Access control for ambient internet of things system
Access control techniques for A-IoT devices and readers address high outage probabilities by allowing devices to avoid connecting to poorly performing readers, enhancing system reliability and performance.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- QUALCOMM INC
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-19
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-23
AI Technical Summary
Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices face high reader-to-device (R2D) and device-to-reader (D2R) outage probabilities due to poor signal performance, leading to inefficient access control in wireless communication systems.
Implement access control mechanisms where A-IoT devices and readers make decisions based on conditions to prevent access when signal performance is poor, allowing devices to connect to a more suitable reader, thereby reducing outage probabilities.
Improves the performance and reliability of A-IoT systems by preventing connections that would result in high outage probabilities, enabling devices to connect to readers with better signal quality.
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Figure CN2024125953_23042026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
ACCESS CONTROL FOR AMBIENT INTERNET OF THINGS SYSTEM
[0001] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication and specifically relate to techniques, apparatuses, and methods associated with access control for an ambient Internet of Things system.
[0003] INTRODUCTION
[0004] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various services, which may involve carrying or supporting voice, text, other messaging, video, data, and / or other traffic. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access radio access technologies (RATs) capable of supporting communication among multiple wireless communication devices including user devices or other devices by sharing the available system resources (for example, time domain resources, frequency domain resources, spatial domain resources, and / or device transmit power, among other examples) . Such multiple-access RATs are supported by technological advancements that have been adopted in various telecommunication standards, which define common protocols that enable different wireless communication devices to communicate on a local, municipal, national, regional, or global level.
[0005] An example telecommunication standard is New Radio (NR) . NR, which may also be referred to as 5G, is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . NR (and other RATs beyond NR) may be designed to better support enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, Internet of Things (IoT) networks or reduced capability device deployments, and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) applications. To support these verticals, NR systems may be designed to implement a modularized functional infrastructure, a disaggregated and service-based network architecture, network function virtualization, network slicing, multi-access edge computing, millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies including massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) , licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployments, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication technologies (for example, cellular vehicle-to-everything (CV2X) communication) , multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, and / or radio frequency (RF) sensing, among other examples. As the demand for connectivity continues to increase, further improvements in NR may be implemented, and other RATs, such as 6G and beyond, may be introduced to enable new applications and facilitate new use cases.SUMMARY
[0006] Some aspects described herein relate to a device. The device may include a processing system. The processing system may be configured to receive a reader-to-device (R2D) signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) system. The processing system may be configured to transmit a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions.
[0007] Some aspects described herein relate to a device. The device may include a processing system. The processing system may be configured to receive an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system. The processing system may be configured to refrain from transmitting a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions.
[0008] Some aspects described herein relate to a reader. The reader may include a processing system. The processing system may be configured to receive a device-to-reader (D2R) signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system. The processing system may be configured to transmit a message that includes an indication disallowing access by a device associated with the D2R signal for a duration based on satisfaction of one or more conditions.
[0009] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by a device. The method may include receiving an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system. The method may include transmitting a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions.
[0010] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by a device. The method may include receiving an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system. The method may include refraining from transmitting a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions.
[0011] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by a reader. The method may include receiving a D2R signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system. The method may include transmitting a message that includes an indication disallowing access by a device associated with the D2R signal for a duration based on satisfaction of one or more conditions.
[0012] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by a device. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the device, may cause the device to receive an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the device, may cause the device to transmit a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions.
[0013] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by a device. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the device, may cause the device to receive an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the device, may cause the device to refrain from transmitting a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions.
[0014] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by a reader. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the reader, may cause the reader to receive a D2R signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the reader, may cause the reader to transmit a message that includes an indication disallowing access by a device associated with the D2R signal for a duration based on satisfaction of one or more conditions.
[0015] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for receiving an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system. The apparatus may include means for transmitting a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions.
[0016] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for receiving an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system. The apparatus may include means for refraining from transmitting a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions.
[0017] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for receiving a D2R signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system. The apparatus may include means for transmitting a message that includes an indication disallowing access by a device associated with the D2R signal for a duration based on satisfaction of one or more conditions.
[0018] Aspects generally include a method, apparatus, system, computer program product, non-transitory computer-readable medium, user equipment, base station, network entity, network node, wireless communication device, and / or processing system as substantially described herein with reference to and as illustrated by the drawings and specification.
[0019] The foregoing broadly outlines example features and example technical advantages of examples according to the disclosure. Additional example features and example advantages are described hereinafter.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0020] The appended drawings illustrate certain example aspects of this disclosure and are therefore not limiting in scope. The same reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.
[0021] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example environment in which apparatuses and / or methods described herein may be implemented, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0022] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication network, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0023] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated network node architecture, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0024] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating examples associated with different types of ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0025] Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with backscatter communications, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0026] Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating examples of topologies for A-IoT devices, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0027] Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating examples of A-IoT deployment scenarios, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0028] Fig. 8 is a diagram illustrating examples of randomly selecting a device to access a reader in an A-IoT system, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0029] Figs. 9A-9B are diagrams illustrating examples associated with access control for an A-IoT system according to a device-side determination, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0030] Fig. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with access control for an A-IoT system according to a device-side determination, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0031] Fig. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with access control for an A-IoT system according to a reader-side determination, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0032] Fig. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, for example, at a device or an apparatus of a device, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0033] Fig. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, for example, at a device or an apparatus of a device, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0034] Fig. 14 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, for example, at a reader or an apparatus of a reader, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0035] Fig. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example apparatus for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0036] Fig. 16 is a diagram illustrating an example apparatus for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0037] Various aspects of the present disclosure are described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, aspects of the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms. The present disclosure is not limited to any specific aspect illustrated by or described with reference to an accompanying drawing or otherwise presented in this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. The scope of the disclosure covers any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein, whether implemented independently of or in combination with any other aspect of the disclosure. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using various combinations or quantities of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure covers an apparatus having, or a method that is practiced using, other structures and / or functionalities in addition to or other than the structures and / or functionalities with which various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein may be practiced. Any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0038] Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques. These methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes, or algorithms (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0039] In some examples, a network entity (e.g., a user equipment (UE) or other wireless communication device) may be an Internet of Things (IoT) device. Some IoT devices, such as ambient IoT (A-IoT) devices (sometimes referred to as ultra-light IoT devices) , may be associated with a relatively simple hardware design that may be designed to use low power and be implementable at low cost. A-IoT technology may include passive IoT (such as New Radio (NR) passive IoT for 5G Advanced) , semi-passive IoT, active IoT, or ultra-light IoT. In passive IoT, a terminal (such as a tag or a similar device) may not include a battery or other long-term energy storage, and the terminal may accumulate energy from radio signaling. In some examples, the terminal may accumulate solar or other energy to supplement accumulated energy from radio signaling. To achieve further cost reduction and zero-power communication, backscattering communication may be implemented at a type of passive (or semi-passive) IoT device referred to as an “ambient backscatter device” or a “backscatter device, ” which may modulate by reflecting radio signals from an RF source to convey data. Some IoT devices may be referred to as semi-passive IoT devices. At a semi-passive IoT device, communication between a reader and the IoT device does not need to be preceded by an energy harvesting waveform. For example, a semi-passive IoT device may include a battery or similar energy source that can power the semi-passive IoT device. Some IoT devices may be referred to as active IoT devices. An active IoT device may have a battery or similar energy source and an active radio, allowing for active transmission and reception without energy harvesting or backscattering. A-IoT technology may be useful in connection with industrial sensors, for which battery replacement may be prohibitively difficult or undesirable (such as for safety monitoring or fault detection in smart factories, infrastructures, or environments) . Additionally, features of A-IoT devices, such as low cost, small size, simple or infrequent maintenance, durability, and long lifespan, may facilitate smart logistics and warehousing (for example, in connection with automated asset management) . Furthermore, A-IoT technology may be useful in connection with smart home networks for household item management, wearable devices, or similar applications. In some examples, an A-IoT device may communicate with a reader (for example, a UE, a network node, or a network entity) by modulating or reflecting a radio signal from a radio frequency (RF) source (for example, the reader, a network node, a UE, or another network entity) .
[0040] In some examples, an A-IoT system may include a controller. The controller may be configured to support the A-IoT system. The controller may be, or may be included in, a network node. For example, the controller may be configured to support the A-IoT system and communicate with one or more other devices for another system (e.g., that is not an A-IoT system) . The controller may be a reader controller configured to manage, configure, and / or otherwise support one or more readers within the A-IoT system.
[0041] The A-IoT system may include one or more readers. In some examples, a reader may be a network entity, a UE, a network node, an intermediate node, and / or an assisting node, among other examples. In some examples, the A-IoT system may be deployed using a topology that includes readers, such as one or more topologies described in more detail elsewhere herein. The A-IoT system may include one or more A-IoT devices. The one or more readers and the one or more A-IoT devices may be physically dispersed throughout the A-IoT system. In some examples, the one or more readers and / or the one or more A-IoT devices may be mobile devices such that physical locations of the one or more readers and / or the one or more A-IoT devices within the A-IoT system may change over time.
[0042] A reader and an A-IoT device may communicate with each other in a similar manner as described elsewhere herein, such as in connection with Figs. 5-7. For example, a reader may transmit one or more signals to an A-IoT device via a forward link or downlink. The forward link or downlink may also be referred to as a reader-to-device (R2D) link. The reader may transmit one or more signals to an A-IoT device via the R2D link. The A-IoT device may modulate, reflect, or transmit one or more signals to a reader via a reverse link or uplink. The reverse link or uplink may also be referred to as a device-to-reader (D2R) link. For example, an A-IoT device may reflect a signal received via the R2D link as a backscatter signal on an externally provided carrier wave. Additionally, or alternatively, the A-IoT may include hardware capabilities to internally generate a signal transmitted to the reader via the D2R link.
[0043] In some examples, one or more deployment scenarios may be supported for an A-IoT system. For example, an A-IoT system may be deployed in a scenario that includes various micro base station nodes (or micro network nodes) , where each micro base station node is a combined reader and carrier wave (CW) emitter node or a reader node paired with a CW emitter node. In such examples, various nodes (e.g., reader nodes, CW emitter nodes, or combined reader and CW emitter nodes) may be deployed in multiple groups, and each group may have only one micro base station node at a time. For example, in a scenario where a first group includes a first set of micro base station nodes and a second group includes a second set of micro base station nodes, two micro base station nodes may be active at the same time, where a first micro base station node (including a first reader and corresponding CW emitter) is selected from the first group and a second micro base station node (including a second reader and corresponding CW emitter) is selected from the second group. When a reader is activated, an A-IoT device that accesses the reader may be randomly selected from candidate A-IoT devices that have an R2D receiving power from the reader that satisfies a threshold receiver sensitivity, such as -36 decibel milliwatts (dBm) . As a result, a maximum distance distribution between an A-IoT device and an active reader can reach up to a fixed separation distance between the micro base station nodes (e.g., 60 meters) . However, R2D and D2R outage probabilities may be high at the maximum distance distribution (e.g., up to 50%) based on an R2D and / or D2R signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) requirement (e.g., 10 dB) . Although the R2D and D2R outage probabilities could potentially be reduced if an A-IoT device were to access a different (closer) reader, allowing an A-IoT device to access a reader associated with R2D receiving power that satisfies the threshold receiver sensitivity prevents the A-IoT device from accessing a reader located in closer proximity to the A-IoT device.
[0044] Various aspects relate generally to access control techniques for an A-IoT system. Some aspects more specifically relate to access control techniques that may prevent an A-IoT device from accessing a first reader when one or more conditions are satisfied, such that the A-IoT device may access a second (different) reader that may be located closer to the A-IoT device. In some aspects, the access control techniques may be implemented according to an access control decision at an A-IoT device, which may determine whether to respond to an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure based on one or more conditions. For example, when the A-IoT device receives an R2D signal associated with the contention-based access procedure, the A-IoT device may decide to not respond to the R2D signal (or any other R2D signals from the same reader) for a forbidden duration in cases where a number of attempted D2R transmissions to the reader satisfies (e.g., equals or exceeds) a threshold and / or a maximum transmission timing for allowed D2R transmissions to the reader has expired. Additionally, or alternatively, when the A-IoT device receives an R2D signal associated with the contention-based access procedure, the A-IoT device may decide to not respond to the R2D signal in cases where a measurement associated with the R2D signal fails to satisfy (e.g., is below) a threshold. Additionally, or alternatively, the access control techniques may be implemented according to an access control decision at the reader. For example, when the reader receives a D2R signal associated with the contention-based access procedure from an A-IoT device, the reader may transmit a response message barring or disallowing the A-IoT device from accessing the reader for a duration based on one or more conditions. For example, the reader may transmit a response message barring or disallowing the A-IoT device from accessing the reader for the duration based on a measurement associated with the D2R signal failing to satisfy (e.g., being below) a threshold, based on a device type associated with the A-IoT device, and / or based on a device capability associated with the A-IoT device. Additionally, or alternatively, the reader may control the access that the A-IoT device has to the reader by transmitting the response message using a suitable transmission power (e.g., transmitting the response message at a relatively high power, thereby increasing the probability that the A-IoT device will access the reader, if the measurement associated with the D2R signal satisfies a threshold, or transmitting the response message at a relatively low power, thereby reducing the probability that the A-IoT device will access the reader, if the measurement associated with the D2R signal fails to satisfy the threshold) .
[0045] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, by providing access control mechanisms whereby an A-IoT device may decide to not respond to an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure when one or more conditions are satisfied (e.g., conditions potentially indicative of poor R2D or D2R performance) , the described techniques can be used to avoid establishing a connection between an A-IoT device and a reader that may result in a high R2D or D2R outage probability. Furthermore, similar effects may be realized by providing access control mechanisms whereby a reader may disallow an A-IoT device from accessing the reader when one or more conditions indicative of poor R2D or D2R performance are satisfied. Furthermore, by preventing access that may result in a high R2D or D2R outage probability, the A-IoT device may subsequently connect to a different reader that may provide a lower R2D or D2R outage probability, thereby improving performance and reliability in an A-IoT system.
[0046] Various aspects of the disclosure are described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. This disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and is not limited to any specific structure, function, example, aspect, or the like presented throughout this disclosure. This disclosure includes, for example, any aspect disclosed herein, whether implemented independently of or combined with any other aspect of the disclosure. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure includes such an apparatus or method which is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to or other than the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. Any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0047] Aspects and examples generally include a method, apparatus, network node, network entity, system, computer program product, non-transitory computer-readable medium, user equipment, base station, wireless communication device, and / or processing system as described or substantially described herein with reference to and as illustrated by the drawings and specification.
[0048] This disclosure may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent constructions do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. Characteristics of the example concepts disclosed herein, both their organization and method of operation, together with associated example advantages, are described in the following description and in connection with the accompanying figures. Each of the figures is provided for the purposes of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims. Each of the figures is provided for the purposes of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims.
[0049] While aspects are described in the present disclosure by illustration to some examples, those skilled in the art understand that such aspects may be implemented in many different arrangements and scenarios. Techniques described herein may be implemented using different platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, and / or packaging arrangements. For example, some aspects may be implemented via integrated chip embodiments or other non-module-component based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / purchasing devices, medical devices, and / or artificial intelligence devices) . Aspects may be implemented in chip-level components, modular components, non-modular components, non-chip-level components, device-level components, and / or system-level components. Devices incorporating described example aspects and example features may include additional example components and example features for implementation and practice of claimed and described aspects. For example, transmission and reception of wireless signals may include one or more components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antennas, RF chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffers, processors, interleavers, adders, and / or summers) . Aspects described herein may be practiced in a wide variety of devices, components, systems, distributed arrangements, and / or end-user devices of varying size, shape, and constitution.
[0050] As described above, wireless communication systems may be deployed to provide various services, which may involve carrying or supporting voice, text, other messaging, video, data, and / or other traffic. Some wireless communications systems may employ multiple-access radio access technologies (RATs) . The multiple-access RATs may be capable of supporting communication with multiple wireless communication devices by sharing the available system resources (for example, time domain resources, frequency domain resources, spatial domain resources, and / or device transmit power, among other examples) . Examples of such multiple-access RATs include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0051] Multiple-access RATs are supported by technological advancements that have been adopted in various telecommunication standards, which define common protocols that enable wireless communication devices to communicate on a local, municipal, enterprise, national, regional, or global level. For example, 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . 5G NR may support enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, IoT networks or reduced capability (RedCap) device deployments, ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) applications, and / or massive machine-type communication (mMTC) , among other examples.
[0052] To support these and other target verticals, a wireless communication system may be designed to implement a modularized functional infrastructure, a disaggregated and service-based network architecture, network function virtualization, network slicing, multi-access edge computing, millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies including massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) , beamforming, IoT device or RedCap device connectivity and management, industrial connectivity, licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication (for example, cellular vehicle-to-everything (CV2X) communication) , frequency spectrum expansion, overlapping spectrum use, small cell deployments, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployments, device aggregation, advanced duplex communication (for example, sub-band full-duplex (SBFD) ) , multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, RF sensing, network energy savings (NES) , low-power signaling and radios, and / or artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) , among other examples.
[0053] The foregoing and other technological improvements may support use cases, such as wireless fronthauls, wireless midhauls, wireless backhauls, wireless data centers, extended reality (XR) and metaverse applications, meta services for supporting vehicle connectivity, holographic and mixed reality communication, autonomous and collaborative robots, vehicle platooning and cooperative maneuvering, sensing networks, gesture monitoring, human-brain interfacing, digital twin applications, asset management, and universal coverage applications using non-terrestrial and / or aerial platforms, among other examples.
[0054] As the demand for connectivity continues to increase, further improvements in NR may be implemented, and other RATs, such as 6G and beyond, may be introduced to enable new applications and facilitate new use cases. The methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques described herein may enable one or more of the foregoing technologies or new technologies and / or support one or more of the foregoing use cases or new use cases.
[0055] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example environment 100 in which apparatuses and / or methods described herein may be implemented, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 1, the environment 100 may include a network entity 102, a network entity 104, and a network entity 106, that may communicate with one another via a network 108. The network entities 102, 104, and 106, may be dispersed throughout the network 108, and each network entity 102, 104, and 106 may be stationary and / or mobile. The network 108 may include wired communication connections, wireless communication connections, or a combination of wired and wireless communication connections.
[0056] The network 108 may include, for example, a cellular network (e.g., a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) network, a CDMA network, a 4G network, a 5G network, a 6G network, or another type of next generation network, and / or the like) , a public land mobile network (PLMN) , a local area network (LAN) , a wide area network (WAN) , a metropolitan area network (MAN) , a telephone network (e.g., the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) ) , a private network, an ad hoc network, an intranet, the Internet, a fiber optic-based network, a cloud computing network, or the like, and / or a combination of these or other types of networks. The network 108 may include a wireless communication network 200, described in connection with Fig. 2.
[0057] As described herein, a network entity (which may alternatively be referred to as an entity, a node, a network node, or a wireless entity) may be, be similar to, include, or be included in (e.g., be a component of) a base station (e.g., any base station described herein, including a disaggregated base station) , a UE (e.g., any UE described herein) , a reduced capability (RedCap) device, an enhanced reduced capability (eRedCap) device, an ambient IoT device, an energy harvesting (EH) -capable device, a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, an integrated access and backhauling (IAB) node, a distributed unit (DU) , a central unit (CU) , a remote / radio unit (RU) (which may also be referred to as a remote radio unit (RRU) ) , and / or another processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a network entity may be a UE. As another example, a network entity may be a base station. As used herein, “network entity” may refer to an entity that is configured to operate in a network, such as the network 108. For example, a “network entity” is not limited to an entity that is currently located in and / or currently operating in the network. Rather, a network entity may be any entity that is capable of communicating and / or operating in the network. A network entity may include a network node 210 or a UE 220, described in more detail in connection with Fig. 2.
[0058] The adjectives “first, ” “second, ” “third, ” and so on are used for contextual distinction between two or more of the modified noun in connection with a discussion and are not meant to be absolute modifiers that apply only to a certain respective entity throughout the entire document. For example, a network entity may be referred to as a “first network entity” in connection with one discussion and may be referred to as a “second network entity” in connection with another discussion, or vice versa. As an example, a first network entity may be configured to communicate with a second network entity or a third network entity. In one aspect of this example, the first network entity may be a UE, the second network entity may be a base station, and the third network entity may be a UE. In another aspect of this example, the first network entity may be a UE, the second network entity may be a base station, and the third network entity may be a base station. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third network entities may be different relative to these examples.
[0059] Similarly, reference to a UE, base station, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like may include disclosure of the UE, base station, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like being a network entity. For example, disclosure that a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network entity is configured to receive information from a second network entity. Consistent with this disclosure, once a specific example is broadened in accordance with this disclosure (e.g., a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network entity is configured to receive information from a second network entity) , the broader example of the narrower example may be interpreted in the reverse, but in a broad open-ended way. In the example above where a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network entity is configured to receive information from a second network entity, “first network entity” may refer to a first UE, a first base station, a first apparatus, a first device, a first computing system, a first set of one or more one or more components, a first processing entity, or the like configured to receive the information; and “second network entity” may refer to a second UE, a second base station, a second apparatus, a second device, a second computing system, a second set of one or more components, a second processing entity, or the like.
[0060] As described herein, communication of information (e.g., any information, signal, or the like) may be described in various aspects using different terminology. Disclosure of one communication term includes disclosure of other communication terms. For example, a first network entity may be described as being configured to transmit information to a second network entity. In this example and consistent with this disclosure, disclosure that the first network entity is configured to transmit information to the second network entity includes disclosure that the first network entity is configured to provide, send, output, communicate, or transmit information to the second network entity. Similarly, in this example and consistent with this disclosure, disclosure that the first network entity is configured to transmit information to the second network entity includes disclosure that the second network entity is configured to receive, obtain, or decode the information that is provided, sent, output, communicated, or transmitted by the first network entity.
[0061] As shown, the network entity 102 may include a processing system 110. Similarly, the network entity 106 may include a processing system 112. A processing system may include one or more components (or subcomponents) , such as one or more components described herein. For example, a respective component of the one or more components may be, be similar to, include, or be included in at least one memory, at least one communication interface, or at least one processor. For example, a processing system may include one or more components. In such an example, the one or more components may include a first component, a second component, and a third component. In this example, the first component may be coupled to a second component and a third component. In this example, the first component may be at least one processor, the second component may be a communication interface, and the third component may be at least one memory. A processing system may generally be a system including one or more components that may perform one or more functions, such as any function or combination of functions described herein. For example, one or more components may receive input information (e.g., any information that is an input, such as a signal, any digital information, or any other information) , one or more components may process the input information to generate output information (e.g., any information that is an output, such as a signal or any other information) , one or more components may perform any function as described herein, or any combination thereof. A processing system (which may include the processing system 110 and the processing system 112) is described in more detail in connection with Fig. 2, such as in connection with processing system 240 and processing system 245.
[0062] As described herein, an “input” and “input information” may be used interchangeably. Similarly, as described herein, an “output” and “output information” may be used interchangeably. Any information generated by any component may be provided to one or more other systems or components of, for example, a network entity described herein. For example, a processing system may include a first component configured to receive or obtain information, a second component configured to process the information to generate output information, and / or a third component configured to provide the output information to other systems or components. In this example, the first component may be a communication interface (e.g., a first communication interface) , the second component may be at least one processor (e.g., that is coupled to the communication interface and / or at least one memory) , and the third component may be a communication interface (e.g., the first communication interface or a second communication interface) . For example, a processing system may include at least one memory, at least one communication interface, and / or at least one processor, where the at least one processor may, for example, be coupled to the at least one memory and the at least one communication interface.
[0063] A processing system of a network entity described herein may interface with one or more other components of the network entity, may process information received from one or more other components (such as input information) , or may output information to one or more other components. For example, a processing system may include a first component configured to interface with one or more other components of the network entity to receive or obtain information, a second component configured to process the information to generate one or more outputs, and / or a third component configured to output the one or more outputs to one or more other components. In this example, the first component may be a communication interface (e.g., a first communication interface) , the second component may be at least one processor (e.g., that is coupled to the communication interface and / or at least one memory) , and the third component may be a communication interface (e.g., the first communication interface or a second communication interface) . For example, a chip or modem of the network entity may include a processing system. The processing system may include a first communication interface to receive or obtain information, and a second communication interface to output, transmit, or provide information. In some examples, the first communication interface may be an interface configured to receive input information, and the information may be provided to the processing system. In some examples, the second system interface may be configured to transmit information output from the chip or modem. The second communication interface may also obtain or receive input information, and the first communication interface may also output, transmit, or provide information.
[0064] For example, as shown in Fig. 1, the processing system 110 may include a (e.g., one or more) communication manager 114 and one or more communication interfaces 116. The communication manager 114 may be configured to perform one or more communication tasks as described herein. In some aspects, the communication manager 114 may direct the communication interface 120 and / or the processing system 110 to perform one or more communication tasks as described herein. Similarly, the processing system 112 may include a (e.g., one or more) communication manager 118 and one or more communication interfaces 120. The communication manager 118 may be configured to perform one or more communication tasks as described herein. In some aspects, the processing system 112 and / or the communication manager 118 may direct the communication interface 120 to perform one or more communication tasks as described herein. Although depicted, for clarity of description, with reference only to the network entities 102 and 104, any one or more of the network entities 102, 104, and 106 also may include a communication manager and a communication interface.
[0065] As used herein, “communication interface” refers to an interface that enables communication (e.g., wireless communication, wired communication, or a combination thereof) between a first network entity and a second network entity. A communication interface may include electronic circuitry that enables a network entity to transmit, receive, or otherwise perform the communication. A communication interface may be, be similar to, include, or be included in one or more components that are configured to enable communication between the first network entity and the second network entity. For example, a communication interface may include a transmission component, a reception component, and / or a transceiver, among other examples. For example, a communication interface may include one or more transceivers, one or more receivers, and / or one or more transmitters configured to communicate with other devices, such as via a wired connection, a wireless connection, or a combination of wired and wireless connections. In some examples, a communication interface may include one or more RF components, an RF front end, one or more antennas, one or more transmit or receive processors, a demodulation component, and / or a modulation component, among other examples.
[0066] A communication interface may include a transmission component and / or a reception component. For example, a communication interface may include a transceiver and / or one or more separate receivers and / or transmitters that enable a network entity to communicate with other devices, such as via a wired connection, a wireless connection, or a combination of wired and wireless connections. In some examples, a communication interface may include one or more radio frequency reflective elements and / or one or more radio frequency refractive elements. The communication interface may enable the network entity to receive information from another apparatus and / or provide information to another apparatus. In some examples, the communication interface may include an Ethernet interface, an optical interface, a coaxial interface, an infrared interface, an RF interface, a universal serial bus (USB) interface, a Wi-Fi interface, a cellular network interface, a wireless modem, an inter-integrated circuit (I2C) , and / or a serial peripheral interface (SPI) , among other examples.
[0067] As described herein, a network entity (e.g., the network entity 102 and / or the network entity 106) may be configured to perform one or more operations. Reference to a network entity being configured to perform one or more operations may refer to a processing system of the network entity being configured to perform the one or more operations and / or the processing system being configured to cause one or more components of the network entity to perform the one or more operations. For example, reference to the processing system being configured to perform one or more operations may refer to one or more components (or subcomponents) of the processing system performing the one or more operations. For example, the one or more components of the processing system may include at least one memory, at least one processor, and / or at least one communication interface, among other examples, that are configured to perform one or more (or all) of the one or more operations, and / or any combination thereof. Where reference is made to the network entity and / or the processing system being configured to perform operations, the network entity and / or the processing system may be configured to cause one component to perform all operations, or to cause more than one component to collectively perform the operations. When the network entity and / or the processing system is configured to cause more than one component to collectively perform the operations, each operation need not be performed by each of those components (e.g., different operations may be performed by different components) and / or each operation need not be performed in whole by only one component (e.g., different components may perform different sub-functions of an operation) .
[0068] As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the network entity 102 may (e.g., the processing system 110 may, or the processing system 110 may cause the communication manager 114 and / or the communication interface 116 to) receive an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system; and transmit a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions. Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity 102 and / or the communication manager 114 may receive an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system; and refrain from transmitting a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions. Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity 102 and / or the communication manager 114 may perform one or more other operations described herein.
[0069] As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the network entity 106 may (e.g., the processing system 112 may, or the processing system 112 may cause the communication manager 114 and / or the communication interface 116 to) receive a D2R signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system; and transmit a message that includes an indication disallowing access by a device associated with the D2R signal for a duration based on satisfaction of one or more conditions. Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity 106 and / or the communication manager 118 may perform one or more other operations described herein.
[0070] The number and arrangement of entities shown in Fig. 1 are provided as one or more examples. In practice, there may be additional network entities and / or networks, fewer network entities and / or networks, different network entities and / or networks, or differently arranged network entities and / or networks than those shown in Fig. 1. Furthermore, the network entity 102, 104, and 106 may be implemented using a single apparatus or multiple apparatuses.
[0071] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication network 200, in accordance with the present disclosure. The wireless communication network 200 may be or may include elements of a 5G (or NR) network or a 6G network, among other examples. The wireless communication network 200 may include multiple network nodes 210. For example, in Fig. 2, the wireless communication network 200 includes a network node (NN) 210a, a network node 210b, and a network node 210c. The network nodes 210 may support communications with multiple UEs 220. For example, in Fig. 2, the network nodes 210 support communication with a UE 220a, a UE 220b, a UE 220c, a UE 220d, and a UE 220e. In some examples, a UE 220 may also communicate with other UEs 220 and a network node 210 may communicate with a core network and with other network nodes 210.
[0072] The network nodes 210 and the UEs 220 of the wireless communication network 200 may communicate using the electromagnetic spectrum, which may be subdivided by frequency or wavelength into various classes, bands, carriers, and / or channels. For example, devices of the wireless communication network 200 may communicate using one or more operating bands. In some aspects, multiple wireless communication networks 200 may be deployed in a given geographic area. Each wireless communication network 200 may support a particular RAT (which may also be referred to as an air interface) and may operate on one or more carrier frequencies in one or more frequency bands or ranges. In some examples, when multiple RATs are deployed in a given geographic area, each RAT in the geographic area may operate on different frequencies to avoid interference with other RATs. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the wireless communication network 200 may implement dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) , in which multiple RATs are implemented with dynamic bandwidth allocation (for example, based on user demand) in a single frequency band. In some examples, the wireless communication network 200 may support communication over unlicensed spectrum, where access to an unlicensed channel is subject to a channel access mechanism. For example, in a shared or unlicensed frequency band, a transmitting device may perform a channel access procedure, such as a listen-before-talk (LBT) procedure, to contend against other devices for channel access before transmitting on a shared or unlicensed channel.
[0073] Various operating bands have been defined as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz through 7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz through 52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz through 24.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz through 71 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz through 114.25 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz through 300 GHz) . Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “sub-6 GHz” band in some documents and articles. Similarly, FR2 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in some documents and articles, despite being different than the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz through 300 GHz) , which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band. The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies, which include FR3. Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 or FR2 into the mid-band frequencies. Thus, “sub-6 GHz, ” if used herein, may broadly refer to frequencies that are less than 6 GHz, that are within FR1, and / or that are included in mid-band frequencies. Similarly, the term “millimeter wave, ” if used herein, may broadly refer to mid-band frequencies or to frequencies that are within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, FR5, and / or the EHF band. Higher frequency bands may extend 5G NR operation, 6G operation, and / or other RATs beyond 52.6 GHz.
[0074] A network node 210 and / or a UE 220 may include one or more devices, components, or systems that enable communication with other devices, components, or systems of the wireless communication network 200. For example, a UE 220 and a network node 210 may each include one or more chips, system-on-chips (SoCs) , chipsets, packages, or devices that individually or collectively constitute or comprise a processing system, such as a processing system 240 of the UE 220 or a processing system 245 of the network node 210. The processing system 240 and the processing system 245 may be similar to other processing systems described herein, such as the processing system 110 and the processing system 112. A processing system (for example, the processing system 240 and / or the processing system 245) includes processor (or “processing” ) circuitry in the form of one or multiple processors, microprocessors, processing units (such as central processing units (CPUs) , graphics processing units (GPUs) , neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) , and / or digital signal processors (DSPs) ) , processing blocks, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “processor” or collectively as “the processor” or “the processor circuitry” ) . Such processors may be individually or collectively configurable or configured to perform various functions or operations described herein. A group of processors collectively configurable or configured to perform a set of functions may include a first processor configurable or configured to perform a first function of the set and a second processor configurable or configured to perform a second function of the set. In some other examples, each of a group of processors may be configurable or configured to perform a same set of functions.
[0075] The processing system 240 and the processing system 245 may each include memory circuitry in the form of one or multiple memory devices, memory blocks, memory elements, or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry, each of which may include or implement tangible storage media such as random-access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM) , or combinations thereof (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “memory” or collectively as “the memory” or “the memory circuitry” ) . One or more of the memories may be coupled (for example, operatively coupled, communicatively coupled, electronically coupled, or electrically coupled) with one or more of the processors and may individually or collectively store processor-executable code or instructions (such as software) that, when executed by one or more of the processors, may configure one or more of the processors to perform various functions or operations described herein. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, one or more of the processors may be configured to perform various functions or operations described herein without requiring configuration by software. “Software” shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, or functions, among other examples, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.
[0076] The processing system 240 and the processing system 245 may each include or be coupled with one or more modems (such as a cellular (for example, a 5G or 6G compliant) modem) . In some examples, one or more processors of the processing system 240 and / or the processing system 245 include or implement one or more of the modems. The processing system 240 and the processing system 245 may also include or be coupled with multiple radios (collectively “the radio” ) , multiple RF chains, or multiple transceivers, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more of multiple antennas. In some examples, one or more processors of the processing system 240 and / or the processing system 245 include or implement one or more of the radios, RF chains, or transceivers. An RF chain may include one or more filters, mixers, oscillators, amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) , and / or other devices that convert between an analog signal (such as for transmission or reception via an air interface) and a digital signal (such as for processing by the processing system 240 of the UE 220 or by the processing system 245 of the network node 210) .
[0077] A network node 210 and a UE 220 may each include one or multiple antennas or antenna arrays. Typical network nodes 210 and UEs 220 may include multiple antennas, which may be organized or structured into one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. As used herein, the term “antenna” can refer to one or more antennas, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays. The term “antenna panel” can refer to a group of antennas (such as antenna elements) arranged in an array or panel, which may facilitate beamforming by manipulating parameters associated with the group of antennas. The term “antenna module” may refer to circuitry including one or more antennas as well as one or more other components (such as filters, amplifiers, or processors) associated with integrating the antenna module into a wireless communication device such as the network node 210 and the UE 220.
[0078] A network node 210 may be, may include, or may also be referred to as an NR network node, a 5G network node, a 6G network node, a Node B, a gNB, an access point (AP) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a network entity, a network element, a network equipment, and / or another type of device, component, or system included in a radio access network (RAN) . In various deployments, a network node 210 may be implemented as a single physical node (for example, a single physical structure) or may be implemented as two or more physical nodes (for example, two or more distinct physical structures) . For example, a network node 210 may be a device or system that implements a part of a radio protocol stack, a device or system that implements a full radio protocol stack (such as a full gNB protocol stack) , or a collection of devices or systems that collectively implement the full radio protocol stack. For example, and as shown, a network node 210 may be an aggregated network node having an aggregated architecture, meaning that the network node 210 may implement a full radio protocol stack that is physically and logically integrated within a single physical structure in the wireless communication network 200. For example, an aggregated network node 210 may consist of a single standalone base station or a single TRP that operates with a full radio protocol stack to enable or facilitate communication between a UE 220 and a core network of the wireless communication network 200.
[0079] Alternatively, and as also shown, a network node 210 may be a disaggregated network node (sometimes referred to as a disaggregated base station) , having a disaggregated architecture, meaning that the network node 210 may operate with a radio protocol stack that is physically distributed and / or logically distributed among two or more nodes in the same geographic location or in different geographic locations. An example disaggregated network node architecture is described in more detail below with reference to Fig. 2. In some deployments, disaggregated network nodes 210 may be used in an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, in an open radio access network (O-RAN) (such as a network configuration in compliance with the O-RAN Alliance) , or in a virtualized radio access network (vRAN) , also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) , to facilitate scaling by separating network functionality into multiple units or modules that can be individually deployed.
[0080] The network nodes 210 of the wireless communication network 200 may include one or more CUs, one or more DUs, and one or more RUs. A CU may host one or more higher layers, such as a radio resource control (RRC) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, and a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer, among other examples. A DU may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and / or one or more higher physical (PHY) layers depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as a functional split defined by the 3GPP. In some examples, a DU also may host a lower PHY layer that is configured to perform functions, such as a fast Fourier transform (FFT) , an inverse FFT (IFFT) , beamforming, and / or physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, among other examples. An RU may perform RF processing functions or lower PHY layer functions, such as an FFT, an IFFT, beamforming, or PRACH extraction and filtering, among other examples, according to a functional split, such as a lower layer split (LLS) . In such an architecture, each RU can be operated to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 220. In some examples, a single network node 210 may include a combination of one or more CUs, one or more DUs, and / or one or more RUs. In some examples, a CU, a DU, and / or an RU may be implemented as a virtual unit, such as a virtual central unit (VCU) , a virtual distributed unit (VDU) , or a virtual radio unit (VRU) , among other examples, which may be implemented as a virtual network function, such as in a cloud deployment.
[0081] Some network nodes 210 (for example, a base station, an RU, or a TRP) may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area. The term “cell” can refer to a coverage area of a network node 210 or to a network node 210 itself, depending on the context in which the term is used. A network node 210 may support one or more cells (for example, each cell may support communication within an angular (for example, 60 degree) range around the network node) . In some examples, a network node 210 may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, or another type of cell. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (for example, several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs 220 with associated service subscriptions. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may also allow unrestricted access by UEs 220 with associated service subscriptions. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographic area (for example, a home) and may allow restricted access by UEs 220 having association with the femto cell (for example, UEs 220 in a closed subscriber group (CSG) ) . In some examples, a cell may not necessarily be stationary. For example, the geographic area of the cell may move according to the location of an associated mobile network node 210 (for example, a train, a satellite, an unmanned aerial vehicle, or an NTN network node) .
[0082] The wireless communication network 200 may be a heterogeneous network that includes network nodes 210 of different types, such as macro network nodes, pico network nodes, femto network nodes, relay network nodes, aggregated network nodes, and / or disaggregated network nodes, among other examples. Various different types of network nodes 210 may generally transmit at different power levels, serve different coverage areas (for example, a cell 230a, a cell 230b, and a cell 230c) , and / or have different impacts on interference in the wireless communication network 200 than other types of network nodes 210.
[0083] The UEs 220 may be physically dispersed throughout the coverage area of the wireless communication network 200, and each UE 220 may be stationary or mobile. A UE 220 may be, may include, or may also be referred to as an access terminal, a mobile station, or a subscriber unit. A UE 220 may be, include, or be coupled with a cellular phone (for example, a smart phone) , a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a tablet, a camera, a netbook, a smartbook, an ultrabook, a medical device, a biometric device, a wearable device (for example, a smart watch, smart clothing, smart glasses, a smart wristband, smart jewelry) , a gaming device, an entertainment device (for example, a music device, a video device, or a satellite radio) , an XR device, a vehicular component or sensor, a smart meter or sensor, industrial manufacturing equipment, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) device (such as a Global Positioning System device or another type of positioning device) , a UE function of a network node, and / or any other suitable device or function that may communicate via a wireless medium.
[0084] Some UEs 220 may be classified according to different categories in association with different complexities and / or different capabilities. UEs 220 in a first category may facilitate massive IoT in the wireless communication network 200, and may offer low complexity and / or cost relative to UEs 220 in a second category. UEs 220 in a second category may include mission-critical IoT devices, legacy UEs, baseline UEs, high-tier UEs, advanced UEs, full-capability UEs, and / or premium UEs that are capable of URLLC, eMBB, and / or precise positioning in the wireless communication network 200, among other examples. A third category of UEs 220 may have mid-tier complexity and / or capability (for example, a capability between that of the UEs 220 of the first category and that of the UEs 220 of the second capability) . A UE 220 of the third category may be referred to as a reduced capability UE ( “RedCap UE” ) , a mid-tier UE, an NR-Light UE, and / or an NR-Lite UE, among other examples. RedCap UEs may bridge a gap between the capability and complexity of NB-IoT devices and / or eMTC UEs, and mission-critical IoT devices and / or premium UEs. RedCap UEs may include, for example, wearable devices, IoT devices, industrial sensors, or cameras that are associated with a limited bandwidth, power capacity, and / or transmission range, among other examples. RedCap UEs may support healthcare environments, building automation, electrical distribution, process automation, transport and logistics, or smart city deployments, among other examples.
[0085] Some UEs 220 may be considered machine-type communication (MTC) UEs, evolved or enhanced machine-type communication (eMTC) UEs, further enhanced eMTC (feMTC) UEs, or enhanced feMTC (efeMTC) UEs, or further evolutions thereof, all of which may be simply referred to as “MTC UEs. ” For example, the UE 220d and / or the UE 220e may be an MTC UE. An MTC UE may be, may include, or may be included in or coupled with a robot, an uncrewed aerial vehicle, a remote device, a sensor, a meter, a monitor, and / or a location tag. Some UEs 220 may be considered IoT devices. Some such UEs 220 may be implemented as NB-IoT (narrowband IoT) devices, such as the UE 220d and / or the UE 220e. An IoT or NB-IoT device may be, may include, or may be included in or coupled with an industrial machine, an appliance, a refrigerator, a doorbell camera device, a home automation device, and / or a light fixture, among other examples. Some UEs 220 may be considered Customer Premises Equipment (CPEs) , which may include telecommunications devices that are installed at a customer location (such as a home or office) to enable access to a service provider's network (such as included in or in communication with the wireless communication network 200) .
[0086] Some IoT devices, such as A-IoT devices (sometimes referred to as ultra-light IoT devices) , may be associated with a relatively simple hardware design that may be designed to use low power and be implementable at low cost. For example, the UE 220d and / or the UE 220e may be A-IoT devices. As shown in Fig. 2, an A-IoT device may operate in the cell 230c, which may be referred to herein as an “A-IoT system. ” The A-IoT device (s) may communicate with the network node 210c. In other examples, the A-IoT devices may communicate with one or more readers. A reader may be a UE 220, a network node 210, or another wireless communication device. A-IoT technology may include passive IoT (such as NR passive IoT for 5G Advanced) , semi-passive IoT, active IoT, or ultra-light IoT. In passive IoT, a terminal (such as a tag or a similar device) may not include a battery or other long-term energy storage, and the terminal may accumulate energy from radio signaling. In some examples, the terminal may accumulate solar or other energy to supplement accumulated energy from radio signaling. To achieve further cost reduction and zero-power communication, backscattering communication may be implemented at a type of passive IoT device referred to as an “ambient backscatter device” or a “backscatter device, ” which may modulate a reflecting radio signal from an RF source to convey data. Some IoT devices may be referred to as semi-passive IoT devices. At a semi-passive IoT device, communication between a reader and the IoT device does not need to be preceded by an energy harvesting waveform. For example, a semi-passive IoT device may include a battery or similar energy source that can power the semi-passive IoT device. Some IoT devices may be referred to as active IoT devices. An active IoT device may have a battery or similar energy source and an active radio, allowing for active transmission and reception without energy harvesting or backscattering. A-IoT technology may be useful in connection with industrial sensors, for which battery replacement may be prohibitively difficult or undesirable (such as for safety monitoring or fault detection in smart factories, infrastructures, or environments) . Additionally, features of A-IoT devices, such as low cost, small size, simple or infrequent maintenance, durability, and long lifespan, may facilitate smart logistics and warehousing (for example, in connection with automated asset management) . Furthermore, A-IoT technology may be useful in connection with smart home networks for household item management, wearable devices, or similar applications. As an example, the cell 230c may be associated with a home network, a factory network, and / or a building network, among other examples.
[0087] In some examples, a network node 210 may be, may include, or may operate as an RU, a TRP, or a base station that communicates with one or more UEs 220 via a radio access link (which may be referred to as a “Uu” link) . The radio access link may include a downlink and an uplink. “Downlink” (or “DL” ) refers to a communication direction from a network node 210 to a UE 220, and “uplink” (or “UL” ) refers to a communication direction from a UE 220 to a network node 210. Downlink and uplink resources may include time domain resources (for example, frames, subframes, slots, and symbols) , frequency domain resources (for example, frequency bands, component carriers (CCs) , subcarriers, resource blocks, and resource elements) , and spatial domain resources (for example, particular transmit directions or beams) .
[0088] Frequency domain resources may be subdivided into bandwidth parts (BWPs) . A BWP may be a block of frequency domain resources (for example, a continuous set of resource blocks (RBs) within a full component carrier bandwidth) that may be configured at a UE-specific level. A UE 220 may be configured with both an uplink BWP and a downlink BWP (which may be the same or different) . Each BWP may be associated with its own numerology (indicating a sub-carrier spacing (SCS) and cyclic prefix (CP) ) . A BWP may be dynamically configured or activated (for example, by a network node 210 transmitting a downlink control information (DCI) configuration to the one or more UEs 220) and / or reconfigured (for example, in real-time or near-real-time) according to changing network conditions in the wireless communication network 200 and / or specific requirements of one or more UEs 220. An active BWP defines the operating bandwidth of the UE 220 within the operating bandwidth of the serving cell. The use of BWPs enables more efficient use of the available frequency domain resources in the wireless communication network 200 because fewer frequency domain resources may be allocated to a BWP for a UE 220 (which may reduce the quantity of frequency domain resources that a UE 220 is required to monitor and reduce UE power consumption by enabling the UE to monitor fewer frequency domain resources) , leaving more frequency domain resources to be spread across multiple UEs 220. Thus, BWPs may also assist in the implementation of lower-capability (for example, RedCap) UEs 220 by facilitating the configuration of smaller bandwidths for communication by such UEs 220 and / or by facilitating reduced UE power consumption.
[0089] As used herein, a downlink signal may be or include a reference signal, control information, or data. For example, downlink reference signals include a primary synchronization signal (PSS) , a secondary SS (SSS) , an SS block (SSB) (for example, that includes a PSS, an SSS, and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) ) , a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS) , a tracking reference signal (TRS) , and a channel state information (CSI) reference signal (CSI-RS) , among other examples. A downlink signal carrying control information or data may be transmitted via a downlink channel. Downlink channels may include one or more control channels for transmitting control information and one or more data channels for transmitting data. Downlink reference signals may be transmitted in addition to, or multiplexed with, downlink control channel communications and / or downlink data channel communications. A downlink control channel may be specifically used to transmit DCI from a network node 210 to a UE 220. DCI generally contains the information the UE 220 needs to identify RBs in a subsequent subframe and how to decode them, including a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) or redundancy version parameters. Different DCI formats carry different information, such as scheduling information in the form of downlink or uplink grants, slot formal indicators (SFIs) , preemption indicators (PIs) , transmit power control (TPC) commands, hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) information, new data indicators (NDIs) , among other examples. A downlink data channel may be used to transmit downlink data (for example, user data associated with a UE 220) from a network node 210 to a UE 220. Downlink control channels may include PDCCHs, and downlink data channels may include physical downlink shared channels (PDSCHs) . Control information or data communications may be transmitted on a PDCCH and PDSCH, respectively. For example, a PDCCH can carry DCI, while a PDSCH can carry a MAC control element (MAC-CE) , an RRC message, or user data, among other examples. Each PDSCH may carry one or more transport blocks (TBs) of data.
[0090] As used herein, an uplink signal may include a reference signal, control information, or data. For example, uplink reference signals include a sounding reference signal (SRS) , a PTRS, and a DMRS, among other examples. An uplink signal carrying control information or data may be transmitted via an uplink channel. An uplink channel may include one or more control channels for transmitting control information and one or more data channels for transmitting data. Uplink reference signals may be transmitted in addition to, or multiplexed with, uplink control channel communications and / or uplink data channel communications. An uplink control channel may be specifically used to transmit uplink control information (UCI) from a UE 220 to a network node 210. An uplink data channel may be used to transmit uplink data (for example, user data associated with a UE 220) from a UE 220 to a network node 210. Uplink control channels may include physical uplink control channels (PUCCHs) , and uplink data channels may include physical uplink shared channels (PUSCHs) . Control information or data communications may be transmitted on a PUCCH and PUSCH, respectively. For example, a PUCCH can carry UCI, while a PUSCH can carry a MAC-CE, an RRC message, or user data, among other examples. UCI can include a scheduling request (SR) , HARQ feedback information (for example, a HARQ acknowledgement (ACK) indication or a HARQ negative acknowledgement (NACK) indication) , uplink power control information (for example, an uplink TPC parameter) , and / or CSI, among other examples. CSI can include a channel quality indicator (CQI) (indicative of downlink channel conditions to facilitate selection of transmission parameters, such as an MCS, by a network node 210) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI) (for example, indicative of a beam used to transmit a CSI-RS) , an SS / PBCH resource block indicator (SSBRI) (for example, indicative of a beam used to transmit an SSB) , a layer indicator (LI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and / or measurement information (for example, a layer 1 (L1) -reference signal received power (RSRP) parameter, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) parameter, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) parameter, among other examples) which can be used for beam management, among other examples. Each PUSCH may carry one or more TBs of data.
[0091] The information (for example, data, control information, or reference signal information) transmitted by a network node 210 to a UE 220, or vice versa, may be represented as a sequence of binary bits that are mapped (for example, modulated) to an analog signal waveform (for example, a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) -spread-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform or a CP-OFDM waveform) that is transmitted by the network node 210 or UE 220 over a wireless communication channel. In some examples, the network node 210 or the UE 220 (for example, using the processing system 245 or the processing system 240, respectively) may select an MCS (for example, an order of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) , such as 64-QAM, 128-QAM, or 256-QAM, among other examples) for a downlink signal or an uplink signal. For example, the network node 210 may select an MCS for a downlink signal in accordance with UCI received from the UE 220. The network node 210 may transmit, to the UE 220, an indication of the selected MCS for the downlink signal, such as via DCI that schedules the downlink signal. As another example, the network node 210 may transmit, and the UE 220 may receive, an indication of an MCS to be applied for the one or more uplink signals, such as via DCI scheduling transmission of the one or more uplink signals.
[0092] The network node 210 or the UE 220 (such as by using the processing system 245 or the processing system 240, respectively, and / or one or more coupled modems) may perform signal processing on the information (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, an IFFT operation, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, and / or encoding, among other examples) to generate a processed signal in accordance with the selected MCS. In some examples, the network node 210 or the UE 220 (for example, using the processing system 245 or the processing system 240, respectively, and / or one or more coupled encoders or modems) may perform a channel coding operation or a forward error correction (FEC) operation to control errors in transmitted information. For example, the network node 210 or the UE 220 may perform an encoding operation to generate encoded information (such as by selectively introducing redundancy into the information, typically using an error correction code (ECC) , such as a polar code or a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code) . The network node 210 or the UE 220 (for example, using the processing system 245 and / or one or more modems) may further perform spatial processing (for example, precoding) on the encoded information to generate one or more processed or precoded signals for downlink or uplink transmission, respectively. In some examples, the network node 210 or the UE 220 may perform codebook-based precoding or non-codebook-based precoding. Codebook-based precoding may involve selecting a precoder (for example, a precoding matrix) using a codebook. For example, the network node 210 may provide precoding information indicating which precoder, defined by the codebook, is to be used by the UE 220. Non-codebook-based precoding may involve selecting or deriving a precoder based on, or otherwise associated with, one or more downlink or uplink signal measurements. The network node 210 or the UE 220 may transmit the processed downlink or uplink signals, respectively, via one or more antennas.
[0093] The network node 210 or the UE 220 may receive uplink signals or downlink signals, respectively, via one or more antennas. The network node 210 or the UE 220 (for example, using the processing system 245 or the processing system 240, respectively, and / or one or more coupled modems) may perform signal processing (for example, in accordance with the MCS) on the received uplink or downlink signals, respectively (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, an FFT operation, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, de-mapping, equalization, interference cancellation, and / or decoding, among other examples) , to map the received signal (s) to a sequence of binary bits (for example, received information) that estimates the information transmitted by the network node 210 or the UE 220 via the downlink or uplink signals. The network node 210 or the UE 220 (for example, using the processing system 245 or the processing system 240, respectively, and / or a coupled decoder or one or more modems) may decode the received information (such as by using an ECC, a decoding operation, and / or an FEC operation) to detect errors and / or correct bit errors in the received information to generate decoded information. The decoded information may estimate the information transmitted via the downlink or uplink signals.
[0094] In some examples, a UE 220 and a network node 210 may perform MIMO communication. “MIMO” generally refers to transmitting or receiving multiple signals (such as multiple layers or multiple data streams) simultaneously over the same time and frequency resources. MIMO techniques generally exploit multipath propagation. A network node 210 and / or UE 220 may communicate using massive MIMO, multi-user MIMO, or single-user MIMO, which may involve rapid switching between beams or cells. For example, the amplitudes and / or phases of signals transmitted via antenna elements and / or sub-elements may be modulated and shifted relative to each other (such as by manipulating a phase shift, a phase offset, and / or an amplitude) to generate one or more beams, which is referred to as beamforming. For example, the network node 210b may generate one or more beams 260a, and the UE 220b may generate one or more beams 260b. The term “beam” may refer to a directional transmission of a wireless signal toward a receiving device or otherwise in a desired direction, a directional reception of a wireless signal from a transmitting device or otherwise in a desired direction, a direction associated with a directional transmission or directional reception, a set of directional resources associated with a signal transmission or signal reception (for example, an angle of arrival, a horizontal direction, and / or a vertical direction) , a set of parameters that indicate one or more aspects of a directional signal, a direction associated with the signal, and / or a set of directional resources associated with the signal, among other examples.
[0095] MIMO may be implemented using various spatial processing or spatial multiplexing operations. In some examples, MIMO may include a massive MIMO technique which may be associated with an increased (for example, “massive” ) quantity of antennas at the network node 210 and / or at the UE 220, such as in a network implementing mmWave technology. Massive MIMO may improve communication reliability by enabling a network node 210 and / or a UE 220 to communicate the same data across different propagation (or spatial) paths. In some examples, MIMO may support simultaneous transmission to multiple receivers, referred to as multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) . Some RATs may employ MIMO techniques, such as multi-TRP (mTRP) operation (including redundant transmission or reception on multiple TRPs) , reciprocity in the time domain or the frequency domain, single-frequency-network (SFN) transmission, or non-coherent joint transmission (NC-JT) .
[0096] To support MIMO techniques, the network node 210 and the UE 220 may perform one or more beam management operations, such as an initial beam acquisition operation, one or more beam refinement operations, and / or a beam recovery operation. For example, an initial beam acquisition operation may involve the network node 210 transmitting signals (for example, SSBs, CSI-RSs, or other signals) via respective beams (for example, of the beams 260a of the network node 210) and the UE 220 receiving and measuring the signal (s) via respective beams of multiple beams (for example, from the beams 260b of the UE 220) to identify a best beam (or beam pair) for communication between the UE 220 and the network node 210. For example, the UE 220 may transmit an indication (for example, in a message associated with a random access channel (RACH) operation) of a (best) identified beam of the network node 210 (for example, by indicating an SSBRI or other identifier associated with the beam) . A beam refinement operation may involve a first device (for example, the UE 220 or the network node 210) transmitting signal (s) via a subset of beams (for example, identified based on, or otherwise associated with, measurements reported as part of one or more other beam management operations) . A second device (for example, the network node 210 or the UE 220) may receive the signal (s) via a single beam (for example, to identify the best beam for communication from the subset of beams) . The beam (s) may be identified via one or more spatial parameters, such as a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state and / or a quasi co-location (QCL) parameter, among other examples. The network node 210 and the UE 220 may increase reliability and / or achieve efficiencies in throughput, signal strength, and / or other signal properties for massive MIMO operations by performing the beam management operations.
[0097] Some aspects and techniques as described herein may be implemented, at least in part, using an artificial intelligence (AI) program (for example, referred to herein as an “AI / ML model” ) , such as a program that includes a machine learning (ML) model and / or an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The AI / ML model may be deployed at one or more devices 265 (for example, a network node 210 and / or UEs 220) . For example, the one or more devices 265 may include a UE 220 (for example, the processing system 240) , a network node 210 (for example, the processing system 245) , one or more servers, and / or one or more components of a cloud computing network, among other examples. In some examples, the AI / ML model (or an instance of the AI / ML model) may be deployed at multiple devices (for example, a first portion of the AI / ML model may be deployed at a UE 220 and a second portion of the AI / ML model may be deployed at a network node 210) . In other examples, a first AI / ML model may be deployed at a UE 220 and a second AI / ML model may be deployed at a network node 210. The AI / ML model (s) may be configured to enhance various aspects of the wireless communication network 200. For example, the AI / ML model (s) may be trained to identify patterns or relationships in data corresponding to the wireless communication network 200, a device, and / or an air interface, among other examples. The AI / ML model (s) may support operational decisions relating to one or more aspects associated with wireless communications devices, networks, or services.
[0098] In some aspects, the UE 220 may include a communication manager 250. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 250 may receive an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system; and transmit a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 250 may receive an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system; and refrain from transmitting a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 250 may perform one or more other operations described herein.
[0099] In some aspects, the network node 210 may include a communication manager 255. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 255 may receive a D2R signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system; and transmit a message that includes an indication disallowing access by a device associated with the D2R signal for a duration based on satisfaction of one or more conditions. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 250 may perform one or more other operations described herein.
[0100] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated network node architecture 300, in accordance with the present disclosure. One or more components of the example disaggregated network node architecture 300 may be, may include, or may be included in one or more network nodes (such one or more network nodes 210) . The disaggregated network node architecture 300 may include a CU 310 that can communicate directly with a core network 320 via a backhaul link, or that can communicate indirectly with the core network 320 via one or more disaggregated control units, such as a non-real-time (Non-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 350 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 360 and / or a near-real-time (Near-RT) RIC 370 (for example, via an E2 link) . The CU 310 may communicate with one or more DUs 330 via respective midhaul links, such as via F1 interfaces. Each of the DUs 330 may communicate with one or more RUs 340 via respective fronthaul links. Each of the RUs 340 may communicate with one or more UEs 220 via respective RF access links. In some deployments, a UE 220 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 340.
[0101] Each of the components of the disaggregated network node architecture 300, including the CUs 310, the DUs 330, the RUs 340, the Near-RT RICs 370, the Non-RT RICs 350, and the SMO Framework 360, may include one or more interfaces or may be coupled with one or more interfaces for receiving or transmitting signals, such as data or information, via a wired or wireless transmission medium.
[0102] In some aspects, the CU 310 may be logically split into one or more CU user plane (CU-UP) units and one or more CU control plane (CU-CP) units. A CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with a CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 310 may be deployed to communicate with one or more DUs 330, as necessary, for network control and signaling. Each DU 330 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 340. For example, a DU 330 may host various layers, such as an RLC layer, a MAC layer, or one or more PHY layers, such as one or more high PHY layers or one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (which also may be referred to as a module) may be implemented with an interface for communicating signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 330, or for communicating signals with the control functions hosted by the CU 310. Each RU 340 may implement lower layer functionality. In some aspects, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU (s) 340 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 330.
[0103] The SMO Framework 360 may support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 360 may support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface, such as an O1 interface. For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 360 may interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) platform 390) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface, such as an O2 interface. A virtualized network element may include, but is not limited to, a CU 310, a DU 330, an RU 340, a non-RT RIC 350, and / or a Near-RT RIC 370. In some aspects, the SMO Framework 360 may communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, a 5G NR RAN, and / or a 6G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 380, via an O1 interface. Additionally or alternatively, the SMO Framework 360 may communicate directly with each of one or more RUs 340 via a respective O1 interface. In some deployments, this configuration can enable each DU 330 and the CU 310 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0104] The Non-RT RIC 350 may include or may implement a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, AI / ML workflows including model training and updates, and / or policy-based guidance of applications and / or features in the Near-RT RIC 370. The Non-RT RIC 350 may be coupled to or may communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 370. The Near-RT RIC 370 may include or may implement a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions via an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 310, one or more DUs 330, and / or an O-eNB 380 with the Near-RT RIC 370.
[0105] In some aspects, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 370, the Non-RT RIC 350 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 370 and may be received at the SMO Framework 360 or the Non-RT RIC 350 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 350 or the Near-RT RIC 370 may tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 350 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and may employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions via the SMO Framework 360 (such as reconfiguration via an O1 interface) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 interface policies) .
[0106] The network entity 102, the processing system 110 of the network entity 102, the network entity 106, the processing system 112 of the network entity 106, the network node 210, the processing system 245 of the network node 210, the UE 220, the processing system 240 of the UE 220, the CU 310, the DU 330, the RU 340, or any other component (s) of Figs. 1-3 may implement one or more techniques or perform one or more operations associated with access control for an A-IoT system, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. For example, the processing system 110 of the network entity 102, the processing system 112 of the network entity 106, the processing system 245 of the network node 210, the processing system 240 of the UE 220, the CU 310, the DU 330, or the RU 340 may perform or direct operations of, for example, process 1200 of Fig. 12, process 1300 of Fig. 13, process 1400 of Fig. 14, or other processes as described herein (alone or in conjunction with one or more other processors) . Memory of the network node 210 may store data and program code (or instructions) for the network node 210, the CU 310, the DU 330, or the RU 340. In some examples, the memory of the network node 210 may store data relating to a UE 220, such as RRC state information or a UE context. Memory of a UE 220 may store data and program code (or instructions) for the UE 220, such as context information. In some examples, the memory of the UE 220 or the memory of the network node 210 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication. For example, the set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors (for example, of the processing system 110, the processing system 112, the processing system 245, or the processing system 240) of the network entity 102, the network entity 106, the network node 210, the UE 220, the CU 310, the DU 330, or the RU 340, may cause the one or more processors to perform process 1200 of Fig. 12, process 1300 of Fig. 13, process 1400 of Fig. 14, or other processes as described herein. In some examples, executing instructions may include running the instructions, converting the instructions, compiling the instructions, and / or interpreting the instructions, among other examples.
[0107] In some aspects, a device includes means for receiving an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system; means for transmitting a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions; and / or means for refraining from transmitting a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions. In some aspects, the means for the device to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 250, processing system 240, communication manager 255, processing system 245, processing system 110, communication manager 114, communication interface 116, processing system 112, communication manager 118, communication interface 120, a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, one or more antennas, one or more modems, a reception component (for example, reception component 1502 depicted and described in connection with Fig. 15) and / or a transmission component (for example, transmission component 1504 depicted and described in connection with Fig. 15) , among other examples.
[0108] In some aspects, a reader includes means for receiving a D2R signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system; and / or means for transmitting a message that includes an indication disallowing access by a device associated with the D2R signal for a duration based on satisfaction of one or more conditions. In some aspects, the means for the reader to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 255, processing system 245, processing system 110, communication manager 114, communication interface 116, processing system 112, communication manager 118, communication interface 120, a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, one or more antennas, one or more modems, a reception component (for example, reception component 1602 depicted and described in connection with Fig. 16) , and / or a transmission component (for example, transmission component 1604 depicted and described in connection with Fig. 16) , among other examples.
[0109] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating examples 400, 410, and 420 associated with different types of A-IoT devices, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0110] Example 400 illustrates components of a passive A-IoT device. As shown, passive A-IoT devices may include an energy harvester 425 and a passive radio 430. For example, the passive radio 430 may be configured to backscatter a CW. For example, passive A-IoT devices may not include energy storage. The passive A-IoT devices may harvest energy (e.g., via the energy harvester 425) to power the passive radio 430 to enable the passive radio 430 to perform reception and transmission operations.
[0111] Example 410 illustrates components of a semi-passive A-IoT device. As shown, semi-passive A-IoT devices may include an energy harvester 440, an energy storage 450, and / or a low-complexity semi-passive radio 460. For example, the low-complexity semi-passive radio 460 may be configured to harvest energy from a CW using the energy harvester 440, store energy from a CW using the energy storage 450, and / or backscatter a CW.
[0112] Example 420 illustrates components of an active A-IoT device. As shown, active A-IoT devices may include an energy harvester 440, an energy storage 450, and / or a low-complexity (for example, low-cost) active radio 470. For example, the low-complexity active radio 470 may be configured to harvest energy from a CW using the energy harvester 440, store energy from a CW using the energy storage 450, and / or backscatter a CW.
[0113] A-IoT devices may be categorized into at least three device types: device 1, device 2a, and device 2b. Device 1 type A-IoT devices may include at least some passive and / or semi-passive devices. Device 1 type A-IoT devices may have approximately 1 microwatt (μW) peak power consumption, support energy storage, use an initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10X parts-per-million (ppm) (for example, where X can be any suitable value) , support neither downlink nor uplink amplification, and communicate uplink transmissions by backscattering externally-provided CWs.
[0114] Device 2a type A-IoT devices may include at least some semi-passive devices, and device 2b type A-IoT devices may include active devices. Both device 2a and device 2b type A-IoT devices may have up to a few hundred μW peak power consumption, support energy storage, use an initial SFO up to 10X ppm, and support downlink and / or uplink amplification. A device 2a type A-IoT device may communicate uplink transmissions by backscattering externally-provided CWs. A device 2b type A-IoT device may have similar features as device 2a type A-IoT devices, except that device 2b type A-IoT devices may communicate uplink transmissions by internally generating the uplink transmission.
[0115] In some examples, device 1, device 2a, and / or device 2b type A-IoT devices that are located indoors may support a maximum distance of 10-50 meters, a range which may be sub-selected. In Topology 1 (for example, in which an A-IoT device may directly and bidirectionally communicate with one or more network nodes 210) and in Topology 2 (for example, in which an A-IoT device may communicate bidirectionally with an intermediate node between the A-IoT device and a network node 210) , device 1, device 2a, and / or device 2b type A-IoT devices may not support RRC states, mobility (for example, cell-selection / re-selection-like functionality) , automatic repeat request (ARQ) , or hybrid ARQ (HARQ) .
[0116] As indicated above, Fig. 4 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 4.
[0117] Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example 500 associated with backscatter communications, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0118] Some wireless communication devices may be considered IoT devices, such as A-IoT devices (sometimes referred to as ultra-light IoT devices) , or similar IoT devices. In an A-IoT system, a terminal (for example, an RF identification (RFID) device, a tag, or a similar device) may not include a battery, and the terminal may accumulate energy from radio signaling. To achieve further cost reduction and zero-power communication, wireless networks may utilize a type of A-IoT device referred to as an “ambient backscatter device” or a “backscatter device. ”
[0119] As shown in Fig. 5, a backscatter device 505 (for example, a tag or a sensor, among other examples) , which may be one example of an A-IoT device such as a passive, semi-passive, or active A-IoT device described with regard to Fig. 2 and Fig. 4, may employ a simplified hardware design (for example, including a power splitter, an energy harvester, and a microcontroller) that does not include a battery. For example, the backscatter device 505 may rely on energy harvesting for power and that may not include a radio wave generation circuit. In some examples, that the backscatter device 505 may be capable of transmitting information only by reflecting a radio wave. More particularly, the backscatter device 505 communicates with a reader 508 (for example, a UE 220, a network node 210 (e.g., the network node 210c) , a network entity (e.g., the network entity 102, the network entity 104, or the network entity 106) or another network device) by modulating a reflecting radio signal from an RF source 510 (for example, a network node 210, a UE 220, or another network device) . In some examples, the RF source 510 and the reader 508 may be the same device and / or may be co-located. For example, in some instances, the reader 508 and the RF source 510 may be associated with the same network node 210. In some examples, the backscatter device 505 may be referred to herein as a UE, such as a UE 220 (e.g., the UE 220d or the UE 220e) .
[0120] To facilitate communication of the backscatter device 505, the RF source 510 may transmit an energy harvesting wave to the backscatter device 505. The energy harvesting wave may be transmitted for a sufficient duration in order to enable a communication phase for a target range between the reader 508 and the backscatter device 505. Additionally, or alternatively, in some instances, a range between the RF source 510 and the backscatter device 505 may be limited by a minimum received power for triggering energy harvesting at the backscatter device 505, such as -20 dBm.
[0121] Once energy is sufficiently accumulated at the backscatter device 505, the backscatter device 505 may begin to reflect the radio wave that is radiated onto the backscatter device 505 via a backscatter link 515. For example, the RF source 510 may initiate a communication session (sometimes referred to as a query-response communication) with a query, which may be a modulating envelope of a CW. The backscatter device 505 may respond by backscattering of the CW. The communication session may include multiple rounds, such as for purposes of contention resolution when multiple backscatter devices respond to a query. A channel between the RF source 510 and the backscatter device 505 of the backscatter link 515 may be associated with a first backscatter link channel response value (sometimes referred to as a first backscatter link channel coefficient or a first backscatter link gain value) , hBD. As described below, the backscatter device 505 may have reflection-on periods and reflection-off periods that follow a pattern that is based at least in part on the transmission of information bits by the backscatter device 505. The reader 508 may detect the reflection pattern of the backscatter device 505 and obtain the backscatter communication information via the backscatter link 515. A channel between the reader 508 and the backscatter device 505 of the backscatter link 515 may be associated with a second backscatter link channel response value (sometimes referred to as a second backscatter link channel coefficient or a second backscatter link channel gain value) , hDU. In addition, the RF source 510 and the reader 508 may communicate (for example, reference signals and / or data signals) via a direct link 520. A channel between the RF source 510 and the reader 508 of the direct link 520 may be associated with a direct link channel response value (sometimes referred to as a direct link channel coefficient or a direct link channel gain value) , hBU shown by reference number 525.
[0122] Thus, the resulting signal received at the reader 508, which is the superposition of the signal received via the direct link 520 and the signal received via the backscatter link 515, may be denoted as y (n) . This signal, y (n) , is shown by reference number 535. As shown, when s (n) =0 (indicated by reference number 540 in the plot shown at reference number 530) , the backscatter device 505 may switch off reflection, and thus the reader 508 receives only the direct link 520 signal. When s (n) =1 (indicated by reference number 545 in the plot shown at reference number 530) , the backscatter device 505 may switch on reflection, and thus the reader 508 receives a superposition of both the direct link 520 signal and the backscatter link 515 signal. To receive the information bits transmitted by the backscatter device 505, the reader 508 may first decode x (n) based at least in part on the direct link channel response value of hBU (n) by treating the backscatter link 515 signal as interference. The reader 508 may then detect the existence of the signal component.
[0123] As indicated above, Fig. 5 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 5.
[0124] Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating examples of topologies for A-IoT devices, in accordance with the present disclosure. For example, Fig. 6 shows a first topology 600, a second topology 610, a third topology 620, and a fourth topology 630. These topologies are provided as examples and A-IoT devices may be deployed in a wireless communication network (e.g., the wireless communication network 200 or the environment 100) in other topologies in accordance with the aspects and techniques described herein. Fig. 6 shows communication between an A-IoT device 640 (e.g., an A-IoT device similar to the device (s) described in connection with Fig. 4 and / or Fig. 5) and a reader (for example, a network node 210, an intermediate node 650, an assisting node 660, and / or a UE 220, depending on the topology) . The topologies depicted in Fig. 6 may be examples of A-IoT systems. For example, the topologies may be deployed in a wireless communication network (e.g., the wireless communication network 200 or the environment 100) , such as via the cell 230c.
[0125] The first topology 600 may be referred to as Topology 1. In Topology 1, the A-IoT device 640 may directly and bidirectionally communicate with one or more network nodes 210. For example, the A-IoT 640 device and the one or more network nodes 210 may communicate A-IoT data and / or signaling. In some examples, a first network node 210 may transmit communications to the A-IoT device 640 and a second network node 210 may receive communications from the A-IoT device 640. In examples in which the A-IoT device 640 is deployed via the Topology 1, the network node 210 may be referred to as a reader (e.g., a reader as described in more detail elsewhere herein) . For example, the Topology 1 may be a network node-based (or gNb-based) reader topology.
[0126] The second topology 610 may be referred to as Topology 2. In Topology 2, the A-IoT device 640 may communicate bidirectionally with an intermediate node 650 between the A- IoT device 640 and a network node 210. The intermediate node 650 may be any suitable device that is capable of A-IoT-based communication, such as a relay, an IAB node, UE (for example, a UE 220) , a network node (e.g., a network node 210) , or repeater, among other examples. The intermediate node 650 may transfer A-IoT data and / or signaling between network node 210 and the A-IoT device. In examples in which the A-IoT device 640 is deployed via the Topology 2, the intermediate node 650 may be referred to as a reader (e.g., a reader as described in more detail elsewhere herein) . The intermediate node 650 and the network node 210 may communicate via another link, such as an access link, a backhaul link, a midhaul link, a fronthaul link, or another communication link (e.g., and may communicate data and / or signaling (e.g., control signaling) via the other link) . In some examples, in the Topology 2, the network node 210 may be referred to as a controller, such as a reader controller.
[0127] The third topology 620 may be referred to as Topology 3. In some examples, in Topology 3, the A-IoT 640 device may transmit A-IoT data and / or signaling to a network node 210 and receive A-IoT data and / or signaling from an assisting node 660. In some examples, in Topology 3, the A-IoT device 640 may receive A-IoT data and / or signaling from the network node 210 and transmit A-IoT data and / or signaling to the assisting node 660. The assisting node may be any suitable device that is capable of ambient IoT, such as a relay, an IAB node, UE (for example, a UE 220) , a network node (e.g., a network node 210) , or repeater, among other examples. In examples in which the A-IoT device 640 is deployed via the Topology 3, both the network node 210 and the assisting node 660 may be referred to as a reader (e.g., a reader as described in more detail elsewhere herein) . The assisting node 660 and the network node 210 may communicate via another link, such as an access link, a backhaul link, a midhaul link, a fronthaul link, or another communication link (e.g., and may communicate data and / or signaling (e.g., control signaling) via the other link) .
[0128] The fourth topology 630 may be referred to as Topology 4. In Topology 4, the A-IoT device 640 may bidirectionally communicate with a UE (e.g., a UE 220) . For example, the A-IoT device 640 and the UE 220 may communicate A-IoT data and / or signaling. In examples in which the A-IoT device 640 is deployed via the Topology 4, the UE 220 may be referred to as a reader (e.g., a reader as described in more detail elsewhere herein) .
[0129] As indicated above, Fig. 6 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 6.
[0130] Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating examples of A-IoT deployment scenarios, in accordance with the present disclosure. For example, Fig. 7 shows a first A-IoT deployment scenario 700, a second A-IoT deployment scenario 710, and a third A-IoT deployment scenario 720. The A-IoT deployment scenarios shown in Fig. 7 are provided as examples and A-IoT devices may be deployed in a wireless communication network (e.g., the wireless communication network 200 or the environment 100) in other A-IoT deployment scenarios in accordance with the aspects and techniques described herein. Fig. 7 shows communication between an A-IoT device (e.g., an A-IoT device similar to the device (s) described in connection with Fig. 4 and / or Fig. 5) and a reader, CW emitter, or combined reader and CW emitter (for example, one or more network nodes 210, intermediate nodes 650, assisting nodes 660, and / or UEs 220, depending on the topology) . The deployment scenarios depicted in Fig. 7 may be examples of A-IoT systems. For example, the deployment scenarios may be implemented in a wireless communication network (e.g., the wireless communication network 200 or the environment 100) , such as via the cell 230c.
[0131] The first deployment scenario 700 may be referred to as Scenario D1T1-A2, which is an example of a CW inside topology. In Scenario D1T1-A2, the A-IoT device (shown by a circular node labelled “D” ) may communicate with a combined reader and CW emitter (shown by a circular node labelled “R / CW” ) , where the reader and CW emitter may be combined within one node used for D2R, R2D, and CW-to-device (CW2D) communication. In some examples, Scenario D1T1-A2 may support device 1 and device 2a type A-IoT devices. In some examples, Scenario D1T1-A2 may be used in a factory scenario, where legacy UEs may be outdoor-only (e.g., covered by an outdoor macro network node) and indoor UEs (e.g., the A-IoT device) may be covered by other frequency bands by the combined reader and CW emitter.
[0132] The second deployment scenario 710 may be referred to as Scenario D1T1-B, which is an example of a CW outside topology. In Scenario D1T1-B, the A-IoT device (shown by a circular node labelled “D” ) may communicate with a reader node (shown by a circular node labelled “R” ) and a separate CW emitter (shown by a circular node labelled “CW” ) . Accordingly, the A-IoT device may receive CW2D signals from the CW emitter node, may receive R2D signals from the reader node, and may transmit D2R signals to the reader node. In some examples, Scenario D1T1-B may support device 1 and device 2a type A-IoT devices.
[0133] The third deployment scenario 720 may be referred to as Scenario D2T2-A2, which is another example of a CW inside topology. In Scenario D2T2-A2, the A-IoT device (shown by a circular node labelled “D” ) may communicate with a combined reader and CW emitter (shown by a circular node labelled “R / CW” ) , where the reader and CW emitter may be combined within one node used for D2R, R2D, and CW2D communication, similar to Scenario D1T1-A2. Furthermore, in Scenario D2T2-A2, a base station (shown by a circular node labelled “BS” ) may communicate with the reader node. In some examples, Scenario D2T2-A2 may support device 1 and device 2a type A-IoT devices. In some examples, Scenario D2T2-A2 may be used in a smart home scenario, where legacy UEs may be outdoor-only (e.g., covered by an outdoor macro network node) and indoor UEs (e.g., the A-IoT device) may be covered by other frequency bands by the combined reader and CW emitter.
[0134] As indicated above, Fig. 7 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 7.
[0135] Fig. 8 is a diagram illustrating examples 800, 810, and 820 of randomly selecting a device to access a reader in an A-IoT system, in accordance with the present disclosure. As described herein, examples 800 and 810 correspond to CW inside deployment scenarios, where a reader and a CW emitter are combined within a single node for R2D, D2R, and CW2D communication (e.g., Scenario D1T1-A2 and / or Scenario D2T2-A2 described above with reference to Fig. 7, or other CW inside scenarios such as Scenario D1T1-A1 or Scenario D2T2-A1) , and example 820 corresponds to a CW outside deployment scenario, where a reader is provided in a first node for R2D and D2R communication and a CW emitter is provided in a separate second node for CW2D communication (e.g., Scenario D1T1-B described above with reference to Fig. 7, or other CW outside scenarios such as Scenario D2T2-B) .
[0136] As described herein, an A-IoT system may include a micro base station that includes a reader and an associated CW emitter, which may be provided in a single node (e.g., in a CW inside deployment scenario) or in separate nodes (e.g., in a CW outside deployment scenario) . Furthermore, in some examples, a deployment scenario may be associated with a topology that includes multiple (micro) base stations partitioned into different groups. For example, Fig. 8 illustrates example topologies where the base stations are partitioned into two groups that have equal numbers of nodes arranged in respective grids or patterns. For example, as shown in Fig. 8, a first group includes a first set of 9 nodes arranged in a 3×3 grid and a second group includes a second set of 9 nodes arranged in a 3×3 grid. In some examples, one base station may be active in each group. For example, a first base station (e.g., a combined reader and CW emitter node or a reader node paired with a CW emitter node) may be active in the first group and a second base station may be active in the second group, where a separation between the active base stations may be a fixed distance (e.g., 60 meters) . Furthermore, in CW outside topologies, the CW node that is nearest to the active reader may be activated.
[0137] Accordingly, when multiple readers are activated at the same time, an A-IoT device (e.g., UE1 and / or UE2 in Fig. 8) connected to an outdoor macro network node may access one of the active readers based on an access control policy. For example, an active reader may transmit an R2D signal, and an A-IoT device that accesses the reader may be randomly selected from a set of candidate A-IoT devices with an R2D receiving power that satisfies a receiver sensitivity threshold (e.g., -36 dBm) . As a result, a maximum distance distribution between an A-IoT device and an active reader can reach up to the fixed separation distance between the active reader nodes (e.g., 60 meters) . However, R2D and D2R outage probabilities may be high at the maximum distance distribution (e.g., a 30%R2D outage probability and a 50%D2R outage probability) based on an SNR requirement (e.g., 10 dB) for R2D communication and / or D2R communication. Although the R2D and D2R outage probabilities could be reduced if an A-IoT device were to access a different reader located closer to the A-IoT device, an access control policy that allows an A-IoT device to access a reader when an R2D receiving power satisfies the threshold receiver sensitivity prevents the A-IoT device from accessing another reader that may provide better performance. For example, reducing the maximum distance between an A-IoT device and a reader from 60 meters to 15 meters may reduce the R2D and D2R outage probabilities to less than 10%.
[0138] Accordingly, as described in further detail herein with reference to Figs. 9A-9B, Fig. 10, and Fig. 11, various aspects relate generally to A-IoT access control techniques that may prevent an A-IoT device from accessing a first reader when one or more conditions are satisfied, such that the A-IoT device may access a second (different) reader that may be located closer to the A-IoT device. For example, the access control techniques may be implemented according to an access control decision at an A-IoT device, which may determine whether to respond to an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure based on one or more conditions. For example, when the A-IoT device receives an R2D signal associated with the contention-based access procedure from a reader, the A-IoT device may decide to not respond to the R2D signal (or any other R2D signals from the same reader) for a duration in cases where a number of attempted D2R transmissions to the reader satisfies (e.g., equals or exceeds) a threshold and / or a maximum transmission timing for allowed D2R transmissions to the reader has expired without receiving a response from the reader for the corresponding D2R transmission. Additionally, or alternatively, when the A-IoT device receives an R2D signal associated with the contention-based access procedure, the A-IoT device may decide to not respond to the R2D signal in cases where a measurement associated with the R2D signal fails to satisfy (e.g., is below) a threshold. Additionally, or alternatively, the access control techniques may be implemented according to an access control decision at the reader. For example, when the reader receives a D2R signal associated with the contention-based access procedure from an A-IoT device, the reader may transmit a response message barring or disallowing the A-IoT device from accessing the reader for a duration based on one or more conditions. For example, the reader may transmit a response message barring or disallowing the A-IoT device from accessing the reader for the duration based on a measurement associated with the D2R signal failing to satisfy (e.g., being below) a threshold, based on a device type associated with the A-IoT device, and / or based on a device capability associated with the A-IoT device. Additionally, or alternatively, the reader may control the access that the A-IoT device has to the reader by transmitting the response message using a suitable transmission power (e.g., transmitting the response message at a relatively high power, thereby increasing the probability that the A-IoT device will access the reader, if the measurement associated with the D2R signal satisfies a threshold, or transmitting the response message at a relatively low power, thereby reducing the probability that the A-IoT device will access the reader, if the measurement associated with the D2R signal fails to satisfy the threshold) .
[0139] As indicated above, Fig. 8 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 8.
[0140] Figs. 9A-9B are diagrams illustrating examples 900A and 900B associated with access control for an A-IoT system according to a device-side determination, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in Figs. 9A and 9B, a first reader 905, a second reader 910, and an A-IoT device 915 may communicate with each other. The first reader 905 and the second reader 910 may each be a network entity (e.g., the network entity 102, the network entity 104, or the network entity 106) , a UE 220, a network node 210, an intermediate node (e.g., the intermediate node 650) , and / or an assisting node (e.g., the assisting node 660) , among other examples. The A-IoT device 915 may be a network entity, a device with energy harvesting capabilities, A-IoT device 640, UE 220, a RedCap UE, a backscatter device (e.g., the backscatter device 505) , the network entity 102, the network entity 104, or the network entity 106, among other examples. In some aspects, the readers 905, 910 and the A-IoT device 915 may be part of a wireless network (e.g., the environment 100 and / or the wireless communication network 200, such as within cell 230c) .
[0141] As shown in Fig. 9A, and by reference number 920, the first reader 905 may transmit, and the A-IoT device 915 may receive, an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure. For example, in some aspects, the first reader 905, the second reader 910, and the A-IoT device 915 may communicate in an A-IoT system where responses to R2D signals and / or D2R signals may be expected from multiple devices to be identified. Accordingly, in some aspects, the first reader 905 and the second reader 910 may be configured to transmit R2D signals to initiate or trigger an A-IoT contention-based access procedure such that readers and A-IoT devices may identify and communicate with one another. For example, in some aspects, the A-IoT contention based access procedure may be based on a slotted ALOHA protocol, a three-step contention-based random access (CBRA) procedure using a randomly generated identifier (ID) with a fixed size (e.g., 16 bits) , a two-step CBRA procedure where an A-IoT device transmits a msg1 with a random ID (e.g., fixed at 16 bits) that is echoed in a msg2 transmitted by a reader, and / or a four-step CBRA that may be similar to a four-step contention-based RACH procedure. Accordingly, as shown in Fig. 9A, the R2D signal transmitted by the first reader 905 may be an A-IoT paging message (msg0) that initiates or triggers a contention-based access procedure or a response message (msg2) that the first reader 905 transmits in response to a D2R signal corresponding to a first message (msg1) in a contention-based access procedure. Furthermore, as shown in Fig. 9A and described herein, the R2D signal transmitted by the first reader 905 may include an identifier associated with the first reader 905.
[0142] In some aspects, the A-IoT device 915 may determine whether to respond to the R2D signal received from the first reader 905 based on one or more conditions. In some aspects, the one or more conditions may include the number of attempted transmissions of a message in response to the R2D signal satisfying (e.g., equaling or exceeding) a threshold corresponding to a maximum number of allowed transmissions of the message. For example, if the R2D signal received from the first reader 905 is msg0 triggering or initiating a contention-based access procedure, the A-IoT device 915 may respond to the R2D signal if the number of attempted msg1 transmissions to the reader does not exceed the maximum number of allowed msg1 transmissions. Similarly, if the R2D signal received from the first reader 905 is msg2 in the contention-based access procedure, the A-IoT device 915 may respond to the R2D signal if the number of attempted msg3 transmissions to the reader does not exceed the maximum number of allowed msg3 transmissions. In some aspects, the threshold corresponding to the maximum number of allowed msg1 and / or msg3 transmissions may be based on configuration information stored at the A-IoT device 915 (e.g., based on the threshold being specified or otherwise defined in a wireless communication standard) . Additionally, or alternatively, the threshold corresponding to the maximum number of allowed msg1 and / or msg3 transmissions may be configured or indicated in the R2D signal (e.g., the maximum number of allowed msg1 transmissions may be configured or indicated in msg0 and the maximum number of allowed msg3 transmissions may be configured or indicated in msg2) . As shown by reference number 925 in Fig. 9A, the A-IoT device 915 may determine that the number of attempted transmissions in response to the R2D signal satisfies (e.g., does not equal or exceed) the threshold. Accordingly, as shown by reference number 930, the A-IoT device 915 may transmit a message (e.g., msg1 / msg3) to the first reader 905 in response to the R2D signal from the first reader 905.
[0143] As further shown in Fig. 9A, and by reference number 935, the first reader 905 may retransmit the R2D signal with the same reader identifier one or more times (e.g., based on not receiving the response message transmitted by the A-IoT device 915) . For example, the first reader 905 may transmit the reader identifier among one or more R2D signals transmitted by the first reader 905 such that the A-IoT device 915 may identify the first reader 905. Alternatively, in some cases, the first reader 905 may receive the response message transmitted by the A-IoT device 915 and decide to not respond to the message from the A-IoT device 915 (e.g., based on the response message being received during a duration or time period when the first reader 905 disallows access by the A-IoT device 915 (e.g., as described below with reference to Figs. 11A-11B) . Furthermore, as shown by reference number 940, the A-IoT device 915 may attempt one or more additional transmissions of the response to the R2D signal as long as the number of attempted transmissions of the response to the R2D signal does not equal or exceed the maximum number of allowed transmissions for the appropriate message. As further shown in Fig. 9A, and by reference number 945, the number of attempted transmissions of the response to the R2D signal without receiving a response from the first reader 905 may reach the maximum number of allowed transmissions. Accordingly, as shown by reference number 950, the A-IoT device 915 may determine that a condition for responding to additional R2D signals from the first reader 905 is not satisfied (or that a condition for not responding to additional R2D signals from the first reader 905 is satisfied) , and may therefore refrain from responding to any additional R2D signals received from the first reader 905 for a duration, which may be referred to as a forbidden duration or using other suitable terminology. In some aspects, the duration during which the A-IoT device 915 does not respond to R2D signals from the first reader 905 may be based on configuration information stored at the A-IoT device 915 (e.g., based on the duration being specified or otherwise defined in a wireless communication standard) . Additionally, or alternatively, the duration may have a length that is configured or indicated in the R2D signal (e.g., in msg0 and / or msg2) .
[0144] Accordingly, as shown by reference number 955, the first reader 905 may transmit a paging signal, msg0, or another suitable R2D signal associated with the contention-based access procedure, and the A-IoT device 915 may refrain from transmitting a response to the R2D signal based on the R2D signal being received during the forbidden duration. In this way, the A-IoT device 915 may avoid connecting to the first reader 905, and may potentially connect to a different reader 910 that may provide better R2D and / or D2R performance than the first reader 905. For example, as shown by reference number 960, the second reader 910 may transmit, and the A-IoT device 915 may receive, an R2D signal associated with the contention-based access procedure during the duration when the A-IoT device 915 is forbidden from accessing or responding to the first reader 905. As shown by reference number 965, the A-IoT device 915 may transmit a response to the R2D signal based on the number of attempted transmissions to the second reader 910 satisfying (e.g., not equaling or exceeding) the threshold corresponding to the maximum number of allowed transmission attempts to the second reader 910. In this way, if the A-IoT device 915 receives a response from the second reader 910, the A-IoT device 915 and the second reader 910 may complete the contention-based access procedure, which may provide better performance than if the A-IoT device 915 were to complete the contention-based access procedure with the first reader 910.
[0145] Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more conditions that the A-IoT device 915 evaluates to determine whether to respond to the R2D signal from a reader (e.g., the first reader 905 or the second reader 910) may include the maximum allowed duration for a D2R message (e.g., msg1 or msg3) not having expired. For example, as shown by reference number 970 in Fig. 9B, a timer may be started when an R2D signal is transmitted by a reader (e.g., the first reader 905 in Fig. 9B) . Accordingly, if the A-IoT device 915 receives an R2D signal before the maximum allowed duration for a D2R message has expired, the A-IoT device 915 may determine that a condition for responding to the R2D signal is satisfied and transmit the D2R message in response to the R2D signal. Alternatively, if the maximum allowed duration for a D2R message to the reader 905 has expired with no response from the reader 905, the A-IoT device 915 may determine that the condition for responding to the R2D signal is not satisfied (or that a condition for not responding to the R2D signal is satisfied) , and may refrain from transmitting the D2R message in response to the R2D signal (e.g., for the duration shown by reference number 950) . In some aspects, the duration corresponding to the maximum allowed timing for a msg1 and / or msg3 transmission may be based on configuration information stored at the A-IoT device 915 (e.g., based on the duration having a length that is specified or otherwise defined in a wireless communication standard) . Additionally, or alternatively, the duration corresponding to the maximum allowed timing for a msg1 and / or msg3 transmission may be configured or indicated in the R2D signal (e.g., the maximum allowed timing for a msg1 transmission may be configured or indicated in msg0 and the maximum allowed timing for a msg3 transmission may be configured or indicated in msg2) . In some aspects, the condition related to the maximum allowed timing for a msg1 and / or msg3 transmission may be applied, instead of the condition related to the maximum number of allowed transmission attempts for msg1 and / or msg3. Alternatively, the condition related to the maximum allowed timing for a msg1 and / or msg3 transmission may be applied in combination with the condition related to the maximum number of allowed transmission attempts for msg1 and / or msg3 (e.g., where the A-IoT device 910 may respond to an R2D signal only if the maximum number of allowed msg1 / msg3 transmission attempts has not been exceeded and the maximum allowed timing for msg1 / msg3 transmissions has not expired) .
[0146] As indicated above, Figs. 9A-9B are provided as examples. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Figs. 9A-9B.
[0147] Fig. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with access control for an A-IoT system according to a device-side determination, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 10, a first reader 1005, a second reader 1010, and an A-IoT device 1015 may communicate with each other. The first reader 1005 and the second reader 1010 may each be a network entity (e.g., the network entity 102, the network entity 104, or the network entity 106) , a UE 220, a network node 210, an intermediate node (e.g., the intermediate node 650) , and / or an assisting node (e.g., the assisting node 660) , among other examples. The A-IoT device 1015 may be a network entity, a device with energy harvesting capabilities, A-IoT device 640, UE 220, a RedCap UE, a backscatter device (e.g., the backscatter device 505) , the network entity 102, the network entity 104, or the network entity 106, among other examples. In some aspects, the readers 1005, 1010 and the A-IoT device 1015 may be part of a wireless network (e.g., the environment 100 and / or the wireless communication network 200, such as within cell 230c) .
[0148] As shown in Fig. 10, and by reference number 1020, the first reader 1005 may transmit, and the A-IoT device 1015 may receive, an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure. For example, in some aspects, the first reader 1005, the second reader 1010, and the A-IoT device 1015 may communicate in an A-IoT system where responses to R2D signals and / or D2R signals may be expected from multiple devices to be identified. Accordingly, in some aspects, the first reader 1005 and the second reader 1010 may be configured to transmit R2D signals to initiate or trigger an A-IoT contention-based access procedure such that readers and A-IoT devices may identify and communicate with one another. For example, in some aspects, the A-IoT contention based access procedure may be based on a slotted ALOHA protocol, a three-step CBRA procedure using a randomly generated ID with a fixed size (e.g., 16 bits) , a two-step CBRA procedure where an A-IoT device transmits a msg1 with a random ID (e.g., fixed at 16 bits) that is echoed in a msg2 transmitted by a reader, and / or a four-step CBRA that may be similar to a four-step contention-based RACH procedure. Accordingly, as shown in Fig. 10, the R2D signal transmitted by the first reader 1005 may be an A-IoT paging message (msg0) that initiates or triggers a contention-based access procedure.
[0149] In some aspects, the A-IoT device 1015 may determine whether to respond to the R2D signal received from the first reader 1005 based on one or more conditions. In some aspects, the one or more conditions may include the R2D signal having a measurement that satisfies a threshold. For example, as shown by reference number 1025, the A-IoT device 1015 may measure the R2D signal (e.g., may obtain an RSRP measurement, an RSSI measurement, or a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) measurement) , and may determine whether to transmit a message or refrain from transmitting the message based on whether the measurement of the R2D signal satisfies or fails to satisfy a threshold. For example, as shown by reference number 1030, the A-IoT device 1015 may not respond to the R2D signal based on the measurement failing to satisfy (e.g., failing to equal or exceed) the threshold. In some aspects, the threshold for evaluating the measurement of the R2D signal may be based on configuration information stored at the A-IoT device 1015 (e.g., based on the threshold being specified or otherwise defined in a wireless communication standard) . Additionally, or alternatively, the threshold for evaluating the measurement of the R2D signal may be configured or indicated in the R2D signal (e.g., the threshold may be configured or indicated in msg0 triggering or initiating the contention-based access procedure) .
[0150] Accordingly, as further shown in Fig. 10, and by reference number 1035, the second reader 1010 may transmit, and the A-IoT device 1015 may receive, an R2D signal associated with the contention-based access procedure. For example, the R2D signal transmitted by the second reader 1010 may be an A-IoT paging message (msg0) that initiates or triggers a contention-based access procedure. In some aspects, as shown by reference number 1040, the A-IoT device 1015 may measure the R2D signal (e.g., may obtain an RSRP measurement, an RSSI measurement, or an SINR measurement) received from the second reader 1010, and may determine whether to transmit a message or refrain from transmitting the message based on whether the measurement of the R2D signal satisfies or fails to satisfy a threshold. For example, as shown by reference number 1045, the A-IoT device 1015 may determine that the measurement of the R2D signal satisfies (e.g., equals or exceeds) the threshold. In some aspects, the threshold for evaluating the measurement of the R2D signal may be based on configuration information stored at the A-IoT device 1015 (e.g., based on the threshold being specified or otherwise defined in a wireless communication standard) . Additionally, or alternatively, the threshold for evaluating the measurement of the R2D signal may be configured or indicated in the R2D signal received from the second reader 1010 (e.g., the reader 1010 may configure the same or a different threshold than the first reader 1005) .
[0151] In some aspects, the condition related to the measurement of the R2D signal may be applied instead of the conditions related to the maximum number of allowed transmission attempts for msg1 and / or msg3 and / or the maximum allowed timing for a msg1 and / or msg3 transmission with no response from the first reader 1005 for the corresponding D2R transmission, as described with reference to Figs. 9A-9B. Alternatively, the condition related to the measurement of the R2D signal may be applied in combination with the condition related to the maximum number of allowed transmission attempts for msg1 and / or msg3 and / or the maximum allowed timing for a msg1 and / or msg3 transmission. For example, in some aspects, the A-IoT device 1010 may respond to an R2D signal only if the maximum number of allowed msg1 / msg3 transmission attempts has not been exceeded, the maximum allowed timing for msg1 / msg3 transmissions has not expired, and / or the measurement of the R2D signal satisfies a threshold. In another example, the A-IoT device 1015 may start a timer if the maximum number of allowed msg1 / msg3 transmission attempts to a reader has been exceeded or the maximum allowed timing for msg1 / msg3 transmissions to a reader has expired and no response has been received from the reader for the corresponding D2R transmission, and may refrain from transmitting a response to an R2D signal from the reader if the timer has not expired and / or the measurement of the R2D signal fails to satisfy the applicable threshold.
[0152] As indicated above, Fig. 10 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 10.
[0153] Fig. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example 1100 associated with access control for an A-IoT system according to a reader-side determination, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 11, a first reader 1105, a second reader 1110, and an A-IoT device 1115 may communicate with each other. The first reader 1105 and the second reader 1110 may each be a network entity (e.g., the network entity 102, the network entity 104, or the network entity 106) , a UE 220, a network node 210, an intermediate node (e.g., the intermediate node 650) , and / or an assisting node (e.g., the assisting node 660) , among other examples. The A-IoT device 1115 may be a network entity, a device with energy harvesting capabilities, A-IoT device 640, UE 220, a RedCap UE, a backscatter device (e.g., the backscatter device 505) , the network entity 102, the network entity 104, or the network entity 106, among other examples. In some aspects, the readers 1105, 1110 and the A-IoT device 1115 may be part of a wireless network (e.g., the environment 100 and / or the wireless communication network 200, such as within cell 230c) .
[0154] As shown in Fig. 11, and by reference number 1120, the first reader 1105 may transmit, and the A-IoT device 1115 may receive, an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure. For example, in some aspects, the first reader 1105, the second reader 1110, and the A-IoT device 1115 may communicate in an A-IoT system where responses to R2D signals and / or D2R signals may be expected from multiple devices to be identified. Accordingly, in some aspects, the first reader 1105 and the second reader 1110 may be configured to transmit R2D signals to initiate or trigger an A-IoT contention-based access procedure such that readers and A-IoT devices may identify and communicate with one another. For example, in some aspects, the A-IoT contention based access procedure may be based on a slotted ALOHA protocol, a three-step CBRA procedure using a randomly generated ID with a fixed size (e.g., 16 bits) , a two-step CBRA procedure where an A-IoT device transmits a msg1 with a random ID (e.g., fixed at 16 bits) that is echoed in a msg2 transmitted by a reader, and / or a four-step CBRA that may be similar to a four-step contention-based RACH procedure. Accordingly, as shown in Fig. 11, the R2D signal transmitted by the first reader 1105 may be an A-IoT paging message (msg0) that initiates or triggers a contention-based access procedure or a response message (msg2) that the first reader 1105 transmits in response to a D2R signal corresponding to a first message (msg1) in a contention-based access procedure. Furthermore, as shown in Fig. 11 and described herein, the R2D signal transmitted by the first reader 1105 may include an identifier associated with the first reader 1105.
[0155] As further shown in Fig. 11, and by reference number 1125, the A-IoT device 1115 may transmit a message in response to the R2D signal. For example, if the R2D signal transmitted by the first reader 1105 is an A-IoT paging message (msg0) that initiates or triggers a contention-based access procedure, the message transmitted by the A-IoT device 1115 may be a D2R signal corresponding to msg1 of the contention-based access procedure. Alternatively, if the R2D signal transmitted by the first reader 1105 is msg2 of the contention-based access procedure, the message transmitted by the A-IoT device 1115 may be a D2R signal corresponding to msg3 of the contention-based access procedure.
[0156] In some aspects, as shown by reference number 1130, the first reader 1105 may make an access control decision for the A-IoT device 1115 based on the received D2R signal. For example, in some aspects, the one or more conditions may include a measurement associated with the D2R signal satisfying a threshold, the A-IoT device 1115 having an allowed device type (e.g., a device 1, device 2a, and / or device 2b type) , and / or the A-IoT device 1115 having one or more device capabilities. In some aspects, the type of the A-IoT device 1115 and / or the one or more device capabilities of the A-IoT device 1115 may be indicated (e.g., explicitly or implicitly) by the D2R signal. For example, in some aspects, the type of the A-IoT device 1115 and / or the one or more device capabilities of the A-IoT device 1115 may be implicitly indicated based on whether the D2R signal is a backscattered signal, based on a power of the D2R signal, based on an SFO associated with the D2R signal, or the like. Additionally, or alternatively, the type of the A-IoT device 1115 and / or the one or more device capabilities of the A-IoT device 1115 may be explicitly indicated by the D2R signal or another message (e.g., previously) transmitted by the A-IoT device 1115.
[0157] Accordingly, in some aspects, the first reader 1105 may make an access control decision that the A-IoT device 1115 is disallowed (e.g., barred or forbidden) from accessing the first reader 1105 based on a measurement of the D2R signal, such as an RSRP, RSSI, or SINR measurement, failing to satisfy (e.g., failing to equal or exceed) a threshold. Additionally, or alternatively, in some aspects, the first reader 1105 may make an access control decision that the A-IoT device 1115 is disallowed (e.g., barred or forbidden) from accessing the first reader 1105 based on the A-IoT device 1115 having or not having a certain device type or device capability. In some aspects, the threshold for evaluating the measurement of the D2R signal may be based on configuration information stored at the first reader 1105 (e.g., based on the threshold being specified or otherwise defined in a wireless communication standard and / or based on an implementation of the first reader 1105) . Additionally, or alternatively, the threshold for evaluating the measurement of the D2R signal may be configured or indicated by a network node (not shown in Fig. 11) . For example, in some aspects, the network node may configure or indicate the threshold for evaluating the measurement of the D2R signal using RRC signaling or a dynamic indication, such as a MAC-CE, DCI, or other suitable control signaling.
[0158] Accordingly, as shown by reference number 1135, the first reader 1105 may determine that the D2R signal from the A-IoT device 1115 fails to satisfy a condition for accessing the first reader 1105, and may transmit a message to the A-IoT device 1115 disallowing the A-IoT device 1115 from accessing the first reader 1105 for a duration. For example, if the D2R signal received from the A-IoT device 1115 is msg1 of the contention-based access procedure, the message transmitted to the A-IoT device 1115 may be msg2 with a special negative acknowledgement (NACK) disallowing the A-IoT device 1115 from accessing the first reader 1105. Alternatively, if the D2R signal received from the A-IoT device 1115 is msg3 of the contention-based access procedure, the message transmitted to the A-IoT device 1115 may be msg4 with a special NACK disallowing the A-IoT device 1115 from accessing the first reader 1105. In some aspects, the special NACK may disallow the A-IoT device 1115 from accessing the first reader 1105 for a forbidden duration, shown by reference number 1140. In some aspects, the duration during which the A-IoT device 1115 is forbidden from accessing the first reader 1105 may be based on configuration information stored at the A-IoT device 1115 (e.g., based on the duration being specified or otherwise defined in a wireless communication standard) . Additionally, or alternatively, the duration may have a length that is configured or indicated in the R2D signal (e.g., in msg2 and / or msg4) with the special NACK. For example, the same duration may be configured for all A-IoT devices that are disallowed from accessing the first reader 1105, or the first reader 1105 may indicate the duration per A-IoT device.
[0159] In some aspects, as described herein, the NACK that disallows the A-IoT device 1115 from accessing the first reader 1105 for the forbidden duration may be a dedicated indicator, such as an indicator that includes an identifier of the first reader 1105, an indication of the D2R signal received from the A-IoT device 1115, and a one-bit indicator that has a first value to indicate that A-IoT device 1115 is allowed to access the first reader 1105 or a second value to indicate that the A-IoT device 1115 is disallowed from accessing the first reader 1105 for the forbidden duration. For example, if the D2R signal is msg1 of the contention-based access procedure, the indication of the received D2R signal may be a 16-bit random number or sequence index plus a resource ID (e.g., if code division multiplexing is used) . Alternatively, if the D2R signal is msg3 of the contention-based access procedure, the indication of the received D2R signal may refer to an identifier of the A-IoT device 1115 (e.g., the whole identifier or a truncated version of the identifier of the A-IoT device 1115) . Alternatively, the NACK that disallows the A-IoT device 1115 from accessing the first reader 1105 for the forbidden duration may include the identifier of the first reader 1105, the indication of the D2R signal received from the A-IoT device 1115, the one-bit indicator of whether the A-IoT device 1115 is allowed or disallowed access to the first reader 1105, and an indication of the forbidden duration.
[0160] In some aspects, as described herein, the NACK that disallows the A-IoT device 1115 from accessing the first reader 1105 for the forbidden duration may be an implicit indicator. For example, in some aspects, the implicit indicator may indicate the length of the forbidden duration, where the A-IoT device 1115 may be allowed to access the first reader 1105 only if a zero value is indicated for the forbidden duration. Otherwise, if a non-zero value is indicated for the forbidden duration, the A-IoT device 1115 is disallowed from accessing the first reader 1105 for the non-zero forbidden duration. Additionally, or alternatively, the implicit indicator may be provided based on a resource allocation of the R2D signal transmitted to the A-IoT device 1115. For example, if the R2D signal is msg2 of the contention-based access procedure, and the R2D signal includes an indication of a received msg1 transmission without providing a resource allocation for a msg3 transmission, the A-IoT device 1115 may be disallowed from accessing the first reader 1105 for the forbidden duration. Additionally, or alternatively, the first reader 1105 may control power of an associated CW emitter or turn off the CW emitter located closest to the A-IoT device 1115. Additionally, or alternatively, the first reader 1105 may control access that the A-IoT device 1115 has to the first reader 1105 based on a transmission power of the R2D signal transmitted to the A-IoT device 1115. For example, if the measurement of the D2R signal received from the A-IoT device 1115 fails to satisfy a threshold (e.g., X dB) , the first reader 1105 may transmit the R2D signal at a transmission power higher than the threshold (e.g., X + Δ dB, where Δ has any suitable positive value) if there is a power margin in the first reader 1105. Alternatively, if the measurement of the D2R signal satisfies the threshold X dB, the first reader 1105 can transmit using a lower transmission power (e.g., X + ΔdB, where Δ has any suitable negative value) to reduce the co-channel interference within the A-IoT system. In some aspects, the transmission power used by the first reader 1105 may be based on configuration information stored at the first reader 1105 (e.g., based on the transmission power being specified or otherwise defined in a wireless communication standard and / or based on an implementation of the first reader 1105) . Additionally, or alternatively, the transmission power used by the first reader 1105 may be configured or indicated by a network node (not shown in Fig. 11) . For example, in some aspects, the network node may configure or indicate the transmission power of the first reader 1105 using RRC signaling and / or a dynamic indication.
[0161] Accordingly, as shown by reference number 1145, the first reader 1105 may transmit a paging signal, msg0, or another suitable R2D signal associated with the contention-based access procedure, and the A-IoT device 1115 may refrain from transmitting a response to the R2D signal based on the R2D signal being received during the forbidden duration. In this way, the A-IoT device 1115 may avoid connecting to the first reader 1105, and may potentially connect to a different reader 1110 that may provide better R2D and / or D2R performance than the first reader 1105. For example, as shown by reference number 1150, the second reader 1110 may transmit, and the A-IoT device 1115 may receive, an R2D signal associated with the contention-based access procedure during the duration when the A-IoT device 1115 is forbidden from accessing or responding to the first reader 1105. As shown by reference number 1155, the A-IoT device 1115 may transmit a response to the R2D signal (e.g., based on a number of attempted transmissions to the second reader 1110 satisfying a threshold corresponding to the maximum number of allowed transmission attempts to the second reader 1110, based on the maximum allowed timing for transmissions to the second reader 1110 not expiring, and / or based on a measurement of the R2D signal from the second reader 1110 satisfying a threshold) . In this way, if the A-IoT device 1115 receives a response from the second reader 1110, the A-IoT device 1115 and the second reader 1110 may complete the contention-based access procedure, which may provide better performance than if the A-IoT device 1115 were to complete the contention-based access procedure with the first reader 1110.
[0162] As indicated above, Fig. 11 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 11.
[0163] Fig. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1200 performed, for example, at a device or an apparatus of a device, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 1200 is an example where the apparatus or the device (e.g., A-IoT device 915, A-IoT device 1015, and / or A-IoT device 1115) performs operations associated with access control for an A-IoT system.
[0164] As shown in Fig. 12, in some aspects, process 1200 may include receiving an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system (block 1210) . For example, the device (e.g., using reception component 1502 and / or communication manager 1506, depicted in Fig. 15) may receive an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system, as described above.
[0165] As further shown in Fig. 12, in some aspects, process 1200 may include transmitting a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions (block 1220) . For example, the device (e.g., using transmission component 1504 and / or communication manager 1506, depicted in Fig. 15) may transmit a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions, as described above.
[0166] Process 1200 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0167] In a first aspect, the one or more conditions include a number of attempted message transmissions to a reader associated with the contention-based access procedure satisfying a threshold.
[0168] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, the threshold is based on stored configuration information.
[0169] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the R2D signal indicates the threshold.
[0170] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, the one or more conditions include a timer for allowed message transmissions to a reader associated with the contention-based access procedure not being expired.
[0171] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, a duration of the timer is based on stored configuration information.
[0172] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, the R2D signal indicates a duration of the timer.
[0173] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, the one or more conditions include a number of attempted message transmissions to a reader associated with the R2D signal satisfying a threshold, and a timer for allowed message transmissions to the reader associated with the R2D signal not being expired.
[0174] In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, the one or more conditions include a measurement associated with the R2D signal satisfying a threshold.
[0175] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, the threshold is based on stored configuration information.
[0176] In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, the R2D signal indicates the threshold.
[0177] Although Fig. 12 shows example blocks of process 1200, in some aspects, process 1200 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Fig. 12. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1200 may be performed in parallel.
[0178] Fig. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1300 performed, for example, at a device or an apparatus of a device, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 1300 is an example where the apparatus or the device (e.g., A-IoT device 915, A-IoT device 1015, and / or A-IoT device 1115) performs operations associated with access control for an A-IoT system.
[0179] As shown in Fig. 13, in some aspects, process 1300 may include receiving an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system (block 1310) . For example, the device (e.g., using reception component 1502 and / or communication manager 1506, depicted in Fig. 15) may receive an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system, as described above.
[0180] As further shown in Fig. 13, in some aspects, process 1300 may include refraining from transmitting a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions (block 1320) . For example, the device (e.g., using communication manager 1506, depicted in Fig. 15) may refrain from transmitting a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions, as described above.
[0181] Process 1300 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0182] In a first aspect, process 1300 includes starting a first timer having a duration during which responding to a reader associated with the R2D signal is disallowed based on one or more of a number of attempted message transmissions to the reader associated with the R2D signal failing to satisfy a threshold, a second timer for allowed message transmissions to the reader associated with the R2D signal being expired, or the R2D signal including an indication disallowing access to the reader for the duration of the first timer, wherein the one or more conditions include the R2D signal being received from the reader and the first timer not being expired.
[0183] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, the threshold is based on stored configuration information.
[0184] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the R2D signal indicates the threshold.
[0185] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, a duration of the second timer is based on stored configuration information.
[0186] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, the R2D signal indicates a duration of the second timer.
[0187] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, the duration of the first timer is based on stored configuration information.
[0188] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, the R2D signal indicates the duration of the first timer.
[0189] In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, process 1300 includes determining that the condition is satisfied based on a measurement associated with the R2D signal failing to satisfy a threshold.
[0190] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, the threshold is based on stored configuration information.
[0191] In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, the R2D signal indicates the threshold.
[0192] Although Fig. 13 shows example blocks of process 1300, in some aspects, process 1300 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Fig. 13. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1300 may be performed in parallel.
[0193] Fig. 14 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1400 performed, for example, at a reader or an apparatus of a reader, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 1400 is an example where the apparatus or the reader (e.g., reader 905, reader 910, reader 1005, reader 1010, reader 1105, and / or reader 1110) performs operations associated with access control for an A-IoT system.
[0194] As shown in Fig. 14, in some aspects, process 1400 may include receiving a D2R signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system (block 1410) . For example, the reader (e.g., using reception component 1602 and / or communication manager 1606, depicted in Fig. 16) may receive a D2R signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system, as described above.
[0195] As further shown in Fig. 14, in some aspects, process 1400 may include transmitting a message that includes an indication disallowing access by a device associated with the D2R signal for a duration based on satisfaction of one or more conditions (block 1420) . For example, the reader (e.g., using transmission component 1604 and / or communication manager 1606, depicted in Fig. 16) may transmit a message that includes an indication disallowing access by a device associated with the D2R signal for a duration based on satisfaction of one or more conditions, as described above.
[0196] Process 1400 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0197] In a first aspect, the message is associated with the contention-based access procedure.
[0198] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, the one or more conditions include a measurement associated with the D2R signal failing to satisfy a threshold.
[0199] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the threshold is based on stored configuration information.
[0200] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, process 1400 includes receiving control signaling that indicates the threshold.
[0201] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, the one or more conditions include one or more of a type or a capability of the device associated with the D2R signal.
[0202] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, a length of the duration is based on stored configuration information.
[0203] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, the message indicates a length of the duration.
[0204] In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, process 1400 includes transmitting an R2D signal that triggers the contention-based access procedure and indicates a length of the duration.
[0205] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, the indication is included in a one-bit field.
[0206] In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, the indication is based on the message indicating receipt of the D2R signal without providing a resource allocation for a subsequent D2R signal.
[0207] In an eleventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through tenth aspects, process 1400 includes configuring power of a CW emitter based on the satisfaction of the one or more conditions.
[0208] In a twelfth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eleventh aspects, the one or more conditions include one or more of a measurement associated with the D2R signal failing to satisfy a threshold, a type of the device associated with the D2R signal, or a capability of the device associated with the D2R signal.
[0209] In a thirteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twelfth aspects, transmitting the message comprises transmitting the message using a transmission power that is based on a measurement associated with the D2R signal.
[0210] In a fourteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through thirteenth aspects, the transmission power is greater than a threshold based on the measurement associated with the D2R signal failing to satisfy the threshold.
[0211] In a fifteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourteenth aspects, the transmission power is less than a threshold based on the measurement associated with the D2R signal satisfying the threshold.
[0212] In a sixteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifteenth aspects, the transmission power is based on stored configuration information.
[0213] In a seventeenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixteenth aspects, process 1400 includes receiving control signaling that indicates the transmission power.
[0214] Although Fig. 14 shows example blocks of process 1400, in some aspects, process 1400 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Fig. 14. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1400 may be performed in parallel.
[0215] Fig. 15 is a diagram of an example apparatus 1500 for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure. The apparatus 1500 may be a device, or a device may include the apparatus 1500. In some aspects, the device may be an A-IoT device (such as the A-IoT device 915, the A-IoT device 1015, and / or the A-IoT device 1115) , a UE, or a network node. In some aspects, the apparatus 1500 includes a reception component 1502, a transmission component 1504, and / or a communication manager 1506, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses and / or one or more other components) . In some aspects, the communication manager 1506 is the communication manager 114, the communication manager 118, the communication manager 250, or the communication manager 255. As shown, the apparatus 1500 may communicate with another apparatus 1508, such as a UE or a network node (such as a CU, a DU, an RU, or a base station) , using the reception component 1502 and the transmission component 1504. The communication manager 1506 may be included in, or implemented via, a processing system (for example, the processing system 110, the processing system 112, the processing system 240, or the processing system 245) of the device.
[0216] In some aspects, the apparatus 1500 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with Figs. 9A-9B, Fig. 10, and / or Fig. 11. Additionally, or alternatively, the apparatus 1500 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 1200 of Fig. 12, process 1300 of Fig. 13, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the apparatus 1500 and / or one or more components shown in Fig. 15 may include one or more components of the device described in connection with Figs. 1-3. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components shown in Fig. 15 may be implemented within one or more components described in connection with Figs. 1-3. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in one or more memories. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by one or more controllers or one or more processors to perform the functions or operations of the component.
[0217] The reception component 1502 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, from the apparatus 1508. The reception component 1502 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 1500. In some aspects, the reception component 1502 may perform signal processing on the received communications, and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components of the apparatus 1500. In some aspects, the reception component 1502 may include one or more components of the device described above in connection with Figs. 1-3, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the device.
[0218] The transmission component 1504 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, to the apparatus 1508. In some aspects, one or more other components of the apparatus 1500 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to the transmission component 1504 for transmission to the apparatus 1508. In some aspects, the transmission component 1504 may perform signal processing on the generated communications, and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 1508. In some aspects, the transmission component 1504 may include one or more components of the device described above in connection with Figs. 1-3, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the device described in connection with Figs. 1-3. In some aspects, the transmission component 1504 may be co-located with the reception component 1502.
[0219] The communication manager 1506 may support operations of the reception component 1502 and / or the transmission component 1504. For example, the communication manager 1506 may receive information associated with configuring reception of communications by the reception component 1502 and / or transmission of communications by the transmission component 1504. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 1506 may generate and / or provide control information to the reception component 1502 and / or the transmission component 1504 to control reception and / or transmission of communications.
[0220] The reception component 1502 may receive an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system. The transmission component 1504 may transmit a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions.
[0221] The reception component 1502 may receive an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system. The communication manager 1506 may refrain from transmitting a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions.
[0222] The communication manager 1506 may start a first timer having a duration during which responding to a reader associated with the R2D signal is disallowed based on one or more of a number of attempted message transmissions to the reader associated with the R2D signal failing to satisfy a threshold, a second timer for allowed message transmissions to the reader associated with the R2D signal being expired, or the R2D signal including an indication disallowing access to the reader for the duration of the first timer, wherein the one or more conditions include the R2D signal being received from the reader and the first timer not being expired.
[0223] The communication manager 1506 may determine that the condition is satisfied based on a measurement associated with the R2D signal failing to satisfy a threshold.
[0224] The number and arrangement of components shown in Fig. 15 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in Fig. 15. Furthermore, two or more components shown in Fig. 15 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in Fig. 15 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in Fig. 15 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in Fig. 15.
[0225] Fig. 16 is a diagram of an example apparatus 1600 for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure. The apparatus 1600 may be a reader (such as the reader 905, the reader 910, the reader 1005, the reader 1010, the reader 1105, the reader 1110) , a UE, or a network node, or a reader, UE, or network node may include the apparatus 1600. In some aspects, the apparatus 1600 includes a reception component 1602, a transmission component 1604, and / or a communication manager 1606, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses and / or one or more other components) . In some aspects, the communication manager 1606 is the communication manager 114, the communication manager 118, or the communication manager 255. As shown, the apparatus 1600 may communicate with another apparatus 1608, such as a UE or a network node (such as a CU, a DU, an RU, or a base station) , using the reception component 1602 and the transmission component 1604. The communication manager 1606 may be included in, or implemented via, a processing system (for example, the processing system 110, the processing system 112, or the processing system 245) of the reader.
[0226] In some aspects, the apparatus 1600 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with Figs. 9A-9B, Fig. 10, and / or Fig. 11. Additionally, or alternatively, the apparatus 1600 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 1400 of Fig. 14. In some aspects, the apparatus 1600 and / or one or more components shown in Fig. 16 may include one or more components of the reader described in connection with Figs. 1-3. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components shown in Fig. 16 may be implemented within one or more components described in connection with Figs. 1-3. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in one or more memories. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by one or more controllers or one or more processors to perform the functions or operations of the component.
[0227] The reception component 1602 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, from the apparatus 1608. The reception component 1602 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 1600. In some aspects, the reception component 1602 may perform signal processing on the received communications, and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components of the apparatus 1600. In some aspects, the reception component 1602 may include one or more components of the reader described above in connection with Figs. 1-3, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the reader.
[0228] The transmission component 1604 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, to the apparatus 1608. In some aspects, one or more other components of the apparatus 1600 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to the transmission component 1604 for transmission to the apparatus 1608. In some aspects, the transmission component 1604 may perform signal processing on the generated communications, and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 1608. In some aspects, the transmission component 1604 may include one or more components of the reader described above in connection with Figs. 1-3, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the reader described in connection with Figs. 1-3. In some aspects, the transmission component 1604 may be co-located with the reception component 1602.
[0229] The communication manager 1606 may support operations of the reception component 1602 and / or the transmission component 1604. For example, the communication manager 1606 may receive information associated with configuring reception of communications by the reception component 1602 and / or transmission of communications by the transmission component 1604. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 1606 may generate and / or provide control information to the reception component 1602 and / or the transmission component 1604 to control reception and / or transmission of communications.
[0230] The reception component 1602 may receive a D2R signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system. The transmission component 1604 may transmit a message that includes an indication disallowing access by a device associated with the D2R signal for a duration based on satisfaction of one or more conditions.
[0231] The reception component 1602 may receive control signaling that indicates the threshold.
[0232] The transmission component 1604 may transmit an R2D signal that triggers the contention-based access procedure and indicates a length of the duration.
[0233] The communication manager 1606 may configure power of a CW emitter based on the satisfaction of the one or more conditions.
[0234] The reception component 1602 may receive control signaling that indicates the transmission power.
[0235] The number and arrangement of components shown in Fig. 16 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in Fig. 16. Furthermore, two or more components shown in Fig. 16 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in Fig. 16 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in Fig. 16 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in Fig. 16.
[0236] The following provides an overview of some Aspects of the present disclosure:
[0237] Aspect 1: A method of wireless communication performed by a device, comprising: receiving an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system; and transmitting a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions.
[0238] Aspect 2: The method of Aspect 1, wherein the one or more conditions include a number of attempted message transmissions to a reader associated with the contention-based access procedure satisfying a threshold.
[0239] Aspect 3: The method of Aspect 2, wherein the threshold is based on stored configuration information.
[0240] Aspect 4: The method of Aspect 2, wherein the R2D signal indicates the threshold.
[0241] Aspect 5: The method of any of Aspects 1-4, wherein the one or more conditions include a timer for allowed message transmissions to a reader associated with the contention-based access procedure not being expired.
[0242] Aspect 6: The method of Aspect 5, wherein a duration of the timer is based on stored configuration information.
[0243] Aspect 7: The method of Aspect 5, wherein the R2D signal indicates a duration of the timer.
[0244] Aspect 8: The method of any of Aspects 1-7, wherein the one or more conditions include: a number of attempted message transmissions to a reader associated with the R2D signal satisfying a threshold, and a timer for allowed message transmissions to the reader associated with the R2D signal not being expired.
[0245] Aspect 9: The method of any of Aspects 1-8, wherein the one or more conditions include a measurement associated with the R2D signal satisfying a threshold.
[0246] Aspect 10: The method of Aspect 9, wherein the threshold is based on stored configuration information.
[0247] Aspect 11: The method of Aspect 9, wherein the R2D signal indicates the threshold.
[0248] Aspect 12: A method of wireless communication performed by a device, comprising: receiving an R2D signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system; and refraining from transmitting a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions.
[0249] Aspect 13: The method of Aspect 12, further comprising: starting a first timer having a duration during which responding to a reader associated with the R2D signal is disallowed based on one or more of: a number of attempted message transmissions to the reader associated with the R2D signal failing to satisfy a threshold, a second timer for allowed message transmissions to the reader associated with the R2D signal being expired, or the R2D signal including an indication disallowing access to the reader for the duration of the first timer, wherein the one or more conditions include the R2D signal being received from the reader and the first timer not being expired.
[0250] Aspect 14: The method of Aspect 13, wherein the threshold is based on stored configuration information.
[0251] Aspect 15: The method of Aspect 13, wherein the R2D signal indicates the threshold.
[0252] Aspect 16: The method of Aspect 13, wherein a duration of the second timer is based on stored configuration information.
[0253] Aspect 17: The method of Aspect 13, wherein the R2D signal indicates a duration of the second timer.
[0254] Aspect 18: The method of Aspect 13, wherein the duration of the first timer is based on stored configuration information.
[0255] Aspect 19: The method of Aspect 13, wherein the R2D signal indicates the duration of the first timer.
[0256] Aspect 20: The method of any of Aspects 12-19, further comprising: determining that the condition is satisfied based on a measurement associated with the R2D signal failing to satisfy a threshold.
[0257] Aspect 21: The method of Aspect 20, wherein the threshold is based on stored configuration information.
[0258] Aspect 22: The method of Aspect 20, wherein the R2D signal indicates the threshold.
[0259] Aspect 23: A method of wireless communication performed by a reader, comprising: receiving a D2R signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an A-IoT system; and transmitting a message that includes an indication disallowing access by a device associated with the D2R signal for a duration based on satisfaction of one or more conditions.
[0260] Aspect 24: The method of Aspect 23, wherein the message is associated with the contention-based access procedure.
[0261] Aspect 25: The method of any of Aspects 23-24, wherein the one or more conditions include a measurement associated with the D2R signal failing to satisfy a threshold.
[0262] Aspect 26: The method of Aspect 25, wherein the threshold is based on stored configuration information.
[0263] Aspect 27: The method of Aspect 25, further comprising: receiving control signaling that indicates the threshold.
[0264] Aspect 28: The method of any of Aspects 23-27, wherein the one or more conditions include one or more of a type or a capability of the device associated with the D2R signal.
[0265] Aspect 29: The method of any of Aspects 23-28, wherein a length of the duration is based on stored configuration information.
[0266] Aspect 30: The method of any of Aspects 23-29, wherein the message indicates a length of the duration.
[0267] Aspect 31: The method of any of Aspects 23-30, further comprising: transmitting an R2D signal that triggers the contention-based access procedure and indicates a length of the duration.
[0268] Aspect 32: The method of any of Aspects 23-31, wherein the indication is included in a one-bit field.
[0269] Aspect 33: The method of any of Aspects 23-32, wherein the indication is based on the message indicating receipt of the D2R signal without providing a resource allocation for a subsequent D2R signal.
[0270] Aspect 34: The method of any of Aspects 23-33, further comprising: configuring power of a CW emitter based on the satisfaction of the one or more conditions.
[0271] Aspect 35: The method of Aspect 34, wherein the one or more conditions include one or more of a measurement associated with the D2R signal failing to satisfy a threshold, a type of the device associated with the D2R signal, or a capability of the device associated with the D2R signal.
[0272] Aspect 36: The method of any of Aspects 23-35, wherein transmitting the message comprises: transmitting the message using a transmission power that is based on a measurement associated with the D2R signal.
[0273] Aspect 37: The method of Aspect 36, wherein the transmission power is greater than a threshold based on the measurement associated with the D2R signal failing to satisfy the threshold.
[0274] Aspect 38: The method of Aspect 36, wherein the transmission power is less than a threshold based on the measurement associated with the D2R signal satisfying the threshold.
[0275] Aspect 39: The method of Aspect 36, wherein the transmission power is based on stored configuration information.
[0276] Aspect 40: The method of Aspect 36, further comprising: receiving control signaling that indicates the transmission power.
[0277] Aspect 41: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more processors; one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors; and instructions stored in the one or more memories and executable by the one or more processors to cause the apparatus to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-40.
[0278] Aspect 42: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-40.
[0279] Aspect 43: An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising at least one means for performing the method of one or more of Aspects 1-40.
[0280] Aspect 44: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-40.
[0281] Aspect 45: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication, the set of instructions comprising one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-40.
[0282] Aspect 46: A device for wireless communication, the device comprising a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-40.
[0283] Aspect 47: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors individually or collectively configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-40.
[0284] The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description but is neither exhaustive nor limiting of the scope of this disclosure. For example, various aspects and examples are disclosed herein, but this disclosure is not limited to the precise form in which such aspects and examples are described. Modifications and variations may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the aspects.
[0285] As used herein, the term “component” shall be broadly construed as hardware or a combination of hardware and at least one of software or firmware. “Software” shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, or functions, among other examples, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. As used herein, a “processor” is implemented in hardware or a combination of hardware and software. Systems or methods described herein may be implemented in different forms of hardware or a combination of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software code used to implement these systems or methods is not limiting of the aspects. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems or methods are described herein without reference to specific software code, because those skilled in the art understand that software and hardware can be designed to implement the systems or methods based, at least in part, on the description herein. A component being configured to perform a function means that the component has a capability to perform the function, and does not require the function to be actually performed by the component, unless noted otherwise.
[0286] As used herein, “satisfying a threshold” may, depending on the context, refer to a value being greater than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, or not equal to the threshold, among other examples.
[0287] As used herein, the term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database or another data structure) , inferring, ascertaining, and / or measuring, among other examples. Also, “determining” can include receiving (such as receiving information) , accessing (such as accessing data stored in memory) , and / or transmitting (such as transmitting information) , among other examples. As another example, “determining” can include resolving, selecting, obtaining, choosing, establishing, and / or other such similar actions.
[0288] Even though particular combinations of features are recited in the claims and / or disclosed in the specification, these combinations do not limit the scope of the disclosure. Many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims and / or disclosed in the specification. The disclosure of various aspects includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set. As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” covers a, b, c, a + b, a + c, b + c, and a + b + c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (for example, a + a, a + a + a, a + a + b, a + a + c, a + b + b, a + c + c, b + b, b + b + b, b + b + c, c + c, and c + c + c, or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0289] No element, act, or instruction used herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as used herein, the articles “a” and “an” include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Further, as used herein, the article “the” may include one or more items referenced in connection with the article “the” and may be used interchangeably with “the one or more. ” Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “set” and “group” may include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Where only one item is intended, the phrase “only one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has, ” “have, ” “having, ” and similar terms are open-ended terms that do not limit an element that they modify (for example, an element “having” A may also have B) . Further, the phrase “based on” means “based on or otherwise in association with” unless explicitly stated otherwise. Additionally, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of information, one or more conditions, one or more factors, or the like. Also, as used herein, the term “or” is inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and / or, ” unless explicitly stated otherwise (for example, if used in combination with “either” or “only one of” ) . Further, “one or more” may be equivalent to “at least one. ”
[0290] Even though particular combinations of features are recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not limiting of the disclosure of various aspects. Many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification. The disclosure of various aspects includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set.
Claims
1.A device, comprising:a processing system configured to:receive a reader-to-device (R2D) signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) system; andtransmit a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions.2.The device of claim 1, wherein the one or more conditions include a number of attempted message transmissions to a reader associated with the contention-based access procedure satisfying a threshold.3.The device of claim 2, wherein the threshold is based on stored configuration information.4.The device of claim 2, wherein the R2D signal indicates the threshold.5.The device of claim 1, wherein the one or more conditions include a timer for allowed message transmissions to a reader associated with the contention-based access procedure not being expired.6.The device of claim 5, wherein a duration of the timer is based on stored configuration information.7.The device of claim 5, wherein the R2D signal indicates a duration of the timer.8.The device of claim 1, wherein the one or more conditions include:a number of attempted message transmissions to a reader associated with the R2D signal satisfying a threshold, anda timer for allowed message transmissions to the reader associated with the R2D signal not being expired.9.The device of claim 1, wherein the one or more conditions include a measurement associated with the R2D signal satisfying a threshold.10.The device of claim 9, wherein the threshold is based on stored configuration information.11.The device of claim 9, wherein the R2D signal indicates the threshold.12.A device, comprising:a processing system configured to:receive a reader-to-device (R2D) signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) system; andrefrain from transmitting a message associated with the contention-based access procedure based on satisfaction of one or more conditions.13.The device of claim 12, wherein the processing system is configured to:start a first timer having a duration during which responding to a reader associated with the R2D signal is disallowed based on one or more of:a number of attempted message transmissions to the reader associated with the R2D signal failing to satisfy a threshold,a second timer for allowed message transmissions to the reader associated with the R2D signal being expired, orthe R2D signal including an indication disallowing access to the reader for the duration of the first timer, wherein the one or more conditions include the R2D signal being received from the reader and the first timer not being expired.14.The device of claim 13, wherein the threshold is based on stored configuration information.15.The device of claim 13, wherein the R2D signal indicates the threshold.16.The device of claim 13, wherein a duration of the second timer is based on stored configuration information.17.The device of claim 13, wherein the R2D signal indicates a duration of the second timer.18.The device of claim 13, wherein the duration of the first timer is based on stored configuration information.19.The device of claim 13, wherein the R2D signal indicates the duration of the first timer.20.The device of claim 12, wherein the processing system is configured to:determine that the condition is satisfied based on a measurement associated with the R2D signal failing to satisfy a threshold.21.The device of claim 20, wherein the threshold is based on stored configuration information.22.The device of claim 20, wherein the R2D signal indicates the threshold.23.A reader, comprising:a processing system configured to:receive a device-to-reader (D2R) signal associated with a contention-based access procedure in an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) system; andtransmit a message that includes an indication disallowing access by a device associated with the D2R signal for a duration based on satisfaction of one or more conditions.24.The reader of claim 23, wherein the message is associated with the contention-based access procedure.25.The reader of claim 23, wherein the one or more conditions include a measurement associated with the D2R signal failing to satisfy a threshold.26.The reader of claim 25, wherein the threshold is based on stored configuration information.27.The reader of claim 25, wherein the processing system is configured to:receive control signaling that indicates the threshold.28.The reader of claim 23, wherein the one or more conditions include one or more of a type or a capability of the device associated with the D2R signal.29.The reader of claim 23, wherein a length of the duration is based on stored configuration information.30.The reader of claim 23, wherein the message indicates a length of the duration.31.The reader of claim 23, wherein the processing system is configured to:transmit a reader-to-device (R2D) signal that triggers the contention-based access procedure and indicates a length of the duration.32.The reader of claim 23, wherein the indication is included in a one-bit field.33.The reader of claim 23, wherein the indication is based on the message indicating receipt of the D2R signal without providing a resource allocation for a subsequent D2R signal.34.The reader of claim 23, wherein the processing system is configured to:configure power of a carrier wave emitter based on the satisfaction of the one or more conditions.35.The reader of claim 34, wherein the one or more conditions include one or more of a measurement associated with the D2R signal failing to satisfy a threshold, a type of the device associated with the D2R signal, or a capability of the device associated with the D2R signal.36.The reader of claim 23, wherein, to transmit the message, the processing system is configured to:transmit the message using a transmission power that is based on a measurement associated with the D2R signal.37.The reader of claim 36, wherein the transmission power is greater than a threshold based on the measurement associated with the D2R signal failing to satisfy the threshold.38.The reader of claim 36, wherein the transmission power is less than a threshold based on the measurement associated with the D2R signal satisfying the threshold.39.The reader of claim 36, wherein the transmission power is based on stored configuration information.40.The reader of claim 36, wherein the processing system is configured to:receive control signaling that indicates the transmission power.
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