary of invention

[0011] It is an object of the present invention, in its different aspects, to alleviate the above-described problems and in particular to overcome the drawbacks of the prior art by providing a system, uses and methods for providing connection for a wireless communication network.

[0012] This is achieved through a novel antenna system of the present invention.

[0013] The present invention also aims to provide a high-efficiency antenna system that can deliver superior performance compared to existing solutions.

[0014] Then, the present invention relates, in a first aspect, to an antenna system comprising a dielectric substrate, an antenna radiator integrated to the substrate, a ground plane and a dielectric panel comprising a first trace and a second trace. The ground plane comprises a slot in front of the antenna radiator.

[0015] The solution as defined in the first aspect of the present invention is based on that the ground plane is positioned at a non-zero-distance from the antenna radiator.

[0016] The solution as defined in the first aspect of the present invention is also based on that the antenna system further comprises a first connection means electrically connected to the first trace of the dielectric panel. The antenna system further comprises a second connection means electrically connected to the second trace of the dielectric panel.

[0017] The solution as defined in the first aspect of the present invention is also based on that the first connection means and the second connection means are electrically connected to the ground around the slot.

[0018] The present invention relates, in a second aspect, to a vehiclecomprising an antenna system according to the first aspect of the first aspect.

[0019] The present invention permits in the different aspects to ensure a seamless transition of signals, thereby minimizing loss and enhancing the overall efficiency of the antenna system.

[0020] Moreover, the present invention aims to achieve a unidirectional radiation pattern with the ground and the antenna radiator layers in / on the dielectric substrate. This simplification not only reduces the manufacturing complexity but also lowers the cost of production. By minimizing the number of layers required, the invention also enhances the durability and reliability of the antenna system, making it more suitable for a wide range of applications. The reduced complexity in the design also translates to faster production times and lower development costs, which are critical factors in the competitive landscape of antenna systems.

[0021] Another key objective of the present invention is to eliminate the dependency on the dielectric panel, especially a PCB, size and stack-up configuration. This independence allows for the use of smaller dielectric panels, such as small PCBs, which is particularly advantageous in applications where space is limited. The ability to use smaller dielectric panels also contributes to the overall reduction in weight and cost of the final product, making it more attractive to manufacturers and end-users alike. This flexibility in design also opens up new possibilities for integrating antenna systems into various devices and structures, thereby expanding the potential applications of the technology.

[0022] By optimizing the design and configuration of the antenna system, the invention ensures that the maximum amount of signal is transmitted and received, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the system. This high efficiency is particularly important in applications where signal strength and reliability are critical, such as in automotive systems.

[0023] In addition to the technical advantages, the present invention also focuses on ease of manufacturing and integration. The simplified design with fewer metal layers and the independence from PCB size and stack-up make the antenna system easier to produce and integrate into various devices. This ease of manufacturing not only reduces production costs but alsoshortens the time to market, allowing manufacturers to respond more quickly to market demands and technological advancements.

[0024] Then, the present invention relates, in a third aspect, to a method for assembling a communication system according to the first aspect of the present invention. The method comprises following steps:- Providing the antenna radiator and the ground plane with the dielectric substrate;- Providing the dielectric panel, preferably a PCB, already connected to the first connection means and to the second connection means;- Electrically connecting the first connection means and the second connection means around the slot of the ground plane- Inserting the dielectric panel into the housing until maintained by the retaining means and in order to electrically connect the first connection means to conductive layer and the second connection means to conductive layer.

[0025] Furthermore, the present invention in its different aspects addresses the need for a robust and reliable antenna system that can withstand various environmental conditions. The use of a dielectric substrate, such as glass, provides inherent durability and resistance to environmental factors, ensuring that the antenna system can perform reliably over an extended period. This robustness is particularly important in applications where the antenna system is exposed to harsh conditions, such as in automotive and outdoor telecommunications systems.

[0026] It is noted that the invention relates to all possible combinations of features recited in the claims or in the described embodiments.

[0027] The following description relates to vehicle applications, such as car, but it’s understood that the invention may be applicable to other fields like building, cities, streets, urban furniture, train, aerospace, boat, or transportation applications.Brief description of the drawings

[0028] This and other aspects of the present invention will now be described in more detail, with reference to the appended drawings showing various exemplifying embodiments of the invention which are provided byway of illustration and not of limitation. The drawings are a schematic representation and not true to scale. The drawings do not restrict the invention in any way. More advantages will be explained with examples.

[0029] FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of an antenna system according to the present invention according to some embodiments.

[0030] FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view of an antenna system according to the present invention according to some embodiments.

[0031] FIG. 3 is a 3D view from the top of an antenna system according to the present invention according to some embodiments.

[0032] FIG. 4 is a 3D view from the bottom of an antenna system according to the present invention according to some embodiments.

[0033] FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 are respectively a 3D view from the top and from the bottom of an antenna system according to the present invention according to some embodiments.

[0034] FIG. 7 is top view of an antenna system according to the present invention according to some embodiments.

[0035] FIG. 8 is a detail of a slot of the FIG. 7.

[0036] FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 are respectively a 3D view from the bottom and from the top of an antenna system according to the present invention according to some embodiments.

[0037] FIG. 11 and FIG. 12 are respectively a 2D view from the top and from the bottom of a dielectric panel according to the present invention according to some embodiments.

[0038] FIG. 13 illustrates a method according to the third aspect of the present invention.

[0039] FIG. 14 illustrates a vehicle according to the second aspect of the present invention.Detailed description

[0040] It should be understood that embodiments and terminologies / wordings used in the embodiments do not limit technology described in this document to a specific embodiment and include various changes, equivalents, and / or replacements of a corresponding embodiment. The same reference numbers are used throughout thedrawings to refer to the same or like parts.

[0041] As used herein, spatial, or directional terms, such as "inner", "outer", "above", "below", "top", "bottom", and the like, relate to the invention as it is shown in the drawing figures. However, it is to be understood that the invention can assume various alternative orientations and, accordingly, such terms are not to be considered as limiting. Further, all numbers expressing dimensions, physical characteristics, processing parameters, quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and the like, used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about". Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical values set forth in the following specification and claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. In the following description, unless otherwise specified, expression “substantially” mean to within 10%, preferably to within 5%.

[0042] Moreover, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to be inclusive of the beginning and ending range values and to encompass any and all subranges subsumed therein. For example, a stated range of "1 to 10" should be considered to include any and all subranges between (and inclusive of) the minimum value of 1 and the maximum value of 10; that is, all subranges beginning with a minimum value of 1 or more, e.g. 1 to 6.1, and ending with a maximum value of 10 or less, e.g., 5.5 to 10. Further, as used herein, the terms "deposited over" or "provided over" mean deposited or provided on but not necessarily in surface contact with. For example, a coating "deposited over" a substrate does not preclude the presence of one or more other coating films of the same or different composition located between the deposited coating and the substrate.

[0043] Where the term "transparent" is used in the present description and claims, it denotes a property illustrating the average TL (light transmission) of visible light transmitted through a material in the visible spectrum of at least 1%. Preferably, transparent relates to a TL property of at least 10%. More preferably, transparent denotes a TL of at least 50%. Ideally, transparent denotes a TL of at least 70%.

[0044] Where the term “comprising” is used in the present description and claims, it does not exclude other elements or steps. Where an indefinite ordefinite article is used when referring to a singular noun e.g. "a" or "an", "the", this includes a plural of that noun unless something else is specifically stated. In this document, "configured to (or set to)" may be interchangeably used in hardware and software with, for example, "appropriate to", "having a capability to", "changed to", "made to", "capable of", or "designed to" according to a situation. In any situation, an expression "device configured to do" may mean that the device "can do" together with another device or component.

[0045] Furthermore, the terms first, second and the like in the description and in the claims, are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking or in any other manner. It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances and that the embodiments of the invention described herein are capable of operation in other sequences than described or illustrated herein. When it is described that a constituent element (e.g., a first constituent element) is "(functionally or communicatively) coupled to" or is "connected to" another constituent element (e.g., a second constituent element), it should be understood that the constituent element may be directly connected to the another constituent element or may be connected to the another constituent element through another constituent element (e.g., a third constituent element).

[0046] It is an object of the present invention to alleviate the abovedescribed problems by proposing an efficient antenna system.

[0047] Especially, according to a first aspect of the invention as illustrated in FIG.l, the invention relates to an antenna system 1. The antenna system comprises a dielectric substrate 2, an antenna radiator 3 integrated to the substrate, a ground plane 4; the ground plane comprising a slot 5 in front of the antenna radiator, a dielectric panel 7 comprising a first trace and a second trace. The ground plane is positioned at a non-zero-distance D34 from the antenna radiator. The antenna system further comprises a first connection means 75 electrically connected to the first trace of the dielectric panel and a second connection means 76 electrically connected to the second trace of the dielectric panel. The first connection means and the second connection means are electrically connected to the ground aroundthe slot.

[0048] In the context of the present invention, the expression “electrically connected” refers to a direct physical connection between two conductive elements that enables the flow of electrical current. This connection typically involves a connection means — such as the first or second connection means — providing a conductive path between the components.

[0049] This configuration differs fundamentally from the aperture coupling technique known from the prior art. In aperture coupling, energy is transferred between layers or components via electromagnetic fields through an aperture, without any direct conductive path. Such coupling relies on capacitive or inductive mechanisms and does not involve a physical electrical connection between the coupled elements. In contrast, the present invention employs a direct electrical connection, which offers several technical advantages. Moreover, the prior art configuration is inherently dependent on the presence and precise dimensions of an air gap between the ground planes, which critically affects the coupling efficiency and performance. This dependency introduces variability and sensitivity to mechanical tolerances and environmental conditions. In contrast, the present invention does not rely on any air gap between the grounds, as the connection means provides a stable and direct conductive path, thereby eliminating such dependencies and enhancing reliability.

[0050] The electrically connected pin of the present invention allows for improved impedance matching by enabling precise control of the input impedance, thereby reducing reflection losses and enhancing power transfer efficiency. It also supports enhanced bandwidth, as the galvanic connection can be tuned through physical dimensions and placement of the pin, offering more predictable performance than field-based coupling. Furthermore, the direct connection is less sensitive to manufacturing tolerances — such as substrate thickness and aperture geometry — resulting in improved reproducibility and yield.

[0051] Additionally, the conductive path minimizes dielectric and radiation losses typically associated with non-contact coupling methods, leading to better overall antenna efficiency. The physical connection also contributes to mechanical robustness, which is beneficial in environments subject tovibration or mechanical stress. Finally, the behavior of galvanically connected elements is easier to model using conventional circuit and electromagnetic simulation tools, simplifying the design process and enabling faster optimization.The present invention achieves a more stable and efficient coupling mechanism, particularly advantageous in high-performance or compact antenna systems compared to prior art.<substrate>

[0052] The term dielectric in the sense of the present invention means that the substrate is not electrically conductive by itself.

[0053] In some embodiments, the substrate can be a plastic-based substrate such as polycarbonate, Clear acrylic, or polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) substrate or any suitable plastic-based substrate.

[0054] In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the substrate 2 is a glazing panel comprising a glass sheet 2, 21, 22 which is preferably low in reflectance for RF waves.

[0055] Low in reflectance for RF waves means that RF waves are mostly transmitted through the material where high in reflectance for RF waves means that RF waves are mostly reflected on the surface of the material and / or absorbed by the material and the transmittance attenuation is at level of 20 decibels (dB) or more. Low in reflectance means a transmittance attenuation at level of 10 decibels (dB) or less.

[0056] The substrate especially a glazing panel, according to the invention, can be used as a window, especially to close an opening of the stationary object, such as a building, or to close an opening of the mobile object, such a train, a boat, a car,...

[0057] The dimensions and / or the shape of the substrate depends on the desired application.

[0058] In some embodiments, the glass sheet is at least transparent for visible waves in order to see-through and to let visible light passing through, meaning that the light transmission is greater than or equal to 1 %.

[0059] According to the invention, the dielectric substrate 2 usually has at least two major surfaces Fl, F4.

[0060] According to some embodiments, the dielectric substrate 2 can be a multilayer substrate comprising several layers 21, 22, 23.

[0061] FIG. 2 illustrates some embodiments according to the present invention, in which the dielectric substrate comprises three layers. The dielectric substrate 2 in such embodiments has four major surfaces Fl, F2, F3, F4.

[0062] In some embodiments, the glazing panel comprises at least two glass sheets 21, 22 separated by a spacer 23 allowing to create a space filled by a gas like Argon to improve the thermal isolation of the glazing panel, creating an insulating glazing panel.

[0063] In some embodiments, the glazing panel comprises at least two glass sheets 21, 22 separated by spacers allowing to create a vacuum space 23 to improve the thermal isolation of the glazing panel, creating a vacuum insulating glazing (VIG).

[0064] In some embodiments, the glazing panel can be a laminated glazing panel to reduce the noise and / or to ensure the penetration safety. The laminated glazing comprises glazing panels 21, 22 maintained by one or more interlayers 23 positioned between glazing panels. The interlayers employed are typically polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) for which the stiffness can be tuned. These interlayers keep the glazing panels bonded together even when broken in such a way that they prevent the glass from breaking up into large sharp pieces.

[0065] As the material of the glazing panel, for example, soda-lime silica glass, borosilicate glass, or aluminosilicate glass can be mentioned or other materials such as thermoplastic polymers, polycarbonates are known, especially for automotive applications, and references to glass throughout this application should not be regarded as limiting.

[0066] The glazing panel can be manufactured by a known manufacturing method such as a float method, a fusion method, a redraw method, a press molding method, or a pulling method. As a manufacturing method of the glazing panel, from the viewpoint of productivity and cost, it is preferable to use the float method.

[0067] The glass sheet can be flat or curved according to requirements by known methods such as hot or cold bending.

[0068] The glass sheet can be processed, i.e. annealed, tempered, ••• to respect with the specifications of security and anti-thief requirements.

[0069] The glass sheet can be a clear glass or a colored glass, tinted with a specific composition of the glass or by applying an additional coating or a plastic layer for example.

[0070] In case of several glass sheets, in some embodiments, each glass sheet can be independently processed and / or colored, ••• in order to improve the aesthetic, thermal insulation performances, safety, •••

[0071] The thickness of the glazing panel is set according to requirements of applications.

[0072] The glazing panel can be formed in a rectangular shape in a plan view by using a known cutting method. As a method of cutting the glazing panel, for example, a method in which laser light is irradiated on the surface of the glazing panel to cut the irradiated region of the laser light on the surface of the glazing panel to cut the glazing panel, or a method in which a cutter wheel is mechanically cutting can be used. The glazing panel can have any shape in order to fit with the application, for example a windshield, a sidelite, a sunroof of an automotive, a lateral glazing of a train, a window of a building, •••

[0073] In addition, the glazing panel can be assembled within a frame or be mounted in a double skin faqade, in a carbody or any other means able to maintain a glazing panel. Some plastics elements can be fixed on the glazing panel to ensure the tightness to gas and / or liquid, to ensure the fixation of the glazing panel or to add external element to the glazing panel.

[0074] In the sense of the present invention, the term “integrated to” means that the element, such as an antenna radiator, can be disposed on, meaning placed over at least a portion of the substrate on a major surface of the substrate, a surface of the substrate or embedded within the substrate especially in case of the substrate is a multilayer substrate, the element, such as an antenna radiator, can, for example, be embedded within an interlayer, or placed inside a cavity..

[0075] In some embodiments, the antenna system can comprise a coating system integrated to one of the major surfaces of the dielectric substrate. The coating system is usually high in reflectance and low in transmittance for RF waves. Low in transmittance means a transmission with an attenuation up to 20 decibels (dB) or more. It is understood that thesubstrate can generally be low in reflectance, meaning an attenuation at level of 10 decibels (dB) or less. In such embodiments, the antenna system should be transparent to wavelengths used by the antenna radiator such as FSS window, decoating area in front of the antenna radiator, or any other known means to create this EM transparency.

[0076] Said coating system can be a functional coating in order to heat the surface of the glass sheet, to reduce the accumulation of heat in the interior of a building or vehicle or to keep the heat inside during cold periods for example. Although coating system are thin and mainly transparent to eyes in order to see-through and to let visible light passing through. The coating system can be made of layers of different materials and at least one of these layers is electrically conductive. The coating system is electrically conductive over the majority of one major surface of the dielectric panel. These different layers are deposited, for example, by means of vacuum deposition techniques such as magnetic field-assisted cathodic sputtering, more commonly referred to as "magnetron sputtering", or Chemical deposition such as CVD or PECVD or any other known deposition method. In addition to the dielectric layers, each functional layer may be protected by barrier layers or improved by deposition on a wetting layer.

[0077] In some embodiments, a masking element, such as an enamel layer, can be added on one of the major surfaces of the dielectric panel. This enamel layer permits to hide, from the other side (i.e. from outside of a vehicle) portion of the antenna system such as the periphery, the antenna radiator and the dielectric panel.

[0078] In some embodiments, the glazing panel can comprises several coating systems applied on same or different surface(s) of a glass sheet.

[0079] In some embodiments where the glazing panel comprises several glass sheets, different or same coating systems can be placed on different surfaces of the glass sheets. ontenna radiator>

[0080] The antenna radiator in the present invention can take various forms, each tailored to specific performance requirements and application contexts.

[0081] According to some embodiments of the present invention, theantenna radiator 3 can be the patch antenna. Patch antennas are widely used due to their low profile, ease of fabrication, and ability to be integrated into various substrates, including glazing panel. Preferably, as illustrated in FIG. 3, the patch antenna can consist of a flat rectangular or circular conductive patch integrated to a surface of a dielectric substrate, with a ground plane at a non-zero distance from the conductive patch. This configuration allows for efficient radiation of electromagnetic waves, making it suitable for applications requiring a compact and efficient antenna design.

[0082] According to some specific embodiments, the antenna radiator can be a grid of conductors, meaning that the antenna radiator 3 comprises a plurality of conductors 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 arranged in a grid as illustrated in FIG. 5. The plurality of conductors are preferably rectangular conductors. This design involves arranging multiple rectangular conductive elements in a grid pattern on the dielectric substrate. The grid configuration can enhance the antenna's bandwidth and gain, making it suitable for applications that require high-performance signal transmission over a wide frequency range. The grid of rectangular conductors can also be optimized to achieve specific radiation patterns and impedance characteristics, providing flexibility in the design and application of the antenna system.

[0083] According to some embodiments, the number of rows and columns of the grid of antenna elements vary with the frequency and the desire application. In some preferred embodiments, the number of rows and columns are comprises between 3 and 8. For a Circularly polarized antenna according to some embodiments, the number of rows equals the numbers of columns and and each antenna radiator are symmetrically arranged and positioned in a square grid for example.

[0084] The antenna radiator can also be configured to operate within a specific frequency range, preferably in a frequency range comprised between 100 M Hz and 50 GHz and more preferably, the antenna radiator is configured to operate in a frequency range above 6GHz also be, typically between 100 MHz and 50 GHz. This wide frequency range allows the antenna system to be used in various communication applications, from low- frequency radio communications to high-frequency millimeter-wave systems. The design of the antenna radiator can be optimized to achieve thedesired performance characteristics within this frequency range, ensuring efficient signal transmission and reception.

[0085] Furthermore, the antenna radiator can be configured to achieve specific radiation patterns, such as unidirectional or omnidirectional patterns. A unidirectional radiation pattern focuses the radiated energy in a specific direction, enhancing the signal strength and reducing interference from other directions. This is particularly useful in applications where the antenna needs to communicate with a specific target, such as in point-to- point communication systems. An omnidirectional radiation pattern, on the other hand, radiates energy uniformly in all directions, making it suitable for applications where the antenna needs to communicate with multiple targets in different directions, such as in cellular networks.

[0086] The antenna radiator can also be designed to include additional features, such as impedance matching networks and baluns, to enhance its performance. Impedance matching networks ensure that the antenna's impedance matches the impedance of the transmission line and the connected devices, minimizing signal reflection and maximizing power transfer. Baluns (balanced-to-unbalanced transformers) are used to convert between balanced and unbalanced signals, ensuring efficient signal transmission in systems that use different types of transmission lines.

[0087] The radiating element is in P2 (instead of P3). This way the distance of radiator to ground (which is in P4) is larger (i.e., larger antenna height). In this way, better bandwidth and efficiency is achieved compared to having the radiator in P3. In some preferred embodiments, the antenna radiator is positioned on one of the internal surfaces F2, F3 to protect the antenna radiator from the environment. More preferably, the antenna radiator is positioned on the internal surface, F2, placed at the nearest from the external environment. In such more preferred embodiments, the distance between the antenna radiator and the ground plane integrated to the external surface F4 is higher permitting better bandwidth and efficiency compared to having the radiator in F3.

[0088] As illustrated in FIG. 1 and FIG.2, the antenna radiator 3 is integrated to a surface of the dielectric panel 2. In some embodiments, the antenna radiator is position on the external surface Fl. In some otherembodiments, the antenna radiator is integrated to an internal surface F2.

[0089] The antenna radiator is separated from the ground 4 by a non-zero distance D34 to ensure optimal performance. The higher the distance the better for the efficiency and bandwidth, but after some point, surface waves are excited which can create a back lobe if the ground plane is not large enough. Ideally, the distance should be comprises between 1 and 6 mm.

[0090] In the sense of the invention, distances are measured substantially perpendicular to the surface on which the element is disposed. Distances are measures between the element to consider, meaning without taking into account their own thicknesses.<Ground plane>

[0091] The ground plane in the present invention can take various forms, each tailored to specific performance requirements and application contexts. The ground plane serves as a reference point for the antenna radiator and plays a crucial role in shaping the radiation pattern, impedance, and overall efficiency of the antenna. The ground plane is coupled with the antenna radiator allowing for efficient radiation of electromagnetic waves, making it suitable for applications requiring a compact and efficient antenna design.

[0092] The ground plane is typically made of a conductive material, such as copper, gold, silver, or aluminum. The ground plane can also a coating system having at least a conductive material layer. In some other embodiments, the ground plane can be a rigid or flexible conductive mesh.

[0093] According to some embodiments, the ground plane is integrated to a surface of the dielectric panel 2. In some embodiments, the ground plane is position on the internal surface F4. In some other embodiments, the ground plane is integrated to an internal surface F2.

[0094] Preferably, in embodiments of the present invention where the dielectric substrate is related to a window or similar structure, which can be mounted on a stationary object (e.g., a building) or a mobile object (e.g., a vehicle, train, or plane), the ground plane is positioned between the inside of the object and the antenna radiator. This means that the antenna radiator is positioned, preferably on a surface, closer to the object’s external environment than the ground plane. In FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the external environment is considered to be on top of the surface Fl while the interiorof the object is at the bottom of surface F4.

[0095] According to some preferred embodiments, to reduce costs while enhancing the manufacturing process, the antenna radiator is positioned on a first surface Fl, F2, F3 of the dielectric substrate, and the ground plane is positioned on a second surface F4 of the dielectric substrate.<slot>

[0096] One of the key features of the ground plane in this invention is the inclusion of at least a slot positioned in front of the antenna radiator. This slot can take various shapes, such as linear, U-shape, H-shape, Pi-shape or alike. The shape and size of the slot are carefully designed to improve impedance matching and enhance the coupling between the antenna radiator and the ground plane.

[0097] As illustrated in FIG.4 and FIG. 6, in some embodiments, the ground plane comprises two orthogonal slots 51, 52 per each antenna radiator permitting to improved impedance matching, enhancing bandwidth, increasing radiation pattern control, reducing of parasitic modes, increasing polarization diversity, designing flexibility, enhancing coupling efficiency, and / or minimizing cross-polarization. These benefits collectively contribute to a more efficient, reliable, and versatile antenna system suitable for a wide range of communication applications.

[0098] In some embodiments, one of the two orthogonal slots is for the horizontal polarization while the other of the two orthogonal slots is for the vertical polarization.

[0099] One of the primary benefits is improved impedance matching. The orthogonal slots provide a more complex and effective pathway for electromagnetic waves, reducing reflections and ensuring that more power is transferred from the antenna to the transmission line. This improved impedance matching results in higher efficiency and better signal quality, which is crucial for reliable communication.

[0100] Another significant advantage is the enhancement of the antenna's operational bandwidth. The orthogonal slots create multiple resonant paths, allowing the antenna to support a broader range of frequencies. This is particularly beneficial in applications where the antenna needs to operate over a wide frequency spectrum, such as in multi-band communicationsystems. The ability to cover a broader bandwidth ensures that the antenna can accommodate various communication standards and protocols, making it more versatile and adaptable to different requirements.

[0101] The presence of two orthogonal slots also provides better control over the radiation pattern of the antenna to generate circular polarization. This configuration helps achieve a more uniform and controlled radiation pattern, which is essential for applications requiring specific directional characteristics.

[0102] The orthogonal arrangement of the slots also supports increased polarization diversity. This configuration can accommodate different polarization states, such as linear, circular, or elliptical polarization. Polarization diversity is particularly useful in communication systems where it is required to mitigate multipath fading and improve signal reliability. The ability to support multiple polarization states enhances the robustness of the communication link, ensuring consistent performance even in challenging environments.

[0103] Flexibility in design is another key advantage provided by the inclusion of two orthogonal slots. Designers can optimize the dimensions and positions of the slots to achieve the desired performance characteristics, such as specific impedance, bandwidth, and radiation pattern. This flexibility allows for the customization of the antenna to meet the specific requirements of different applications, making it a versatile solution for various communication needs.

[0104] Furthermore, the ground plane can be integrated on or into various substrates, such as glass or other dielectric materials, making it suitable for a wide range of applications. For instance, in automotive applications, the ground plane can be embedded in a glazing panel, as the direct electric connection is possible between the ground plane and the first and second trace, providing a seamless and aesthetically pleasing integration of the antenna system into the vehicle's structure. Similarly, in architectural applications, the ground plane can be incorporated into glass panels used in buildings, as the direct electric connection is possible between the ground plane and the first and second trace, ensuring efficient signal transmission without compromising the design and aesthetics of the structure.

[0105] In some preferred embodiments, the surface of the ground plane is larger that than the surface of the antenna system. Preferably, the surface of the ground plane is at least 1.5 times larger that than the surface of the antenna system, more preferably, the surface of the ground plane is at least two times larger that than the surface of the antenna system.<dielectric panel>

[0106] The dielectric panel in the present invention is a crucial component that serves multiple functions, including comprising traces and facilitating signal transmission.

[0107] The dielectric panel can be made from various materials, such as glass, plastic-based material or other dielectric material, depending on the specific application and performance requirements. Its primary role is to act as an insulating layer that separates the ground plane from the traces, ensuring efficient signal propagation and minimizing losses. The dielectric panel can be rigid, flexible or having rigid and flexible portions depending on the application.

[0108] The term "rigid" refers to the dielectric panel's structural property, indicating that the panel is substantially inflexible and maintains its shape under normal operating conditions and once the dielectric panel is maintained by the retaining means while the length of each of the first and the second connection means is at the corresponding compression length, de. This rigidity ensures that the dielectric panel can support the first and the second connection means, as well as the traces, without significant deformation (less than 1% of deformation, preferably less than 0.5% of deformation), thereby maintaining the integrity and reliability of the electrical connections within the connection apparatus.

[0109] A dielectric panel is a panel that is not electrically conductive as such.

[0110] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the rigid dielectric panel can be made of a material selected from the group consisting of FR4, ceramic, and glass-reinforced epoxy.

[0111] In some preferred embodiments, the dielectric panel is a printed circuit board (PCB). The PCB can be designed with multiple layers to accommodate complex circuitry and enhance the overall performance of theantenna system. These layers can include signal traces, ground planes, and power planes, all of which are carefully arranged to optimize signal integrity and minimize electromagnetic interference. The use of a multilayer PCB allows for the integration of additional components, such as impedance matching networks, which help to ensure that the antenna's impedance matches that of the transmission line and connected devices, thereby maximizing power transfer and minimizing signal reflection. According to some preferred embodiments, the dielectric panel can also be designed to be positioned substantially parallel to the ground plane to ensure stable and efficient signal transmission. By ensuring a uniform separation, the dielectric panel helps to minimize variations in impedance and signal loss, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the antenna system.

[0112] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the dielectric panel can have a thickness in the range of 0.5 mm to 3 mm.

[0113] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the dielectric panel can include a ground plane layer to reduce electromagnetic interference.

[0114] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the dielectric panel can comprise vias to electrically connect different layers of the panel.

[0115] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the dielectric panel can comprise at least an RF component comprising at least a passive component such as a zero-ohm matching, a capacitance, an inductance, a resistor and / or a circuit (2D, 3D, stamped, •••) and / or an active component such as RF chips

[0116] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the dielectric panel can be designed to operate within a temperature range of - 40° C to +85° C.

[0117] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the dielectric panel can include alignment marks to facilitate accurate placement within the housing.

[0118] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the dielectric panel can comprises means corresponding to the retaining means.<trace>

[0119] According to the present invention, the dielectric panel comprises a first trace and a second trace. These traces play a critical role in facilitating the transition of signals between the antenna radiator and the ground plane. The use of a rigid dielectric panel with first and second traces ensures a stable and consistent electrical connection, minimizing the risk of signal loss or degradation. This design feature significantly improves the overall performance and reliability of the communication system.

[0120] In the sense of the present invention, the traces refer to conductive pathways or lines on the rigid dielectric panel. These traces are designed to carry RF signals and are integral parts of the dielectric panel within the connection apparatus. The first trace serves as a route for RF currents from the transmission line to the first connection means while the second trace serves as a route for RF currents from the transmission line to the second connection means. First and second traces are essential for establishing EM coupling preferably electrical connections between the transmission line and the respective connection means, ensuring proper signal transmission within the connection apparatus.

[0121] The traces can be made from conductive materials, such as copper, and can be patterned using standard PCB fabrication techniques.

[0122] In some embodiments, the dielectric panel can comprise a transmission line electro magnetically coupled to the first trace and to second trace. As the transmission line can be electromagnetically coupled, preferably electrically connected, to the first trace and to the second trace, said traces excite the transmission line, allowing RF currents to flow from the transmission line to the connection means.

[0123] In the sense of the present invention, a transmission line is a specialized cable or other structure designed to conduct electromagnetic waves from one point to another with minimal loss of energy. It is used to transmit electrical signals, typically radio frequency (RF) or microwave signals, and is characterized by its ability to maintain the integrity of the signal over a distance. Transmission lines are designed to have specific impedance properties to match the source and load, thereby minimizing reflections and ensuring efficient signal transfer. Examples of transmission lines include without limitation coaxial cables, planar transmission line suchas microstrip line or coplanar waveguide (CPW), strip lines, twisted pair cables, and optical fibers. The type of the transmission line depends on the desire application.

[0124] According to the invention, the dielectric panel can comprise transceiver, low-noise amplifier, power amplifier, phase shifter, mixer, downconverter and / or filter connected to at least one of the traces or to the transmission line. connection means>

[0125] According to the invention, the dielectric panel 7 comprises a first connection means 75 and a second connection means 76. The first and the second connection means are preferably attached (soldered, glued, taped, mechanically attached, •••) to the dielectric panel. Preferably, a connection means is a connector.

[0126] According to some preferred embodiments, each of the first and the second connection means is inscribed in a volume V with a length measured perpendicularly to the rigid dielectric panel. The length of each of the first and the second connection means is designed to be reduced from a length at rest (dr) to a compression length (de) when the connection apparatus is fixed to the support. It is understood that the length at rest is greater than the compression length (dr > de). At least a part of each of the first antenna connection means 75 and the second antenna connection means 76 can be designed to be compressible to accommodate variations in the distance (df). It is understood that the length of the volume of each of the first antenna connection means 75 and the second antenna connection means 76 can be configured separately to accommodate tolerances between the rigid dielectric panel, the housing and the surface of the support and the potential bonding element.

[0127] The first connection means 75 refers to a conductive element that is electrically connected to the first trace on the rigid dielectric panel. It is designed to establish an electrical connection between the first trace and an external component or system, such as an antenna or another circuit integrated to a surface of a support. The second connection means 76 refers to a conductive element that is electrically connected to the second trace on the rigid dielectric panel. It is designed to establish an electrical connectionbetween the second trace and an external component or system, such as an antenna or another circuit integrated to a surface of a support.

[0128] The first and second connection means permit to include reliable electrical connections, as they provide stable and consistent connections between the traces on the dielectric panel and external components, ensuring minimal signal loss or degradation. They offer mechanical stability by being designed to compress from a length at rest (dr) to a compression length (de) when the connection apparatus is fixed to the support, maintaining secure connections even in environments subject to vibrations or mechanical shocks. The ease of assembly is another advantage, as the design allows for straightforward assembly and disassembly, which is beneficial for maintenance or replacement of components. The connection means also minimize signal interference and crosstalk by providing dedicated conductive paths for the first and second traces, which is crucial for maintaining signal integrity, especially in high-frequency applications.

[0129] Flexibility in design is a significant advantage, as the connection means can be customized in various forms, such as spring-loaded contacts or conductive foam, to suit different application requirements. Enhanced durability is achieved through the use of materials and designs optimized for long-term performance, even in harsh environmental conditions, including resistance to corrosion, temperature variations, and mechanical wear. Improved signal matching is another benefit, as the connection means can be designed to match the impedance of the transmission line and the external components, reducing reflections, and ensuring efficient signal transfer, which is particularly important in RF and microwave applications.

[0130] The compact design is facilitated by the ability to compress the connection means from a length at rest to a compression length, allowing for a more space-efficient connection apparatus. Environmental protection is enhanced when the connection means are combined with a housing that provides protection from dust, moisture, and other contaminants, thereby improving the overall reliability of the connection apparatus. Lastly, versatility is a key advantage, as the first and second connection means can be adapted to connect to various types of external components, such as antennas, sensors, or other electronic devices, making the connectionapparatus suitable for a wide range of applications.

[0131] According to some embodiments, each of the first connection means 75 and the second connection means 76 can be a spring-loaded contact. A spring-loaded contact is a type of electrical connector that uses a spring mechanism to maintain a consistent and reliable connection between two conductive surfaces. The contact typically consists of a conductive element, such as a pin or pad, which is mounted on a spring. When the contact is pressed against another conductive surface, the spring compresses, ensuring that the contact element remains in firm contact with the surface. This design helps to accommodate variations in alignment and pressure, providing a stable electrical connection even in the presence of vibrations or mechanical shocks. Spring-loaded contacts are widely used in applications where durability and reliability are critical, such as in connectors for electronic devices, automotive systems, and industrial equipment. The spring-loaded contact is inscribed in a volume V with a length measured perpendicularly to the rigid dielectric panel; the length of the spring-loaded contact is designed to be reduced from a length at rest (dr) to a compression length (de) when the connection apparatus is fixed to the support due to the spring mechanism.

[0132] According to some preferred embodiments, each of the first connection means 75 and the second connection means 76 can be the first and second connection means is a pogo pin. A pogo pin is a type of electrical connector that consists of a spring-loaded, cylindrical pin. It is designed to establish an electrical connection between two components. The pin is housed within a barrel and is capable of compressing and extending due to the internal spring mechanism. When the pogo pin is pressed against a contact pad or another conductive surface, the spring compresses, from a rest position to a compressed position, allowing the pin to make a reliable electrical connection. The pogo pin is inscribed in a volume V with a length measured perpendicularly to the rigid dielectric panel; the length of the pogo pin is designed to be reduced from a length at rest (dr) to a compression length (de) when the connection apparatus is fixed to the support due to the internal spring mechanism.

[0133] According to some embodiments, each of the first connectionmeans 75 and the second connection means 76 can be comprises a conductive foam. Conductive foams are materials that combine the properties of foam with electrical conductivity. They are typically made by embedding conductive particles, such as carbon, metal, or conductive polymers, into a foam matrix, which is usually composed of polyurethane or other flexible polymers. Conductive foams are designed to provide both cushioning and electrical conductivity, making them suitable for a variety of applications. They can also be used in electronic devices for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, grounding, and as gaskets or seals. The foam's flexibility allows it to conform to irregular surfaces, ensuring a reliable electrical connection and effective shielding. Their lightweight and compressible nature makes them easy to handle and install, while their conductivity ensures that they can effectively dissipate static charges and shield against electromagnetic interference. The conductive foam is inscribed in a volume V with a length measured perpendicularly to the rigid dielectric panel; the length of the conductive foam is designed to be reduced from a length at rest (dr) to a compression length (de) when the connection apparatus is fixed to the support due to the foam effect and foam flexibility.

[0134] According to some embodiments, each of the first connection means 75 and the second connection means 76 can be flexible metal strips. Flexible metal strips are preferably thin, elongated pieces of metal designed to be both conductive and flexible. Typically made from materials such as copper or aluminum, these strips are engineered to bend and flex without breaking or losing their electrical conductivity. Flexible metal strips are characterized by their high conductivity, allowing efficient electrical signal transmission, and their ability to withstand mechanical wear and tear, ensuring long-term reliability. Their thin profile makes them suitable for compact and space-constrained applications. The flexibility of these strips allows them to accommodate movement, vibrations, and changes in alignment, providing consistent electrical connections even under mechanical stress. This adaptability, combined with their space efficiency and ease of installation, makes flexible metal strips a versatile solution for dynamic and demanding environments.

[0135] According to some embodiments, the first and second connectionmeans are designed to provide a contact force of at least 0.5 N when compressed to the compression length (de).

[0136] In addition to its role in signal coupling and radiation pattern shaping, the ground plane also provides a stable and consistent reference for the electrical connections within the antenna system. Each of the first and second connection means is electrically connected to the ground around the slot, ensuring a stable and efficient signal transition. This configuration helps in minimizing signal loss and maintaining the integrity of the transmitted and received signals.

[0137] In some preferred embodiments, each of the first and second connection means is electrically connected to the ground as close as possible to the slot as illustrated in FIG 1, FIG. 2, FIG. 7 and FIG. 8, this design choice permits to optimize the performance of the antenna system. By positioning the connection points 53, 54 of respectively the first and the second connection means near the slot, the system ensures that the transition of signals between the antenna radiator and the ground plane is as efficient as possible while ensuring overall performance and reliability of the antenna system. This proximity minimizes the length of the conductive paths, thereby reducing the potential for signal loss and reflection. By minimizing signal loss and reflection, the antenna can achieve higher efficiency and better signal quality. This is particularly beneficial in applications where signal integrity is critical, such as in telecommunications, automotive, and aerospace systems. The reduction of parasitic effects and improved coupling efficiency also contribute to a more robust and reliable antenna system, capable of maintaining consistent performance even in challenging environments.

[0138] One of the primary advantages of connecting the first and second connection means close to the slot is the improvement in impedance matching. When the connection points are near the slot, the impedance seen by the signal is more consistent and predictable. This reduces the likelihood of impedance mismatches, which can cause signal reflections and reduce the efficiency of the antenna system. Improved impedance matching ensures that more power is transferred from the antenna to the transmission line, enhancing the overall signal strength and quality. Additionally, in preferredembodiments, the two connections means (signal and ground) are held at a close distance to each other to increase their capacitance, as they themselves, are inductive. Especially when the connection means are long, their inductance is high, and has to be compensated by keeping them very close to each other. This creates the need of making meander-shaped slot.

[0139] Another significant advantage is the reduction of parasitic inductance and capacitance. Longer conductive paths can introduce unwanted inductive and capacitive effects while helping impedance matching, which can distort the signal and degrade the performance of the antenna. By keeping the connection points close to the slot, these parasitic effects are minimized, leading to a cleaner and more accurate signal transmission. This is particularly important in high-frequency applications, where even small inductive or capacitive variations can have a substantial impact on performance.

[0140] According to the invention, the first connection means is the connection means is the signal connection means while the second connection means is the ground connection means.

[0141] The close proximity of the connection points 53, 54 to the slot 5, 51, 52 also enhances the coupling efficiency between the antenna radiator and the ground plane. Efficient coupling ensures that the maximum amount of electromagnetic energy is transferred from the radiator to the ground plane and vice versa. This efficient energy transfer is crucial for maintaining high antenna efficiency, which is essential for reliable communication, especially in applications requiring long-range or high-data-rate transmissions.

[0142] Additionally, connecting the first and second connection means close to the slot helps in maintaining a stable and consistent ground reference. A stable ground reference is vital for the proper operation of the antenna system, as it ensures that the signal has a reliable return path. This stability reduces the potential for ground loops and other grounding issues that can cause signal degradation and interference. A consistent ground reference also contributes to the overall robustness and reliability of the antenna system.

[0143] Furthermore, the close connection points facilitate easier and more reliable manufacturing and assembly processes. By reducing the complexityof the conductive paths, the design simplifies the layout and fabrication of the antenna system. This can lead to lower production costs and shorter development times, making the antenna system more competitive in the market. The simplified design also reduces the potential for manufacturing errors, ensuring that each antenna system meets the desired performance specifications.

[0144] In some preferred embodiments, the slot can comprise a meandershaped portion 56, as illustrated in FIG. 7, and FIG. 8. The meander-shaped slot is characterized by its winding, serpentine path, which effectively increases the electrical length of the slot without significantly increasing its physical footprint. This design is particularly beneficial in applications where space is limited, yet high performance is required. This configuration permits to reduce improve impedance matching and minimizing signal loss the spacing between the ground 54 and signal 53 connection means. In other words, these embodiments improve impedance matching, since the capacitance created between pins 54 and 53 compensates for their inductance.

[0145] The slot, illustrated in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8, has a generic U-shape having two legs and a bridge portion. The bridge portion is the meander shaped portion. And each of the legs have a generic rectangular shape. The design of the rectangular shape can vary from the desire application as for the meander-shaped portion. In this specific illustrated embodiment, the rectangular shape is truncated to optimize the antenna performances.

[0146] The increased electrical length provided by the meander shape allows for better control over the impedance characteristics of the slot. This improved control helps to ensure that the impedance of the antenna system matches that of the transmission line and connected devices, minimizing signal reflections and maximizing power transfer. Enhanced impedance matching results in higher efficiency and better signal quality, which is crucial for reliable communication. By winding the slot in a compact, serpentine pattern, the design allows for a closer proximity of the connection points to the slot. This reduced spacing minimizes the length of the conductive paths, thereby reducing parasitic inductance and capacitance. Lower parasitic effects lead to cleaner and more accurate signaltransmission, which is particularly important in high-frequency applications where even small variations can have a substantial impact on performance.

[0147] By improving impedance matching, reducing parasitic effects, and broadening the operational bandwidth, the meander-shaped slot ensures that the antenna system can deliver high performance even in challenging environments. The enhanced radiation pattern control further contributes to the system's effectiveness, making it suitable for a wide range of communication applications, from telecommunications to automotive and aerospace systems.

[0148] Moreover, the meander-shaped slot design offers flexibility in the manufacturing and integration of the antenna system. This flexibility simplifies the design and fabrication process, potentially reducing production costs and development times. The ability to integrate the meander-shaped slot into different substrates also opens up new possibilities for embedding the antenna system into various devices and structures, enhancing its applicability and market potential. In other words, the meander allows for close placement of signal and ground connections 53 and 54 while making also sure that they can be correctly aligned with some decent tolerance.

[0149] In some preferred embodiments, the number of first connection means and or the second connection means can differ and can be greater than one.

[0150] In some specific embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8, around each slot there is a first connection means and two second connection means at a different connection point respectively 53, 54; the first connection means being between the two second connection means.

[0151] According to some preferred embodiments, the connection points are designed in such way so that there is a placement tolerance of -+1.5 mm in both x and y-axis of the surface of connection. This is considered adequate for proper alignment when the dielectric panel is mounted on the dielectric substrate, such as an automotive glass roof, during production. Particularly, the meander-shape portion allows for close distance of the connection means (and connection points) while ensuring larger placement tolerance.

[0152] As illustrated in FIG. 7, the ground plane can also be designed toprovide additional grounding to eliminate parasitic modes. Additional connection means can be used between the dielectric panel and the ground plane further away from the slot to provide extra grounding points. This helps in reducing parasitic modes that can degrade the antenna's performance and ensures a more stable and reliable operation. By providing multiple grounding points, the ground plane enhances the overall robustness and efficiency of the antenna system.<M ultiple antennas>

[0153] According to some preferred embodiments, the antenna system can comprise a plurality of antenna radiator; each designed to operate within specific frequency ranges or to provide distinct radiation patterns. For each antenna radiator, there is a corresponding slot, or multiple slots integrated in the same or distinct ground plane.

[0154] Preferably, these antenna radiators are integrated to the same surface. These antenna radiators can be strategically positioned on said surface to optimize the performance of the respective antenna radiators, ensuring efficient signal transmission and reception as for the slots improving the overall functionality of the antenna system. This configuration allows for a versatile and adaptable antenna system capable of supporting multiple communication standards and applications simultaneously and to create an antenna array.

[0155] As illustrated in FIG. 10, the antenna system can comprise several antenna radiators 3. In a specific embodiment, each antenna radiator can comprise a plurality of conductors arranged in a grid as illustrated in FIG. 5. It is understand that other shapes of antenna radiator can be used.

[0156] In some preferred embodiments, the plurality of antenna radiators is arranged in a grid shape, U-shape, L-shape or alike creating an antenna array. In FIG. 10, the plurality of antenna radiators is arranged in a L-shape. More preferably, the antenna radiators are arranged near the border of the dielectric substrate 2.

[0157] FIG. 9 - 10 The ground plane can also be designed to include multiple slots, such as two orthogonal slots per each antenna radiator. This configuration can further enhance the antenna's performance by providing additional pathways for signal coupling and improving the overall radiationpattern. The use of orthogonal slots can help in achieving a more uniform radiation pattern and reducing unwanted radiation modes, thereby increasing the efficiency and reliability of the antenna system.

[0158] FIG. 11 and FIG. 12 illustrate some embodiments in which the dielectric panel is designed to connect slots coupled to several antenna radiators. FIG. 11 illustrates the top face of the dielectric panel with first traces 71 and second traces 72. FIG. 12 illustrates the bottom face of the dielectric panel with first 75 and second 76 connection means. Each block of connection means is connected around the same slot. The dielectric panel illustrated in FIG. 11 and FIG. 12 can be used with the dielectric substrate illustrated in FIG. 9 and FIG. 10. In FIG. 9, two dielectric panels as illustrated in FIG 11 and FIG. 12 are necessary to connect all antennas.

[0159] In some embodiments, the same ground plane can be used for several antenna radiators.

[0160] <housing>According to some embodiments, the antenna system can comprise a housing 8.

[0161] The housing 8 is designed to accommodate the dielectric panel 3 therein. That means there is a structural and functional relationship between the housing and the dielectric panel, the housing and / or the dielectric panel being specifically engineered to hold, support, and maintain the dielectric panel within the housing.

[0162] According to some embodiments, the first and second connection means are designed to accommodate a tolerance range in the positioning of the housing on the support and / or in the positioning of the dielectric panel inside the housing.

[0163] In the second aspect of the present invention, the antenna system 1 can be used in a vehicle 300 as illustrated in FIG. 14. In such embodiments, preferably, the laminated glazing is a glass roof, a windshield, a backlite or a lateral window.

[0164] According to some embodiments, the invention relates also to the use of the antenna system of the first aspect of the present invention for providing beamforming capabilities 1300 in a wireless communication network 301, 302, 303 preferably in a position, navigation, and timing system

[0165] According to some embodiments, the invention relates also to a use of the antenna system in a radar system for steering radar beams in two dimensions for target detection and tracking.

[0166] According to some embodiments, the invention relates also to a use of the antenna system in an automotive application for providing adaptive beamforming for vehicle-to-vehicle communication and sensing 301.

[0167] According to some embodiments, the invention relates also to a use of the antenna system in a communication system 302 in a public or private network such as Wi-Fi, 4G, 5G, or alike.

[0168] According to some embodiments, the invention relates also to a use of the antenna system in a satellite communication system 303 for electronically steering communication beams toward different geographic areas.

[0169] According to some embodiments, the invention relates also to a use of the antenna system in a phased array radar for providing electronic scanning of radar beams in azimuth and elevation angles.

[0170] As illustrated in FIG. 13, the present invention relates to a method for assembling an antenna system according to the first aspect of the present invention.

[0171] The method comprises a step of providing 201 the antenna radiator and the ground plane with the dielectric substrate and a step of providing 202 the dielectric panel, preferably a PCB, already connected to the first connection means and to the second connection means. These steps can be carried out independently of each other and in any order.

[0172] After the steps 201 and 202, the method comprises a step of electrically connecting 203 the first connection means and the second connection means around the slot of the ground plane.

Claims

ClaimsClaim 1. An antenna system (1) comprising: o a dielectric substrate (2); o an antenna radiator (3) integrated to the substrate; o a ground plane (4); the ground plane comprises a slot (5, 51, 52) in front of the antenna radiator; o a dielectric panel (7) comprising a first trace and a second trace; characterized in that the ground plane is positioned at a non-zero- distance from the antenna radiator; in that the antenna system further comprises a first connection means (75) electrically connected to the first trace (71) of the dielectric panel and a second connection means (76) electrically connected to the second trace (72) of the dielectric panel; and in that the first connection means and the second connection means are electrically connected to the ground around the slot.Claim 2. Antenna system according to claim 1, wherein the dielectric panel is a printed circuit board (PCB).Claim 3. Antenna system according to claim 2, wherein the PCB comprises a plurality of layers.Claim 4. Antenna system according to any one of claims 2 to 3, wherein the PCB includes an impedance matching network.Claim 5. Antenna system according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the PCB is positioned substantially parallel to the ground plane.Claim 6. Antenna system apparatus according to any preceding claims, wherein the dielectric substrate is a glazing panel.Claim 7. Antenna system according to any preceding claims, wherein the antenna radiator is configured to operate in a frequency range comprised between 100 MHz and 50 GHz.Claim 8. Antenna system according to any preceding claims, wherein the antenna radiator is positioned on a first surface of the dielectric substrate, and the ground plane is positioned on a second surface of the dielectric substrate.Claim 9. Antenna system according to any preceding claims, wherein the slot has a linear, or U-shape or H-shape, or a Pi-shape.34Claim 10. Antenna system according to any preceding claims, wherein the slot comprises a meander-shape portion 56 to improve impedance matching by reducing spacing between the first and the second connection means.Claim 11. Antenna system according to any preceding claims, wherein the ground plane comprises two orthogonal slots (51, 52) per each antenna radiator.Claim 12. Antenna system according to any preceding claims, wherein the antenna radiator is a patch antennaClaim 13. Antenna system according to any preceding claims, wherein the antenna radiator comprises a plurality of rectangular conductors arranged in a grid.Claim 14. Vehicle comprising an antenna system according to any of the claims 1 to 13.Claim 15. A method for assembling an antenna system according to any of the claims 1 to 13, wherein the method comprises following steps:- Providing (201) the antenna radiator and the ground plane with the dielectric substrate;- Providing (202) the dielectric panel, preferably a PCB, already connected to the first connection means and to the second connection means;- Electrically connecting (203) the first connection means and the second connection means around the slot of the ground plane- Inserting (204) the dielectric panel into the housing until maintained by the retaining means and in order to electrically connect the first connection means to conductive layer and the second connection means to conductive layer.

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