Promoters of gingival fibroblast periostin production and compositions and method comprising the same

Abstract

Promoters of gingival fibroblast periostin production, compositions comprising the same, and methods of using the same are herein. Promoters of dental osteoblast cell mineralization, compositions comprising the same, and methods of using the same are also herein.

Description

PROMOTERS OF GINGIVAL FIBROBLAST PERIOSTIN PRODUCTION AND COMPOSITIONS AND METHOD COMPRISING THE SAME CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 701,679, filed October 1, 2024, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. BACKGROUND

[0002] Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen and red and may bleed. It is considered the main cause of tooth loss for adults worldwide. In its more serious form, called periodontitis, the gums can pull away from the tooth, bone can be lost, and the teeth may loosen or fall out. Halitosis (bad breath) may also occur.

[0003] Periodontal disease is generally due to bacteria in the mouth infecting the tissue around the teeth. Factors that increase the risk of disease include smoking, diabetes, HIV / AIDS, family history, high levels of homocysteine in the blood and certain medications. Diagnosis is by inspecting the gum tissue around the teeth both visually and with a probe and X-rays looking for bone loss around the teeth.

[0004] Known treatments include good oral hygiene and regular professional teeth cleaning. Recommended oral hygiene includes daily brushing and flossing. In certain cases, antibiotics or dental surgery may be recommended. Clinical investigations demonstrate that quitting smoking and making dietary changes enhance periodontal health. Globally, 538 million people were estimated to be affected in 2015 by periodontal disease, which has been known to affect 10–15% of the population generally. In the United States, nearly half of those over the age of 30 are affected to some degree and about 70% of those over 65 have the condition.

[0005] There remains a need for additional treatment options for periodontal disease. Embodiments of the present invention are designed to meet these and other ends.BRIEF SUMMARY

[0006] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of promoting gingival periostin secretion in a subject in need thereof. The method comprises administering to gingiva of the subject a composition comprising at least one promoter of gingival periostin. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprise one or more of at least one omega-3-fatty acid, an oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid, a fructan, at least one boswellic acid, boswellia extract, a β-glucan, a mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid, or naringin. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a combination of arginine and zinc.

[0007] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization in a subject in need thereof. The method comprises administering to gingiva of the subject a composition comprising at least one promoter of gingival periostin. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprise one or more of at least one omega-3- fatty acid, an oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid, a fructan, at least one boswellic acid, boswellia extract, a β-glucan, a mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid, or naringin. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a combination of arginine and zinc.

[0008] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to an oral care composition comprising at least one promoter of gingival periostin. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprise one or more of at least one omega-3-fatty acid, an oil comprising at least one omega-3- fatty acid, a fructan, at least one boswellic acid, boswellia extract, a β-glucan, a mixture of eugenoland oleanolic acid, or naringin. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a combination of arginine and zinc. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one of polyoxamer 407, Carbopol, sodium benzoate, cocamidopropyl betaine, propylene glycol, poloxamer 338, and β– glucan.

[0009] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a use of the oral care composition for treating the gingiva in a subject in need thereof. The oral care composition comprises at least one promoter of gingival periostin. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation. In some embodiments, the one or more promoters of gingival periostin secretion comprise one or more of at least one omega-3-fatty acid, an oil comprising at least one omega-3- fatty acid, a fructan, at least one boswellic acid, boswellia extract, a β-glucan, a mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid, or naringin. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a combination of arginine and zinc. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one of polyoxamer 407, Carbopol, sodium benzoate, cocamidopropyl betaine, propylene glycol, poloxamer 338, and β– glucan.

[0010] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of an oral care composition for preparing a medicament for treating the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The oral care composition comprises at least one promoter of gingival periostin. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprise one or more of at least one omega-3-fatty acid, an oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid, a fructan, at least one boswellic acid, boswellia extract, a β-glucan, a mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid, or naringin. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a combination of arginine and zinc. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises atleast one of polyoxamer 407, Carbopol, sodium benzoate, cocamidopropyl betaine, propylene glycol, poloxamer 338, and β–glucan.

[0011] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to an oral care composition for use in treating the gingiva in a subject in need thereof. The oral care composition comprises at least one promoter of gingival periostin. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprise one or more of at least one omega-3-fatty acid, an oil comprising at least one omega-3- fatty acid, a fructan, at least one boswellic acid, boswellia extract, a β-glucan, a mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid, or naringin. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a combination of arginine and zinc. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one of polyoxamer 407, Carbopol, sodium benzoate, cocamidopropyl betaine, propylene glycol, poloxamer 338, and β– glucan.

[0012] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to an oral care composition for use in preparing a medicament for treating the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The oral care composition comprises at least one promoter of gingival periostin. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation. In some embodiments, the one or more promoters of gingival periostin secretion comprise one or more of at least one omega-3-fatty acid, an oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid, a fructan, at least one boswellic acid, boswellia extract, a β-glucan, a mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid, or naringin. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a combination of arginine and zinc. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one of polyoxamer 407, Carbopol, sodium benzoate, cocamidopropyl betaine, propylene glycol, poloxamer 338, and β–glucan.

[0013] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to an oral care composition. The oral care composition comprises at least one promoter of gingival periostin. In some embodiments, the atleast one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation. In some embodiments, the one or more promoters of gingival periostin secretion comprise one or more of at least one omega-3-fatty acid, an oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid, a fructan, at least one boswellic acid, boswellia extract, a β-glucan, a mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid, or naringin. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a combination of arginine and zinc. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one of polyoxamer 407, Carbopol, sodium benzoate, cocamidopropyl betaine, propylene glycol, poloxamer 338, and β–glucan.

[0014] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method comprising administering a composition herein to a subject in need thereof.

[0015] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of gum line regeneration comprising administering a composition herein to a subject in need thereof.

[0016] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of bone remodeling comprising administering a composition herein to a subject in need thereof.

[0017] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the use of a composition herein. In some embodiments, the use comprises administering the oral care composition to a subject in need thereof.

[0018] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a use of a composition herein for gum line regeneration. In some embodiments, the use comprises administering the oral care composition to a subject in need thereof.

[0019] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a use of a composition herein for bonde remodeling. In some embodiments, the use comprises administering the oral care composition to a subject in need thereof. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] The following detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the present invention will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there are shown in the drawings embodiments which are presentlypreferred. It is understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown. In the drawings:

[0021] FIG. 1 illustrates the effect of flaxseed oil on the secretion of periostin by human gingival fibroblast following a 24 hour exposure. * significant increase p<0.01 compared to control cells.

[0022] FIG. 2 illustrates the effect of Inulin on the secretion of periostin by human gingival fibroblast following a 24 hour exposure. * significant increase p<0.01 compared to control cells.

[0023] FIG. 3 illustrates the effect of Boswellia on the secretion of periostin by human gingival fibroblast following a 24 hour exposure. * significant increase p<0.01 compared to control cells.

[0024] FIG. 4 illustrates the effect of beta glucan on the secretion of periostin by human gingival fibroblast following a 24 hour exposure. * significant increase p<0.01 compared to control cells.

[0025] FIG. 5 shows that flaxseed oil promotes the mineralization activity of osteoblast cells.

[0026] FIG. 6 illustrates the effect of naringin on the secretion of periostin by human gingival fibroblast following a 24 hour exposure. * significant increase p<0.01 compared to control cells.

[0027] FIG. 7 illustrates the effect of oleanolic acid and eugenol (A2) on osteoblast cell mineralization. The concentration shown in oleanolic acid of the mixture.

[0028] FIG. 8 illustrates the effect of OAE on the secretion of periostin by human gingival fibroblast following a 24 hour exposure. * significant increase p<0.01 compared to control cells.

[0029] FIG.9 illustrates the effect of DZA on the degradation of recombinant human periostin by P. gingivalis. M: Marker, Lane 1: Periostin (5^g / ml), Lane 2: Periostin+P. gingivalis, Lane 3: Periostin+P.gingivalis+DZA (1 / 50), Lane 4: Periostin+P.gingivalis+Regular Fluoride(1 / 50), Lane 5: Periostin+P.gingivalis+ SnF (1 / 50), Lane 6: Periostin+P. gingivalis+SnF (1 / 500), Lane7: Periostin+P .gingivalis+Arg(1 / 50), Lane 8: Periostin+P. gingivalis+Arg(1 / 500), Lane 9: Periostin+P. gingivalis+ Dual Zinc+Arg(1 / 50), Lane 10: Periostin+P. gingivalis+Dual Zinc+Arg(1 / 500). The DZA is a toothpaste comprising 1% ZnO, 0.5% Zn Citrate,1.5% Arg. The Dual Zinc +Arg comprises 1% ZnO, 0.5% Zn Citrate,1.5% Arg.

[0030] FIG. 10 illustrates the effect of DZA on the degradation of recombinant human periostin by P. gingivalis. M: Marker, Lane 1: Periostin (5^g / ml), Lane 2: Periostin+ P. gingivalis, Lane 3: Periostin+ P. gingivalis +Dual Zinc+Arg (1 / 10), Lane 4: Periostin+ P. gingivalis +Dual Zinc+Arg(1 / 50), Lane 5: Periostin+ P. gingivalis + Dual Zinc+Arg(1 / 100), Lane 6: Periostin+ P. gingivalis +DZA (1 / 10), Lane 7: Periostin+ P. gingivalis +DZA(1 / 50), Lane 8: Periostin+ P.gingivalis +DZA(1 / 100), Lane 9: Periostin+ P. gingivalis + Regular Fluoride(1 / 10), Lane 10: Periostin+ P. gingivalis +Regular Fluoride(1 / 50), Lane 11:Periostin+ P. gingivalis +Regular Fluoride(1 / 100). The Dual Zinc +Arg comprises 1% ZnO, 0.5% Zn Citrate,1.5% Arg. The DZA is a toothpaste comprising 1% ZnO, 0.5% Zn Citrate,1.5% Arg. The Dual Zinc +Arg comprises 1% ZnO, 0.5% Zn Citrate,1.5% Arg.

[0031] FIG.11 illustrates the effect of Arg on the degradation of recombinant human periostin by P. gingivalis. M: Marker, Lane 1: Periostin (5^g / ml), Lane 2: Periostin+ P. gingivalis, Lane 3: Periostin+ P. gingivalis +Arg (1 / 10), Lane 4: Periostin+ P. gingivalis +Arg(1 / 50), Lane 5: Periostin+ P. gingivalis + Arg(1 / 100).

[0032] FIG. 12 illustrates periostin production induced by glucan of different sources.

[0033] FIG. 13 illustrates glucan release from hydrogel.

[0034] FIG. 14 illustrates periostin production subsequent to patch glucan treatments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] The words “a” and “one,” as used in the claims and in the corresponding portions of the specification, are defined as including one or more of the referenced item unless specifically stated otherwise. This terminology includes the words above specifically mentioned, derivatives thereof, and words of similar import. The phrase “at least one” followed by a list of two or more items, such as “A, B, or C” or “A, B, and C,” means any individual one of A, B or C as well as any combination thereof. Likewise, the phrase “one or more of” followed by a list of two or more items, such as “A, B, or C” or “A, B, and C,” means any individual one of A, B or C as well as any combination thereof.

[0036] The term “about” when referring to a measurable value such as an amount, a temporal duration, and the like, is meant to encompass variations of ±20% from the specified value. Some embodiments herein are described with reference to a measurable value modified by about. Further embodiments herein comprise replacing “about” with ±10%, ±5%, ±1%, or ±0.1%. Still further embodiments comprise deleting “about” as a modifier of the measurable value.

[0037] A range expressed as between two given values includes the given values. For example, a range between 1 and 5 includes all values from 1 to 5.

[0038] Omega-3 fatty acids are found in foods, including fish and flaxseed, and in dietary supplements, for example, fish oil. The three main omega-3 fatty acids are alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). ALA is found mainly in plant oils; for example, flaxseed, soybean, and canola oils. EPA and DHA are found in fish and other seafood. For example, oils from herring, salmon, bulefin tuna, mackerel, sardines, anchovies, lake trout, or striped bass include omega-3 fatty acids. Some embodiments include a composition comprising one or more omega-3 fatty acid or an oil from any one or more source of omega-3 fatty acid. A source of omega-3 fatty acid containing oil may be one of the foregoing places where omega-3-fatty acids are found. The use may be treating the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The use may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The use may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. Some embodiments comprise a use of a composition comprising one or more omega-3 fatty acid or an oil from any one or more source of omega-3 fatty acid for preparing a medicament for treating the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The medicament may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The medicament may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. Some embodiments include a method comprising administering a composition comprising one or more omega-3 fatty acids or an oil from any one or more source of omega-3 fatty acid to the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The method may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The method may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. Some embodiments comprise methods, compositions, uses of compositions for preventing, treating, or preparing a medicament, or compositions for use in prevention, treatment or preparation of a medicament. In some embodiments, the compositions therein comprise one or more omega-3 fatty acid or an oil from any one or more source of omega-3 fatty acid. The one or more source of omega-3 fatty acid may be flaxseed oil. In some embodiments, the one or more source of omega-3 fatty acid is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 1 to about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the one or more source of omega-3 fatty acid is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 3 to about 50 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the one or more source of omega-3 fatty acid is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 0.01 to about 100 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the one or more source of omega-3 fatty acid is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 0.01 μg / ml, about 0.02 μg / ml, about 0.03 μg / ml, about 0.04 μg / ml, about 0.05 μg / ml, about 0.06 μg / ml, about 0.07 μg / ml, about 0.08 μg / ml, about0.09 μg / ml, about 0.1 μg / ml, about 0.2 μg / ml, about 0.3 μg / ml, about 0.4 μg / ml, about 0.5 μg / ml, about 0.6 μg / ml, about 0.7 μg / ml, about 0.8 μg / ml, about 0.9 μg / ml, about 1 μg / ml, about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, or about 200 μg / ml, or at a concentration in a range between any two of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the one or more source of omega-3 fatty acid is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 0.01 μg / ml to about 0.02 μg / ml, about 0.03 μg / ml, about 0.04 μg / ml, about 0.05 μg / ml, about 0.06 μg / ml, about 0.07 μg / ml, about 0.08 μg / ml, about 0.09 μg / ml, about 0.1 μg / ml, about 0.2 μg / ml, about 0.3 μg / ml, about 0.4 μg / ml, about 0.5 μg / ml, about 0.6 μg / ml, about 0.7 μg / ml, about 0.8 μg / ml, about 0.9 μg / ml, about 1 μg / ml, about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, or about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the one or more source of omega-3 fatty acid is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 0.1 μg / ml to about 0.2 μg / ml, about 0.3 μg / ml, about 0.4 μg / ml, about 0.5 μg / ml, about 0.6 μg / ml, about 0.7 μg / ml, about 0.8 μg / ml, about 0.9 μg / ml, about 1 μg / ml, about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, or about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the one or more source of omega-3 fatty acid is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 1 μg / ml to about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml,or about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the one or more source of omega-3 fatty acid is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 10 μg / ml to about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, or about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the one or more source of omega-3 fatty acid is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 100 μg / ml to about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, or about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the one or more source of omega-3 fatty acid is flaxseed oil. In some embodiments, the flaxseed oil is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 0.01 to about 100 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the flaxseed oil is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 0.01 μg / ml, about 0.02 μg / ml, about 0.03 μg / ml, about 0.04 μg / ml, about 0.05 μg / ml, about 0.06 μg / ml, about 0.07 μg / ml, about 0.08 μg / ml, about 0.09 μg / ml, about 0.1 μg / ml, about 0.2 μg / ml, about 0.3 μg / ml, about 0.4 μg / ml, about 0.5 μg / ml, about 0.6 μg / ml, about 0.7 μg / ml, about 0.8 μg / ml, about 0.9 μg / ml, about 1 μg / ml, about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, or about 200 μg / ml, or at a concentration in a range between any two of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the flaxseed oil is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 0.01 μg / ml to about 0.02 μg / ml, about 0.03 μg / ml, about 0.04 μg / ml, about 0.05 μg / ml, about 0.06 μg / ml, about 0.07 μg / ml, about 0.08 μg / ml, about 0.09 μg / ml, about 0.1 μg / ml, about 0.2 μg / ml, about 0.3 μg / ml, about 0.4 μg / ml, about 0.5 μg / ml, about 0.6 μg / ml, about 0.7 μg / ml, about 0.8 μg / ml, about 0.9 μg / ml, about 1 μg / ml, about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, or about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the flaxseed oil is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 0.1 μg / mlto about 0.2 μg / ml, about 0.3 μg / ml, about 0.4 μg / ml, about 0.5 μg / ml, about 0.6 μg / ml, about 0.7 μg / ml, about 0.8 μg / ml, about 0.9 μg / ml, about 1 μg / ml, about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, or about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the flaxseed oil is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 1 μg / ml to about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, or about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the flaxseed oil is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 10 μg / ml to about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, or about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the flaxseed oil is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 100 μg / ml to about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, or about 200 μg / ml.

[0039] Fructans are polymers including fructose. That is, they include fructose residues, often with a sucrose unit, which is a glucose–fructose disaccharide, at what would otherwise be the reducing terminus. The linkage position of the fructose residues determines the type of the fructan. Linkage normally occurs at one of the two primary hydroxyls (OH-1 or OH-6), and there are five types of fructans: (1) 1-linked, (2) 6-linked, (3) graminin type, (4) neo-inulin type, and (5) neo-levan type. The linkage of these types are as follows. (1) 1-Linked: in inulin, the fructosyl residues are linked by β-2,1-linkages. (2) 6-Linked: in levan and phlein, the fructosyl residues are linked by β-2,6- linkages. (3) The graminin type contains both β-2,1-linkages and β-2,6-linkages. (4) Neo-inulin type (also called “inulin neoseries”) has predominantly β-2,1-linkages. (5) Neo-levan type (also called “levan neoseries”) has predominantly β-2,6-linkages. The (4) and (5) types are formed on a 6G-kestotriose backbone where elongations occur on both sides of the molecule. Fructans can befound in agave, Jerusalem artichoke, globe artichoke, asparagus, young barley kernels, garlic, onion, rye bran, and rye grain. Inulin, in particular, can be found in agave, wheat, onion, bananas, garlic, asparagus, Jerusalem artichoke, and chicory. Some embodiments include a composition comprising a fructan or an extract from any one or more fructan source. A fructan source may be any of the above listed places where fructans are found. Some embodiments include a method comprising administering a composition comprising one or more fructan or an extract from any one or more fructan source to the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The method may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The method may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. Some embodiments comprise the use of a composition comprising one or more fructan or an extract from any one or more fructan source for treating the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The use may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The use may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. Some embodiments comprise a use of a composition comprising one or more fructan or an extract from any one or more fructan source for preparing a medicament for treating the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The medicament may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The medicament may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. The fructan may be an inulin. Some embodiments include a method comprising administering a composition comprising one or more fructan or an extract from any one or more source of fructan to the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The method may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The method may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. Some embodiments comprise methods, compositions, uses of compositions for preventing, treating, or preparing a medicament, or compositions for use in prevention, treatment or preparing a medicament. In some embodiments, the compositions therein comprise a fructan. The fructan, in some embodiments, comprises a 1-linked, 6-linked, graminin type, neo-inulin type, or neo-levan type fructan, or a combination of any two or more thereof. The fructan, in some embodiments, comprises inulin, levan or phlein, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the fructan is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 1 to about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the fructan is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 3 to about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the fructan is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 1 μg / ml, about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml,about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml, or at a concentration in a range between any two of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the fructan is at a concentration in a composition herein of from about 1 μg / ml to about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the fructan is at a concentration in a composition herein of from about 10 μg / ml to about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the fructan is at a concentration in a composition herein of from about 50 μg / ml to about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the fructan is at a concentration in a composition herein of from about 100 μg / ml to about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the fructan is at a concentration in a composition herein of from about 150 μg / ml to about 160μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the fructan is at a concentration in a composition herein of from about 200 μg / ml to about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the fructan is at a concentration in a composition herein of from about 250 μg / ml to about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the inulin is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 1 to about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the inulin is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 3 to about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, inulin is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 1 to about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, inulin is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 3 to about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, inulin is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 1 μg / ml, about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml, or at a concentration in a range between any two of the foregoing. In some embodiments, inulin is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 1 μg / ml to about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, inulin is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 10 μg / ml to about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml,about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, inulin is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 50 μg / ml to about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, inulin is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 100 μg / ml to about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, inulin is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 150 μg / ml to about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, inulin is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 200 μg / ml to about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, inulin is at a concentration in a composition herein of from about 250 μg / ml to about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml.

[0040] Boswellic acids are organic acids including a pentacyclic triterpene, a carboxyl group and at least one other functional group. Alpha-boswellic acid and beta-boswellic acid, C30H48O3, both have an additional hydroxyl group; they differ only in their triterpene structure. Acetyl-alpha- boswellic acid and acetyl-beta-boswellic acid, C32H50O4, replace the hydroxyl group with an acetyl group. Other boswellic acids include the keto-boswellic acids and their acetyl counterparts. Exemplary boswellic acid structures are as follows:

[0041] Some embodiments include a composition comprising at least one type of boswellic acid or a Boswellia extract. Some embodiments comprise a method comprising administering a composition comprising at least one type of boswellic acid or a Boswellia extract to the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The method may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The method may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. Some embodiments comprise use of a composition comprising at least one type of boswellic acid or a Boswellia extract for treating the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The use may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The use may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. Some embodiments comprise a use of a composition comprising at least one type of boswellic acid or a Boswellia extract for preparing a medicament for treating the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The medicament may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The medicament may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. Some embodiments comprise methods, compositions, uses of compositions for preventing, treating, or preparing a medicament, or compositions for use in prevention, treatment or preparing a medicament. In some embodiments, the compositions therein comprise a Boswellia extract and / or at least one type of boswellic acid. The at least one type of boswellic acid, in some embodiments comprises one or more of α- boswellic acid, β-boswellic acid, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid, a keto-boswellic acid, or an acetyl counterpart of a keto-boswellic acid. In some embodiments, the Boswellia extract or the at least one type of boswellic acid is at a concentration in the composition of about 1 to about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the Boswellia extract or the at least one type of boswellic acid is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 3 to about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the Boswellia extract or the at least one type of boswellic acid is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 1 μg / ml, about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml, or at a concentration in a range between any two of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the Boswellia extract or the at least one type of boswellic acid is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 1 μg / ml to about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the Boswellia extract or the at least one type of boswellic acid is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 10 μg / ml to about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the Boswellia extract or the at least one type of boswellic acid is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 50 μg / ml to about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the Boswellia extract or the at least one type of boswellic acid is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 100 μg / ml to about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the Boswellia extract or the at least one type of boswellic acid is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 150 μg / ml to about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the Boswellia extract or the at least one type of boswellic acid is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the Boswellia extract or the at least one type of boswellic acid is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml.

[0042] β-glucans comprise a group of β-D-glucose polysaccharides (glucans) naturally occurring in the cell walls of cereals, bacteria, and fungi. Typically, β-glucans form a linear backbone with 1–3 β-glycosidic bonds but vary with respect to molecular mass, solubility, viscosity, branching structure, and gelation properties. Examples of substances including 1, 3 β-glucan include chrysolaminarin, curdlan, laminarin, lentinan, lichenin, oat β-glucans, pleuran, zymosan. Sources of 1, 3 β-glucan include (1) photosynthetic heterokonts, phytoplankton (for example, Bacillariophyta), which include chrysolaminarin or laminarin (found in phytoplankton, especially diatoms), (2) Agrobacterium species, which include curdlan, (3) the fruiting bodies of shitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes), which include lentinan, (4) certain lichen species; for example Icelandic moss (Cetraria islandica), which include lichenin, (5) oats, which include oat β-glucans, (6) oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), which include pleuran, and (7) fungi; for example, yeast and cell walls of the fungi, which include zymosan. Some embodiments include a composition comprising at least one β glucan; for example, a 1,3 β glucan, or one or more extract from a source of the same. Some embodiments comprise a method comprising administering a composition comprising at least one β glucan; for example, a 1,3 β glucan, or one or more extract from a source of the same to the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The method may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The method may be for dental promoting osteoblast cellmineralization. Some embodiments comprise a use of a composition comprising at least one β glucan; for example, 1,3 β glucan, or one or more extract from a source of the same for treating the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The use may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The use may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. Some embodiments comprise a use of a composition comprising at least one β glucan; for example, a 1,3 β glucan, or one or more extract from a source of the same for preparing a medicament for treating the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The medicament may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The medicament may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. Some embodiments comprise methods, compositions, uses of compositions for preventing, treating, or preparing a medicament, or compositions for use in prevention, treatment or preparing a medicament. In some embodiments, the compositions therein comprise a at least one β glucan. In some embodiments, the β glucan comprises at least one 1,3 β glucan. In some embodiments, the at least one β glucan is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 1 to about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the at least one β glucan is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 3 to about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the at least one β glucan is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 1 μg / ml, about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml, or at a concentration in a range between any two of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the at least one β glucan is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 1 μg / ml to about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In someembodiments, the at least one β glucan is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 10 μg / ml to about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the at least one β glucan is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 50 μg / ml to about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the at least one β glucan is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 100 μg / ml to about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the at least one β glucan is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 150 μg / ml to about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the at least one β glucan is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 200 μg / ml to about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the at least one β glucan is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 250 μg / ml to about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the at least one1,3 β glucan is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 1 to about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the at least one 1,3 β glucan is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 3 to about 200 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the at least one 1,3 β glucan is at a concentration in a composition herein of about 1 μg / ml, about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml, or at a concentration in a range between any two of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the at least one 1,3 β glucan is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 1 μg / ml to about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the at least one 1,3 β glucan is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 10 μg / ml to about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the at least one 1,3 β glucan is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 50 μg / ml to about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the at least one 1,3 β glucan is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 100 μg / ml to about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the at least one 1,3 β glucan is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 150 μg / ml to about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the at least one 1,3 β glucan is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 200 μg / ml to about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml. In some embodiments, the at least one 1,3 β glucan is at a concentration in a composition herein from about 250 μg / ml to about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, or about 300 μg / ml.

[0043] Both eugenol (E) and oleanolic acid (OA) are natural ingredients found in variants of plants with multiple biological functions such as antibacterial and anti-inflammation.eano c ac EugenolSome embodiments include a composition comprising a mixture of oleanolic acid and eugenol. Some embodiments comprise a method comprising administering a composition comprising a mixture of oleanolic acid and eugenol to the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The method may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The method may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. Some embodiments comprise use of a composition comprising a mixture of oleanolic acid and eugenol for treating the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The use may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The use may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. Some embodiments comprise a use of a composition comprising a mixture of oleanolic acid and eugenol for preparing a medicament for treating the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The medicament may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The medicament may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. Some embodiments comprise methods,compositions, uses of compositions for preventing, treating, or preparing a medicament, or compositions for use in prevention, treatment or preparing a medicament. In some embodiments, the compositions therein comprise a mixture of oleanolic acid and eugenol. The mixture of oleanolic acid and eugenol may be at a combined concentration in the composition of about 1 to about 200 μg / ml. The mixture of oleanolic acid and eugenol may be at a combined concentration in the composition of about 3 to about 25 μg / ml. The mixture of oleanolic acid and eugenol may be at a combined concentration in the composition of about 0.01 to about 10 μg / ml. The mixture of oleanolic acid and eugenol may be at a combined concentration in the composition of about 0.01 μg / ml, about 0.02 μg / ml, about 0.03 μg / ml, about 0.04 μg / ml, about 0.05 μg / ml, about 0.06 μg / ml, about 0.07 μg / ml, about 0.08 μg / ml, about 0.09 μg / ml, about 0.1 μg / ml, about 0.2 μg / ml, about 0.3 μg / ml, about 0.4 μg / ml, about 0.5 μg / ml, about 0.6 μg / ml, about 0.7 μg / ml, about 0.8 μg / ml, about 0.9 μg / ml, about 1 μg / ml, about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, or about 200 μg / ml, or at a combined concentration in a range between any two of the foregoing. The mixture of oleanolic acid and eugenol may be at a combined concentration in the composition from about 0.01 μg / ml to about 0.02 μg / ml, about 0.03 μg / ml, about 0.04 μg / ml, about 0.05 μg / ml, about 0.06 μg / ml, about 0.07 μg / ml, about 0.08 μg / ml, about 0.09 μg / ml, about 0.1 μg / ml, about 0.2 μg / ml, about 0.3 μg / ml, about 0.4 μg / ml, about 0.5 μg / ml, about 0.6 μg / ml, about 0.7 μg / ml, about 0.8 μg / ml, about 0.9 μg / ml, about 1 μg / ml, about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, or about 200 μg / ml. The mixture of oleanolic acid and eugenol may be at a combined concentration in the composition from about 0.1 μg / ml to about 0.2 μg / ml, about 0.3 μg / ml, about 0.4 μg / ml, about 0.5 μg / ml, about 0.6 μg / ml, about 0.7 μg / ml, about 0.8 μg / ml, about 0.9 μg / ml, about 1 μg / ml, about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml,about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, or about 200 μg / ml. The mixture of oleanolic acid and eugenol may be at a combined concentration in the composition from about 1 μg / ml to about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, or about 200 μg / ml. The mixture of oleanolic acid and eugenol may be at a combined concentration in the composition from about 10 μg / ml to about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, or about 200 μg / ml. The mixture of oleanolic acid and eugenol may be at a combined concentration in the composition from about 50 μg / ml to about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, or about 200 μg / ml. The mixture of oleanolic acid and eugenol may be at a combined concentration in the composition from about 100 μg / ml to about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, or about 200 μg / ml. The mixture of oleanolic acid and eugenol may be at a combined concentration in the composition from about 150 μg / ml to about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, or about 200 μg / ml. The ratio of oleanolic acid to eugenol may be 1:2. The ratio of oleanolic acid to eugenol may be 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, or 1:4. The oleanic acid may be at about 0.1% by weight of the total composition and the eugenol may be at about 0.05% by weight of the total composition, or at a 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:10, 1:16, 1:20, 1:32, 1:40, 1:64, 1:80, or 1:160 dilution thereof.

[0044] Naringin, a flavonoid, occurs naturally in citrus fruits.Some embodiments inc ude a compos t on compr s ng nar ng n. Some embodiments comprise a method comprising administering a composition comprising naringin to the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The method may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The method may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. Some embodiments comprise use of a composition comprising naringin for treating the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The use may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The use may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. Some embodiments comprise a use of a composition comprising naringin for preparing a medicament for treating the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The medicament may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The medicament may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. Some embodiments comprise methods, compositions, uses of compositions for preventing, treating, or preparing a medicament, or compositions for use in prevention, treatment or preparing a medicament. In some embodiments, the compositions therein comprise naringin. The naringin may be at a concentration in a composition herein of about 1 to about 300 μg / ml. The naringin may be at a concentration in a composition herein of about 3 to about 200 μg / ml. The naringin may be at a concentration in a composition herein of about 1 μg / ml, about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about 8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, about 300 μg / ml, or at a concentration in a range between any two of the foregoing. The naringin may be at a concentration in a composition herein from about 1 μg / ml to about 2 μg / ml, about 3 μg / ml, about 4 μg / ml, about 5 μg / ml, about 6 μg / ml, about 7 μg / ml, about8 μg / ml, about 9 μg / ml, about 10 μg / ml, about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, about 300 μg / ml. The naringin may be at a concentration in a composition herein from about 10 μg / ml to about 20 μg / ml, about 30 μg / ml, about 40 μg / ml, about 50 μg / ml, about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, about 300 μg / ml. The naringin may be at a concentration in a composition herein from about 50 μg / ml to about 60 μg / ml, about 70 μg / ml, about 80 μg / ml, about 90 μg / ml, about 100 μg / ml, about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, about 300 μg / ml. The naringin may be at a concentration in a composition herein from about 100 μg / ml to about 110 μg / ml, about 120 μg / ml, about 130 μg / ml, about 140 μg / ml, about 150 μg / ml, about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, about 300 μg / ml. The naringin may be at a concentration in a composition herein from about 150 μg / ml to about 160 μg / ml, about 170 μg / ml, about 180 μg / ml, about 200 μg / ml, about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, about 300 μg / ml. The naringin may be at a concentration in a composition herein from about 200 μg / ml to about 210 μg / ml, about 220 μg / ml, about 230 μg / ml, about 240 μg / ml, about 250 μg / ml, about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, about 300 μg / ml. The naringin may be at a concentration in a composition herein from about 250 μg / ml to about 260 μg / ml, about 270 μg / ml, about 280 μg / ml, about 290 μg / ml, about 300 μg / ml.

[0045] A combination of zinc and arginine protects periostin from degradation. As described in the Examples, it was found that bacteria within the oral cavity degrade periostin. This was the first time this was shown. Specifically, an exemplary oral care composition comprising zinc oxide, zinc citrate and arginine (DZA) prevents the degradation of periostin and promotes the periostin production of fibroblast. Zinc-containing oral care products; for example, DZA, may benefit oral health by decreasing degradation of periostin, promoting periostin production, and in the regeneration of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Some embodiments include a composition comprising zinc and arginine. Some embodiments comprise a method comprising administering a composition comprising zinc and arginine to the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The method may be for promoting gingival periostin. The method may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. The method may be for preventing periostin degradation. Some embodiments comprise use of a composition comprising zinc and arginine for treating the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The use may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The use may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. The use may be for preventing periostin degradation. Some embodiments comprise a use of a composition comprising zinc and arginine for preparing a medicament for treating the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The medicament may be for promoting gingival periostin. The medicament may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. The medicament may be for preventing periostin degradation. Some embodiments comprise methods, compositions, uses of compositions for preventing, treating, or preparing a medicament, or compositions for use in prevention, treatment or preparing a medicament. In some embodiments, the compositions therein comprise zinc and arginine. In some embodiments, the zinc comprises as zinc ion source. In some embodiments, the zinc comprises zinc oxide and zinc citrate. In some embodiments, the composition comprises zinc oxide, zinc citrate, and arginine. In some embodiments, the ratio of the amount of zinc oxide (e.g., wt.%) to zinc citrate (e.g., wt%) is from 1.5: 1 to 4.5: 1 (e.g., 2:1, 2.5:1, 3:1, 3.5:1, or 4:1). In some embodiments, the weight ratio of zinc oxide to zinc citrate is 1.5:1 to 4.5:1, 1.5:1 to 4:1, 1.7:1 to 2.3:1, 1.9: 1 to 2.1:1, or about 2:1. In some embodiments, the zinc citrate is in an amount of from about 0.25 to about1.0 wt% (e.g., about 0.25 to about 0.75 wt. %, or about 0.5 wt. %). In some embodiments, the zinc oxide is present in an amount of from about 0.75 to about 1.25 wt% (e.g., about 1.0 wt. %) based on the weight of the oral care composition. In some embodiments, the zinccitrate is in an amount of from about 0.25 to about1.0 wt% (e.g., about 0.25 to about 0.75 wt. %, or about 0.5 wt. %) and the zinc oxide is present in an amount of from about 0.75 to about 1.25 wt% (e.g., about 1.0 wt. %) based on the weight of the oral care composition. In some embodiments, the zinc citrate is in an amount of about 0.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the zinc oxide is in an amount of about 1.0 wt%. In some embodiments, the zinc citrate is in an amount of about 0.5 wt% and the zinc oxide is in an amount of about 1.0 wt%. In some embodiments, the arginine is present an amount of about 0.1% to about 15%, e.g., about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt %, e.g., about 0.1 to about 5 wt%, e.g., about 0.5 wt % to about 3 wt %or about 0.5 wt % to about 10 wt % of the total composition weight, about e.g., about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, or about 8%, wherein the weight of arginine is calculated as free form. 0.1 wt. % - 6.0 wt. %. (e.g., about 1.5 wt%). In some embodiments, the arginine is in an amount of about 1.5 wt. %. In some embodiments, the arginine is in an amount from about 4.5 wt. % to about 8.5 wt. % (e.g., 5.0%). In some embodiments, the arginine is in an amount of about 5.0 wt. %. In some embodiments, the arginine is in an amount from about 3.5 wt. % to about 9 wt. %. In some embodiments, the arginine is in an amount of about 8.0 wt. %. In some embodiments, the arginine is L-arginine. In some embodiments, the arginine is free form arginine. In some embodiments, the arginine is salt form arginine.

[0046] Some embodiments comprise a combination of two or more of any of the foregoing substances. As used here, the substances are selected from the chemical agents listed above or extracts containing the same. The concentration of the substances, in some embodiments, is as set forth above. The ratio between substances, in some embodiments, is as set forth above. Some embodiments comprise a method comprising administering a composition comprising two or more of any of the foregoing substances to the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The method may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The method may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. The method may be for preventing periostin degradation. Some embodiments comprise a use of a composition comprising two or more of any of the foregoing substances for treating gingiva of a subject in need thereof. The use may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The use may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. The use may be for preventing periostin degradation. Some embodiments comprise a use of a composition comprising two or more of any of the foregoing substances for preparing a medicament for treating gingiva ofa subject in need thereof. The medicament may be for promoting gingival periostin secretion. The medicament may be for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. The medicament may be for preventing periostin degradation.

[0047] In some embodiments, the subject is a toothed animal. In some embodiments herein, a subject is a mammal. In some embodiments herein, the subject is a human. In some embodiments herein, the subject suffers from periodontal disease. In some embodiments, the subject does not suffer from periodontal disease.

[0048] In some embodiments herein, a method of administering herein is for preventing periodontal disease in a subject. In some embodiments herein, a method of administering herein is for treating periodontal disease in a subject.

[0049] In some embodiments herein, a use herein is for preventing periodontal disease in a subject. In some embodiments herein, a use herein is for treating periodontal disease in a subject.

[0050] In some embodiments herein, a use of a composition for preparing a medicament herein is for preparing a medicament for preventing periodontal disease in a subject. In some embodiments herein, a use of a composition for preparing a medicament herein is for preparing a medicament for treating periodontal disease in a subject.

[0051] In some embodiments herein a composition herein is for use in preventing periodontal disease in a subject. In some embodiments herein a composition herein is for use in treating periodontal disease in a subject.

[0052] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method of promoting gingival periostin secretion in a subject in need thereof. The method comprises administering to gingiva of the subject a composition comprising at least one promoter of gingival periostin.

[0053] Some embodiments comprise a method of promoting gingival periostin secretion in a subject in need thereof. The method comprises administering to gingiva of the subject a composition comprising at least one promoter of gingival periostin. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprise one or more of at least one omega-3-fatty acid, an oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid, a fructan, at least one boswellic acid, boswellia extract,a β-glucan, a mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid, or naringin. In some embodiments, the at least one omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least one of α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or eicosapentaenoic acid or the oil comprising an omega-3-fatty acid comprises at least one of α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or eicosapentaenoic acid. In some embodiments, the oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of flaxseed oil. In some embodiments, the fructan comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of inulin. In some embodiments, the oil comprising an omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of flaxseed oil. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the Boswellia extract. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least one boswellic acid. In some embodiments, the at least one boswellic acid is selected from the group consisting of α-boswellic acid, β-boswellic acid, and-keto-β-boswellic acid. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of one or more selected from the β-glucans. In some embodiments, the one or more selected from the β- glucans comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 1,3 β-glucan. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a combination of zinc and arginine. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one of polyoxamer 407, Carbopol, sodium benzoate, cocamidopropyl betaine, propylene glycol, poloxamer 338, and β–glucan. In some embodiments, the concentration of any of the substances of this paragraph are as set forth above or in the below examples. In some embodiments, the ratio between substances of this paragraph are as set forth above or in the below examples.

[0054] Some embodiments comprise a method of promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization in a subject in need thereof. The method comprises administering to gingiva of the subject a composition comprising at least one promoter of gingival periostin. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoterof gingival periostin secretion comprise one or more of at least one omega-3-fatty acid, an oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid, a fructan, at least one boswellic acid, boswellia extract, a β-glucan, a mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid, or naringin. In some embodiments, the at least one omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least one of α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or eicosapentaenoic acid or the oil comprising an omega-3-fatty acid comprises at least one of α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or eicosapentaenoic acid. In some embodiments, the oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of flaxseed oil. In some embodiments, the fructan comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of inulin. In some embodiments, the oil comprising an omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of flaxseed oil. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the Boswellia extract. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least one boswellic acid. In some embodiments, the at least one boswellic acid is selected from the group consisting of α-boswellic acid, β-boswellic acid, and-keto-β-boswellic acid. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of one or more selected from the β-glucans. In some embodiments, the one or more selected from the β- glucans comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 1,3 β-glucan. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a combination of arginine and zinc. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one of polyoxamer 407, Carbopol, sodium benzoate, cocamidopropyl betaine, propylene glycol, poloxamer 338, and β–glucan. In some embodiments, the concentration of any of the substances of this paragraph are as set forth above or in the below examples. In some embodiments, the ratio between substances of this paragraph are as set forth above or in the below examples.

[0055] Some embodiments comprise an oral care composition comprising at least one promoter of gingival periostin. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more inhibitor of gingival periostindegradation. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprise one or more of at least one omega-3-fatty acid, an oil comprising at least one omega-3- fatty acid, a fructan, at least one boswellic acid, boswellia extract, a β-glucan, a mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid, or naringin. In some embodiments, the at least one omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least one of α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or eicosapentaenoic acid or the oil comprising an omega-3-fatty acid comprises at least one of α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or eicosapentaenoic acid. In some embodiments, the oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of flaxseed oil. In some embodiments, the fructan comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of inulin. In some embodiments, the oil comprising an omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of flaxseed oil. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the Boswellia extract. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least one boswellic acid. In some embodiments, the at least one boswellic acid is selected from the group consisting of α-boswellic acid, β-boswellic acid, and- keto-β-boswellic acid. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of one or more selected from the β-glucans. In some embodiments, the one or more selected from the β-glucans comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 1,3 β-glucan. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a combination of arginine and zinc. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one of polyoxamer 407, Carbopol, sodium benzoate, cocamidopropyl betaine, propylene glycol, poloxamer 338, and β–glucan. In some embodiments, the concentration of any of the substances of this paragraph are as set forth above or in the below examples. In some embodiments, the ratio between substances of this paragraph are as set forth above or in the below examples.

[0056] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one of demineralized water, poloxamer 407 USP-NF, EP, Carbopol 97 1P NF polymer, sodium benzoate NF, EP, cocamidopropyl betaine, propylene glycol USP, EP, and poloxamer 338 PPG-51 / SMDIcopolymer. The deminieralized water may be in an amount from about 50 to about 80% by wt. of the total composition. The deminieralized water may be in an amount from about 50 to about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, or about 80% by wt. of the total composition, or in a range between any two of the foregoing. The deminieralized water may be in an amount of about 76.7% by wt. of the total composition. The poloxamer 407 USP-NF, EP may be in an amount of about 1 to about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10% by wt. of the total composition, or in a range between any two of the foregoing. The poloxamer 407 USP-NF, EP may be in an amount of about 5 % by wt. of the total composition. The Carbopol 971P NF Polymer may be in an amount of about 0.1 to about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, or about 1.0% by wt. of the total composition, or in a range between any two of the foregoing. The Carbopol 971P NF Polymer may be in an amount of about 0.3 % by wt. of the total composition. The sodium benzoate NF, EP may be in an amount of about 0.1 to about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, or about 1.0% by wt. of the total composition, or in a range between any two of the foregoing. The sodium benzoate NF, EP may be in an amount of about 0.5 % by wt. of the total composition. The cocamidopropyl betaine may be in an amount of about 0.1 to about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1.0, about 1.1, about 1,2, about 1.3, about 1.4, about 1.5, about 1.6, about 1.7, about 1.8, about 1.9 or about 2.0 % by wt. of the total composition, or in a range between any two of the foregoing. The sodium benzoate NF, EP may be in an amount of about 1.5 % by wt. of the total composition. The propylene glycol USP may be in an amount of about 4 to about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, or about 13% by wt. of the total composition, or in a range between any two of the foregoing. The propylene glycol USP may be in an amount of about 9 % by wt. of the total composition. The poloxamer 338 PPG-51 / SMDI copolymer may be in an amount of about 2 to about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, or about 11% by wt. of the total composition, or in a range between any two of the foregoing. The poloxamer 338 PPG-51 / SMDI copolymer may be in an amount of about 6 % by wt. of the total composition.

[0057] Some embodiments comprise a use of an oral care composition for treating the gingiva in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the use is for promoting gingival periostin secretion. In some embodiments, the use is for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. Insome embodiments, the oral care composition for the use comprises at least one promoter of gingival periostin. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprise one or more of at least one omega-3-fatty acid, an oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid, a fructan, at least one boswellic acid, boswellia extract, a β-glucan, a mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid, or naringin. In some embodiments, the at least one omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least one of α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or eicosapentaenoic acid or the oil comprising an omega-3-fatty acid comprises at least one of α- linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or eicosapentaenoic acid. In some embodiments, the oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of flaxseed oil. In some embodiments, the fructan comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of inulin. In some embodiments, the oil comprising an omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of flaxseed oil. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the Boswellia extract. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least one boswellic acid. In some embodiments, the at least one boswellic acid is selected from the group consisting of α-boswellic acid, β-boswellic acid, and- keto-β-boswellic acid. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of one or more selected from the β-glucans. In some embodiments, the one or more selected from the β-glucans comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 1,3 β-glucan. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a combination of arginine and zinc. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one of polyoxamer 407, Carbopol, sodium benzoate, cocamidopropyl betaine, propylene glycol, poloxamer 338, and β–glucan. In some embodiments, the concentration of any of the substances of this paragraph are as set forth above or in the belowexamples. In some embodiments, the ratio between substances of this paragraph are as set forth above or in the below examples.

[0058] Some embodiments comprise a use of the oral care composition for preparing a medicament for treating the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the medicament is for promoting gingival periostin secretion. In some embodiments, the medicament is for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. In some embodiments, the oral care composition for the use comprises at least one promoter of gingival periostin. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprise one or more of at least one omega-3- fatty acid, an oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid, a fructan, at least one boswellic acid, boswellia extract, a β-glucan, a mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid, or naringin. In some embodiments, the at least one omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least one of α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or eicosapentaenoic acid or the oil comprising an omega-3-fatty acid comprises at least one of α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or eicosapentaenoic acid. In some embodiments, the oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of flaxseed oil. In some embodiments, the fructan comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of inulin. In some embodiments, the oil comprising an omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of flaxseed oil. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the Boswellia extract. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least one boswellic acid. In some embodiments, the at least one boswellic acid is selected from the group consisting of α-boswellic acid, β-boswellic acid, and-keto-β-boswellic acid. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of one or more selected from the β-glucans. In some embodiments, the one or more selected from the β-glucans comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 1,3 β-glucan. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid. In some embodiments, theinhibitor of gingival periostin degradation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a combination of arginine and zinc. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one of polyoxamer 407, Carbopol, sodium benzoate, cocamidopropyl betaine, propylene glycol, poloxamer 338, and β–glucan. In some embodiments, the concentration of any of the substances of this paragraph are as set forth above or in the below examples. In some embodiments, the ratio between substances of this paragraph are as set forth above or in the below examples.

[0059] Some embodiments comprise an oral care composition for use in treating the gingiva in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the use is for promoting gingival periostin secretion. In some embodiments, the use is for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises at least one promoter of gingival periostin. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprise one or more of at least one omega-3-fatty acid, an oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid, a fructan, at least one boswellic acid, boswellia extract, a β-glucan, a mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid, or naringin. In some embodiments, the at least one omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least one of α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or eicosapentaenoic acid or the oil comprising an omega-3-fatty acid comprises at least one of α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or eicosapentaenoic acid. In some embodiments, the oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of flaxseed oil. In some embodiments, the fructan comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of inulin. In some embodiments, the oil comprising an omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of flaxseed oil. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the Boswellia extract. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least one boswellic acid. In some embodiments, the at least one boswellic acid is selected from the group consisting of α-boswellic acid, β-boswellic acid, and- keto-β-boswellic acid. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of one or more selected from the β-glucans.In some embodiments, the one or more selected from the β-glucans comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 1,3 β-glucan. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a combination of arginine and zinc. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one of polyoxamer 407, Carbopol, sodium benzoate, cocamidopropyl betaine, propylene glycol, poloxamer 338, and β–glucan. In some embodiments, the concentration of any of the substances of this paragraph are as set forth above or in the below examples. In some embodiments, the ratio between substances of this paragraph are as set forth above or in the below examples.

[0060] Some embodiments comprise an oral care composition for use in preparing a medicament for treating the gingiva of a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the medicament is for promoting gingival periostin secretion. In some embodiments, the medicament is for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. In some embodiments, the use is for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises at least one promoter of gingival periostin. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion. In some embodiments, the at least one promoter of gingival periostin comprises one or more inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprise one or more of at least one omega-3-fatty acid, an oil comprising at least one omega-3- fatty acid, a fructan, at least one boswellic acid, boswellia extract, a β-glucan, a mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid, or naringin. In some embodiments, the at least one omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least one of α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or eicosapentaenoic acid or the oil comprising an omega-3-fatty acid comprises at least one of α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or eicosapentaenoic acid. In some embodiments, the oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of flaxseed oil. In some embodiments, the fructan comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of inulin. In some embodiments, the oil comprising an omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of flaxseed oil. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the Boswellia extract.In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least one boswellic acid. In some embodiments, the at least one boswellic acid is selected from the group consisting of α-boswellic acid, β-boswellic acid, and- keto-β-boswellic acid. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of one or more selected from the β-glucans. In some embodiments, the one or more selected from the β-glucans comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 1,3 β-glucan. In some embodiments, the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a combination of arginine and zinc. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one of polyoxamer 407, Carbopol, sodium benzoate, cocamidopropyl betaine, propylene glycol, poloxamer 338, and β–glucan. In some embodiments, the concentration of any of the substances of this paragraph are as set forth above or in the below examples. In some embodiments, the ratio between substances of this paragraph are as set forth above or in the below examples.

[0061] In some embodiments of a method, composition, use, or composition for use herein, the composition therein may comprise and / or be one or more of the following.

[0062] In some embodiments, the oral care composition is formulated as a mouthwash. The mouthwash, in some embodiments, comprises one or a plurality of a solvent, a preservative, a sweetener, an anticaries mixture, an oral topical, an astringent, a thickener, a starch hydrolysis enzyme, a fragrance, an antioxidant, a probiotic, an anti-inflammatory agent, an antimicrobial agent, and anti-stain agent, a humectant, a pigment, a film former, or a buffer. The solvent, in some embodiments comprises one or more of an alcohol, 1,3-propanediol, or 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol). In some embodiments the preservative comprises one or more of 2-bromo-2- nitropropane-1,3-diol, benzoic acid, or benzyl alcohol. In some embodiments, the sweetener comprises one or more of acesulfame K (potassium acesulfame) or aspartame. In some embodiment, the anticaries mixture comprises one or more of a fluoride ion source, phosphoric acid, monosodium or disodium phosphate, sodium fluoride. stannous fluoride, or acidulated phosphate fluoride. In some embodiments, the oral topical comprises a wound healing agent; e.g., allantoin. In some embodiments, the astringent comprises aluminum lactate. In someembodiments, the thickener comprises ammonium acryloyldimethyltaurate / VP copolymer. In some embodiments, the starch hydrolysis enzyme comprises amyloglucosidase (amylase). In some embodiments, the fragrance comprises anethole. In some embodiments, the antioxidant comprises ascorbic acid. In some embodiments, the probiotic comprises one or more of bifida ferment lysate. In some embodiments, the humectant comprises one or more of betaine, trimethylglycine, or glycine betaine.

[0063] In some embodiments, the oral care composition is formulated as a toothpaste. The toothpaste, in some embodiments, comprises one or a plurality of a fluoride source, one or more abrasives, one or more flavors, one or more humectant, and one or more detergents. Non-limiting examples of these agents follow.

[0064] In some embodiments, the oral care composition is formulated as a toothpaste, a mouthwash, an oral gel, a food extract, a chewing gum, or a chewing tablet.

[0065] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises a stannous ion source, preferably in an effective amount. The stannous ion source may be present in the oral care composition in an amount from about 0.1 to about 5 wt.%, based on the total weight of the oral care composition. For example, the amount of stannous ion present in the oral care composition may be from about 0.1 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 2 wt.%; from about 0.3 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.3 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.3 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.3 to about 2 wt.%; from about 0.6 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.6 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.6 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.6 to about 2 wt.%; from about 0.9 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.9 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.9 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.9 to about 2 wt.%; from about 1.2 to about 5 wt.%, about 1.2 to about 4 wt.%, about 1.2 to about 3 wt.%, about 1.2 to about 2 wt.%; from about 1.5 to about 5 wt.%, about 1.5 to about 4 wt.%, about 1.5 to about 3 wt.%; from about 2 to about 5 wt.%, about 2 to about 4 wt.%, about 2 to about 3 wt.%; from about 3 to about 5 wt.%, about 4 to about 5 wt.%, or any range or subrange thereof, based on the total weight of the oral care composition. In at least one embodiment, oral care composition includes about 0.4 to about 0.5 wt.% of stannous ion source, such as about 0.45 wt.% of stannous ion source.

[0066] The stannous ion source may be selected from the group consisting of: stannous fluoride, stannous chloride, stannous pyrophosphate, stannous formate, stannous acetate, stannous gluconate, stannous lactate, stannous tartrate, stannous oxalate, stannous malonate, stannouscitrate, stannous ethylene glyoxide, and combinations of two or more thereof. The stannous source may comprise stannous fluoride, stannous chloride, stannous acetate, and a combination of two or more thereof. In at least one embodiment, the stannous ion source comprises stannous fluoride.

[0067] An oral care composition herein may include two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, or six or more of stannous ion sources. For instance, oral care composition may comprise 2 to 7, 2 to 6, 2 to 5, 2 to 5, or 2 to 4; 3 to 7, 3 to 6, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5 stannous ion sources. In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises stannous fluoride and stannous pyrophosphate. Additionally or alternatively, the oral care composition may comprise stannous fluoride and stannous chloride.

[0068] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises one or more amino acid(s) in addition to the arginine, preferably in an effective amount. In some embodiments, the one or more amino acid(s) may be present in the oral care composition in an amount from about 0.1 to about 10 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 8 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 1 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 0.5 wt.%; from about 0.5 to about 10 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 8 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 1 wt.%; from about 1 to about 10 wt.%, about 1 to about 8 wt.%, about 1 to about 6 wt.%, about 1 to about 4 wt.%, about 1 to about 2 wt.%; from about 2 to about 10 wt.%, about 2 to about 8 wt.%, about 2 to about 6 wt.%, about 2 to about 4 wt.%; from about 3 to about 10 wt.%, about 3 to about 8 wt.%, about 3 to about 6 wt.%, about 3 to about 4 wt.%; from about 4 to about 10 wt.%, about 4 to about 8 wt.%, about 4 to about 6 wt.%; from about 6 to about 10 wt.%, about 6 to about 8 wt.%; from about 8 to about 10 wt.%, including any range or subrange thereof, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0069] The one or more amino acids in addition to arginine may be selected from basic amino acids, neutral amino acids, and combinations thereof. The basic amino acids may be selected from naturally occurring basic amino acids; for example, lysine, and histidine, and non-naturally occurring basic amino acids having a carboxyl group and an amino group in the molecule, which are water-soluble and provide an aqueous solution with a pH of 7 or greater. In some embodiments, the one or more amino acid is selected from glycine, arginine, and a combination of two or more thereof. For instance, the oral care composition may comprise one or more of L-glycine, L- arginine, D-glycine, D-arginine, or a combination of two or more thereof. In at least oneembodiment, the one or more amino acid comprises L-glycine, L-arginine, or a combination thereof.

[0070] Examples of additional amino acids that may be incorporated or excluded from the oral care composition include lysine, serine, citrulline, ornithine, creatine, histidine, diaminobutanoic acid, diaminoproprionic acid, salts thereof or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the amino acid in addition to arginine is a basic amino acid selected from citrulline, and ornithine. Additionally or alternatively, the one or more amino acid can be chosen from neutral amino acids, which can include, but are not limited to, one or more neutral amino acids selected from the group consisting of alanine, aminobutyrate, asparagine, cysteine, cystine, glutamine, glycine, hydroxyproline, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, taurine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, and combinations thereof.

[0071] In some embodiments, the amino acid(s) are in an effective amount. In some embodiments, the one or more amino acid(s) in addition to arginine are present in the oral care composition in an amount from about 0.1 to about 10 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 8 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 1 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 0.5 wt.%; from about 0.5 to about 10 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 8 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 1 wt.%; from about 1 to about 10 wt.%, about 1 to about 8 wt.%, about 1 to about 6 wt.%, about 1 to about 4 wt.%, about 1 to about 2 wt.%; from about 2 to about 10 wt.%, about 2 to about 8 wt.%, about 2 to about 6 wt.%, about 2 to about 4 wt.%; from about 3 to about 10 wt.%, about 3 to about 8 wt.%, about 3 to about 6 wt.%, about 3 to about 4 wt.%; from about 4 to about 10 wt.%, about 4 to about 8 wt.%, about 4 to about 6 wt.%; from about 6 to about 10 wt.%, about 6 to about 8 wt.%; from about 8 to about 10 wt.%, including any range or subrange thereof, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0072] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises a zinc source. The zinc source may be a zinc ion source. The zinc source may be present in the oral care composition in an amount from about 0.1 to about 8 wt.%, based on the total weight of the oral care composition. For example, the amount of zinc source present in the oral care composition may be from about 0.1 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 1 wt.%; from about 0.3 to about 8 wt.%, about 0.3to about 6 wt.%, about 0.3 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.3 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.3 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.3 to about 2 wt.%; from about 0.6 to about 8 wt.%, about 0.6 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.6 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.6 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.6 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.6 to about 2 wt.%; from about 0.9 to about 8 wt.%, about 0.9 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.9 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.9 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.9 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.9 to about 2 wt.%; from about 1.2 to about 8 wt.%, about 1.2 to about 6 wt.%, about 1.2 to about 5 wt.%, about 1.2 to about 4 wt.%, about 1.2 to about 3 wt.%, about 1.2 to about 2 wt.%; from about 1.5 to about 8 wt.%, about 1.5 to about 6 wt.%, about 1.5 to about 5 wt.%, about 1.5 to about 4 wt.%, about 1.5 to about 3 wt.%; from about 2 to about 8 wt.%, about 2 to about 6 wt.%, about 2 to about 5 wt.%, about 2 to about 4 wt.%, about 2 to about 3 wt.%; from about 3 to about 8 wt.%, about 3 to about 6 wt.%, about 3 to about 5 wt.%; from about 4 to about 8 wt.%, about 4 to about 6 wt.%, about 4 to about 5 wt.%, or any range or subrange thereof, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0073] The zinc source may be in the form of a salt. For example, the zinc source may comprise one or more zinc salt(s) chosen from zinc sulfate, zinc chloride, zinc acetate, zinc phenol sulfonate, zinc borate, zinc bromide, zinc nitrate, zinc glycerophosphate, zinc benzoate, zinc carbonate, zinc carnosine, zinc citrate, zinc hexafluorosilicate, zinc diacetate trihydrate, zinc oxide, zinc peroxide, zinc salicylate, zinc silicate, zinc stannate, zinc tannate, zinc titanate, zinc tetrafluoroborate, zinc gluconate, zinc lactate, zinc glycinate, zinc phosphate, and a combination of two or more thereof. In some embodiments, the zinc source is selected from zinc citrate, zinc oxide, zinc phosphate, zinc lactate, zinc sulfate, zinc silicate, zinc gluconate, and a combination of two or more thereof.

[0074] In some embodiments the oral care composition comprises two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, or six or more zinc sources. For instance, oral care composition may comprise 2 to 7, 2 to 6, 2 to 5, 2 to 5, or 2 to 4; 3 to 7, 3 to 6, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5 zinc sources. In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises zinc oxide, zinc citrate, zinc phosphate, or a combination of two or more thereof. In at least one preferred embodiment, the oral care composition comprises zinc phosphate.

[0075] In some embodiments, the oral care composition is formulated to have a weight ratio of the amount of zinc oxide to zinc citrate of from about 1.5:1 to about 4.5:1. For instance, the weight ratio of the amount of zinc oxide to zinc citrate may be from about 1.5:1 to about 4.5:1, about 1.5:1 to about 4:1, about 1.5:1 to about 3.5:1, about 1.5:1 to about 3:1, about 1.5:1 to about 2.5:1; fromabout 2:1 to about 4.5:1, about 2:1 to about 4:1, about 2:1 to about 3.5:1, about 2:1 to about 3:1; from about 2.5:1 to about 4.5:1, about 2.5:1 to about 4:1, about 2.5:1 to about 3.5:1; from about 3:1 to about 4.5:1, about 3:1 to about 4:1, or any range or subrange formed thereof. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the amount of zinc oxide to zinc citrate is about 2:1, about 2.5:1, about 3:1, about 3.5:1, about 4:1, or a range formed thereof.

[0076] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises one or more acid and / or salt thereof. Examples of acids include malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, boric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, and carbonic acid. For instance, the one or more acid may be selected from citric acid, lactic acid, boric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, carbonic acid, a salt thereof, and a combination of two or more thereof. In some embodiments, the acid is selected from citric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, a salt thereof, and a combination of two or more thereof. The one or more acid may be in the form of a salt and / or be added into the oral care composition in the form of a salt.

[0077] In some embodiments, the total amount of acid and / or a salt thereof present in an oral care composition herein may be from about 0.1 to about 10 wt.%, based on the total weight of the oral care composition. For example, the oral care composition may include acid and / or a salt thereof in an amount from about 0.1 to about 8 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 1 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 0.5 wt.%; from about 0.5 to about 10 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 8 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 1 wt.%; from about 1 to about 10 wt.%, about 1 to about 8 wt.%, about 1 to about 6 wt.%, about 1 to about 4 wt.%, about 1 to about 2 wt.%; from about 2 to about 10 wt.%, about 2 to about 8 wt.%, about 2 to about 6 wt.%, about 2 to about 4 wt.%; from about 3 to about 10 wt.%, about 3 to about 8 wt.%, about 3 to about 6 wt.%, about 3 to about 4 wt.%; from about 4 to about 10 wt.%, about 4 to about 8 wt.%, about 4 to about 6 wt.%; from about 6 to about 10 wt.%, about 6 to about 8 wt.%; from about 8 to about 10 wt.%, including any range or subrange thereof, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0078] In some embodiments, the acid is citric acid and / or a salt thereof. The oral care composition may include a salt of citric acid, such as sodium citrate. Exemplary sodium citrate species includetrisodium citrate, disodium citrate, and mono citrate. In certain embodiments, the oral care composition includes citric acid and a salt thereof (e.g., sodium citrate).

[0079] In some embodiments, the oral care composition may be formulated to have a weight ratio of citric acid to sodium citrate of from about 1:3 to about 1:8. For instance, the oral care composition may have a weight ratio of citric acid to sodium citrate of about 1:3 to about 1:8, about 1:3 to about 1:7, about 1:3 to about 1:6, about 1:3 to about 1:5, about 1:3 to about 1:4; from about 1:4 to about 1:8, about 1:4 to about 1:7, about 1:4 to about 1:6, about 1:4 to about 1:5; from about 1:5 to about 1:8, about 1:5 to about 1:7, about 1:5 to about 1:6; from about 1:6 to about 1:8, about 1:6 to about 1:7, or about 1:7 to about 1:8, including any range or subrange thereof.

[0080] In some embodiments, the amount of sodium citrate in the oral care composition is from about 0.1 to about 8 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 1 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 0.5 wt.%; from about 0.5 to about 8 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 1 wt.%; from about 1 to about 8 wt.%, about 1 to about 6 wt.%, about 1 to about 4 wt.%, about 1 to about 2 wt.%; from about 2 to about 8 wt.%, about 2 to about 6 wt.%, about 2 to about 4 wt.%; from about 3 to about 8 wt.%, about 3 to about 6 wt.%, about 3 to about 4 wt.%; from about 4 to about 8 wt.%, about 4 to about 6 wt.%, about 6 to about 8 wt.%, including any range or subrange thereof, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0081] In some embodiments, the amount of citric acid in an oral care composition herein may be from about 0.1 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 2 wt.%; from about 0.3 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.3 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.3 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.3 to about 2 wt.%; from about 0.6 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.6 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.6 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.6 to about 2 wt.%; from about 0.9 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.9 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.9 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.9 to about 2 wt.%; from about 1.2 to about 5 wt.%, about 1.2 to about 4 wt.%, about 1.2 to about 3 wt.%, about 1.2 to about 2 wt.%; from about 1.5 to about 5 wt.%, about 1.5 to about 4 wt.%, about 1.5 to about 3 wt.%; from about 2 to about 5 wt.%, about 2 to about 4 wt.%, about 2 to about 3 wt.%, about 3 to about 5 wt.%, or any range or subrange thereof, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0082] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises the anti-calculus agents in an amount from about 0.1 to about 7 wt.%, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.For example, the anti-calculus agent(s) may be present in the oral care composition in an amount from about 0.1 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 1 wt.%; from about 0.4 to about 7 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 1 wt.%; from about 0.8 to about 7 wt.%, about 0.8 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.8 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.8 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.8 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.8 to about 2 wt.%; from about 1.4 to about 7 wt.%, about 1.4 to about 6 wt.%, about 1.4 to about 5 wt.%, about 1.4 to about 4 wt.%, about 1.4 to about 3 wt.%; from about 2 to about 7 wt.%, about 2 to about 6 wt.%, about 2 to about 5 wt.%, about 2 to about 4 wt.%, about 2 to about 3 wt.%; from about 3 to about 7 wt.%, about 3 to about 6 wt.%, about 3 to about 5 wt.%; from about 4 to about 7 wt.%, about 4 to about 6 wt.%, about 5 to about 7 wt.%, or any range or subrange thereof, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0083] Examples of anti-calculus agents include, but are not limited to: phosphates and polyphosphates, polyaminopropane sulfonic acid (AM PS), polyolefin sulfonates, polyolefin phosphates, diphosphonates such as azacycloalkane-2,2-diphosphonates (e.g., azacycloheptane- 2,2-diphosphonic acid), N-methyl azacyclopentane-2,3-diphosphonic acid, ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1- diphosphonic acid (EHDP) and ethane-1-amino-1,1-diphosphonate, phosphonoalkane carboxylic acids and. Useful inorganic phosphate and polyphosphate salts include monobasic, dibasic and tribasic sodium phosphates. Examples of phosphate ion sources include tetrasodium pyrophosphate, dicalcium orthophosphate dihydrate, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, calcium pyrophosphate, p-calcium pyrophosphate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium metaphosphate, potassium metaphosphate, sodium metaphosphate, or a combination thereof.

[0084] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises one or more surfactants. In some embodiments, the one or more surfactants are in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to about 8 wt.%, based on the total weight of the oral care composition. For example, the oral care composition may include one or more surfactant in an amount from about 0.5 to about 7 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 2 wt.%; from about 1 to about 9 wt.%, about 1 to about 8 wt.%, about 1 to about 7 wt.%, about 1 to about 6 wt.%, about 1 to about 5 wt.%, about 1 to about 4 wt.%,about 1 to about 3 wt.%, about 1 to about 2 wt.%; from about 2 to about 9 wt.%, about 2 to about 8 wt.%, about 2 to about 7 wt.%, about 2 to about 6 wt.%, about 2 to about 5 wt.%, about 2 to about 4 wt.%, about 2 to about 3 wt.%; from about 2.5 to about 9 wt.%, about 2.5 to about 8 wt.%, about 2.5 to about 7 wt.%, about 2.5 to about 6 wt.%, about 2.5 to about 5 wt.%, about 2.5 to about 4 wt.%, about 2.5 to about 3.5 wt.%; from about 3 to about 9 wt.%, about 3 to about 8 wt.%, about 3 to about 7 wt.%, about 3 to about 6 wt.%, about 3 to about 5 wt.%, about 3 to about 4 wt.%, about 3 to about 3.5 wt.%; from about 4 to about 9 wt.%, about 4 to about 8 wt.%, about 4 to about 7 wt.%, about 4 to about 6 wt.%, about 4 to about 5 wt.%; from about 5 to about 9 wt.%, about 5 to about 8 wt.%, about 5 to about 7 wt.%, about 5 to about 6 wt.%; from about 7 to about 9 wt.%, about 7 to about 8 wt.%, or any range or subrange thereof, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0085] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises a surfactant system comprising of a plurality of surfactants. The surfactant system may comprise a plurality of 2 or more surfactants, e.g., 3 or more, 4 or more, 5 or more, 6 or more, 7 or more, 8 or more, or 9 or more surfactants. In some instances, the oral care composition includes 2, 34, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 surfactants, or a range formed therefrom. For example, the oral care composition may comprise 2 to 4, 2 or 3, 3 or 4, 4 to 9, 4 to 8, 4 to 7, 4 to 6, 4 or 5; 5 to 9, 5 to 8, 5 to 7, 5 or 6; 6 to 9, 6 to 8, 6 or 7 surfactants.

[0086] In some embodiments, the surfactant system comprises one or more anionic surfactant, one or more cationic surfactant, one or more nonionic surfactants, one or more amphoteric surfactants, one or more zwitterionic surfactants, one or more bacterial surfactant, or combinations of two or more thereof. For example, the surfactant system comprises one or more non-sulfate based anionic surfactant, one or more amphoteric surfactant, one or more nonionic surfactant, and one or more amino acid surfactant. In some embodiments, the surfactant system comprises a single non-sulfate based anionic surfactant, a single amphoteric surfactant, a single nonionic surfactant, and a single amino acid surfactant. In at least one embodiment, the surfactant system comprises a single non- sulfate based anionic surfactant, a single amphoteric surfactant, a single nonionic surfactant, and a single amino acid surfactant. In further embodiments, the surfactant system consists of one or more anionic surfactant, one or more amphoteric surfactant, one or more nonionic surfactant, and one or more amino acid surfactant.

[0087] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises one or more anionic surfactant(s). In some embodiments, the one or more anionic surfactant(s) are in an amount that ranges from about 0.1 to about 7 wt.%, based on the total weight of the oral care composition. In some instances, the one or more anionic surfactant(s) is present in the surfactant system in an amount from about 0.1 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 1 wt.%; from about 0.4 to about 7 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 1 wt.%; from about 0.8 to about 7 wt.%, about 0.8 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.8 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.8 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.8 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.8 to about 2 wt.%; from about 1.4 to about 7 wt.%, about 1.4 to about 6 wt.%, about 1.4 to about 5 wt.%, about 1.4 to about 4 wt.%, about 1.4 to about 3 wt.%; from about 2 to about 7 wt.%, about 2 to about 6 wt.%, about 2 to about 5 wt.%, about 2 to about 4 wt.%, about 2 to about 3 wt.%; from about 3 to about 7 wt.%, about 3 to about 6 wt.%, about 3 to about 5 wt.%; from about 4 to about 7 wt.%, about 4 to about 6 wt.%, about 5 to about 7 wt.%, or any range or subrange thereof, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0088] In some embodiments, the one or more anionic surfactant(s) are selected be selected from sulfate based anionic surfactants and / or from non-sulfate based anionic surfactants, such as sulfonated monoglycerides of fatty acids, isethionates, sarcosinates, taurate, and a combination of two or more thereof. Examples of sulfate based anionic surfactants include ammonium lauryl sulfate, ammonium lauryl ether sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium coco-sulfate, ammonium coco-sulfate, and a combination of two or more thereof. In at least one embodiment, the oral care composition includes a sulfate based anionic surfactant, wherein the oral care composition is substantially free of or free of sodium lauryl sulfate and / or sodium lauryl ether sulfate.

[0089] In some embodiments, the anionic surfactant(s) have at least one acyl group. In some embodiments, the acyl group comprises a carbon chain of 8 to 21 carbons. In some embodiments, the anionic surfactant(s) comprises an alkyl group(s). In some embodiments, the alky group comprises a carbon chain of 8 to 19 carbons, 8 to 17 carbons, 8 to 15 carbons, 8 to 13 carbons, 8 to 11 carbons; 9 to 21 carbons, 9 to 19 carbons, 9 to 17 carbons, 9 to 15 carbons, 9 to 13 carbons, 9 to 11 carbons; 11 to 21 carbons, 11 to 19 carbons, 11 to 17 carbons, 11 to 15 carbons, 11 to 13 carbons; 13 to 21 carbons, 13 to 19 carbons, 13 to 17 carbons, or any range or subrange thereof.The anionic surfactants disclosed herein may be incorporated in a salt form. The salt form of the anionic surfactants may have an alkali metal (e.g., sodium or potassium) and / or ammonium group.

[0090] In some embodiments, the anionic surfactants comprise water-soluble salts of higher fatty acid monoglyceride monosulfates, such as the sodium salt of the monosulfated monoglyceride of hydrogenated coconut oil fatty acids such as sodium N- methyl N-cocoyl taurate, sodium cocomo-glyceride sulfate; higher alkyl sulfates, such as sodium lauryl sulfate; higher alkyl-ether sulfates, e.g., of formula CH3(CH2)mCH2(OCH2CH2)nOS03X, wherein m is 6-16, e.g., 10, n is 1- 6, e.g., 2, 3 or 4, and X is Na or , for example sodium laureth-2 sulfate (CH3(CH2)10CH2(OCH2CH2)2OS03Na); higher alkyl aryl sulfonates such as sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (sodium lauryl benzene sulfonate); higher alkyl sulfoacetates, such as sodium lauryl sulfoacetate (dodecyl sodium sulfoacetate), higher fatty acid esters of 1,2 dihydroxy propane sulfonate, sulfocolaurate (N-2- ethyl laurate potassium sulfoacetamide) and sodium lauryl sarcosinate. By "higher alkyl" is meant, e.g., C6-3o alkyl. In particular embodiments, the anionic surfactant (where present) is selected from sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium ether lauryl sulfate.

[0091] In some embodiments, the surfactant system comprises one or more amphoteric surfactant(s), e.g., in an amount from about 0.1 to about 5 wt.%, based on the total weight of the oral care composition. For example, the one or more amphoteric surfactant(s) may be present in the surfactant system in an amount from about 0.1 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 1 wt.%; from about 0.3 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.3 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.3 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.3 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.3 to about 1 wt.%; from about 0.6 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.6 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.6 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.6 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.6 to about 1 wt.%; from about 1 to about 5 wt.%, about 1 to about 4 wt.%, about 1 to about 3 wt.%, about 1 to about 2 wt.%; from about 1.5 to about 5 wt.%, about 1.5 to about 4 wt.%, about 1.5 to about 3 wt.%; from about 2 to about 5 wt.%, about 2 to about 4 wt.%, about 2 to about 3 wt.%; from about 3 to about 5 wt.%, about 3 to about 4 wt.%, about 4 to about 5 wt.%, including any range or subrange thereof, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0092] In some embodiments, the amphoteric surfactants are characterized by a combination of high surfactant activity, lather forming and mildness. The amphoteric surfactant may comprise asubstituent containing 8 to 18 carbon atoms and a substituent containing one or more carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphate, or phosphonate. For instance, the amphoteric surfactant may have an alkyl group comprising from 8 to 20 carbon atoms, 8 to 16 carbon atoms, 10 to 16 carbon atoms, or 10 to 13 carbon atoms. The amphoteric surfactant(s) may include, but are not limited to, derivatives of aliphatic secondary and tertiary amines in which the aliphatic radical can be straight chain or branched. In some cases, one of the aliphatic substituents of the amphoteric surfactant contains about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms and one of the aliphatic substituents contains an anionic water solubilizing group, e.g., carboxy, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphate, or phosphonate. The amphoteric surfactants disclosed herein may be present in the oral care composition in a salt form.

[0093] Illustrative amphoteric surfactants that can be in the oral care composition include betaines (for example, cocamidopropylbetaine), derivatives of aliphatic secondary and tertiary amines in which the aliphatic radical can be a straight or branched chain and wherein one of the aliphatic substituents contains about 8-18 carbon atoms and one contains an anionic water-solubilizing group (for example, carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphate or phosphonate), and mixtures of such materials.

[0094] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises one or more nonionic surfactant(s). In some embodiments, the one or more nonionic surfactant(s) are present in an amount from about 0.1 to about 7 wt.%, based on the total weight of the oral care composition. In some instances, the one or more nonionic surfactant(s) is present in the surfactant system in an amount from about 0.1 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 1 wt.%; from about 0.4 to about 7 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 1 wt.%; from about 0.8 to about 7 wt.%, about 0.8 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.8 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.8 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.8 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.8 to about 2 wt.%; from about 1.4 to about 7 wt.%, about 1.4 to about 6 wt.%, about 1.4 to about 5 wt.%, about 1.4 to about 4 wt.%, about 1.4 to about 3 wt.%; from about 2 to about 7 wt.%, about 2 to about 6 wt.%, about 2 to about 5 wt.%, about 2 to about 4 wt.%, about 2 to about 3 wt.%; from about 3 to about 7 wt.%, about 3 to about 6 wt.%, about 3 to about 5 wt.%; from about 4 to about 7 wt.%, about 4 to about 6 wt.%, about 5 to about 7 wt.%, or any range or subrange thereof, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0095] Illustrative nonionic surfactants that can be in the oral care composition include those broadly defined as compounds produced by the condensation of alkylene oxide groups (hydrophilic in nature) with an organic hydrophobic compound which may be aliphatic or alkylaromatic in nature. Examples of suitable nonionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, the Pluronics, polyethylene oxide condensates of alkyl phenols, products derived from the condensation of ethylene oxide with the reaction product of propylene oxide and ethylene diamine, ethylene oxide condensates of aliphatic alcohols, long chain tertiary amine oxides, long chain tertiary phosphine oxides, long chain dialkyl sulfoxides and mixtures of such materials.

[0096] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises one or more cationic surfactant(s). In some embodiments, the one or more cationic surfactant(s) is present in an amount from about 0.1 to about 7 wt.%, based on the total weight of the oral care composition. In some instances, the one or more cationic surfactant(s) is present in the surfactant system in an amount from about 0.1 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 1 wt.%; from about 0.4 to about 7 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.4 to about 1 wt.%; from about 0.8 to about 7 wt.%, about 0.8 to about 6 wt.%, about 0.8 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.8 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.8 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.8 to about 2 wt.%; from about 1.4 to about 7 wt.%, about 1.4 to about 6 wt.%, about 1.4 to about 5 wt.%, about 1.4 to about 4 wt.%, about 1.4 to about 3 wt.%; from about 2 to about 7 wt.%, about 2 to about 6 wt.%, about 2 to about 5 wt.%, about 2 to about 4 wt.%, about 2 to about 3 wt.%; from about 3 to about 7 wt.%, about 3 to about 6 wt.%, about 3 to about 5 wt.%; from about 4 to about 7 wt.%, about 4 to about 6 wt.%, about 5 to about 7 wt.%, or any range or subrange thereof, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0097] In some embodiments, cationic surfactants useful in the oral care composition can be broadly defined as derivatives of aliphatic quaternary ammonium compounds having one long alkyl chain containing 8 to 18 carbon atoms such as lauryl trimethylammonium chloride, cetyl pyridinium chloride, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide, di- isobutylphenoxyethyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, coconut alkyltrimethylammonium nitrite, cetyl pyridinium fluoride, and mixtures thereof. Illustrative cationic surfactants are the quaternary ammonium fluorides described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,535,421, to Briner et al., hereinincorporated by reference. Certain cationic surfactants can also act as germicides in the compositions.

[0098] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises a fluoride ion source. In some embodiments, the fluoride ion source is present in an effective amount. In some embodiments, the fluoride ion source is present in the oral care composition in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 wt.%, based on the total weight of the oral care composition. For example, the fluoride ion source is present in an amount of about 0.01 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.01 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.01 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.01 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.01 to about 1 wt.%; from about 0.05 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.05 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.05 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.05 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.05 to about 1 wt.%; from about 0.1 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 2 wt.%; from about 0.3 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.3 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.3 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.3 to about 2 wt.%; from about 0.6 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.6 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.6 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.6 to about 2 wt.%; from about 0.9 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.9 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.9 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.9 to about 2 wt.%; from about 1.2 to about 5 wt.%, about 1.2 to about 4 wt.%, about 1.2 to about 3 wt.%, about 1.2 to about 2 wt.%; from about 1.5 to about 5 wt.%, about 1.5 to about 4 wt.%, about 1.5 to about 3 wt.%; from about 2 to about 5 wt.%, about 2 to about 4 wt.%, about 2 to about 3 wt.%; from about 3 to about 5 wt.%, about 4 to about 5 wt.%, or any range or subrange thereof, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0099] In some embodiments, the fluoride ion source is selected from soluble fluoride ion salts. For example, the fluoride ion source may comprise sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, calcium fluoride, zinc fluoride, zinc ammonium fluoride, lithium fluoride, ammonium fluoride, stannous fluoride, stannous fluorozirconate, sodium monofluorophosphate, potassium monofluorophosphate, laurylamine hydrofluoride, diethylaminoethyloctoylamide hydrofluoride, didecyldimethylammonium fluoride, cetylpyridinium fluoride, dilaurylmorpholinium fluoride, sarcosine stannous fluoride, glycine potassium fluoride, glycine hydrofluoride, amine fluorides or a combination of two or more thereof. In some embodiments, the fluoride ion source comprises sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, or a combination thereof. Additional examples of fluoride ion source are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,535,421, U.S. Patent No.4,885,155, and U.S. Patent No. 3,678,154, the disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0100] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises stannous fluoride and a source of fluoride ions or fluorine-providing agents in amounts sufficient to deliver, in total, from 25 ppm to 25,000 ppm (mass fraction) of fluoride ions, generally at least 500 ppm, e.g., from about 500 to about 2000 ppm, from about 800 to about 1800 ppm, from about 1000 to about 1600 ppm, from about 1200 to about 1550 ppm, or about 1450 ppm.

[0101] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises one or more abrasive(s). In some embodiments, the one or more abrasives are present in an amount from about 5 to about 35 wt.%, based on the total weight of the oral care composition. In some embodiments, the one or more abrasive(s) is present in an amount from about 5 to about 30 wt.%, about 5 to about 25 wt.%, about 5 to about 21 wt.%, about 5 to about 17 wt.%, about 5 to about 14 wt.%, about 5 to about 11 wt.%; from about 10 to about 35 wt.%, about 10 to about 30 wt.%, about 10 to about 25 wt.%, about 10 to about 21 wt.%, about 10 to about 17 wt.%, about 10 to about 14 wt.%; from about 15 to about 35 wt.%, about 15 to about 30 wt.%, about 15 to about 25 wt.%, about 15 to about 21 wt.%, about 15 to about 19 wt.%; from about 18 to about 35 wt.%, about 18 to about 30 wt.%, about 18 to about 25 wt.%, about 18 to about 21 wt.%; from about 21 to about 35 wt.%, about 21 to about 30 wt.%, about 21 to about 25 wt.%; from about 24 to about 35 wt.%, about 24 to about 30 wt.%; from about 27 to about 35 wt.%, about 27 to about 30 wt.%, or any range or subrange thereof, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0102] In some embodiments, the one or more abrasive(s) comprise one or more of: silica, silicate, silicon, alumina (including calcined aluminum oxide), aluminosilicates, such as bentonite, zeolite, kaolin, and mica, siliceous or diatomaceous earth, pumice, calcium carbonate, cuttlebone, insoluble phosphates, composite resins, such as melamine resin, phenolic resin, and urea- formaldehyde resin, polycarbonate, silicon carbide, boron carbide, microcrystalline wax, microcrystalline cellulose, including combinations of colloidal microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose, and combinations and derivatives thereof.

[0103] As used herein, “mica” refers to any of a group of hydrous aluminum silicate minerals with plate morphology and / or perfect basal (micaceous) cleavage. Mica can be, for example, sheet mica, scrap mica or flake mica, as exemplified by muscovite, biotite or phlogopite type micas. Theabrasive may be selected from insoluble phosphates, such as orthophosphates, polymetaphosphates, pyrophosphates, and a combination thereof. Synthetic silicas include both silica gels and precipitated silicas that are prepared by the neutralization of aqueous silicate solutions with a strong mineral acid. Abrasives comprising silica may be useful in certain embodiments of the oral care composition. In certain embodiments, the oral compositions may comprise a particularly efficacious combination of silica abrasive particle species. For example, the abrasive(s) be selected from high cleaning silica, tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), and a combination of two or more thereof.

[0104] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises an abrasive system comprising two or more abrasives. For example, an abrasive system may comprise 2 to 7, 2 to 6, 2 to 5, 2 to 5, or 2 to 4; 3 to 7, 3 to 6, 2 to 5, or 3 to 5 abrasives. The abrasives may comprise one or more cleaning abrasive and / or one or more polishing abrasives. A single abrasive species typically performs at least some cleaning and polishing simultaneously. However, particles are generally categorized in the art by the predominant effect they have on a target oral surface. Typically, “polishing abrasives” are considered to be relatively small particles having high hardness, where abrasives with relatively large particle sizes and low hardness are considered to be “cleaning abrasives.” In certain embodiments, the oral care composition comprises two or more abrasives comprising silica. In some embodiments, the first abrasive is selected to be a harder and smaller abrasive, e.g., a higher cleaning and / or polishing abrasive, and the second abrasive is a typical cleaning abrasive. In some embodiments, the oral care composition includes at least one polishing abrasive and / or at least one cleaning abrasive. Further examples of abrasives are disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2007 / 140986, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference for all purposes.

[0105] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises one or more thickening agent(s). In some embodiments, the one or more thickening agent(s) are in an amount from about 0.5 to about 20 wt.%, based on the total weight of the oral care composition. For example, the amount of thickening agent(s) in the oral care composition may be from about 0.5 to about 17 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 14 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 11 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 9 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 7 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 4 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 3 wt.%; from about 1 to about 20 wt.%, about 1 to about 17 wt.%, about 1 to about 14 wt.%, about1 to about 11 wt.%, about 1 to about 9 wt.%, about 1 to about 7 wt.%, about 1 to about 5 wt.%, about 1 to about 4 wt.%, about 1 to about 3 wt.%; from about 2 to about 20 wt.%, about 2 to about 17 wt.%, about 2 to about 14 wt.%, about 2 to about 11 wt.%, about 2 to about 9 wt.%, about 2 to about 7 wt.%, about 2 to about 5 wt.%, about 2 to about 4 wt.%, about 2 to about 3 wt.%; from about 4 to about 20 wt.%, about 4 to about 17 wt.%, about 4 to about 14 wt.%, about 4 to about 11 wt.%, about 4 to about 9 wt.%, about 4 to about 7 wt.%; from about 7 to about 20 wt.%, about 7 to about 17 wt.%, about 7 to about 14 wt.%, about 7 to about 11 wt.%; from about 10 to about 20 wt.%, about 10 to about 17 wt.%, about 10 to about 14 wt.%; from about 14 to about 20 wt.%, about 14 to about 17 wt.%, or any range or subrange thereof, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0106] Thickening agents may be referred to as “thickeners” or “viscosity modifying agents.” Thickening agents are typically included to increase the viscosity of the oral care composition. Nonetheless, in some instances, certain thickening agents provide additional, surprising benefits to the oral care composition.

[0107] The one or more thickening agent(s) may be selected from a polysaccharide, a silica thickener, an acrylate, a polymer, and a combination of two or more thereof. Examples of polysaccharides include cellulose, carboxymethyl hydroxyethylcellulose, cellulose acetate propionate carboxylate, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl ethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methyl hydroxyethylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium cellulose sulfate, carrageenan, or a combination of two more thereof. Natural gums; for example karaya, gum arabic, and gum tragacanth, can also be incorporated. Colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate can also be used as a component of the thickening composition to further improve the composition's texture. Silica thickeners, which form polymeric structures or gels in aqueous media, may be present. Silica thickeners are typically physically and functionally distinct from the particulate silica abrasives as the silica thickeners are very finely divided and provide little or no abrasive action.

[0108] In some embodiments, the one or more thickening agent(s) comprises a polymer selected from polysaccharides, acrylates, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyitaconates, an acrylamides, and combinations thereof. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone generally refers to a polymer containing vinylpyrrolidone (e.g., N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidione, and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone)as a monomeric unit. The monomeric unit may include a polar imide group, four non-polar methylene groups, and a non-polar methane group. The polyvinyl pyrrolidone may have an average molecular weight in the range 5,000 to 100,000, preferably in the range 5,000 to 50,000. Polyvinyl pyrrolidones that have average molecular weights of 10,000, 30,000 and 40,000 may be commercially available from Sigma Chemical Co., GAF Corporation and Sigma Chemical Co. The polyvinyl pyrrolidone may form a hydrogen peroxide-polyvinyl pyrrolidone polymer complexes. Examples of polyvinyl pyrrolidone complexes include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,370, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the polymer comprises crosslinked polyvinyl pyrrolidone (crosslinked PVP). In at least one embodiment, the polymer consists of polyvinyl pyrrolidone.

[0109] Examples of acrylates that may be included in the oral care composition include, e.g., isobutyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, lauryl / tridecyl acrylate, cetyl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, benzyl acrylate, isobornyl acrylate, 2- methoxyethyl acrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl acrylate, 2-ethoxyethoxyethyl acrylate, 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 4- hydroxybutyl acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, 1,4-butanediol acrylate, or a combination of two or more thereof.

[0110] The acrylate may be chosen from diacrylates. In some embodiments, the oral care composition includes a diacrylate chosen from 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, tetraethylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, ethoxylated bisphenol-A, and a combination of two or more thereof. Triacrylate monomers include trimethylol propane, ethoxylated, glyceryl propoxy, and pentaerythritol.

[0111] Acrylates further include methacrylates, such as methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, alkyl methacrylate, tridecyl methacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2- hydroxypropyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate, allyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol methacrylate, triethylene glycol methacrylate, tetraethylene glycol methacrylate, 1,3-butyleneglycol methacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol methacrylate, trimethylopropane methacrylate, ethoxyethyl methacrylate, trifluoroethyl methacrylate, or a combination of two or more thereof.

[0112] Examples of acrylamides include, but are not limited to, acrylamide, methacrylamide and di(C1-C30) alkyl-acrylamides and -methacrylamides such as those of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl and the like. N-substituted acrylamides that may be suitable include N- ethylacrylamide, N-tert-butylacrylamide, N-tert-octylacrylamide, N-octylacrylamide, N- decylacrylamide, N-dodecylacrylamide and the corresponding N-substituted methacrylamides. Other N-substituted acrylamides include N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, N-methylacrylamide, N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, N-isobutoxymethylacrylamide, N,N- dimethylacrylamide, and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid.

[0113] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises one or more polyol(s). The one or more polyol(s) may be present in the oral care composition in an amount from about 1 to about 60 wt.%, based on the total weight of the oral care composition. For example, the oral care composition may include polyol(s) in an amount from about 20 to about 55 wt.%, about 20 to about 50 wt.%, about 20 to about 45 wt.%, about 20 to about 40 wt.%, about 20 to about 37 wt.%, about 20 to about 34 wt.%, about 20 to about 31 wt.%, about 20 to about 28 wt.%; from about 25 to about 60 wt.%, about 25 to about 55 wt.%, about 25 to about 50 wt.%, about 25 to about 45 wt.%, about 25 to about 40 wt.%, about 25 to about 37 wt.%, about 25 to about 34 wt.%, about 25 to about 31 wt.%; from about 28 to about 60 wt.%, about 28 to about 55 wt.%, about 28 to about 50 wt.%, about 28 to about 45 wt.%, about 28 to about 40 wt.%, about 28 to about 37 wt.%, about 28 to about 34 wt.%, about 28 to about 31 wt.%; from about 31 to about 60 wt.%, about 31 to about 55 wt.%, about 31 to about 50 wt.%, about 31 to about 45 wt.%, about 31 to about 40 wt.%, about 31 to about 37 wt.%; from about 34 to about 50 wt.%, about 34 to about 45 wt.%, about 34 to about 40 wt.%; from about 37 to about 60 wt.%, about 37 to about 55 wt.%, about 37 to about 50 wt.%, about 37 to about 45 wt.%; from about 40 to about 60 wt.%, about 40 to about 55 wt.%, about 40 to about 50 wt.%, about 40 to about 45 wt.%, or any range or subrange thereof, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0114] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprise polyol(s) in an amount from about 0.5 to about 17 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 14 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 11 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 9 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 7 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 4 wt.%,about 0.5 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 1 wt.%; from about 1 to about 20 wt.%, about 1 to about 17 wt.%, about 1 to about 14 wt.%, about 1 to about 11 wt.%, about 1 to about 9 wt.%, about 1 to about 7 wt.%, about 1 to about 5 wt.%, about 1 to about 4 wt.%, about 1 to about 3 wt.%, about 1 to about 2 wt.%; from about 2 to about 20 wt.%, about 2 to about 17 wt.%, about 2 to about 14 wt.%, about 2 to about 11 wt.%, about 2 to about 9 wt.%, about 2 to about 7 wt.%, about 2 to about 5 wt.%, about 2 to about 4 wt.%, about 2 to about 3 wt.%; from about 4 to about 20 wt.%, about 4 to about 17 wt.%, about 4 to about 14 wt.%, about 4 to about 11 wt.%, about 4 to about 9 wt.%, about 4 to about 7 wt.%; from about 7 to about 20 wt.%, about 7 to about 17 wt.%, about 7 to about 14 wt.%, about 7 to about 11 wt.%; from about 10 to about 20 wt.%, about 10 to about 17 wt.%, about 10 to about 14 wt.%; from about 14 to about 20 wt.%, about 14 to about 17 wt.%, or any range or subrange thereof, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0115] In some embodiments, the polyol(s) are chosen from glycols or compounds with numerous hydroxyl groups. The one or more polyols may be liquid at ambient temperature (25°C). The polyol may be a humectant. In some preferred embodiments, the polyol(s) comprises glycerin, glycol, inositol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, propylene glycol, polypropylene glycol (PPG), polyethylene glycol (PEG), a block copolymer of PPG and PEG, a saccharide (e.g., fructose, glucose, sucrose and mixtures of saccharides, such as honey), or a combination of two or more thereof. For instance, the oral care composition comprises maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, a polypropylene glycol (PPG), a polyethylene glycol (PEG), a block copolymer of PPG and PEG, or a combination or two or more thereof.

[0116] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises one or more polyol selected from the group consisting of C2-C32polyols. The one or more polyols may have from 2 to 32 carbon atoms, from 3 to 16 carbon atoms, or from 3 to 12 carbon atoms. For example, the oral care composition may comprise ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, hexylene glycol, glycerin, diglycerin, diethylene glycol, and dipropylene glycol, or a combination of two or more thereof. Additional, non-limiting examples of polyols that may, optionally, be included in the oral care include and / or may be chosen from alkanediols such as glycerin, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, trimethylolpropane, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentylene glycol, hexylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, pentaethylene glycol,dipropylene glycol, 2-butene-1,4-diol, 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, caprylyl glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, 1,2-pentanediol, and 4-methyl-1,2-pentanediol; glycol ethers such as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol mono-n-propyl ether, ethylene glycol mono-iso-propyl ether, diethylene glycol mono-iso-propyl ether, ethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether, ethylene glycol mono-t-butyl ether, diethylene glycol mono-t-butyl ether, 1-methyl-1-methoxybutanol, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol mono-t- butyl ether, propylene glycol mono-n-propyl ether, propylene glycol mono-iso-propyl ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, dipropylene glycol monoethyl ether, dipropylene glycol mono-n-propyl ether, dipropylene glycol mono-iso-propyl ether, sorbitol, sorbitan, triacetin, and a mixture thereof.

[0117] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises polyol(s) having a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 5000 g / mol. For instance, the polyol may comprise a polyethylene glycol, a polypropylene glycol, a block polymer of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, or a combination of two or more thereof. In some embodiments, the polyol comprises a polypropylene glycol, a polypropylene glycol, and / or a block polymer of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of about 100 to about 900, about 200 to about 800, about 400, about 1500 to about 2500, about 2000 to about 4500 or any range or subrange thereof. In some embodiments, the polyol is a polyethylene glycol, such as polyethylene glycol 600 (CAS-25322-68-3). In some embodiments, the compositions of the disclosure comprise one or more polyethylene glycols, for example, polyethylene glycols in a molecular weight range from 200 to 800. For example, the compositions may comprise one or more of polyethylene glycol 200, polyethylene glycol 300, polyethylene glycol 400, polyethylene glycol, 600 or polyethylene glycol 800.

[0118] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises one or more sweeteners. In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises caloric sweeteners and / or non-caloric sweeteners. Examples of non-caloric sweeteners include saccharin, for example, sodium saccharin, acesulfame, neotame, cyclamate or sucralose; natural high-intensity sweeteners, such as thaumatin, stevioside or glycyrrhizin; or sugar alcohols, such as sorbitol, xylitol, maltitol andmannitol. Examples of caloric sweeteners include sugars, such as fructose, glucose, sucrose, and high fructose syrups.

[0119] In some embodiments, the one or more sweetener(s) are present in the oral care composition in an amount from about 0.1 to about 50 wt.%, based on the total weight of the oral care composition. For example, the oral care composition may have a total amount of sweetener(s) from about 0.1 to about 40 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 30 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 20 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 10 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 5 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 3 wt.%; from about 1 to about 50 wt.%, about 1 to about 40 wt.%, about 1 to about 30 wt.%, about 1 to about 20 wt.%, about 1 to about 10 wt.%, about 1 to about 5 wt.%, about 1 to about 3 wt.%; from about 5 to about 50 wt.%, about 5 to about 40 wt.%, about 5 to about 30 wt.%, about 5 to about 20 wt.%, about 5 to about 10 wt.%; from about 10 to about 50 wt.%, about 10 to about 45 wt.%, about 10 to about 40 wt.%, about 10 to about 35 wt.%, about 10 to about 30 wt.%, about 10 to about 25 wt.%; from about 15 to about 50 wt.%, about 15 to about 45 wt.%, about 15 to about 40 wt.%, about 15 to about 37 wt.%, about 15 to about 34 wt.%, about 15 to about 31 wt.%, about 15 to about 28 wt.%, about 15 to about 25 wt.%; from about 20 to about 50 wt.%, about 20 to about 45 wt.%, about 20 to about 40 wt.%, about 20 to about 37 wt.%, about 20 to about 34 wt.%, about 20 to about 31 wt.%, about 20 to about 28 wt.%; from about 25 to about 50 wt.%, about 25 to about 45 wt.%, about 25 to about 40 wt.%, about 25 to about 37 wt.%, about 25 to about 34 wt.%, about 25 to about 31 wt.%; from about 28 to about 50 wt.%, about 28 to about 45 wt.%, about 28 to about 40 wt.%, about 28 to about 37 wt.%, about 28 to about 34 wt.%, about 28 to about 31 wt.%; from about 31 to about 50 wt.%, about 31 to about 45 wt.%, about 31 to about 40 wt.%, about 31 to about 37 wt.%; from about 34 to about 50 wt.%, about 34 to about 45 wt.%, about 34 to about 40 wt.%; from about 37 to about 50 wt.%, about 37 to about 45 wt.%, or any range or subrange thereof, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0120] In some embodiments, the oral care composition is substantially free or free of caloric sweeteners. For example, the oral care composition may have about 4 wt.% or less, about 3 wt.% or less, about 2 wt.% or less, about 1 wt.% or less, about 0.5 wt.% or less, or about 0.1 wt.% or less, based on the weight of the oral care composition. In at least one embodiment, the oral care composition contains about 0 wt.% or 0 wt.% of caloric sweeteners, based on the weight of the oral care composition.

[0121] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises a flavoring agent. In some embodiments, the flavoring agent is at a concentration of about 0.01 to about 3 wt.% by weight of the oral care composition. For example, the amount of flavoring agent(s) present in the oral care composition may be from about 0.01 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.01 to about 1 wt.%, about 0.01 to about 0.5 wt.%, about 0.01 to about 0.1 wt.%; from about 0.1 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 1 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 0.5 wt.%; from about 0.5 to about 3 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 2 wt.%, about 0.5 to about 1 wt.%; from about 1 to about 3 wt.%, about 1 to about 2 wt.%; from about 2 to about 3 wt.%, including any range or subrange thereof, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0122] Exemplary flavoring agents that may be present in an oral care composition herein include, but are not limited to, essential oils and various flavoring aldehydes, esters, alcohols, and similar materials. Examples of the essential oils include oils of spearmint, peppermint, wintergreen, sassafras, clove, sage, eucalyptus, marjoram, cinnamon, lemon, lime, grapefruit, and orange. Also useful are such chemicals as menthol, carvone, and anethole. Additional flavoring agents may include, but are not limited to menthol, artificial vanilla, cinnamon derivatives, and various fruit flavors, spearmint oil, peppermint oil, cinnamon oil, oil of wintergreen (methylsalicylate), clove oil, bay oil, anise oil, eucalyptus oil, thyme oil, cedar leaf oil, oil of nutmeg, oil of sage, oil of bitter almonds, cassia oil, and a combination of two or more thereof.

[0123] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises one or more colorants. Exemplary colorants can include natural or uncertified colors from natural sources or certified colors for the effect of color. In some embodiments, the colorant can include dyes, certified aluminum lakes or colors derived from a natural source. The colorant may be water-based, oil- based or dry. The colorants can be primary colors, blends of colors or discrete mixtures of colors, such as confetti. The concentrations of the colorant in the oral care composition may be from trace amount to about 0.6 wt.%, from about 0.1 to about 0.5 wt.%, about 0.2 to about 0.4 wt.%, or about 0.15 to about 0.35 wt.%, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0124] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises one or more pH adjusters to increase or decrease the overall pH of the oral care composition. For example, one or more acids may be included to decrease the pH of the oral care composition. Examples of suitable acids for decreasing the pH of the oral care composition include, but are not limited to, citric acid, aceticacid, and the like. The oral care composition may include one or more bases, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and the like, to increase the pH of the oral care composition. Additional or alternative acids and bases that are suitable for adjusting the pH of the oral care composition are readily known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0125] The amount of the pH adjuster in the oral care composition may be based on the desired pH of the final oral care composition and / or product. For example, the total amount of the pH adjuster may range from about 0.05 to about 20 wt.%, based on the total weight of the oral care composition. In some instances, the total amount of pH adjuster is from about 0.05 to about 15 wt.%, about 0.1 to about 10 wt.%, or about 0.12 to about 5 wt.%, including ranges and sub-ranges therebetween, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0126] In some embodiments, the oral care composition has a pH from 4.5 to about 10, 4.5 to about 9, 4.5 to about 8, 4.5 to about 7, 4.5 to about 6; from about 5 to about 10, about 5 to about 9, about 5 to about 8, about 5 to about 7, about 5 to about 6; from about 6 to about 10, about 6 to about 9, about 6 to about 8, or about 6 to about 7; from about 7 to about 10, about 7 to about 9, or about 7 to about 8, including any ranges and subranges therebetween.

[0127] In some embodiments, the oral care composition comprises water in some embodiments. The water may be present in the oral care composition in an amount from about 5 to about 55 wt.%, based on the total weight of the oral care composition. For example, the oral care composition may include water in an amount from about 5 to about 55 wt.%, about 5 to about 50 wt.%, about 5 to about 45 wt.%, about 5 to about 40 wt.%, about 5 to about 34 wt.%, about 5 to about 31 wt.%, about 5 to about 28 wt.%, about 5 to about 25 wt.%, about 5 to about 20 wt.%; from about 10 to about 55 wt.%, about 10 to about 50 wt.%, about 10 to about 45 wt.%, about 10 to about 40 wt.%, about 10 to about 37 wt.%, about 10 to about 34 wt.%, about 10 to about 31 wt.%, about 10 to about 28 wt.%, about 10 to about 25 wt.%; from about 15 to about 55 wt.%, about 15 to about 50 wt.%, about 15 to about 45 wt.%, about 15 to about 40 wt.%, about 15 to about 37 wt.%, about 15 to about 34 wt.%, about 15 to about 31 wt.%, about 15 to about 28 wt.%, about 15 to about 25 wt.%; from about 20 to about 55 wt.%, about 20 to about 50 wt.%, about 20 to about 45 wt.%, about 20 to about 40 wt.%, about 20 to about 37 wt.%, about 20 to about 34 wt.%, about 20 to about 31 wt.%, about 20 to about 28 wt.%; from about 25 to about 55 wt.%, about 25 to about 50 wt.%, about 25 to about 45 wt.%, about 25 to about 40 wt.%, about 25 toabout 37 wt.%, about 25 to about 34 wt.%, about 25 to about 31 wt.%; from about 28 to about 37 wt.%, about 28 to about 34 wt.%, about 28 to about 31 wt.%; from about 31 to about 55 wt.%, about 31 to about 50 wt.%, about 31 to about 45 wt.%, about 31 to about 40 wt.%, about 31 to about 37 wt.%; from about 37 to about 55 wt.%, about 37 to about 50 wt.%, about 37 to about 45 wt.%, or any range or subrange thereof, based on the total weight of the oral care composition.

[0128] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method comprising administering to the oral cavity of a subject in need thereof an oral care composition herein. In some embodiments, the oral care composition is any one of the foregoing.

[0129] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method for promoting gingival periostin secretion in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the oral cavity of the subject an oral care composition herein. In some embodiments, the oral care composition is any one of the foregoing.

[0130] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the oral cavity of the subject an oral care composition herein. In some embodiments, the oral care composition is any one of the foregoing.

[0131] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method for gum line regeneration in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the oral cavity of the subject an oral care composition herein. In some embodiments, the oral care composition is any one of the foregoing.

[0132] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method for bone remodeling in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the oral cavity of the subject an oral care composition herein. In some embodiments, the oral care composition is any one of the foregoing.

[0133] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a use of a composition herein. In some embodiments, the oral care composition is any one of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the use comprises administering the oral care composition to a subject in need thereof.

[0134] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a use of a composition herein for promoting gingival periostin secretion. In some embodiments, the oral care composition is any one of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the use comprises administering the oral care composition to a subject in need thereof.

[0135] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a use of a composition herein for promotingdental osteoblast cell mineralization. In some embodiments, the oral care composition is any one of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the use comprises administering the oral care composition to a subject in need thereof.

[0136] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a use of a composition herein for gum line regeneration. In some embodiments, the oral care composition is any one of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the use comprises administering the oral care composition to a subject in need thereof.

[0137] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a use of a composition herein for bone remodeling. In some embodiments, the oral care composition is any one of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the use comprises administering the oral care composition to a subject in need thereof.

[0138] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a use of a composition herein in preparing a medicament for treating a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the oral care composition is any one of the foregoing.

[0139] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a use of a composition herein in preparing a medicament for promoting gingival periostin secretion. In some embodiments, the oral care composition is any one of the foregoing.

[0140] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a use of a composition herein in preparing a medicament for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization. In some embodiments, the oral care composition is any one of the foregoing.

[0141] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a use of a composition herein in preparing a medicament for gum line regeneration. In some embodiments, the oral care composition is any one of the foregoing.

[0142] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a use of a composition herein in preparing a medicament for bone remodeling. In some embodiments, the oral care composition is any one of the foregoing. EXAMPLES

[0143] The following non-limiting examples illustrate embodiments herein. Further embodiments may be arrived at by supplementing any of the above-described embodiments with one or more detail from one or more example below. Still further embodiments may be arrived at bysubstituting one or more element of any of the above-described embodiments with one or more detail from one or more example below.

[0144] Periostin, also known as osteoblast-specific factor OSF-2, is a matrix cellular protein (90 kDa) expressed by gingival fibroblasts and known as an important regulator of periodontal tissue formation. More specifically, periostin has been reported to promote collagen fibrillogenesis and the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts and osteoblasts thus suggesting a key role in the regeneration of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Studies have shown that the periostin level in gingival crevicular fluid decreases proportionally with the progression and severity of periodontal disease.

[0145] Considering the key role of periostin in tissue healing, it can be hypothesized that conditions that may create a periostin-rich microenvironment may contribute to periodontal stability and attenuate the progression and severity of periodontitis. Periostin may also contribute to bone remodeling an gum line regeneration.

[0146] Periodontitis is a chronic infection that affects the gums and the bones that support the teeth. Bacteria and the body’s own immune system break down the bone and connective tissue that hold teeth in place. Teeth may eventually become loose, fall out, or have to be removed.

[0147] Bone remodeling involves the removal of mineralized bone by osteoclasts followed by the formation of bone matrix through the osteoblasts that subsequently become mineralized. In periodontitis, bacteria initiated inflammatory cascade results in the bone remodeling balance disrupted in which where bone resorption greater than bone formation, leads to bone loss. Example 1: Flaxseed Oil Promotes Human Gingival Fibroblast Periostin Production

[0148] Flaxseed oil is a natural ingredient with high levels of omega-3 fatty acids, including alpha- linolenic acid. This example demonstrates that flaxseed oil induces periostin secretion from gingival fibroblasts and may benefit periodontal soft and hard tissue stability and balance bone homeostasis.

[0149] The primary human gingival fibroblast cell line HGF-1 (ATCC CRL-2014; American Type Culture Collection) was cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 4 mM L-glutamine, 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and 100 µg / mL of penicillin G-streptomycin at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Cells were treated with the oral care products for 24 h. Cell-free culture medium supernatants were harvested and stored at -20°C untilused. Periostin concentrations in the supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Referring to FIG. 1, flaxseed oil treated HGF produced significantly more periostin than the control. Example 2: Inulin Promotes Human Gingival Fibroblast Periostin Production

[0150] Inulins belong to a class of dietary fibers known as fructans and are a group of naturally occurring polysaccharides produced by many types of plants.Inulin

[0151] This example demonstrates that inulin induces periostin secretion from gingival fibroblasts and may benefit periodontal soft and hard tissue stability.

[0152] The primary human gingival fibroblast cell line HGF-1 (ATCC CRL-2014; American Type Culture Collection) was cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 4 mM L-glutamine, 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and 100 µg / mL of penicillin G- streptomycin at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Cells were treated with the oral care products for 24 h. Cell-free culture medium supernatants were harvested and stored at -20°C until used. Periostin concentrations in the supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Referring to FIG.2, inulin treated HGF produced significantly more periostin than the untreated control. Example 3: Boswellia Extract Promotes Human Gingival Fibroblast Periostin Production

[0153] Boswellia extract contains ingredients such as boswellic acids and has been reported to have anti-inflammatory function.Formula X, A Boswellic Acid

[0154] This example shows that Boswellia extract induces periostin secretion from gingival fibroblasts and may benefit periodontal soft and hard tissue stability.

[0155] The primary human gingival fibroblast cell line HGF-1 (ATCC CRL-2014; American Type Culture Collection) was cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 4 mM L-glutamine, 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and 100 µg / mL of penicillin G- streptomycin at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Cells were treated with the oral care products for 24 h. Cell-free culture medium supernatants were harvested and stored at -20°C until used. Periostin concentrations in the supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Referring to FIG. 3, Boswellia extract treated HGF produced significantly more periostin than the untreated control. Example 4: 1,3 β-glucan Promotes Human Gingival Fibroblast Periostin Production

[0156] Beta glucans, comprising a group of β-D-glucose polysaccharides (glucans) naturally occurring in the cell walls of cereals, bacteria, and fungi, has been reported to promote bone regeneration and inhibit osteogenesis. Herein, it is shown that beta glucan induces periostin secretion from gingival fibroblasts and may benefit periodontal soft and hard tissue stability.

[0157] The primary human gingival fibroblast cell line HGF-1 (ATCC CRL-2014; American Type Culture Collection) was cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 4 mM L-glutamine, 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and 100 µg / mL of penicillin G- streptomycin at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Cells were treated with the oral care products for 24 h. Cell-free culture medium supernatants were harvested and stored at -20°C until used. Periostin concentrations in the supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Referring to FIG. 4, 1,3 beta glucan treated HGF produced significantly more periostin than the untreated control. Example 5: Flaxseed Oil Promotes Mineralization

[0158] Flaxseed oil flaxseed oil contains alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), a form of omega-3 fatty acid, which has been associated with numerous health benefits such as anti-inflammation, boosting immunity by increasing AMPs. This example demonstrates a new benefit of flaxseed oil on promoting osteoblast cell mineralization for bone health. Flaxseed oil could be used in oral products and administered to treat or prevent dental bone loss.

[0159] hFOB were seeded at 3 x 104 cells / cm2 in 12-well microplate and incubated for 4 days to reach confluence. Culture medium was removed and replaced with fresh medium supplemented with test ingredient at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Cultures will be further incubated for 2 days at 39.5°C to allow differentiation of osteoblasts. The degree of mineralization will be determined by Alizarin Red staining. The positive control is the mineralization medium containing ascorbic acid and glycerophosphate, which are both required to induce mineralization. Referring to FIG. 5, flaxseed oil (A5) promotes the osteoblast cell mineralization in a dose response fashion. Example 6: Naringin Promotes Human Gingival Fibroblast Periostin Production

[0160] Naringin is a flavonoid occurs naturally in citrus fruits and has the below structure.Naringin

[0161] The effect of naringin on the secretion of periostin was assessed as follows. The primary human gingival fibroblast cell line HGF-1 (ATCC CRL-2014; American Type Culture Collection) was cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 4 mM L- glutamine, 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and 100 µg / mL of penicillin G-streptomycin at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Cells were treated with an oral care composition for 24 h. Cell-free culture medium supernatants were harvested and stored at -20°C until used. Periostin concentrations in the supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The presence of naringin in the oral care composition increased periostin production. As shown in FIG. 6, naringin treated HGF produced significantly more periostin than the untreated control. It has been discovered Naringin induces periostin secretion from gingival fibroblasts and may benefit periodontal soft and hard tissue stability. Example 7: Mineralization Effect of Mixture of Oleanolic Acid and Eugenol

[0162] Both eugenol (E) and oleanolic acid (OA) are natural ingredients found in variants of plants with multiple biological functions such as antibacterial and anti-inflammation.Oleanolic acid Eugenol

[0163] This example describes a new benefit of a mixture of mixture of oleanolic acid and eugenol on promoting osteoblast cell mineralization for dental bone health.

[0164] For the osteoblast mineralization assay, the positive control is the mineralization medium containing ascorbic acid and glycerophosphate, which are both required to induce mineralization. Test mixture stock was made at 0.1% of Oleanolic acid and 0.05% of eugenol, Serial dilutions were added to the medium containing ascorbic acid and glycerophosphate to test the efficacy on osteoblast cell mineralization promotion. As shown in FIG. 7, the mixture of oleanolic acid and eugenol promotes the osteoblast cell mineralization in a dose response fashion. Example 8: Oleanolic Acid and Eugenol Promote Human Gingival Fibroblast Periostin Production

[0165] As shown in Example 7, the combination of eugenol and oleanolic acid (OAE) promotes osteoblast cell mineralization. This example shows that OAE induces periostin secretion from gingival fibroblasts and may benefit periodontal soft and hard tissue stability.

[0166] The primary human gingival fibroblast cell line HGF-1 (ATCC CRL-2014; American Type Culture Collection) was cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 4 mM L-glutamine, 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and 100 µg / mL of penicillin G- streptomycin at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Cells were treated with the oral care product for 24 h. Cell-free culture medium supernatants were harvested and stored at -20°C until used. Periostin concentrations in the supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). As shown in FIG.8, OAE treated HGF produced significantly more periostin than the control. Example 9: DZA Protects Periostin from Degradation by P. gingivalis

[0167] Porphyromonas gingivalis is highly proteolytic and is a key periodontal pathogen. This example reports that Porphyromonas gingivalis degrades periostin in an in vitro model and suggests that part of the decreased levels in vivo may result from the proteolytic degradation of periostin by this bacterium. This is the first demonstration that P. gingivalis is able to degrade the human periostin. However, an oral care composition comprising Dual Zinc (Zinc Oxide and Zinc citrate) plus arginine has capacity to prevent the degradation of recombinant human periostin by P. gingivalis and promotes the periostin production of fibroblast. It was also found that the Dual zinc plus Arg solution has a similar effect to the DZA formula, while the Arg alone solution only shows a partial inhibitory effect. The protective effect of DZA is the attribute of Zinc. Zinc-containing oral care products, such as DZA may benefit oral health by participating in the regeneration of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone.

[0168] Equal volumes of recombinant periostin (R&D Systems), culture supernatant of P. gingivalis, 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5) containing 1 mM dithiothreitol, and test samples were mixed and incubated at 37°C for 60 min. Periostin degradation was monitored by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) - 12% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and western immunoblotting using a rabbit anti-periostin antibody as primary antibody and a goat anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase as secondary antibody. The results are described in FIGS. 9, 10, and 11.

[0169] Summary of effect of DZA on the degradation of recombinant human periostin by P. gingivalis.The stock solution of Dual Zinc+Arg comprises 1% ZnO, 0.5% ZnCitrate, 1.5% Arg; the Arg stock solution comprises 1.5% Arg; the SnF stock solution comprises 0.454% of SnF, The dilutions 1 / 10, 1 / 50, 1 / 100, and 1 / 500 are dilutions of the stock solutions at the stock concentrations.

[0170] The references cited throughout this application are incorporated for all purposes apparent herein and in the references themselves as if each reference were fully set forth. For the sake of presentation, specific ones of these references are cited at particular locations herein. A citation of a reference at a particular location indicates a manner(s) in which the teachings of the reference are incorporated. However, a citation of a reference at a particular location does not limit the manner in which all of the teachings of the cited reference are incorporated for all purposes. Example 10: Glucan of Various Sources is Effective

[0171] Human gingival fibroblast cell line HGF-1 was cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 4 mM L-glutamine, 10% fetal bovine serum, and 100 µg / mL of penicillin G-streptomycin at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Cells were treated with the various beta glucan from different resources bacteria mushroom (in solution) for 24 h. Cell-free culturemedium supernatants were harvested and Periostin concentrations in the supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

[0172] FIG. 13 illustrates periostin amount following treatment with an oral care composition comprising 70% glucan (Honsea), 90% glucan (Honsea), Muschroom beta glucan, or untreated controls. As shown, Honsea from bacteria has the same efficacy compared to mushroom as a source90% glucan is cosmetic grade, while 70% glucan is food grade.

[0173] In some embodiments, when incorporated in an oral gel, glucan may be at 3.5% (in some embodiments, the amount of product used per day is no more than 4g). In some embodiments, when incorporated in an oral patch, glucan may be at 50% (in some embodiments, the amount of product used per day is no more than 0.45g). Example 11: β-Glucan – TRAP Incorporation

[0174] Different amounts of Beta Glucan Periogel were loaded into the bottom of the wells of a 24 well plate. The plate is then placed in the oven at 37°C for 15min for the thermogel to solidify. After which 1.5mL of DI water at 37°C was placed on top of the gel. The plate was incubated at 37c on a shaker. As the gel was dissolving and releasing Beta Glucan, samples were collected after 1 minute, 5minutes, 10minutes, 20minutes, 30minutes, 40minutes. After the elapsed time, the samples were then evaluated for quantification of (1→3)-β-D-glucan by using the Glucatell® Kit by Associates of Cape Cod, Inc. following their preparation and procedure described in their instructions.

[0175] This example evaluated (1) substitution of HA from TRAPS Periogel with 1% ^-Glucan, (2) maintenance of thermo gelling properties, (3) improved gelling properties due to mucin synergy, and (4) a method for evaluation of release profile.

[0176] This example confirmed visual gel properties, thermos gelling capabilities, mucin synergism, and release profile from gel.

[0177] As illustrated in FIG. 13, β-glucan is released from a hydrogel. Further, FIG. 14 shows a simple patch benefits evaluation. The data show that ^-Glucan in patch form still stimulates HGF periostin production. human gingival fibroblasts. A formulation in a gel or a patch is provided as a composition herein.

[0178] It is understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed but is intended to cover all modifications which are within the spirit and scope of theinvention as defined by the appended claims; the above description; and / or shown in the attached drawings. * * *

Claims

CLAIMS What Is Claimed Is:

1. A method for promoting gingival periostin secretion in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the oral cavity of the subject a composition comprising a promoter of gingival periostin.

2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the promoter of gingival periostin comprises a promoter of gingival periostin secretion.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the promoter of gingival periostin comprises an inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation.

4. The method according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises an omega-3-fatty acid, an oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid, a fructan, a Boswellic acid, a Boswellia extract, a β-glucan, a mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid, or naringin.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least one of α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or eicosapentaenoic acid or the oil comprising an omega-3-fatty acid comprises at least one of α- linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or eicosapentaenoic acid.

6. The method according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the oil comprising at least one omega-3- fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of flaxseed oil.

7. The method according to any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein the fructan comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of inulin.

8. The method according to claim any one of claims 4 to 7, wherein the promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the Boswellia extract.

9. The method according to claim any one of claims 4 to 8, wherein the promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least one Boswellic acid.

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the Boswellic acid is selected from the group consisting of α-Boswellic acid, β-Boswellic acid, and-keto-β-Boswellic acid.

11. The method according to claim any one of claims 4 to 10, wherein the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a β- glucan.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the β-glucan comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 1,3 β-glucan.

13. The method according to any one of claims 4 to 12, wherein the promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the eugenol and oleanolic acid.

14. The method according to any one of claims 3 to 13, wherein the inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of arginine and a zinc ion source.

15. The method according to any foregoing claim, wherein the composition further comprises poloxamer 407, a carbomer, sodium benzoate, cocamidopropyl betaine, propylene glycol, and / or poloxamer 338.

16. A method for promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to gingiva of the subject a composition comprising a promoter of gingival periostin.

17. The method according to claim 16 wherein the promoter of gingival periostin comprises a promoter of gingival periostin secretion.

18. The method according to claim 16 or claim 17 wherein the promoter of gingival periostin comprises an inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation.

19. The method according to claim 17 or claim 18, wherein the promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises an omega-3-fatty acid, an oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid, a fructan, a Boswellic acid, Boswellia extract, a β-glucan, a mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid, or naringin.

20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least one of α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or eicosapentaenoic acid; or the oil comprising an omega-3-fatty acid comprises at least one of α- linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or eicosapentaenoic acid.

21. The method according to claim 19 or claim 20, wherein the oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of flaxseed oil.

22. The method according to any one of claims 19 to 21, wherein the fructan comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of inulin.

23. The method according to any one of claims 17 to 22, wherein the promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a Boswellia extract.

24. The method according to any one of claims 17 to 23, wherein the promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a Boswellic acid.

25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the Boswellic acid is selected from the group consisting of α-Boswellic acid, β-Boswellic acid, and-keto-β-Boswellic acid.

26. The method according to any one of claims 17 to 25, wherein the promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a β-glucan.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the β-glucan comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 1,3 β-glucan.

28. The method of any one of claims 17 to 27, wherein the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of eugenol and oleanolic acid.

29. The method of any one of claims 18 to 28, wherein the inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of arginine and a zinc ion source.

30. The method of any one of claims 16 to 29, wherein the composition further comprises polyoxamer 407, Carbopol, sodium benzoate, cocamidopropyl betaine, propylene glycol, and / or poloxamer 338.

31. Use of an oral care composition comprising: a promoter of gingival periostin secretion or an inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation, wherein the promoter of gingival periostin secretion and inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation is selected from: an omega-3-fatty acid; an oil comprising an omega-3-fatty acid; a fructan; a boswellic acid; boswellia extract; a β-glucan; a mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid; naringin; arginine; zinc; and a combination of two or more thereof, for promoting gingival periostin secretion; and / or promoting dental osteoblast cell mineralization, in a subject in need thereof.

32. The use according to claim 31, wherein the omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least one of α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, oreicosapentaenoic acid or the oil comprising an omega-3-fatty acid comprises at least one of α- linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or eicosapentaenoic acid.

33. The use according to claim 31 or claim 32, wherein the oil comprising at least one omega- 3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of flaxseed oil.

34. The use according to any one of claims 31 to 33, wherein the fructan comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of inulin.

35. The use according to any one of claims 31 to 34, wherein the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprise comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a Boswellia extract.

36. The use according to any one of claims 31 to 35, wherein the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a Boswellic acid.

37. The use according to any one of claims 31 to 36, wherein the Boswellic acid is selected from the group consisting of α-Boswellic acid, β-Boswellic acid, and-keto-β-Boswellic acid.

38. The use according to any one of claims 31 to 37, wherein the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a β-glucan.

39. The use according to claim 38, wherein the β-glucan comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 1,3 β-glucan.

40. The use according to any one of claims 31 to 39, wherein the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of eugenol and oleanolic acid.

41. The use according to any one of claims 31 to 40, wherein the inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of arginine and a zinc ion source.

42. The use according to any one of claims 31 to 41, wherein the oral care composition further comprises poloxamer 407, a carbomer, sodium benzoate, cocamidopropyl betaine, propylene glycol, and / or poloxamer 338.

43. A composition comprising a promoter of gingival periostin.

44. The composition according to claim 43 wherein the promoter of gingival periostin comprises a promoter of gingival periostin secretion.

45. The composition according to claim 43 or 44 wherein the promoter of gingival periostin comprises an inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation.

46. The composition according to claim 44 or 45, wherein the promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises an omega-3-fatty acid, an oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid, a fructan, a Boswellic acid, a Boswellia extract, a β-glucan, a mixture of eugenol and oleanolic acid, or naringin.

47. The composition according to claim 46, wherein the omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least one of α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or eicosapentaenoic acid or the oil comprising an omega-3-fatty acid comprises at least one of α- linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or eicosapentaenoic acid.

48. The composition according to claim 46 or 47, wherein the oil comprising at least one omega-3-fatty acid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of flaxseed oil.

49. The composition according to any one of claims 46 to 48, wherein the fructan comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of inulin.

50. The composition according to claim any one of claims 46 to 49, wherein the promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the Boswellia extract.

51. The composition according to claim any one of claims 46 to 50, wherein the promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of at least one Boswellic acid.

52. The composition according to claim 51, wherein the Boswellic acid is selected from the group consisting of α-Boswellic acid, β-Boswellic acid, and-keto-β-Boswellic acid.

53. The composition according to claim any one of claims 46 to 52, wherein the one or more a promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a β- glucan.

54. The composition according to claim 53, wherein the β-glucan comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 1,3 β-glucan.

55. The composition according to any one of claims 46 to 54, wherein the promoter of gingival periostin secretion comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the eugenol and oleanolic acid.

56. The composition according to any one of claims 45 to 55, wherein the inhibitor of gingival periostin degradation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of arginine and a zinc ion source.

57. The composition according to any one of claims 43 to 56 further comprising poloxamer 407, a carbomer, sodium benzoate, cocamidopropyl betaine, propylene glycol, and / or poloxamer 338.

58. A method for regenerating the gum line in the oral cavity of a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the oral cavity of the subject the composition of any one of claims 43 to 57.

59. A method for remodeling bone in the oral cavity of a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the oral cavity of the subject the composition of any one of claims 43 to 57.

60. Use of the oral care composition of any one of claims 43 to 57 for regenerating the gum line in the oral cavity of a subject in need thereof, the use comprising administering said oral care composition to a subject in need thereof.

61. Use of the oral care composition of any one of claims 43 to 57 for remodeling the bone in the oral cavity of a subject in need thereof, the use comprising administering said oral care composition to a subject in need thereof.

Images