Hydrogel bead-based full-length single-cell RNA sequencing method
HyBeR-Seq addresses the limitations of existing methods by integrating one-step RT-PCR and tagmentation on hydrogel beads within droplets, achieving efficient and cost-effective full-length single-cell RNA sequencing with reduced errors and improved throughput.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- THE CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG
- Filing Date
- 2025-10-17
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-23
AI Technical Summary
Current single-cell RNA sequencing methods, such as SMART-seq, TGS, droplet microfluidics, and VASA-seq, face challenges in throughput, cost, and ease of operation, particularly for full-length sequencing, with issues like high sequencing errors, time-consuming library construction, and high costs.
A hydrogel bead-based method (HyBeR-Seq) that integrates one-step single-cell RT-PCR on oligo (dT) beads within water-in-oil droplets, using oligo (dT) beads for mRNA capture and reverse transcription, followed by tagmentation with barcode Tn5 beads for cDNA amplification and labeling, enabling high-throughput and cost-effective full-length sequencing.
HyBeR-Seq achieves efficient, precise, and cost-effective single-cell RNA sequencing by capturing and amplifying cDNAs on hydrogel beads, minimizing sequencing errors and simplifying the process, thus enhancing throughput and reducing operational complexity.
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Abstract
Description
HYDROGEL BEAD-BASED FULL-LENGTH SINGLE-CELL RNA SEQUENCING METHOD
[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0002] The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 708,273, filed October 17, 2024, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, including any figures, tables, or drawings.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The transcriptome, composed of an array of RNA transcripts, including messenger RNA (mRNA) expressed in individual cells, is the by-product of a highly coordinated program of gene expression regulated by the epigenome. Unlike the genome, which is typically stable, the transcriptome actively changes with the stage of development or microenvironment. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has been therefore developed to study the gene expression levels, such as identifying new transcripts, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) , gene mutations, and disease progression in molecular biology. Within the available scRNA-seq methods, full-length scRNA-seq (FLscRNA-seq) allows sequencing of transcripts throughout the entire length, enabling both genome-wide gene expression study and detection of transcript isoforms and VDJ rearrangements which are valuable for immunology studies. Single-cell transcriptomes are commonly profiled through reverse transcription (RT) of mRNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) followed by amplifications through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to generate sufficient DNA transcripts for sequencing. There are several methods that can be utilized today to study single-cell transcriptomes, e.g., SMART-seq, third-generation sequencing (TGS / Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) ) , scFAST-seq, droplet microfluidics, and VASA-seq.
[0004] SMART-seq, as a commercially available FLscRNA-seq method, cleverly employs the terminal transferase activity of MMLV-RT (Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase) to include an adaptor sequence onto the 3’ end of the newly synthesized cDNA with the help of a template switch oligo. The cDNA is then amplified by PCR. The amplified double stranded cDNAs produced from each cell are subsequently converted to a library subjected to the Illumina sequencer via Tn5 tagmentation and library PCR. In SMART-seq, the steps of reverse transcription (RT) , cDNA amplification and purification, Tn5 tagmentation, and library PCR are performed manually in individual tubes or wells. Therefore, the throughput of SMART-seq is limited, the processes are costly, time-and labor-consuming.
[0005] TGS is the other commercially available platform. After cDNA synthesis, the target library is typically sequenced by Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing or PacBio sequencing. With long-read abilities (1,000 –10,000nt) , TGS may alleviate the challenges associated with library construction and de novo transcriptome assembly. Even combined with high-throughput method, nanopore sequencing tends to generate high-level of sequencing errors (5%-15%) [1] . PacBio sequencing requires a library size typically between 10k and 20k. With the relatively minute average size of human cDNA library (~1.5 kb for human transcriptome) , constructing a library sufficient for PacBio sequencing is time-consuming, thereby limiting the overall throughput [2] . Additionally, the high cost of currently available TGS technologies further constrain widespread applications, especially for routine large-scale analysis.
[0006] Droplet microfluidics, allowing hundreds of reactions performed in parallel in nanoliter-sized water-in-oil (W / O) emulsions, has been adopted for high-throughput scRNA-seq, such as Drop-seq and 10x Chromium Single Cell technology, where only the 3’ ends transcript is captured in the droplet. Therefore, the key technical challenge for droplet-based scRNA-seq is to expand the capacity to perform full-length sequencing.
[0007] Recently, scFAST-seq was developed to leverage the semi-random primer for random hybridization to RNA, followed by RT and template switch in droplets [3] . Given the competence of strand displacement for reverse transcriptase, all the first strands of cDNAs are extended to 3’-transcripts. However, the introduction of random primers is prone to non-specific binding, resulting in the amplification of non-target sequences and subsequent contamination in the sequencing data. Further, rRNA depletion is required during the operations.
[0008] VASA-seq applies random fragmentation of RNA molecules and poly (A) tailing of each fragment, followed by cDNA synthesis [4] . VASA-seq has been demonstrated through both the well-plate and droplet platforms. However, when using droplets, repeated picoinjection processes are required for adding poly (A) tail on the 3’ of RNA fragments and introducing RT buffer into the droplets. Therefore, the technical difficulty and cost (requires high-pressure equipment) is considered unfriendly for large-scale applications.
[0009] Accordingly, FLscRNA-seq still remains a challenge particularly when throughput, sequencing cost, and ease of operation are collectively considered. Therefore, there is a need for easy, cost-effective, precise, and reliable single cell RNA sequencing method.
[0010] BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0011] The subject invention provides a novel method named Hydrogel Bead-based full-length scRNA-seq (HyBeR-Seq) (FIGS. 1A-1F) for single-cell transcriptomes sequencing. In certain embodiments, the method of the subject invention comprises a one-step single cell RT-PCR for the synthesis of cDNAs on hydrogel oligo (dT) beads in W / O droplets. In certain embodiments, a single cell or cell nucleus are co-encapsulated in a W / O droplet with an oligo (dT) bead and RT-PCR buffer. In certain embodiments, after RT-PCR, cDNAs from each cell are attached and tagged on the oligo (dT) bead. Co-encapsulation of the barcode Tn5 beads and the oligo (dT) beads in W / O droplets subsequently allows tagmentation and amplification of cDNAs derived from single cells. In certain embodiments, the products from HyBeR-Seq are readily available for the NGS platform.
[0012] In certain embodiments, the subject invention provides a first chip for synthesizing an oligo (dT) bead. In certain embodiments, the subject invention provides a second chip for co-encapsulating a single cell or nucleus, an oligo (dT) bead, and RT-PCR buffer into a droplet for RT-PCR. In certain embodiments, the subject invention provides a third chip for co-encapsulating an oligo (dT) bead attached with double-stranded cDNAs with a barcode Tn5 bead in a droplet for tagmentation.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] FIGS. 1A-1F illustrate the workflow of HyBeR-Seq. Single cell or single nucleus solution is prepared. FIG. 1A shows single cell / nucleus and an oligo (dT) bead co-encapsulated into droplets with RT-PCR buffer. FIG. 1B shows RT-PCR reaction performed in droplets to obtain cDNAs from the single cell / nucleus attached on a specific oligo (dT) bead. FIG. 1C shows a cDNA attached oligo (dT) bead and a barcode Tn5 bead co-encapsulated into droplets with tagmentation buffer. FIG. 1D shows tagmentation reaction performed to fragment cDNAs with the same barcode in each droplet. FIG. 1E shows amplification performed to construct the final library for (FIG. 1F) Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) .
[0014] FIGS. 2A-2B -FIG. 2A shows an exemplary chip design for the generation of oligo (dT) beads by droplet microfluidics. FIG. 2B shows chemicals and bioreagents used for the crosslinking of non-dissolvable oligo (dT) beads, a picture illustrating the production of polyacrylamide beads in water-in-oil droplets, and the released polyacrylamide beads under brightfield imaging. Complementary fluorescently-labelled (in green) primers were used to hybridize with the oligos functionalized on beads, confirming that the acrydite-modified primers were grafted into the hydrogel network during the crosslinking process.
[0015] FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate optimization of disassembly of hydrogel beads by cleaving the disulfide bonds. The required time varied by the concentrations of BAC (the precursor) (FIG. 3B) and DTT (areducing agent capable of cleaving disulfide bonds) (FIG. 3A) .
[0016] FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate different routes for the synthesis of barcode Tn5-beads. FIG. 4A illustrates split-pool based on PCR or ligation. FIG. 4B illustrates ddPCR method.
[0017] FIGS. 5A-5D illustrate single cell RT-PCR based on oligo (dT) beads in W / O droplets. FIG. 5A illustrates an example of chip design for the encapsulation of single cells, RT-PCR buffer and oligo (dT) beads. FIG. 5B shows a brightfield image illustrating the droplet generation. FIG. 5C shows a gel electrophoresis image illustrating the cDNA products after the droplet RT-PCR. FIG. 5D shows the mapping results after sequencing through one-step RT-PCR experiments using oligo (dT) beads and HEK 293 cells in bulk. About 38%of reads can be mapped to exonic regions.
[0018] FIG. 6 illustrates the HyBeR-Seq with oligo (dT) beads including two kinds of primers (IS-oligo (dT) primer with UMI and IS primer) . The specific sequences and changes in HyBeR-seq are shown within the red dashed box.
[0019] FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary chip design for co-encapsulating oligo (dT) beads, Tn5 beads, and tagmentation buffer.
[0020] FIG. 8 illustrates the efficiency of tagmentation in tagging cDNA products on oligo (dT) beads when using varying amounts of barcode Tn5 beads.
[0021] FIG. 9 illustrates another cell barcode introduction method using non-barcode Tn5 beads through two steps of tagmentation and ligation-based split-pool.
[0022] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES
[0023] SEQ ID NO: 1 5’-acrydite-ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCT-3’ (acrydite modified A-adapters)
[0024] SEQ ID NO: 2 5’-acrydite-GTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCT-3’ (acrydite modified B-adapters)
[0025] SEQ ID NO: 3 5’-acrydite-CTAACUAUAAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAGTACTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTVN-3’ (IS-oligo (dT) primer on oligo (dT) beads)
[0026] SEQ ID NO: 4 5’-AAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAGTACrGrGrG-3’ (free TSO oligos) SEQ ID NO: 5 5’-phosphate-AGATGTGTATAAGAGACAG-3’ (ME sequence) SEQ ID NO: 6 5’-acrydite-CTAACUAUAAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAGTACNNNNNNNNNNTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTVN-3’ (IS-oligo (dT) primer with UMI on oligo (dT) beads)
[0027] SEQ ID NO: 7 5’-acrydite-CTAACUAUAAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAGT-3’ (IS primer on oligo (dT) beads)
[0028] DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
[0029] Selected Definitions
[0030] As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including” , “includes” , “having” , “has” , “with” , or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description and / or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” . The transitional terms / phrases (and any grammatical variations thereof) “comprising” , “comprises” , “comprise” , “consisting essentially of” , “consists essentially of” , “consisting” and “consists” can be used interchangeably.
[0031] The term “about” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which depends in part on how the value is measured, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. In the context of compositions containing amounts of ingredients where the term “about” is used, these compositions contain the stated amount of the ingredient with a variation (error range) of 0-10%around the value (X ± 10%) . In other contexts, the term “about” is providing a variation (error range) of 0-10%around a given value (X ± 10%) . As is apparent, this variation represents a range that is up to 10%above or below a given value, for example, X ± 1%, X ± 2%, X ± 3%, X ± 4%, X ± 5%, X ± 6%, X ± 7%, X ± 8%, X ± 9%, or X ± 10%.
[0032] In the present disclosure, ranges are stated in shorthand to avoid having to set out at length and describe each and every value within the range. Any appropriate value within the range can be selected, where appropriate, as the upper value, lower value, or the terminus of the range. For example, a range of 0.1-1.0 represents the terminal values of 0.1 and 1.0, as well as the intermediate values of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and all intermediate ranges encompassed within 0.1-1.0, such as 0.2-0.5, 0.2-0.8, 0.7-1.0, etc. Values having at least two significant digits within a range are envisioned, for example, a range of 5-10 indicates all the values between 5.0 and 10.0 as well as between 5.00 and 10.00 including the terminal values. When ranges are used herein, combinations and subcombinations of ranges (e.g., subranges within the disclosed range) and specific embodiments therein are explicitly included.
[0033] As used herein, the terms “oligo” , “oligonucleotide” are used interchangeably to describe short single strands of synthetic DNA or RNA, such as, for example, about a 5 nucleic acid base sequence to about a 500 nucleic acid base sequence.
[0034] As used herein, “vector” refers to a DNA molecule such as a plasmid for introducing a nucleotide construct, for example, a DNA construct, into a host cell. Cloning vectors typically contain one or a small number of restriction endonuclease recognition sites at which foreign DNA sequences can be inserted in a determinable fashion without loss of essential biological function of the vector, as well as a marker gene that is suitable for use in the identification and selection of cells transformed with the cloning vector. Marker genes typically include genes that provide a selectable characteristic, such as tetracycline resistance, hygromycin resistance or ampicillin resistance.
[0035] The terms “label” and like terms refer to a composition detectable by spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, chemical, or other physical means. For example, useful labels include fluorescent dyes (fluorophores) , luminescent agents, electron-dense reagents, enzymes (e.g., as commonly used in an ELISA) , biotin, enzymes acting on a substrate (e.g., horseradish peroxidase) , digoxigenin,32P and other isotopes, haptens, and proteins which can be made detectable, e.g., by incorporating a fluorescent label into the peptide or used to detect antibodies specifically reactive with the peptide. The term includes combinations of single labeling agents, e.g., a combination of fluorophores that provides a unique detectable signature, e.g., at a particular wavelength or combination of wavelengths. In the context of detecting nucleic acids (e.g., target sequences) , the probes can, typically, be labeled with radioisotopes, fluorescent labels (fluorophores) , or luminescent agents.
[0036] By “reduces” is meant a negative alteration of at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%.
[0037] By “increases” is meant as a positive alteration of at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%.
[0038] As used herein, “throughput” describes the amount of material or items passing through a system or process. In some embodiments, increased throughput levels are advantageous.
[0039] As used herein, “encapsidation” refers to the process in which a virus’s nucleic acid is enclosed in a capsid. “Capsid” is the protein shell of a virus that encloses its genetic material.
[0040] As used herein, “tag” or “protein tag” are used interchangeably to refer to a peptide sequence that is genetically grafted onto a recombinant protein. Tags can be attached to proteins for different purposes. In some embodiments, tags are added to either end of the target protein, so that they are C-terminus or N-terminus specific, or both. The term “sample” encompasses a variety of sample types containing a nucleotide. The term encompasses bodily fluids such as blood, blood components, saliva, nasal mucous, serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) , urine and other liquid samples of biological origin, solid tissue biopsy, tissue cultures, or supernatant taken from cultured patient cells. A sample further encompasses samples from the environment, including water, soil, and air. The sample can be processed prior to assay, e.g., to remove cells or cellular debris. The term encompasses samples that have been manipulated after their procurement, such as by treatment with reagents, solubilization, sedimentation, or enrichment for certain components.
[0041] As used herein, an “isolated” or “purified” compound is substantially free of other compounds. In certain embodiments, purified compounds are at least 60%by weight (dry weight) of the compound of interest. Preferably, the preparation is at least 75%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 99%, by weight of the compound of interest. For example, a purified compound is one that is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% (w / w) of the desired compound by weight. Purity is measured by any appropriate standard method, for example, by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.
[0042] As used herein, “tagmentation” describes when unfragmented DNA is cleaved and tagged for analysis.
[0043] Any compositions or methods provided herein can be combined with one or more of any of the other compositions and methods provided herein.
[0044] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments thereof, and from the claims.
[0045] All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
[0046] The subject invention pertains to a Hydrogel Bead-based FLscRNA-seq platform, (HyBeR-Seq) . In one aspect, the HyBeR-Seq method introduces two types of hydrogel beads, a non-dissolvable bead, functionalized with IS-oligo (dT) primers (named oligo (dT) bead) , and a dissolvable bead, functionalized with barcode Tn5 transposon (named barcode Tn5 bead) . In certain embodiments, a single cell or nucleus is encapsulated into a water-in-oil (W / O) droplet together with an oligo (dT) bead. In certain embodiments, mRNA molecules are released from the single cell / or nucleus and are then captured by the IS-oligo (dT) primers. The captured mRNAs are reverse transcribed to cDNA followed by the addition at the 3’-end of the cDNA of an adaptor sequence via template switching. The IS-oligo (dT) primers (5 acrydite-CTAACUAUAAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAGTACTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTVN-3 (SEQ ID NO: 3) ) on oligo (dT) beads and free TSO oligos (5-AAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAGTACrGrGrG-3 (SEQ ID NO: 4) ) in the solution then act as primers for the amplification of cDNAs. Specifically, the IS-oligo (dT) primers attached on oligo (dT) beads serve both as the RT primer and PCR forward primer to covert and amplify transcript information / mRNA content of each cell into double-stranded cDNA molecules retained on the oligo (dT) beads. In certain embodiments, the oligo (dT) beads are then dispensed and each of them is paired with a barcode Tn5 bead in a W / O droplet. The barcode Tn5 bead is a complex comprising a hydrogel bead functionalized with two sets of oligos and a Tn5 protein.
[0047] In another aspect, the non-dissolvable bead is functionalized with both an IS primer and an IS-oligo (dT) primer with a unique molecular identifier (UMI) . In preferred embodiments, the UMI is added to absolutely quantify mRNA molecules from single cells and to enable the distinction between false positives and true variants in the original molecules.
[0048] In certain embodiments, two primers, i.e., IS-oligo (dT) primer with UMI (5’-acrydite-CTAACUAUAAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAGTACNNNNNNNNNNTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTVN-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 6) ) and IS primer (5’-acrydite-CTAACUAUAAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAGT-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 7) ) are added during oligo (dT) droplet generation. Both primers are attached on oligo (dT) beads after droplets gelation. In certain embodiments, oligo (dT) primers with UMI capture mRNA molecules in droplets, after reverse transcription. In certain embodiments, IS primers on oligo (dT) beads act as forward primers to amplify the post-RT products, enabling cDNA products to bind to the oligo (dT) beads.
[0049] In certain embodiments, the barcode Tn5 beads are made dissolvable by a reducing agent, including, but not limited to, dithiothreitol (DTT) and β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME) within the W / O droplet, thereby allowing the fragmented cDNA products to be ligated to the oligos on the barcode Tn5 bead by a Tn5 transposon. In certain embodiments, the prepared library is readily available for the next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform, thus minimizing the sequencing errors as compared to TGS.
[0050] In certain embodiments, the subject invention utilizes a one-step single cell RT-PCR for cDNA synthesis on solid phase supports (oligo (dT) beads) and barcode Tn5 transposon assembly on solid phase supports (barcode Tn5 beads) . In certain embodiments, the solid phase supports includes, but is not limited to, hydrogel polyacrylamide beads.
[0051] In certain embodiments, the hydrogel beads can be generated by droplet microfluidics using a high-throughput approach. In certain embodiments, the subject invention provides a first chip for synthesizing the oligo (dT) bead comprising a microfluidic flow-focusing droplet generator (see FIG. 2A) comprising an inlet for introducing a disperse phase 10 comprising acrylamide monomer, bis-acrylamide, ammonium persulfate (APS) , and 5’-acrydite modified IS-oligo (dT) primer, an inlet for introducing a continuous phase 20 comprising oil and tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) , a microfluidic channel 15 connecting inlet 10 to outlet 50, and a microfluidic channel or plurality of microfluidic channels 25 connecting inlet 20 to microfluidic channel 15 at intersection 40.
[0052] In certain embodiments, the subject invention further comprises Tn5 beads, i.e., dissolvable hydrogel beads with cleavable primers. In certain embodiments, barcode Tn5 beads attached to photocleavable primers or primers with dU oligonucleotide are utilized to fabricate beads that completely release the Tn5 transposon during tagmentation. In certain embodiments, barcode Tn5 beads are synthesized by utilizing a split-pool strategy to barcode Tn5 beads through a PCR or ligation method. In certain embodiments, the enzyme utilized can be PCR enzyme or T4 DNA ligase for PCR and ligation reaction, respectively. Considering the barcode addition efficiency, the smaller molecular size of T4 ligase compared with most PCR enzyme may increase barcode synthesis efficiency.
[0053] In certain embodiments, a single cell or cell nucleus are co-encapsulated in a W / O droplet with an oligo (dT) bead and RT-PCR buffer. In certain embodiments, the subject invention provides a second chip for co-encapsulating single cells into droplet for RT-PCR, comprising a microfluidic flow-focusing droplet generator comprising an inlet for introducing oligo (dT) beads 60, an inlet for introducing cells / nuclei 70, an inlet for introducing an RT-PCR buffer 80, an inlet for introducing oil 90, a microfluidic channel 65 connecting inlet 60 to outlet 120, a microfluidic channel 75 connecting inlet 70 to microfluidic channel 65 at intersection 110, a microfluidic channel 85 connecting inlet 80 to microfluidic channel 65 at intersection 110, and a microfluidic channel or plurality of microfluidic channels 95 connecting inlet 90 to microfluidic channel 65 at intersection 115.
[0054] In certain embodiments, following co-encapsulation in a single cell or nucleus and an oligo (dT) bead in a water-in-oil (W / O) droplet, the cell or nucleus are lysed, and the released mRNAs are reverse transcribed into cDNAs utilizing a PCR and are attached to the oligo (dT) bead within the W / O droplet. In certain embodiments, the pore size of oligo (dT) beads or beads pore diameter of barcode Tn5 transposons in beads ranges from about [40nm] to about [400nm] . In preferred embodiments, a typical droplet has a volume or size range of about 1 to about 5 nL. In certain embodiments, the droplet is broken by adding a droplet destabilizer, including, but not limited to, 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-Perfluoro-1-octanol (PFO) .
[0055] In certain embodiments, the cDNA products are tagmentated on beads following co-encapsulation of a barcode Tn5 bead and an oligo (dT) bead in a W / O droplet. In certain embodiments, during tagmentation in each droplet, cDNAs from the same cell are fragmented and tagged by the same barcode. In certain embodiments, the subject invention provides a chip for co-encapsulating the droplet for tagmentation, comprising a microfluidic flow-focusing droplet generator that comprises an inlet for introducing oligo (dT) beads carrying cDNAs 200; an inlet for introducing barcode Tn5 beads 300; an inlet for introducing tagmentation buffer 400; an inlet for introducing oil 500, a microfluidic channel 410 connecting inlet 400 to outlet 600, a microfluidic channel 210 connecting inlet 200 to microfluidic channel 410 at intersection 530, a microfluidic channel 310 connecting inlet 300 to microfluidic channel 410 at intersection 530, a microfluidic channel or plurality of microfluidic channels 510 connecting inlet 500 to microfluidic channel 410 at intersection 550.
[0056] In certain embodiments, the amplified cDNAs can be purified followed by another round of PCR to include sequencing adapters, producing a library for NGS.
[0057] In another aspect, the HyBeR-Seq method may utilize non-barcode Tn5 beads after tagmentation through a split-pool ligation strategy. In one embodiment, non-dissolvable non-barcode Tn5 beads are prepared with only A-adapter attached on beads. The non-barcode beads, cDNAs attached oligo (dT) beads, and tagmentation buffer are co-encapsulated in generated W / O droplets. In another embodiment, following tagmentation inside each droplet with non-barcode Tn5 bead, the cDNAs are fragmented and transferred to the non-barcode Tn5 bead via ligation to the Tn5 A-adapter oligos. In another embodiments, non-barcode Tn5 beads cannot be dissolved during tagmentation step as they still need to be used in subsequent steps. In a further embodiment, non-barcode Tn5 beads with fragmented cDNA are subjected to a second tagmentation to introduce a second Tn5 adapter (B-adapter) . Unlike the A-adapter linked to the beads, the B-adapter end of the cDNA is free to be ligated with other oligos. In preferred embodiments, a split-pool ligation strategy may be utilized to introduce barcode sequence to the B-adapter end, resulting in cDNAs on each bead carrying a unique cell barcode.
[0058] In preferred embodiments, the HyBeR-Seq method retains the benefit of high throughput in a platform based on droplet microfluidics. Additionally, facile and cost-effective FLscRNA-seq is made possible by HyBeR-Seq through a novel integration of hydrogel beads allowing the cDNAs produced from each cell fragmented and labelled with a unique barcode for individual cells.
[0059] MATERIALS AND METHODS
[0060] All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, and publications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all figures and tables, to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.
[0061] Following are examples that illustrate procedures for practicing the invention. These examples should not be construed as limiting. All percentages are by weight and all solvent mixture proportions are by volume unless otherwise noted.
[0062] EXAMPLE 1-
[0063] Synthesis of oligo (dT) beads
[0064] The oligo (dT) beads are produced by a microfluidic flow-focusing droplet generator. The disperse phase contains acrylamide monomer, bis-acrylamide, ammonium persulfate (APS) , 5’ acrydite modified IS-oligo (dT) primers (5’-acrydite-CTAACUAUAAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAGTACTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTVN-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 3) ) . The continues phase is oil with 0.5% (vol / vol) tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) . The size of the droplets is controlled by the channel dimensions of the device and the flow rate ratio between oil and aqueous phase. Droplets of approximately 53 μm in diameter are produced utilizing an exemplary chip design with a flow-focusing geometry.
[0065] The W / O droplets were then incubated at 65℃ for 14 hours, followed by an addition of 30%(vol / vol) PFO to break the oil interface. The released oligo (dT) beads were observed slightly swelled (~63 μm in diameter) , as shown previously in other hydrogel studies. These oligo (dT) beads were then washed in DI water containing 0.1%Tween-20 to remove unfunctionized oligos free in the solution.
[0066] Synthesis of barcode Tn5 beads
[0067] Synthesis of barcode Tn5 beads may follow similar process for the production of oligo (dT) beads. Considering thorough tagmentation of cDNAs in the W / O droplets, dissolvable beads are designed in the workflow, where N, N′-bis (acryloyl) cystamine (BAC) is used as the precursor to introduce the disulfide bonds in the hydrogel network (whereas bis-acrylamide is used as the precursor for the non-dissolvable counterparts) . The disulfide bonds may be cleaved by reducing reagents, such as DTT and β-ME, allowing the disassembly of hydrogel beads. The required duration for the disassembly barcode Tn5 beads was observed affected by the concentrations of BAC and DTT, as shown in FIGS. 3A-3B.
[0068] For barcode Tn5 beads, two adapters, i.e., acrydite modified A-and B-adapters (A-adapter: 5’-acrydite-ACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCT-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 1) ; B-adapter: 5’-acrydite-GTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTTCCGATCT-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 2) ) are functionalized onto the beads during the crosslinking process. FIG. 4A illustrates an example of synthesis of the barcode through two rounds of split-pool process. In each round of split-pool, barcodes may be appended to the A-and B-adapters specifically through PCR or ligation strategy (FIG. 4A) . After then, ME sequences (5’-phosphate-AGATGTGTATAAGAGACAG-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 5) , specifically for Tn5 recognition) may be added onto the barcodes. Differences between PCR-and ligation-based split-pool are illustrated in FIG. 4A. Also noted that polymerase is used in PCR amplification, whereas T4 ligase is used for ligation. The total length of synthesized barcode is typically shorter for the ligation-based split-pool than the PCR based counterpart. Another route of synthesis is through droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) (FIG. 4B) . The A-and B-adapters functionalized on-beads carry a common sequence. The adapters-functionalized bead is then encapsulated in a W / O droplet together with a single template molecule bearing a barcode sequence and the ME sequence. It should be noted that the concentrations of template molecules should be diluted to ensure that only one template molecule is dispensed in each droplet. After an intended cycles of PCR in droplets, barcodes and ME sequences are grafted onto the beads, similar to the synthesis route by split-pool.
[0069] After barcode addition and washing, sequences complementary to the ME sequence (5’-phosphate-AGATGTGTATAAGAGACAG-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 5) ) can be annealed onto those beads through heating and gradual cooling. Tn5 protein, recognizing the double-stranded ME section, may be attached onto the beads, producing the barcode Tn5 beads.
[0070] Droplet RT-PCR with oligo (dT) beads
[0071] The foremost step for HyBeR-Seq is cDNA synthesis on hydrogel beads. Pair of a single cell and an oligo (dT) bead are co-encapsulated in a water-in-oil (W / O) droplet, followed by cell lysis, reverse transcription (RT) , and PCR within the droplet. Shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B is a typical design emulsifying three aqueous solutions, cells suspended in PBS, oligo (dT) beads suspended in water, and RT-PCR buffer by surrounding oil. The generated W / O droplets may be dispensed into a PCR tube and covered by mineral oil to prevent evaporation during thermal cycling. Those droplets may be incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes to allow sufficient cell lysis followed by mRNA capture onto the oligo (dT) beads. Subsequent incubation at 42℃for 90 minutes may initiate the RT reaction. After RT, thermal cycling as the following may be conducted according to the optimized PCR parameters: 95℃ for 3 minutes, 6 cycles of 98℃ for 15 seconds, 65℃ for 40 seconds, 72℃ for 5 mins, and final extension of 72℃ for 3 minutes. After the RT-PCR, the cDNA products are expected to be all attached on oligo (dT) beads. Droplets are then broken by a droplet destabilizer, such as 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-Perfluoro-1-octanol (PFO) . The cDNA-carrying oligo (dT) beads may then be collected by washing and centrifugation. Aside from RT-PCR buffer composition and thermal cycling parameters, W / O droplet size is also observed critical. Similar to previous reports [5, 6] , a droplet with a volume range of 1–5 nL is shown optimal in RT reaction.
[0072] Of note, the pore size of oligo (dT) beads also matters, as the RT reaction occurred within the beads. The porosity of the polyacrylamide beads can be controlled by many factors, including the ratio of base and crosslinking agents, the concentration of multi-functional monomer, and the rate of polymerization within the droplets. Beads with small pore sizes pose barriers for the penetration of long fragments of mRNA, resulting in low capture efficiency. Further, porosity is also important to ensure sufficient entry of Tn5 protein, allowing sufficient Tn5 tagmentation. FIGS. 5C and 5D present the preliminary results of the amplified cDNA products and the sequencing results.
[0073] For droplet RT-PCR with oligo (dT) beads, UMI can be added to absolutely quantify mRNA molecules from single cells and to enable the distinction between false positives and true variants in the original molecules. FIG. 6 illustrates the method for UMI integration in oligo (dT) beads. Two kinds of primers, IS-oligo (dT) primer with UMI (5’-acrydite-CTAACUAUAAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAGTACNNNNNNNNNNTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTVN-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 6) ) and IS primer (5’-acrydite-CTAACUAUAAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAGT-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 7) ) are added during oligo (dT) droplet generation to make sure that both of the primers are attached on oligo (dT) beads after droplets gelation. Oligo (dT) primers with UMI capture mRNA molecules in droplets, after reverse transcription, where IS primers on oligo (dT) beads were acted as forward primers to amplify the post-RT products, enabling cDNA products to bind to the oligo (dT) beads. However, the ratio of IS-oligo (dT) primer with UMI and IS primer should be optimized to ensure most cDNA products are amplified by IS primer. We may perform RT-PCR using oligo (dT) beads with different ratios of the above two primers. Following sequencing, the effectiveness of different primer ratios in achieving precise mRNA quantification can be accurately determined by evaluating how faithfully the cDNA molecules represent the original mRNA population.
[0074] Barcode Tn5 beads tagmentation of cDNAs on oligo (dT) beads
[0075] Subsequently, the cDNA products are fragmented on beads by co-encapsulating a pair of a barcode Tn5 bead and an oligo (dT) bead) in a W / O droplet. As shown in a typical chip design in FIG. 7, four inlets are designed for the introduction of oligo (dT) beads carrying cDNAs, barcode Tn5 beads, tagmentation buffer and oil. Within the droplets, barcode Tn5 beads are dissolved by DTT presented in the tagmentation buffer. The Tn5 transposons are released for the later tagmentation of cDNAs. An incubation at 37℃ for half an hour is shown sufficient for the tagmentation. During tagmentation in each droplet, cDNAs from the same cell are fragmented and tagged by the same barcode. The droplets are subsequently broken by an addition of PFO and 0.2% (v / v) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) , where SDS may strip the Tn5 protein and stop the tagmentation. The fragmented cDNA can be purified by commercially available SPRI XP beads, followed by another round of PCR to include the sequencing adapters, producing the final library.
[0076] We conducted bulk tests to assess the viability of using assembled barcode Tn5 beads for tagmentation. We added varying quantities of barcode Tn5 beads to fragment a consistent number of oligo (dT) beads post-RT-PCR (i.e., 7000 oligo (dT) beads for each group) to analyze tagmentation efficiency. The findings indicated that a greater number of Tn5 beads resulted in improved performance during amplification after tagmentation, as illustrated in FIG. 8. Groups containing more Tn5 beads showed a reduced cycle threshold (Ct value) , indicating increased PCR efficiency. Accordingly, Tn5 proteins assembly efficiency should be optimized to accommodate more Tn5 transposase on beads.
[0077] Besides using barcode Tn5 beads to introduce cell barcode at the tagmentation step, cell barcode can also be introduced using non-barcode Tn5 beads after tagmentation through a split-pool ligation strategy, shown in FIG. 9. Firstly, non-barcode Tn5 beads are prepared with only A-adapter attached on beads. Then, these non-barcode beads, cDNAs attached oligo (dT) beads, and tagmentation buffer are co-encapsulated in generated droplets. After tagmentation inside each droplet with non-barcode Tn5 bead, the cDNAs are fragmented and transferred to the non-barcode Tn5 bead via ligation to the Tn5 A-adapter oligos. Here, those non-barcode Tn5 beads cannot be dissolved during tagmentation step as they still need to be used in subsequent steps. Non-barcode Tn5 beads with fragmented cDNA will be subjected to another tagmentation to introduce a second Tn5 adapter (B-adapter) . Unlike the A-adapter linked to the beads, the B-adapter end of the cDNA is free to be ligated with other oligos. Therefore, a split-pool ligation strategy can be utilized to introduce barcode sequence to the B-adapter end and this would result cDNAs of each bead carry a unique cell barcode.
[0078] The present invention makes use of technology of one-step single cell RT-PCR for cDNA synthesis on solid phase supports (oligo (dT) beads) and barcode Tn5 transposon assembly on solid phase supports (barcode Tn5 beads) . For example, here we adopt hydrogel polyacrylamide beads as solid supports. Those hydrogel beads can be generated by droplet microfluidics in a high-throughput fashion. For Tn5 beads, dissolvable hydrogel beads with cleavable primers can be adopted in this invention. Photocleavable primers or primers with dU oligonucleotide can be chosen to fabricate barcode Tn5 beads to completely release the Tn5 transposon during tagmentation. Split-pool strategy can be employed to synthesize barcode Tn5 beads through PCR or ligation. The corresponding enzyme should be PCR enzyme or T4 DNA ligase for PCR and ligation reaction respectively. Considering the barcode addition efficiency in beads, the smaller molecular size of T4 ligase compared with most PCR enzyme may increase barcode synthesis efficiency.
[0079] It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and the scope of the appended claims. In addition, any elements or limitations of any invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein can be combined with any and / or all other elements or limitations (individually or in any combination) or any other invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein, and all such combinations are contemplated with the scope of the invention without limitation thereto.
[0080] EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
[0081] Embodiment 1. A method for single cell full-length RNA sequencing using a barcode bead, the method comprising:
[0082] (a) obtaining a non-dissolvable oligo (dT) bead,
[0083] (b) obtaining a dissolvable barcode Tn5 bead,
[0084] (c) co-encapsulating a single cell or cell nucleus with an oligo (dT) bead and RT-PCR buffer into a first water-in-oil (W / O) droplet;
[0085] (d) releasing mRNA molecules from the single cell or nucleus by cell or nucleus lysis within the W / O droplet;
[0086] (e) attaching the mRNA molecules to the oligo (dT) bead and reverse transcribing the mRNA molecules to double-stranded cDNAs using an RT-PCR reaction within the W / O droplet;
[0087] (f) releasing the oligo (dT) bead attached to the double-stranded cDNAs from the W / O droplet;
[0088] (g) co-encapsulating the oligo (dT) bead attached to the double-stranded cDNAs with a barcode Tn5 bead in a second W / O droplet that comprises tagmentation buffer;
[0089] (h) dissolving the barcode Tn5 bead and tagmentating the double-stranded cDNAs with the same barcode in the same W / O droplet;
[0090] (i) amplifying the double-stranded cDNAs derived from each single cell to obtain a cDNA library; and
[0091] (j) sequencing the cDNA library,
[0092] wherein the non-dissolvable oligo (dT) bead is functionalized with an IS-oligo (dT) primer or both an IS primer and an IS-oligo (dT) primer with a unique molecular identifier (UMI) .
[0093] Embodiment 2. A method for single cell full-length RNA sequencing using a non-barcode bead, the method comprising:
[0094] (a) obtaining a non-dissolvable oligo (dT) bead,
[0095] (b) obtaining a non-dissolvable non-barcode Tn5 bead, wherein the non-barcode Tn5 bead is attached to A-adapter;
[0096] (c) co-encapsulating a single cell or cell nucleus with an oligo (dT) bead and RT-PCR buffer into a first water-in-oil (W / O) droplet;
[0097] (d) releasing mRNA molecules from the single cell or nucleus by cell or nucleus lysis within the W / O droplet;
[0098] (e) attaching the mRNA molecules to the oligo (dT) bead and reverse transcribing the mRNA molecules to double-stranded cDNAs using an RT-PCR reaction within the W / O droplet;
[0099] (f) releasing the oligo (dT) bead attached to the double-stranded cDNAs from the W / O droplet;
[0100] (g) co-encapsulating the oligo (dT) bead attached to the double-stranded cDNAs with a non-barcode Tn5 bead in a second W / O droplet that comprises tagmentation buffer;
[0101] (h) tagmentating the double-stranded cDNAs on the non-barcode Tn5 bead in the W / O droplet;
[0102] (i) tagmentating the fragmented cDNAs on non-barcode Tn5 bead to add a B-adapter;
[0103] (j) adding a barcode sequence to the B-adapter utilizing a split-pool method;
[0104] (k) obtaining a Tn5 bead with a unique cell barcode;
[0105] (l) amplifying the double-stranded cDNAs attached to a bead with the same barcode to obtain a cDNA library; and
[0106] (m) sequencing the cDNA library.
[0107] Embodiment 3. The method of embodiment 1, wherein a reducing agent is used to dissolve the barcode Tn5 bead.
[0108] Embodiment 4. The method of embodiment 3, wherein the reducing agent comprises dithiothreitol (DTT) or β-mercaptoethanol (β -ME) .
[0109] Embodiment 5. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the Tn5 bead barcode is synthesized utilizing a PCR-based or a ligation-based split-pool method or a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) method.
[0110] Embodiment 6. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the split-pool method comprises performing two rounds of the split-pool process to append the barcodes to the Tn5-bead.
[0111] Embodiment 7. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the PCR based method for synthesizing a barcode Tn5-bead comprises appending barcodes to acrydite modified A-and B-adapter, wherein a polymerase is used for the PCR, wherein the barcode sequences added to modified A-adapter are different from the barcode sequences added to modified B-adapter, and wherein an ME sequence is subsequently attached to the last barcode of each acrydite modified A-and B-adapter.
[0112] Embodiment 8. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the ligation-based split-pool method for synthesizing a barcode Tn5-bead comprises appending barcodes to acrydite modified A-and B-adapter, wherein a T4 ligase is used for the ligation, wherein the barcode sequences added to modified A-adapter are different from the barcode sequences added to modified B-adapter, and wherein an ME sequence is subsequently attached to the last barcode of each acrydite modified A-and B-adapter.
[0113] Embodiment 9. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the ddPCR method for synthesizing a barcode Tn5-bead comprises appending acrydite modified A-and B-adapters to barcodes onto a Tn5-bead for Tn5 recognition, wherein a common sequence is added to each acrydite modified A-and B-adapter and wherein an ME sequence is attached to the last barcode added to of each acrydite modified A-and B-adapter.
[0114] Embodiment 10. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the double-stranded cDNAs attached to the oligo (dT) bead are released from the W / O droplet by adding a droplet destabilizer.
[0115] Embodiment 11. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the droplet destabilizer comprises 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-Perfluoro-1-octanol (PFO) .
[0116] Embodiment 12. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is used for sequencing.
[0117] Embodiment 13. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the droplet size of an oligo (dT) bead ranges from about 1 nL to about 5 nL.
[0118] Embodiment 14. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the efficiency of droplet RT-PCR based on oligo (dT) beads is optimized by adjusting the droplet size and the buffer components, wherein the droplet size ranges from about 50 μm to about 65 μm.
[0119] Embodiment 15. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the beads pore size or beads pore diameter of barcode Tn5 transposons in beads ranges from about [40nm] to about [400nm] .
[0120] Embodiment 16. A first chip for synthesizing a non-dissolvable oligo (dT) bead, comprising a microfluidic flow-focusing droplet generator comprising an inlet for introducing a disperse phase 10 comprising acrylamide monomer, bis-acrylamide, ammonium persulfate (APS) , and 5’-acrydite modified IS-oligo (dT) primer, an inlet for introducing a continuous phase 20 comprising oil and tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) , a microfluidic channel 15 connecting inlet 10 to outlet 50, and a microfluidic channel or plurality of microfluidic channels 25 connecting inlet 20 to microfluidic channel 15 at intersection 40.
[0121] Embodiment 17. A second chip for co-encapsulating a single cell or cell nucleus with non-dissolvable oligo (dT) beads and an RT-PCR buffer into a first W / O droplet, comprising a microfluidic flow-focusing droplet generator comprising an inlet for introducing the oligo (dT) beads 60, an inlet for introducing cells / nuclei 70, an inlet for introducing the RT-PCR buffer 80, an inlet for introducing oil 90, a microfluidic channel 65 connecting inlet 60 to outlet 120, a microfluidic channel 75 connecting inlet 70 to microfluidic channel 65 at intersection 110, a microfluidic channel 85 connecting inlet 80 to microfluidic channel 65 at intersection 110, and a microfluidic channel or plurality of microfluidic channels 95 connecting inlet 90 to microfluidic channel 65 at intersection 115.
[0122] Embodiment 18. A third chip for co-encapsulating non-dissolvable oligo (dT) beads attached to double-stranded cDNAs with a barcode Tn5 bead in a second W / O droplet that comprises a tagmentation buffer, comprising a microfluidic flow-focusing droplet generator that comprises an inlet for introducing the oligo (dT) beads carrying cDNAs 200; an inlet for introducing the barcode Tn5 beads 300; an inlet for introducing the tagmentation buffer 400; an inlet for introducing oil 500, a microfluidic channel 410 connecting inlet 400 to outlet 600, a microfluidic channel 210 connecting inlet 200 to microfluidic channel 410 at intersection 530, a microfluidic channel 310 connecting inlet 300 to microfluidic channel 410 at intersection 530, a microfluidic channel or plurality of microfluidic channels 510 connecting inlet 500 to microfluidic channel 410 at intersection 550.
[0123] REFERENCES
[0124] 1. Philpott, M., et al., Nanopore sequencing of single-cell transcriptomes with scCOLOR-seq. Nat Biotechnol, 2021.39 (12) : p. 1517-1520.
[0125] 2. Shi, Z.X., et al., High-throughput and high-accuracy single-cell RNA isoform analysis using PacBio circular consensus sequencing. Nat Commun, 2023.14 (1) : p. 2631.
[0126] 3. Sang, G., et al., High throughput detection of variation in single-cell whole transcriptome through streamlined scFAST-seq. BioRxiv, 2023: p. 2023.03.19.533382.
[0127] 4. Salmen, F., et al., High-throughput total RNA sequencing in single cells using VASA-seq. Nat Biotechnol, 2022.40 (12) : p. 1780-1793.
[0128] 5. Zilionis, R., et al., Single-cell barcoding and sequencing using droplet microfluidics. Nat Protoc, 2017.12 (1) : p. 44-73.
[0129] 6. White, A.K., et al., High-throughput microfluidic single-cell RT-qPCR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2011.108(34):p.13999-4004.
Claims
1.A method for single cell full-length RNA sequencing using a barcode bead, the method comprising:(a) obtaining a non-dissolvable oligo (dT) bead,(b) obtaining a dissolvable barcode Tn5 bead,(c) co-encapsulating a single cell or cell nucleus with the oligo (dT) bead and an RT-PCR buffer into a first water-in-oil (W / O) droplet;(d) releasing mRNA molecules from the single cell or nucleus by cell or nucleus lysis within the W / O droplet;(e) attaching the mRNA molecules to the oligo (dT) bead and reverse transcribing the mRNA molecules to double-stranded cDNAs using an RT-PCR reaction within the W / O droplet;(f) releasing the oligo (dT) bead attached to the double-stranded cDNAs from the W / O droplet;(g) co-encapsulating the oligo (dT) bead attached to the double-stranded cDNAs with a barcode Tn5 bead in a second W / O droplet that comprises tagmentation buffer;(h) dissolving the barcode Tn5 bead and tagmentating the double-stranded cDNAs with the same barcode in the same W / O droplet;(i) amplifying the double-stranded cDNAs derived from each single cell to obtain a cDNA library; and(j) sequencing the cDNA library,wherein the non-dissolvable oligo (dT) bead is functionalized with an IS-oligo (dT) primer or both an IS primer and an IS-oligo (dT) primer with a unique molecular identifier (UMI) .2.A method for single cell full-length RNA sequencing using a non-barcode bead, the method comprising:(a) obtaining a non-dissolvable oligo (dT) bead,(b) obtaining a non-dissolvable non-barcode Tn5 bead, wherein the non-barcode Tn5 bead is attached to A-adapter;(c) co-encapsulating a single cell or cell nucleus with an oligo (dT) bead and RT-PCR buffer into a first water-in-oil (W / O) droplet;(d) releasing mRNA molecules from the single cell or nucleus by cell or nucleus lysis within the W / O droplet;(e) attaching the mRNA molecules to the oligo (dT) bead and reverse transcribing the mRNA molecules to double-stranded cDNAs using an RT-PCR reaction within the W / O droplet;(f) releasing the oligo (dT) bead attached to the double-stranded cDNAs from the W / O droplet;(g) co-encapsulating the oligo (dT) bead attached to the double-stranded cDNAs with a non-barcode Tn5 bead in a second W / O droplet that comprises tagmentation buffer;(h) tagmentating the double-stranded cDNAs on the non-barcode Tn5 bead in the W / O droplet;(i) tagmentating the fragmented cDNAs on non-barcode Tn5 bead to add a B-adapter;(j) adding a barcode sequence to the B-adapter utilizing a split-pool method;(k) obtaining a Tn5 bead with a unique cell barcode;(l) amplifying the double-stranded cDNAs attached to a bead with the same barcode to obtain a cDNA library; and(m) sequencing the cDNA library.3.The method of claim 1, wherein a reducing agent is used to dissolve the barcode Tn5 bead.4.The method of claim 3, wherein the reducing agent comprises dithiothreitol (DTT) or β-mercaptoethanol (β -ME) .5.The method of claim 1, wherein the Tn5 bead barcode is synthesized utilizing a PCR-based or a ligation-based split-pool method or a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) method.6.The method of claim 5, wherein the split-pool method comprises performing two rounds of the split-pool process to append the barcodes to the Tn5-bead.7.The method of claim 5, wherein the PCR based method for synthesizing a barcode Tn5-bead comprises appending barcodes to acrydite modified A-and B-adapter, wherein a polymerase is used for the PCR, wherein the barcode sequences added to modified A-adapter are different from the barcode sequences added to modified B-adapter, and wherein an ME sequence is subsequently attached to the last barcode of each acrydite modified A-and B-adapter.8.The method of claim 5, wherein the ligation-based split-pool method for synthesizing a barcode Tn5-bead comprises appending barcodes to acrydite modified A-and B-adapter, wherein a T4 ligase is used for the ligation, wherein the barcode sequences added to modified A-adapter are different from the barcode sequences added to modified B-adapter, and wherein an ME sequence is subsequently attached to the last barcode of each acrydite modified A-and B-adapter9.The method of claim 5, wherein the ddPCR method for synthesizing a barcode Tn5-bead comprises appending acrydite modified A-and B-adapters to barcodes onto a Tn5-bead for Tn5 recognition, wherein a common sequence is added to each acrydite modified A-and B-adapter and wherein an ME sequence is attached to the last barcode added to of each acrydite modified A-and B-adapter.10.The method of claim 1, wherein the double-stranded cDNAs attached to the oligo (dT) bead are released from the W / O droplet by adding a droplet destabilizer.11.The method of claim 10, wherein the droplet destabilizer comprises 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-Perfluoro-1-octanol (PFO) .12.The method of claim 1, wherein Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is used for sequencing.13.The method of claim 1, wherein the droplet size of an oligo (dT) bead ranges from about 1 nL to about 5 nL.14.The method of claim 1, wherein the efficiency of droplet RT-PCR based on oligo (dT) beads is optimized by adjusting the droplet size and the buffer components, wherein the droplet size ranges from about 50 μm to about 65 μm.15.The method of claim 1, wherein the beads pore size or beads pore diameter of barcode Tn5 transposons in beads ranges from about [40nm] to about [400nm] .16.A first chip for synthesizing a non-dissolvable oligo (dT) bead, comprising a microfluidic flow-focusing droplet generator comprising an inlet for introducing a disperse phase 10 comprising acrylamide monomer, bis-acrylamide, ammonium persulfate (APS) , and 5’ -acrydite modified IS-oligo (dT) primer, an inlet for introducing a continuous phase 20 comprising oil and tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) , a microfluidic channel 15 connecting inlet 10 to outlet 50, and a microfluidic channel or plurality of microfluidic channels 25 connecting inlet 20 to microfluidic channel 15 at intersection 40.17.A second chip for co-encapsulating a single cell or cell nucleus with non-dissolvable oligo (dT) beads and an RT-PCR buffer into a first W / O droplet, comprising a microfluidic flow-focusing droplet generator comprising an inlet for introducing the oligo (dT) beads 60, an inlet for introducing cells / nuclei 70, an inlet for introducing the RT-PCR buffer 80, an inlet for introducing oil 90, a microfluidic channel 65 connecting inlet 60 to outlet 120, a microfluidic channel 75 connecting inlet 70 to microfluidic channel 65 at intersection 110, a microfluidic channel 85 connecting inlet 80 to microfluidic channel 65 at intersection 110, and a microfluidic channel or plurality of microfluidic channels 95 connecting inlet 90 to microfluidic channel 65 at intersection 115.18.A third chip for co-encapsulating non-dissolvable oligo (dT) beads attached to double-stranded cDNAs with a barcode Tn5 bead in a second W / O droplet that comprises a tagmentation buffer, comprising a microfluidic flow-focusing droplet generator that comprises an inlet for introducing the oligo (dT) beads carrying cDNAs 200; an inlet for introducing the barcode Tn5 beads 300; an inlet for introducing the tagmentation buffer 400; an inlet for introducing oil 500, a microfluidic channel 410 connecting inlet 400 to outlet 600, a microfluidic channel 210 connecting inlet 200 to microfluidic channel 410 at intersection 530, a microfluidic channel 310 connecting inlet 300 to microfluidic channel 410 at intersection 530, a microfluidic channel or plurality of microfluidic channels 510 connecting inlet 500 to microfluidic channel 410 at intersection 550.