Parity check matrix structures to facilitate efficient low density parity check coding
A lifted parity submatrix structure with specific portions addresses the complexity issue in LDPC codes, enhancing encoding efficiency and enabling their use in higher modulation orders and PAS applications.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/126653
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-23
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-30
AI Technical Summary
The complexity of parity submatrix inversion in low density parity check (LDPC) codes becomes prohibitive as code block length increases, limiting their suitability for applications like probabilistic amplitude shaping (PAS) and higher order modulations due to coding rate limitations.
The implementation of a lifted parity submatrix with an upper-triangular portion, high-degree column portion, all-zero portion, and remaining portion, enabling efficient encoding and decoding of LDPC codes, which includes high-degree parity columns and punctured columns to maintain coding efficiency.
This structure mitigates LDPC coding rate limitations, enabling the use of LDPC codes in PAS applications and higher modulation orders, such as QAM-1024, by increasing encoding efficiency and extending the use cases of LDPC codes.
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Figure CN2024126653_30042026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
PARITY CHECK MATRIX STRUCTURES TO FACILITATE EFFICIENT LOW DENSITY PARITY CHECK CODING
[0001] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication and specifically relate to techniques, apparatuses, and methods associated with parity check matrix structures to facilitate efficient low density parity check coding.BACKGROUND
[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various services, which may involve carrying or supporting voice, text, other messaging, video, data, and / or other traffic. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access radio access technologies (RATs) capable of supporting communication among multiple wireless communication devices including user devices or other devices by sharing the available system resources (for example, time domain resources, frequency domain resources, spatial domain resources, and / or device transmit power, among other examples) . Such multiple-access RATs are supported by technological advancements that have been adopted in various telecommunication standards, which define common protocols that enable different wireless communication devices to communicate on a local, municipal, national, regional, or global level.
[0004] An example telecommunication standard is New Radio (NR) . NR, which may also be referred to as 5G, is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . NR (and other RATs beyond NR) may be designed to better support enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, Internet of things (IoT) networks or reduced capability device deployments, and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) applications. To support these verticals, NR systems may be designed to implement a modularized functional infrastructure, a disaggregated and service-based network architecture, network function virtualization, network slicing, multi-access edge computing, millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies including massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) , licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployments, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication technologies (for example, cellular vehicle-to-everything (CV2X) communication) , multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, and / or radio frequency (RF) sensing, among other examples. As the demand for connectivity continues to increase, further improvements in NR may be implemented, and other RATs, such as 6G and beyond, may be introduced to enable new applications and facilitate new use cases.
[0005] Low density parity check (LDPC) codes are error correcting codes utilized to ensure reliability in data transmissions in a wireless network. LDPC codes may be represented by a sparse parity check matrix (PCM) having a systematic submatrix and a parity submatrix. In LDPC encoding, the parity portion of the PCM may be inverted to compute a parity vector that is used in encoding an LDPC codeword. Because of the potentially sparse content in a PCM, a PCM may include additional structures (for example, an accumulate chain structure) to simplify the encoding procedure. Accordingly, in cases where the parity submatrix portion of the PCM lacks a sufficient structure, the complexity of the parity submatrix inversion may become prohibitive as code block length increases.SUMMARY
[0006] Some aspects described herein relate to a transmitter for wireless communication. The transmitter may include a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors. The processing system may be configured to cause the transmitter to generate a lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the lifted parity submatrix includes: an upper-triangular portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and a remaining portion. The processing system may be configured to cause the transmitter to encode, in a first encoding operation, a first subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the upper-triangular portion and the high-degree column portion of the lifted parity submatrix. The processing system may be configured to cause the transmitter to encode, in a second encoding operation after the first encoding operation, a second subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the all-zero portion and the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix. The processing system may be configured to cause the transmitter to transmit, to a receiver, a low density parity check (LDPC) code associated with a parity check matrix (PCM) that includes the encoded lifted parity submatrix.
[0007] Some aspects described herein relate to a receiver for wireless communication. The receiver may include a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors. The processing system may be configured to cause the receiver to receive an LDPC code associated with a PCM that includes: an encoded lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the encoded lifted parity submatrix includes an upper-triangular portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and a remaining portion. The processing system may be configured to cause the receiver to decode the encoded lifted parity submatrix to decode the LDPC code.
[0008] Some aspects described herein relate to a method for wireless communication by a transmitter. The method may include generating a lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the lifted parity submatrix includes: an upper-triangular portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and a remaining portion. The method may include encoding, in a first encoding operation, a first subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the upper-triangular portion and the high-degree column portion of the lifted parity submatrix. The method may include encoding, in a second encoding operation after the first encoding operation, a second subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the all-zero portion and the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix. The method may include transmitting, to a receiver, an LDPC code associated with a PCM that includes the encoded lifted parity submatrix.
[0009] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication by a receiver. The method may include receiving an LDPC code associated with a PCM that includes an encoded lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the encoded lifted parity submatrix includes: an upper-triangular matrix portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and a remaining portion. The method may include decoding the encoded lifted parity submatrix to decode the LDPC code.
[0010] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by a transmitter. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the transmitter, may cause the transmitter to generate a lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the lifted parity submatrix includes: an upper-triangular matrix portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and a remaining portion. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the transmitter, may cause the transmitter to encode, in a first encoding operation, a first subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the upper-triangular portion and the high-degree column portion of the lifted parity submatrix. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the transmitter, may cause the transmitter to encode, in a second encoding operation after the first encoding operation, a second subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the all-zero portion and the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the transmitter, may cause the transmitter to transmit, to a receiver, an LDPC code associated with a PCM that includes the encoded lifted parity submatrix.
[0011] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by a receiver. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the receiver, may cause the receiver to receive an LDPC code associated with a PCM that includes an encoded lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the encoded lifted parity submatrix includes: an upper-triangular matrix portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and a remaining portion. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the transmitter, may cause the transmitter to decode the encoded lifted parity submatrix to decode the LDPC code.
[0012] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for generating a lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the lifted parity submatrix includes: an upper-triangular portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and a remaining portion. The apparatus may include means for encoding, in a first encoding operation, a first subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the upper-triangular portion and the high-degree column portion of the lifted parity submatrix. The apparatus may include means for encoding, in a second encoding operation, a second subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the all-zero portion and the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix. The apparatus may include means for transmitting, to a receiver, an LDPC code associated with a PCM that includes the encoded lifted parity submatrix.
[0013] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for receiving an LDPC code associated with a PCM that includes an encoded lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the encoded lifted parity submatrix includes, an upper- triangular matrix portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and a remaining portion. The apparatus may include means for decoding the encoded lifted parity submatrix to decode the LDPC code.
[0014] Aspects of the present disclosure may generally be implemented by or as a method, apparatus, system, computer program product, non-transitory computer-readable medium, user equipment, base station, network node, network entity, wireless communication device, and / or processing system as substantially described with reference to, and as illustrated by, this specification and accompanying drawings.
[0015] The foregoing paragraphs of this section have broadly summarized some aspects of the present disclosure. These and additional aspects and associated advantages will be described hereinafter. The disclosed aspects may be used as a basis for modifying or designing other aspects for carrying out the same or similar purposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent aspects do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. Characteristics of the aspects disclosed herein, both their organization and method of operation, together with associated advantages, will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0016] The appended drawings illustrate some aspects of the present disclosure but are not limiting of the scope of the present disclosure because the description may enable other aspects. Each of the drawings is provided for purposes of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims. The same or similar reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.
[0017] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication network in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0018] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated network node architecture in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0019] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a low density parity check (LDPC) base matrix and an LDPC base graph in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0020] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating examples of base graphs associated with an LDPC base matrix in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0021] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a parity check matrix (PCM) and an accumulate chain structure in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0022] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of an LDPC coding procedure in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0023] Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of coding rate limitations and an LDPC code with one or more punctured parity nodes in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0024] Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with a PCM structure to facilitate efficient LDPC coding in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0025] Figure 9 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with an LDPC base graph PCM structure in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0026] Figures 10A-10F are diagrams illustrating examples associated with LDPC matrix structures in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0027] Figure 11 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) extension of PCM structures in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0028] Figure 12 is a flowchart illustrating an example process performed, for example, at a transmitter or an apparatus of a transmitter that supports PCM structures to facilitate LDPC coding in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0029] Figure 13 is a flowchart illustrating an example process performed, for example, at a receiver or an apparatus of a receiver that supports PCM structures to facilitate efficient LDPC coding in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0030] Figure 14 is a diagram of an example apparatus for wireless communication that supports PCM structures to facilitate efficient LDPC coding in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0031] Figure 15 is a diagram of an example apparatus for wireless communication that supports PCM structures to facilitate LDPC coding in accordance with the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0032] Various aspects of the present disclosure are described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, aspects of the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms. The present disclosure is not to be construed as limited to any specific aspect illustrated by or described with reference to an accompanying drawing or otherwise presented in this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. One skilled in the art may appreciate that the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein, whether implemented independently of or in combination with any other aspect of the disclosure. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using various combinations or quantities of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover an apparatus having, or a method that is practiced using, other structures and / or functionalities in addition to or other than the structures and / or functionalities with which various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein may be practiced. Any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0033] Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques. These methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes, or algorithms (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0034] In a wireless network, low density parity check (LDPC) decoding is a technique that may be used in error correcting codes, particularly in contexts related to forward error correction (FEC) . In particular, LDPC codes are a class of linear error-correcting codes that are defined or may be represented by a sparse parity check matrix (PCM) that is typically characterized by having a low density of entries with a value of 1. From a transmitter perspective, the transmitter (or LDPC encoder) multiplies one or more systematic or information bits by a PCM to generate a code block (or codeword) . A sparse PCM generally includes a systematic submatrix and a parity submatrix. The parity submatrix may be inverted to compute a parity vector that is used in encoding an LDPC codeword. In some cases, as a result of the sparseness, the parity submatrix portion of the PCM may have a structure that makes the complexity of the parity submatrix inversion prohibitive as code block length increases. Accordingly, LDPC codes may utilize an accumulate chain structure to simplify the encoding procedure.
[0035] However, LDPC decoding is a more complex and iterative process designed to correct errors in received data. For example, LDPC decoding techniques generally use the PCM and the received data to improve an estimate of the original systematic or information bits. LDPC decoding often uses a belief propagation algorithm, also known as a sum-product algorithm, which operates on a factor graph representation of the code block, where messages are iteratively exchanged between variable nodes (representing bits) and check nodes (representing parity check equations) . LDPC decoding is typically performed over multiple iterations, often referred to as decoding iterations, where each iteration involves variable nodes updating respective beliefs about the bit values based on received information from connected check nodes, and check nodes updating respective beliefs based on information from connected variable nodes. This process then continues for several iterations until LDPC decoding succeeds or fails (for example, after a predefined quantity of iterations or when certain stopping criteria are met, such as all parity check equations being satisfied or a bit error rate reaching an acceptable level) .
[0036] However, coding rate limitations (for example, modulation order, number of information bit columns of an associated base graph, number of punctured variable nodes, and / or similar coding rate variables) may render LDPC codes potentially unsuitable for certain applications. For example, coding rate limitations may render LDPC codes potentially unsuitable for probabilistic amplitude shaping (PAS) applications for various modulation orders (for example, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) types) where such coding limitations may affect throughput and accuracy. For example, where LDPC codes are applied to a higher order modulation together with PAS, the LDPC codes may not support the resulting coding rates, thereby limiting their usage in PAS applications.
[0037] Various aspects relate generally to an LDPC code having a PCM that includes an encoded lifted parity submatrix having an upper-triangular portion having non-zero diagonal elements, a high-degree column portion, an all-zero portion, and a remaining portion, where, for example, the upper-triangular portion may enable parity bits to be encoded in a reverse order. Additionally, the high-degree column portion enables the inclusion of punctured columns that are unrestricted by coding efficiency limitations (for example, throughput and accuracy) . For example, the upper-triangular portion and the all-zero portion may enable encoding of the last parity bits (for example, the last column of the PCM) while maintaining coding rates that are supported by PAS and / or other high-modulation applications. Some aspects more specifically relate to encoding, in a first encoding operation, the upper-triangular portion and the high-degree column portion. In some aspects, in a second encoding operation, the all-zero portion and the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix are encoded, where the encoded lifted parity submatrix may be transmitted from a transmitter to a receiver. In some aspects, the high-degree column portion may include a set of punctured parity bit columns. In some aspects, a base graph PCM structure is included in the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix, where the base graph PCM structure includes a first portion with one element; a second portion with a sparse form; a third portion with one element having a size that is independent of a lifting size of the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix; a fourth portion that is unconstrained; and a fifth portion having an upper-triangular form. In some aspects, the non-zero diagonal elements of the upper triangular portion may be associated with cyclic shift values in a range from 0 to Z-1, where Z is a lifting factor.
[0038] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, the described techniques can be used to generate a lifted parity submatrix structure that enables the inclusion of high-degree (for example, greater than or equal to degree-3) parity columns due to an upper-triangular structure in combination with an all-zero portion (for example, an all-zero matrix portion) , thus enabling increased encoding efficiency. For example, the encoding structure design may have one or more high-degree parity nodes to maintain the coding efficiency of an encoding structure having a relatively lower-degree parity node, thereby enabling inclusion of punctured parity bit columns . By including a base graph PCM structure in the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix, the encoding efficiencies of the base graph PCM structure may enable further increases in encoding efficiencies in the lifted parity submatrix. For example, the base graph PCM structure may be designed for inclusion in the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix structure in a way that increases overall encoding efficiency of the lifted parity submatrix. Accordingly, by encoding and transmitting an LDPC code having a lifted parity submatrix including high degree (for example, greater than or equal to degree-3) structures, some aspects described herein may mitigate LDPC coding rate limitations and thereby extend the possible use cases for LDPC codes, such as enabling LDPC codes to be used in PAS applications and / or QAM-1024 or higher modulation orders.
[0039] As described above, wireless communication systems may be deployed to provide various services, which may involve carrying or supporting voice, text, other messaging, video, data, and / or other traffic. Some wireless communications systems may employ multiple-access radio access technologies (RATs) . The multiple-access RATs may be capable of supporting communication with multiple wireless communication devices by sharing the available system resources (for example, time domain resources, frequency domain resources, spatial domain resources, and / or device transmit power, among other examples) . Examples of such multiple-access RATs include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0040] Multiple-access RATs are supported by technological advancements that have been adopted in various telecommunication standards, which define common protocols that enable wireless communication devices to communicate on a local, municipal, enterprise, national, regional, or global level. For example, 5G New Radio (NR) is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . 5G NR may support enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, Internet of Things (IoT) networks or reduced capability (RedCap) device deployments, ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) applications, and / or massive machine-type communication (mMTC) , among other examples.
[0041] To support these and other target verticals, a wireless communication system may be designed to implement a modularized functional infrastructure, a disaggregated and service-based network architecture, network function virtualization, network slicing, multi-access edge computing, millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies including massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) , beamforming, IoT device or RedCap device connectivity and management, industrial connectivity, licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication (for example, cellular vehicle-to-everything (CV2X) communication) , frequency spectrum expansion, overlapping spectrum use, small cell deployments, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployments, device aggregation, advanced duplex communication (for example, sub-band full-duplex (SBFD) ) , multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, radio frequency (RF) sensing, network energy savings (NES) , low-power signaling and radios, and / or artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) , among other examples.
[0042] The foregoing and other technological improvements may support use cases, such as wireless fronthauls, wireless midhauls, wireless backhauls, wireless data centers, extended reality (XR) and metaverse applications, meta services for supporting vehicle connectivity, holographic and mixed reality communication, autonomous and collaborative robots, vehicle platooning and cooperative maneuvering, sensing networks, gesture monitoring, human-brain interfacing, digital twin applications, asset management, and universal coverage applications using non-terrestrial and / or aerial platforms, among other examples.
[0043] As the demand for connectivity continues to increase, further improvements in NR may be implemented, and other RATs, such as 6G and beyond, may be introduced to enable new applications and facilitate new use cases. The methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques described herein may enable one or more of the foregoing technologies or new technologies and / or support one or more of the foregoing use cases or new use cases.
[0044] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication network 100 in accordance with the present disclosure. The wireless communication network 100 may be or may include elements of a 5G (or NR) network or a 6G network, among other examples. The wireless communication network 100 may include multiple network nodes 110. For example, in Figure 1, the wireless communication network 100 includes a network node (NN) 110a and a network node 110b. The network nodes 110 may support communications with multiple UEs 120. For example, in Figure 1, the network nodes 110 support communication with a UE 120a, a UE 120b, and a UE 120c. In some examples, a UE 120 may also communicate with other UEs 120 and a network node 110 may communicate with a core network and with other network nodes 110.
[0045] The network nodes 110 and the UEs 120 of the wireless communication network 100 may communicate using the electromagnetic spectrum, which may be subdivided by frequency or wavelength into various classes, bands, carriers, and / or channels. For example, devices of the wireless communication network 100 may communicate using one or more operating bands. In some aspects, multiple wireless communication networks 100 may be deployed in a given geographic area. Each wireless communication network 100 may support a particular RAT (which may also be referred to as an air interface) and may operate on one or more carrier frequencies in one or more frequency bands or ranges. In some examples, when multiple RATs are deployed in a given geographic area, each RAT in the geographic area may operate on different frequencies to avoid interference with other RATs. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the wireless communication network 100 may implement dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) , in which multiple RATs are implemented with dynamic bandwidth allocation (for example, based on user demand) in a single frequency band. In some examples, the wireless communication network 100 may support communication over unlicensed spectrum, where access to an unlicensed channel is subject to a channel access mechanism. For example, in a shared or unlicensed frequency band, a transmitting device may perform a channel access procedure, such as a listen-before-talk (LBT) procedure, to contend against other devices for channel access before transmitting on a shared or unlicensed channel.
[0046] Various operating bands have been defined as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz through 7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz through 52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz through 24.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz through 71 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz through 114.25 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz through 300 GHz) . Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “sub-6 GHz” band in some documents and articles. Similarly, FR2 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in some documents and articles, despite being different than the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz through 300 GHz) , which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band. The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies, which include FR3. Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 or FR2 into the mid-band frequencies. Thus, “sub-6 GHz, ” if used herein, may broadly refer to frequencies that are less than 6 GHz, that are within FR1, and / or that are included in mid-band frequencies. Similarly, the term “millimeter wave, ” if used herein, may broadly refer to mid-band frequencies or to frequencies that are within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, FR5, and / or the EHF band. Higher frequency bands may extend 5G NR operation, 6G operation, and / or other RATs beyond 52.6 GHz.
[0047] A network node 110 and / or a UE 120 may include one or more devices, components, or systems that enable communication with other devices, components, or systems of the wireless communication network 100. For example, a UE 120 and a network node 110 may each include one or more chips, system-on-chips (SoCs) , chipsets, packages, or devices that individually or collectively constitute or comprise a processing system, such as a processing system 140 of the UE 120 or a processing system 145 of the network node 110. A processing system (for example, the processing system 140 and / or the processing system 145) includes processor (or “processing” ) circuitry in the form of one or multiple processors, microprocessors, processing units (such as central processing units (CPUs) , graphics processing units (GPUs) , neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) , and / or digital signal processors (DSPs) ) , processing blocks, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “processor” or collectively as “the processor” or “the processor circuitry” ) . Such processors may be individually or collectively configurable or configured to perform various functions or operations described herein. A group of processors collectively configurable or configured to perform a set of functions may include a first processor configurable or configured to perform a first function of the set and a second processor configurable or configured to perform a second function of the set. In some other examples, each of a group of processors may be configurable or configured to perform a same set of functions.
[0048] The processing system 140 and the processing system 145 may each include memory circuitry in the form of one or multiple memory devices, memory blocks, memory elements, or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry, each of which may include or implement tangible storage media such as random-access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM) , or combinations thereof (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “memory” or collectively as “the memory” or “the memory circuitry” ) . One or more of the memories may be coupled (for example, operatively coupled, communicatively coupled, electronically coupled, or electrically coupled) with one or more of the processors and may individually or collectively store processor-executable code or instructions (such as software) that, when executed by one or more of the processors, may configure one or more of the processors to perform various functions or operations described herein. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, one or more of the processors may be configured to perform various functions or operations described herein without requiring configuration by software. “Software” shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, or functions, among other examples, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.
[0049] The processing system 140 and the processing system 145 may each include or be coupled with one or more modems (such as a cellular (for example, a 5G or 6G compliant) modem) . In some examples, one or more processors of the processing system 140 and / or the processing system 145 include or implement one or more of the modems. The processing system 140 and the processing system 145 may also include or be coupled with multiple radios (collectively “the radio” ) , multiple RF chains, or multiple transceivers, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more of multiple antennas. In some examples, one or more processors of the processing system 140 and / or the processing system 145 include or implement one or more of the radios, RF chains, or transceivers. An RF chain may include one or more filters, mixers, oscillators, amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) , and / or other devices that convert between an analog signal (such as for transmission or reception via an air interface) and a digital signal (such as for processing by the processing system 140 of the UE 120 or by the processing system 145 of the network node 110) .
[0050] A network node 110 and a UE 120 may each include one or multiple antennas or antenna arrays. Typical network nodes 110 and UEs 120 may include multiple antennas, which may be organized or structured into one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. As used herein, the term “antenna” can refer to one or more antennas, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays. The term “antenna panel” can refer to a group of antennas (such as antenna elements) arranged in an array or panel, which may facilitate beamforming by manipulating parameters associated with the group of antennas. The term “antenna module” may refer to circuitry including one or more antennas as well as one or more other components (such as filters, amplifiers, or processors) associated with integrating the antenna module into a wireless communication device such as the network node 110 and the UE 120.
[0051] A network node 110 may be, may include, or may also be referred to as an NR network node, a 5G network node, a 6G network node, a Node B, a gNB, an access point (AP) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a network entity, a network element, a network equipment, and / or another type of device, component, or system included in a radio access network (RAN) . In various deployments, a network node 110 may be implemented as a single physical node (for example, a single physical structure) or may be implemented as two or more physical nodes (for example, two or more distinct physical structures) . For example, a network node 110 may be a device or system that implements a part of a radio protocol stack, a device or system that implements a full radio protocol stack (such as a full gNB protocol stack) , or a collection of devices or systems that collectively implement the full radio protocol stack. For example, and as shown, a network node 110 may be an aggregated network node having an aggregated architecture, meaning that the network node 110 may implement a full radio protocol stack that is physically and logically integrated within a single physical structure in the wireless communication network 100. For example, an aggregated network node 110 may consist of a single standalone base station or a single TRP that operates with a full radio protocol stack to enable or facilitate communication between a UE 120 and a core network of the wireless communication network 100.
[0052] Alternatively, and as also shown, a network node 110 may be a disaggregated network node (sometimes referred to as a disaggregated base station) , having a disaggregated architecture, meaning that the network node 110 may operate with a radio protocol stack that is physically distributed and / or logically distributed among two or more nodes in the same geographic location or in different geographic locations. An example disaggregated network node architecture is described in more detail below with reference to Figure 2. In some deployments, disaggregated network nodes 110 may be used in an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, in an open radio access network (O-RAN) (such as a network configuration in compliance with the O-RAN Alliance) , or in a virtualized radio access network (vRAN) , also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) , to facilitate scaling by separating network functionality into multiple units or modules that can be individually deployed.
[0053] The network nodes 110 of the wireless communication network 100 may include one or more central units (CUs) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , and one or more radio units (RUs) . A CU may host one or more higher layers, such as a radio resource control (RRC) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, and a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer, among other examples. A DU may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and / or one or more higher physical (PHY) layers depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as a functional split defined by the 3GPP. In some examples, a DU also may host a lower PHY layer that is configured to perform functions, such as a fast Fourier transform (FFT) , an inverse FFT (IFFT) , beamforming, and / or physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, among other examples. An RU may perform RF processing functions or lower PHY layer functions, such as an FFT, an IFFT, beamforming, or PRACH extraction and filtering, among other examples, according to a functional split, such as a lower layer split (LLS) . In such an architecture, each RU can be operated to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 120. In some examples, a single network node 110 may include a combination of one or more CUs, one or more DUs, and / or one or more RUs. In some examples, a CU, a DU, and / or an RU may be implemented as a virtual unit, such as a virtual central unit (VCU) , a virtual distributed unit (VDU) , or a virtual radio unit (VRU) , among other examples, which may be implemented as a virtual network function, such as in a cloud deployment.
[0054] Some network nodes 110 (for example, a base station, an RU, or a TRP) may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area. The term “cell” can refer to a coverage area of a network node 110 or to a network node 110 itself, depending on the context in which the term is used. A network node 110 may support one or more cells (for example, each cell may support communication within an angular (for example, 60 degree) range around the network node) . In some examples, a network node 110 may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, or another type of cell. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (for example, several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with associated service subscriptions. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may also allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with associated service subscriptions. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographic area (for example, a home) and may allow restricted access by UEs 120 having association with the femto cell (for example, UEs 120 in a closed subscriber group (CSG) ) . In some examples, a cell may not necessarily be stationary. For example, the geographic area of the cell may move according to the location of an associated mobile network node 110 (for example, a train, a satellite, an unmanned aerial vehicle, or an NTN network node) .
[0055] The wireless communication network 100 may be a heterogeneous network that includes network nodes 110 of different types, such as macro network nodes, pico network nodes, femto network nodes, relay network nodes, aggregated network nodes, and / or disaggregated network nodes, among other examples. Various different types of network nodes 110 may generally transmit at different power levels, serve different coverage areas (for example, a cell 130a and a cell 130b) , and / or have different impacts on interference in the wireless communication network 100 than other types of network nodes 110.
[0056] The UEs 120 may be physically dispersed throughout the coverage area of the wireless communication network 100, and each UE 120 may be stationary or mobile. A UE 120 may be, may include, or may also be referred to as an access terminal, a mobile station, or a subscriber unit. A UE 120 may be, include, or be coupled with a cellular phone (for example, a smart phone) , a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a tablet, a camera, a netbook, a smartbook, an ultrabook, a medical device, a biometric device, a wearable device (for example, a smart watch, smart clothing, smart glasses, a smart wristband, smart jewelry, a gaming device, an entertainment device (for example, a music device, a video device, or a satellite radio) , an XR device, a vehicular component or sensor, a smart meter or sensor, industrial manufacturing equipment, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) device (such as a Global Positioning System device or another type of positioning device) , a UE function of a network node, and / or any other suitable device or function that may communicate via a wireless medium.
[0057] Some UEs 120 may be classified according to different categories in association with different complexities and / or different capabilities. UEs 120 in a first category may facilitate massive IoT in the wireless communication network 100, and may offer low complexity and / or cost relative to UEs 120 in a second category. UEs 120 in a second category may include mission-critical IoT devices, legacy UEs, baseline UEs, high-tier UEs, advanced UEs, full-capability UEs, and / or premium UEs that are capable of URLLC, eMBB, and / or precise positioning in the wireless communication network 100, among other examples. A third category of UEs 120 may have mid-tier complexity and / or capability (for example, a capability between that of the UEs 120 of the first category and that of the UEs 120 of the second capability) . A UE 120 of the third category may be referred to as a reduced capability UE ( “RedCap UE” ) , a mid-tier UE, an NR-Light UE, and / or an NR-Lite UE, among other examples. RedCap UEs may bridge a gap between the capability and complexity of NB-IoT devices and / or eMTC UEs, and mission-critical IoT devices and / or premium UEs. RedCap UEs may include, for example, wearable devices, IoT devices, industrial sensors, or cameras that are associated with a limited bandwidth, power capacity, and / or transmission range, among other examples. RedCap UEs may support healthcare environments, building automation, electrical distribution, process automation, transport and logistics, or smart city deployments, among other examples.
[0058] In some examples, a network node 110 may be, may include, or may operate as an RU, a TRP, or a base station that communicates with one or more UEs 120 via a radio access link (which may be referred to as a “Uu” link) . The radio access link may include a downlink and an uplink. “Downlink” (or “DL” ) refers to a communication direction from a network node 110 to a UE 120, and “uplink” (or “UL” ) refers to a communication direction from a UE 120 to a network node 110. Downlink and uplink resources may include time domain resources (for example, frames, subframes, slots, and symbols) , frequency domain resources (for example, frequency bands, component carriers (CCs) , subcarriers, resource blocks, and resource elements) , and spatial domain resources (for example, particular transmit directions or beams) .
[0059] Frequency domain resources may be subdivided into bandwidth parts (BWPs) . A BWP may be a block of frequency domain resources (for example, a continuous set of resource blocks (RBs) within a full component carrier bandwidth) that may be configured at a UE-specific level. A UE 120 may be configured with both an uplink BWP and a downlink BWP (which may be the same or different) . Each BWP may be associated with its own numerology (indicating a sub-carrier spacing (SCS) and cyclic prefix (CP) ) . A BWP may be dynamically configured or activated (for example, by a network node 110 transmitting a downlink control information (DCI) configuration to the one or more UEs 120) and / or reconfigured (for example, in real-time or near-real-time) according to changing network conditions in the wireless communication network 100 and / or specific requirements of one or more UEs 120. An active BWP defines the operating bandwidth of the UE 120 within the operating bandwidth of the serving cell. The use of BWPs enables more efficient use of the available frequency domain resources in the wireless communication network 100 because fewer frequency domain resources may be allocated to a BWP for a UE 120 (which may reduce the quantity of frequency domain resources that a UE 120 is required to monitor and reduce UE power consumption by enabling the UE to monitor fewer frequency domain resources) , leaving more frequency domain resources to be spread across multiple UEs 120. Thus, BWPs may also assist in the implementation of lower-capability (for example, RedCap) UEs 120 by facilitating the configuration of smaller bandwidths for communication by such UEs 120 and / or by facilitating reduced UE power consumption.
[0060] As used herein, a downlink signal may be or include a reference signal, control information, or data. For example, downlink reference signals include a primary synchronization signal (PSS) , a secondary SS (SSS) , an SS block (SSB) (for example, that includes a PSS, an SSS, and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) ) , a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS) , a tracking reference signal (TRS) , and a channel state information (CSI) reference signal (CSI-RS) , among other examples. A downlink signal carrying control information or data may be transmitted via a downlink channel. Downlink channels may include one or more control channels for transmitting control information and one or more data channels for transmitting data. Downlink reference signals may be transmitted in addition to, or multiplexed with, downlink control channel communications and / or downlink data channel communications. A downlink control channel may be specifically used to transmit DCI from a network node 110 to a UE 120. DCI generally contains the information the UE 120 needs to identify RBs in a subsequent subframe and how to decode them, including a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) or redundancy version parameters. Different DCI formats carry different information, such as scheduling information in the form of downlink or uplink grants, slot formal indicators (SFIs) , preemption indicators (PIs) , transmit power control (TPC) commands, hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) information, new data indicators (NDIs) , among other examples. A downlink data channel may be used to transmit downlink data (for example, user data associated with a UE 120) from a network node 110 to a UE 120. Downlink control channels may include physical downlink control channels (PDCCHs) , and downlink data channels may include physical downlink shared channels (PDSCHs) . Control information or data communications may be transmitted on a PDCCH and PDSCH, respectively. For example, a PDCCH can carry DCI, while a PDSCH can carry a MAC control element (MAC-CE) , an RRC message, or user data, among other examples. Each PDSCH may carry one or more transport blocks (TBs) of data.
[0061] As used herein, an uplink signal may include a reference signal, control information, or data. For example, uplink reference signals include a sounding reference signal (SRS) , a PTRS, and a DMRS, among other examples. An uplink signal carrying control information or data may be transmitted via an uplink channel. An uplink channel may include one or more control channels for transmitting control information and one or more data channels for transmitting data. Uplink reference signals may be transmitted in addition to, or multiplexed with, uplink control channel communications and / or uplink data channel communications. An uplink control channel may be specifically used to transmit uplink control information (UCI) from a UE 120 to a network node 110. An uplink data channel may be used to transmit uplink data (for example, user data associated with a UE 120) from a UE 120 to a network node 110. Uplink control channels may include physical uplink control channels (PUCCHs) , and uplink data channels may include physical uplink shared channels (PUSCHs) . Control information or data communications may be transmitted on a PUCCH and PUSCH, respectively. For example, a PUCCH can carry UCI, while a PUSCH can carry a MAC-CE, an RRC message, or user data, among other examples. UCI can include a scheduling request (SR) , HARQ feedback information (for example, a HARQ acknowledgement (ACK) indication or a HARQ negative acknowledgement (NACK) indication) , uplink power control information (for example, an uplink TPC parameter) , and / or CSI, among other examples. CSI can include a channel quality indicator (CQI) (indicative of downlink channel conditions to facilitate selection of transmission parameters, such as an MCS, by a network node 110) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI) (for example, indicative of a beam used to transmit a CSI-RS) , an SS / PBCH resource block indicator (SSBRI) (for example, indicative of a beam used to transmit an SSB) , a layer indicator (LI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and / or measurement information (for example, a layer 1 (L1) -reference signal received power (RSRP) parameter, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) parameter, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) parameter, among other examples) which can be used for beam management, among other examples. Each PUSCH may carry one or more TBs of data.
[0062] The information (for example, data, control information, or reference signal information) transmitted by a network node 110 to a UE 120, or vice versa, may be represented as a sequence of binary bits that are mapped (for example, modulated) to an analog signal waveform (for example, a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) -spread-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform or a CP-OFDM waveform) that is transmitted by the network node 110 or UE 120 over a wireless communication channel. In some examples, the network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 145 or the processing system 140, respectively) may select an MCS (for example, an order of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) , such as 64-QAM, 128-QAM, or 256-QAM, among other examples) for a downlink signal or an uplink signal. For example, the network node 110 may select an MCS for a downlink signal in accordance with UCI received from the UE 120. The network node 110 may transmit, to the UE 120, an indication of the selected MCS for the downlink signal, such as via DCI that schedules the downlink signal. As another example, the network node 110 may transmit, and the UE 120 may receive, an indication of an MCS to be applied for the one or more uplink signals, such as via DCI scheduling transmission of the one or more uplink signals.
[0063] The network node 110 or the UE 120 (such as by using the processing system 145 or the processing system 140, respectively, and / or one or more coupled modems) may perform signal processing on the information (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, an IFFT operation, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, and / or encoding, among other examples) to generate a processed signal in accordance with the selected MCS. In some examples, the network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 145 or the processing system 140, respectively, and / or one or more coupled encoders or modems) may perform a channel coding operation or a forward error correction (FEC) operation to control errors in transmitted information. For example, the network node 110 or the UE 120 may perform an encoding operation to generate encoded information (such as by selectively introducing redundancy into the information, typically using an error correction code (ECC) , such as a polar code or a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code) . The network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 145 and / or one or more modems) may further perform spatial processing (for example, precoding) on the encoded information to generate one or more processed or precoded signals for downlink or uplink transmission, respectively. In some examples, the network node 110 or the UE 120 may perform codebook-based precoding or non-codebook-based precoding. Codebook-based precoding may involve selecting a precoder (for example, a precoding matrix) using a codebook. For example, the network node 110 may provide precoding information indicating which precoder, defined by the codebook, is to be used by the UE 120. Non-codebook-based precoding may involve selecting or deriving a precoder based on, or otherwise associated with, one or more downlink or uplink signal measurements. The network node 110 or the UE 120 may transmit the processed downlink or uplink signals, respectively, via one or more antennas.
[0064] The network node 110 or the UE 120 may receive uplink signals or downlink signals, respectively, via one or more antennas. The network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 145 or the processing system 140, respectively, and / or one or more coupled modems) may perform signal processing (for example, in accordance with the MCS) on the received uplink or downlink signals, respectively (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, an FFT operation, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, de-mapping, equalization, interference cancellation, and / or decoding, among other examples) , to map the received signal (s) to a sequence of binary bits (for example, received information) that estimates the information transmitted by the network node 110 or the UE 120 via the downlink or uplink signals. The network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 145 or the processing system 140, respectively, and / or a coupled decoder or one or more modems) may decode the received information (such as by using an ECC, a decoding operation, and / or an FEC operation) to detect errors and / or correct bit errors in the received information to generate decoded information. The decoded information may estimate the information transmitted via the downlink or uplink signals.
[0065] In some examples, a UE 120 and a network node 110 may perform MIMO communication. “MIMO” generally refers to transmitting or receiving multiple signals (such as multiple layers or multiple data streams) simultaneously over the same time and frequency resources. MIMO techniques generally exploit multipath propagation. A network node 110 and / or UE 120 may communicate using massive MIMO, multi-user MIMO, or single-user MIMO, which may involve rapid switching between beams or cells. For example, the amplitudes and / or phases of signals transmitted via antenna elements and / or sub-elements may be modulated and shifted relative to each other (such as by manipulating a phase shift, a phase offset, and / or an amplitude) to generate one or more beams, which is referred to as beamforming. For example, the network node 110b may generate one or more beams 160a, and the UE 120b may generate one or more beams 160b. The term “beam” may refer to a directional transmission of a wireless signal toward a receiving device or otherwise in a desired direction, a directional reception of a wireless signal from a transmitting device or otherwise in a desired direction, a direction associated with a directional transmission or directional reception, a set of directional resources associated with a signal transmission or signal reception (for example, an angle of arrival, a horizontal direction, and / or a vertical direction) , a set of parameters that indicate one or more aspects of a directional signal, a direction associated with the signal, and / or a set of directional resources associated with the signal, among other examples.
[0066] MIMO may be implemented using various spatial processing or spatial multiplexing operations. In some examples, MIMO may include a massive MIMO technique which may be associated with an increased (for example, “massive” ) quantity of antennas at the network node 110 and / or at the UE 120, such as in a network implementing mmWave technology. Massive MIMO may improve communication reliability by enabling a network node 110 and / or a UE 120 to communicate the same data across different propagation (or spatial) paths. In some examples, MIMO may support simultaneous transmission to multiple receivers, referred to as multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) . Some RATs may employ MIMO techniques, such as multi-TRP (mTRP) operation (including redundant transmission or reception on multiple TRPs) , reciprocity in the time domain or the frequency domain, single-frequency-network (SFN) transmission, or non-coherent joint transmission (NC-JT) .
[0067] To support MIMO techniques, the network node 110 and the UE 120 may perform one or more beam management operations, such as an initial beam acquisition operation, one or more beam refinement operations, and / or a beam recovery operation. For example, an initial beam acquisition operation may involve the network node 110 transmitting signals (for example, SSBs, CSI-RSs, or other signals) via respective beams (for example, of the beams 160a of the network node 110) and the UE 120 receiving and measuring the signal (s) via respective beams of multiple beams (for example, from the beams 160b of the UE 120) to identify a best beam (or beam pair) for communication between the UE 120 and the network node 110. For example, the UE 120 may transmit an indication (for example, in a message associated with a random access channel (RACH) operation) of a (best) identified beam of the network node 110 (for example, by indicating an SSBRI or other identifier associated with the beam) . A beam refinement operation may involve a first device (for example, the UE 120 or the network node 110) transmitting signal (s) via a subset of beams (for example, identified based on, or otherwise associated with, measurements reported as part of one or more other beam management operations) . A second device (for example, the network node 110 or the UE 120) may receive the signal (s) via a single beam (for example, to identify the best beam for communication from the subset of beams) . The beam (s) may be identified via one or more spatial parameters, such as a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state and / or a quasi co-location (QCL) parameter, among other examples. The network node 110 and the UE 120 may increase reliability and / or achieve efficiencies in throughput, signal strength, and / or other signal properties for massive MIMO operations by performing the beam management operations.
[0068] Some aspects and techniques as described herein may be implemented, at least in part, using an artificial intelligence (AI) program (for example, referred to herein as an “AI / ML model” ) , such as a program that includes a machine learning (ML) model and / or an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The AI / ML model may be deployed at one or more devices 165 (for example, a network node 110 and / or UEs 120) . For example, the one or more devices 165 may include a UE 120 (for example, the processing system 140) , a network node 110 (for example, the processing system 145) , one or more servers, and / or one or more components of a cloud computing network, among other examples. In some examples, the AI / ML model (or an instance of the AI / ML model) may be deployed at multiple devices (for example, a first portion of the AI / ML model may be deployed at a UE 120 and a second portion of the AI / ML model may be deployed at a network node 110) . In other examples, a first AI / ML model may be deployed at a UE 120 and a second AI / ML model may be deployed at a network node 110. The AI / ML model (s) may be configured to enhance various aspects of the wireless communication network 100. For example, the AI / ML model (s) may be trained to identify patterns or relationships in data corresponding to the wireless communication network 100, a device, and / or an air interface, among other examples. The AI / ML model (s) may support operational decisions relating to one or more aspects associated with wireless communications devices, networks, or services.
[0069] In some aspects, the UE may include a communication manager 150. In some aspects, the network node 110 may include a communication manager 155. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 150 and / or the communication manager 155 may generate a lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the lifted parity submatrix includes: an upper-triangular portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and a remaining portion; encode, in a first encoding operation, a first subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the upper-triangular portion and the high-degree column portion of the lifted parity submatrix; encode, in a second encoding operation after the first encoding operation, a second subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the all-zero portion and the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix; and transmit, to a receiver, an LDPC code associated with a PCM that includes the encoded lifted parity submatrix.
[0070] Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 150 and / or the communication manager 155 may receive an LDPC code associated with a PCM that includes an encoded lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the encoded lifted parity submatrix includes: an upper-triangular matrix portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and a remaining portion; and decode the encoded lifted parity submatrix to decode the LDPC code. Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 150 and / or the communication manager 155 may perform one or more other operations described herein.
[0071] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated network node architecture 200 in accordance with the present disclosure. One or more components of the example disaggregated network node architecture 200 may be, may include, or may be included in one or more network nodes (such one or more network nodes 110) . The disaggregated network node architecture 200 may include a CU 210 that can communicate directly with a core network 220 via a backhaul link, or that can communicate indirectly with the core network 220 via one or more disaggregated control units, such as a non-real-time (Non-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 250 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 260 and / or a near-real-time (Near-RT) RIC 270 (for example, via an E2 link) . The CU 210 may communicate with one or more DUs 230 via respective midhaul links, such as via F1 interfaces. Each of the DUs 230 may communicate with one or more RUs 240 via respective fronthaul links. Each of the RUs 240 may communicate with one or more UEs 120 via respective RF access links. In some deployments, a UE 120 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 240.
[0072] Each of the components of the disaggregated network node architecture 200, including the CUs 210, the DUs 230, the RUs 240, the Near-RT RICs 270, the Non-RT RICs 250, and the SMO Framework 260, may include one or more interfaces or may be coupled with one or more interfaces for receiving or transmitting signals, such as data or information, via a wired or wireless transmission medium.
[0073] In some aspects, the CU 210 may be logically split into one or more CU user plane (CU-UP) units and one or more CU control plane (CU-CP) units. A CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with a CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 210 may be deployed to communicate with one or more DUs 230, as necessary, for network control and signaling. Each DU 230 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 240. For example, a DU 230 may host various layers, such as an RLC layer, a MAC layer, or one or more PHY layers, such as one or more high PHY layers or one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (which also may be referred to as a module) may be implemented with an interface for communicating signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 230, or for communicating signals with the control functions hosted by the CU 210. Each RU 240 may implement lower layer functionality. In some aspects, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU (s) 240 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 230.
[0074] The SMO Framework 260 may support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 260 may support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface, such as an O1 interface. For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 260 may interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) platform 290) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface, such as an O2 interface. A virtualized network element may include, but is not limited to, a CU 210, a DU 230, an RU 240, a non-RT RIC 250, and / or a Near-RT RIC 270. In some aspects, the SMO Framework 260 may communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, a 5G NR RAN, and / or a 6G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 280, via an O1 interface. Additionally or alternatively, the SMO Framework 260 may communicate directly with each of one or more RUs 240 via a respective O1 interface. In some deployments, this configuration can enable each DU 230 and the CU 210 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0075] The Non-RT RIC 250 may include or may implement a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, AI / ML workflows including model training and updates, and / or policy-based guidance of applications and / or features in the Near-RT RIC 270. The Non-RT RIC 250 may be coupled to or may communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 270. The Near-RT RIC 270 may include or may implement a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions via an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 210, one or more DUs 230, and / or an O-eNB 280 with the Near-RT RIC 270.
[0076] In some aspects, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 270, the Non-RT RIC 250 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 270 and may be received at the SMO Framework 260 or the Non-RT RIC 250 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 250 or the Near-RT RIC 270 may tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 250 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and may employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions via the SMO Framework 260 (such as reconfiguration via an O1 interface) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 interface policies) .
[0077] The network node 110, the processing system 145 of the network node 110, the UE 120, the processing system 140 of the UE 120, the CU 210, the DU 230, the RU 240, or any other component (s) of Figure 1 and / or Figure 2 may implement one or more techniques or perform one or more operations associated with PCM structures to facilitate efficient LDPC coding, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. For example, the processing system 145 of the network node 110, the processing system 140 of the UE 120, the CU 210, the DU 230, or the RU 240 may perform or direct operations of, for example, process 1200 of Figure 12, process 1300 of Figure 13, or other processes as described herein (alone or in conjunction with one or more other processors) . In some aspects, the transmitter or receiver described herein is the network node 110, is included in the network node 110, or includes one or more components of the network node 110 shown in Figure 1. In some aspects, the transmitter or receiver described herein is the UE 120, is included in the UE 120, or includes one or more components of the UE 120 shown in Figure 1. Memory of the network node 110 may store data and program code (or instructions) for the network node 110, the CU 210, the DU 230, or the RU 240. In some examples, the memory of the network node 110 may store data relating to a UE 120, such as RRC state information or a UE context. Memory of a UE 120 may store data and program code (or instructions) for the UE 120, such as context information. In some examples, the memory of the UE 120 or the memory of the network node 110 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication. For example, the set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors (for example, of the processing system 145 or the processing system 140) of the network node 110, the UE 120, the CU 210, the DU 230, or the RU 240, may cause the one or more processors to perform process 1200 of Figure 12, process 1300 of Figure 13, or other processes as described herein. In some examples, executing instructions may include running the instructions, converting the instructions, compiling the instructions, and / or interpreting the instructions, among other examples.
[0078] In some aspects, the transmitter includes means for generating a lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the lifted parity submatrix includes: an upper-triangular portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and / or a remaining portion; means for encoding, in a first encoding operation, a first subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the upper-triangular portion and the high-degree column portion of the lifted parity submatrix; means for encoding, in a second encoding operation after the first encoding operation, a second subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the all-zero portion and the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix; and / or means for transmitting, to a receiver, a low density parity check (LDPC) code associated with a PCM that includes the encoded lifted parity submatrix.
[0079] In some aspects, the means for the transmitter to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 150, communication manager 155, processing system 140, processing system 145, a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, one or more antennas, one or more modems, a reception component (for example, reception component 1402 depicted and described in connection with Figure 14 or reception component 1502 depicted and described in connection with Figure 15) , and / or a transmission component (for example, transmission component 1404 depicted and described in connection with Figure 14 or transmission component 1504 depicted and described in connection with Figure 15 among other examples.
[0080] In some aspects, the receiver includes means for receiving a low density parity check (LDPC) code associated with a PCM that includes an encoded lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the encoded lifted parity submatrix includes: an upper-triangular matrix portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and / or a remaining portion.
[0081] In some aspects, the means for the receiver to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 155, processing system 140, processing system 145, a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, one or more antennas, one or more modems, a reception component (for example, reception component 1402 depicted and described in connection with Figure 14 or reception component 1502 depicted and described in connection with Figure 15) , and / or a transmission component (for example, transmission component 1404 depicted and described in connection with Figure 14 or transmission component 1504 depicted and described in connection with Figure 15) , among other examples.
[0082] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example 300 of an LDPC base matrix 305 and an LDPC base graph 325 in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0083] In some aspects, a communication from a transmitter to a receiver may be encoded based at least in part on an error correcting code (sometimes referred to as an error correcting scheme) , such that the receiver can determine whether the communication was properly transmitted (for example, to verify that the communication was not corrupted by noise or other adverse impacts) and / or so that the receiver can correct any transmission errors using redundant bits provided by the error correcting code. One example of an error correcting code is an LDPC code. A communication may be encoded based at least in part on an LDPC code to provide for error detection at the receiver. Encoding for an LDPC may be performed based at least in part on a base graph (for example, a sparse bipartite graph) that may identify a code word to be generated from an input data set and / or information to append to an input data set to form the LDPC. For example, a bipartite graph may include variable nodes representing message bits and check nodes representing parity-check equations. The edges between these nodes may define how the bits are related through the parity-check equations, which may be solved using the input data set to determine the values of the parity bits. For example, the original message bits may be combined with the parity bits to form the codeword containing the input data and the error-correcting bits.
[0084] As shown in Figure 3, the LDPC base matrix 305 has a size nc ×nv including a total number of nc rows 310 and a total number of nv columns 315. Additionally, both nc and nv are positive integers, and the total number of rows nc may be smaller than the total number of columns nv. Each entry 320 of the LDPC base matrix 305 is a non-negative integer in a set of integers ranging from 0 to a bounded integer that is independent of the size of the LDPC base matrix 305. For example, the set of integers may be {0, 1} , {0, 1, 2} , or {0, 1, 2, …, dmax} for some dmax integer. Additionally, each row 310 of the LDPC base matrix 305 may be indexed by a respective integer from 0 to nc-1. Each column 315 of the LDPC base matrix 305 may be indexed by a respective integer from 0 to nv-1. In some examples, one or more of the columns 315 of the LDPC base matrix 305 may be treated as a special column, also referred to as a state column.
[0085] As further shown in Figure 3, the LDPC base graph 325 may be associated with and may represent the LDPC base matrix 305. In some examples, the LDPC base graph 325 may be a bipartite graph (BG) including a set of variable nodes 330, a set of check nodes 335, and a set of edges 340 connecting the set of variable nodes 330 and the set of check nodes 335. For example, each variable node 330 may be labelled by a respective integer from 0 to nv-1, such that each variable node 330 corresponds to a column 315 of the LDPC base matrix 305. Furthermore, each check node 335 may be labelled by a respective integer from 0 to nc-1, such that each check node 335 corresponds to a row 310 of the LDPC base matrix 305. Additionally, an edge 340 exists between a variable node i and a check node a if the entry at (column a, row i) of the LDPC base matrix 305 is non-zero, and the number of edges between the variable node i and the check node a is equal to the entry 320 at (column a, row i) in the LDPC base matrix 305. For example, at (column 0, row 0) of the LDPC base matrix 305, the entry 320 of 1 is represented in the edge 340 between variable node 0 and check node 0. Furthermore, a variable node 330 is a state node if a corresponding column 315 of the LDPC base matrix 305 is a state column.
[0086] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating examples 400 of base graphs associated with an LDPC base matrix, in accordance with the present disclosure. As described herein, an LDPC code is a class of binary linear block codes over a finite field One particular class of LDPC codes is protograph-based quasi-cyclic (QC) LDPC codes, which are used in various communication systems. For example, to generate a QC-LDPC code, a cyclic lifting operation may be performed over a base graph 405 or a protograph to generate a lifted base graph 430 by taking Z copies of the graph. For example, the Z copies of the base graph 405 may be taken to generate a version of a copied base graph 425, which includes one or more copies of each variable node 410, each check node 415, and each accompanying edge 420 in the base graph 405 or protograph. In some examples, Z is a lifting factor selected from a set of lifting factors, which may determine how many bits are represented for each bit in the original code. The Z like or similar edges of the copied base graph 425 may be connected through respective cyclic permutations to generate a lifted base graph 430.
[0087] In some examples, the lifted base graph 430 indicates a lifted PCM and an associated QC-LDPC code. In some aspects, a telecommunications standard may utilize an LDPC code design that includes QC-LDPC codes with two base graphs (for example, BG1 and BG2) , and a cluster of sets of lifting factors.
[0088] In some examples, a cyclically lifted LDPC code over based on an LDPC base matrix or an LDPC base graph (such as base graph 405) , can be represented as a code over a group ring that may include all binary polynomials modulo xZ+1 over in which Z is a positive integer known as a lifting factor.
[0089] In some examples, the LDPC polynomial matrix code contains the set of all length-nv vectors over C (x) , such that H (x) C (x) ≡0, where H (x) is an LDPC polynomial matrix of size nc×nv over Each entry of the LDPC polynomial matrix may be a polynomial in and the number of non-zero terms of the polynomial may be given by the corresponding entry of the LDPC base matrix, where each exponent of the polynomial may be referred to as a cyclic shift value. Additionally, a lifted LDPC matrix, denoted by H, may be defined by replacing each element of the LDPC base matrix by a respective permutation matrix of size Z×Z, where the amount (for example, sum) of permutations is indicated by the respective exponents of the LDPC polynomial matrix. For example, an LDPC polynomial matrix, denoted by H (x) , may have a one-to-one correspondence with a lifted LDPC matrix H and may specify a lifted LDPC code over
[0090] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example 500 of a PCM and an accumulate chain structure in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0091] As shown in Figure 5, an LDPC code may be represented by a sparse PCM 505, denoted by H. The PCM 505 may include a systematic submatrix 510, denoted by Hs, and a parity submatrix 515, denoted by Hp, where Hp may be a square matrix of size (n-k) × (n-k) , where n is a code block length of the PCM 505 and k is a length of the systematic submatrix 510. In some examples, the systematic submatrix 510 may indicate the positions of the information bits in a codeword and the parity submatrix 515 may contain coefficients that define how the information bits are combined to produce parity bits. Additionally, the structures in Hs (for example, the systematic submatrix 510 of the LDPC polynomial matrix) may be sparse and full rank in
[0092] In some examples, every LDPC codeword and satisfies HxT=0, in which n denotes a code block length. Additionally, for systematic LDPC codes, the codeword, x, contains the systematic bits, s, as part of the codeword. In such examples, the parity check equation HxT=0 may be expressed as:
[0093] where Hs is a systematic portion of the LDPC polynomial matrix, Hp is a parity portion of the LDPC polynomial matrix, s is systematic bits, p is a parity vector, and T is a transpose. For example, the parity check equation may be satisfied if and only if the two identities (for example, equations) are equivalent.
[0094] In some examples, for every vector of information and / or systematic bits aparity vector may be determined such that the HssT=HppT equation is satisfied. In some examples, where Hp is a square, invertible matrix, the LDPC encoding corresponds to computing As a result, inverting the parity portion Hp of the PCM (for example, by computing the matrix inverse ) may result in increased complexity in encoding a systematic LDPC. Accordingly, if the parity submatrix 515, denoted Hp, lacks sufficient structure, the complexity of the matrix inversion may be proportional to the third power of the code block lengths, represented by O (n3) , which may be prohibitively complex when the code block length, denoted by n, is sufficiently large.
[0095] As further shown in Figure 5, a PCM structure 520 may be used in an LDPC code to simplify the encoding procedure. For example, the PCM structure 520 may include an accumulate chain structure (for example, a chain of degree-2 variable nodes 530) and a column including degree-3 nodes 525. In some examples, the 0 and x values in the degree-3 node 525 column denote cyclic shift (CS) values between 0 and Z-1 for a lifting factor Z, where x and 0 in Figure 5 respectively represent the CS values 1 and 0. In some examples, empty elements correspond to all-zero matrices over the lifted PCM of size Z×Z.
[0096] Accordingly, the example PCM 505 may be inverted in a more efficient and simpler process relative to legacy PCMs. For example, an accumulate chain may enable a sequential encoding process, where encoding may be carried out incrementally rather than in a single step.
[0097] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example 600 of an LDPC coding procedure in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in Figure 6, example 600 includes communication between a first wireless node, shown in Figure 6 and referred to herein as transmitter 605, and a second wireless node, shown in Figure 6 and referred to herein as receiver 610. In some aspects, the transmitter 605 may correspond to a network node 110 and the receiver 610 may correspond to a UE 120, the transmitter 605 may correspond to a UE 120 and the receiver 610 may correspond to a network node 110, or the transmitter 605 may correspond to a first UE 120 and the receiver 610 may correspond to a second UE 120. In some aspects, the transmitter 605 and the receiver 610 may communicate in a wireless network, such as wireless network 100.
[0098] In some aspects, a communication from the transmitter 605 to the receiver 610 may be encoded based at least in part on an error correcting code (sometimes referred to as an error correcting scheme) , such that the receiver 610 can determine whether the communication was properly transmitted (for example, to verify that the communication was not corrupted by noise or other adverse impacts) and / or so that the receiver 610 can correct any transmission errors using redundant bits provided by the error correcting code. One example of an error correcting code is an LDPC code. A communication may be encoded based at least in part on an LDPC code to provide for error detection at the receiver 610. Encoding for an LDPC may be performed based at least in part on a base graph (for example, a sparse bipartite graph) that may identify a code word to be generated from an input data set and / or information to append to an input data set to form the LDPC.
[0099] More particularly, as shown in Figure 6, the transmitter 605 may be in wireless communication with the receiver 610. When the transmitter 605 transmits data to the receiver 610, the transmitter 605 may first encode the data using an error correcting code, such as an LDPC code. More particularly, as shown by reference number 615, the transmitter 605 may process raw data to be transmitted to the receiver 610 by feeding the raw data through an LDPC encoder 620, among other signal processing components. The transmitter 605 may perform other signal processing operations (for example, interleaving) , which are not shown in Figure 6 for ease of description. The LDPC encoder 620 may add error correction bits to the raw data based at least in part on a selected base graph and / or based at least in part on a target code rate, forming a stream of encoded data, as shown by reference number 625. In some aspects, “code rate” may refer to a number of raw data bits divided by a total number of bits in an encoded data stream (for example, the code rate is the proportion of the data stream that is useful, or non-redundant) , and thus LDPC coding or similar processes associated with a lower code rate provide more error protection, but require additional overhead, than LDPC coding or similar processes associated with a higher code rate. The encoded data may be transmitted by the transmitter 605 to the receiver 610 using a RAN, where the encoded data is fed through an LDPC decoder 630 (and, in some aspects, other signal processing components such as a deinterleaver) in order to extract the raw data therefrom, as shown by reference number 635.
[0100] Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating an example 700 of coding rate limitations and an LDPC code with one or more punctured parity nodes in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0101] In the context of applying LDPC coding to PAS, where unpunctured LDPC codes are used, there may be a minimum coding rate for types of block codes or for linear binary block codes. For example, in a PAS application, the parity bits may be represented over the sign of the constellation, placing a lower bound on the coding rate, R, in relation to the underlying modulation order, m, represented by:
[0102] For example, in an LDPC code, when there are punctured variable nodes or there are punctured information bits, two parity columns are not transmitted, and then the coding rate limit may be represented by:
[0103] where Kb is the number of information bit columns of the associated base graph.
[0104] For example, in a base graph (for example, BG1) , having Kb=22, the rate constraints for QAM signaling are shown by table 705. In such an example, the table 705 illustrates modulation schemes 710 and their associated modulation order, m, 715 and minimum coding rate 720. For example, the table 705 illustrates the minimum coding rates 720 needed when the LDPC code includes punctured variable nodes or punctured information bits for each modulation order or scheme. As a result, the coding rate limitations may render LDPC codes unsuitable for PAS for QAM-1024 or above, where the minimum coding rate 720 may exceed 0.88, and where a coding rate exceeding 0.88 may not be supported by a network node 110 and / or a UE 120.
[0105] As further shown in Figure 7, an LDPC code with one or more punctured parity nodes 725 includes a systematic submatrix 730 and a parity submatrix 735. The systematic submatrix 730 may include an unpunctured information node 740, and the parity submatrix 735 may include a new punctured parity node 745, which may require a higher column degree to increase encoding performance. However, in cases where the parity submatrix portion of the PCM lacks a sufficient structure, the encoding performance may be unsupported where higher column degree is used.
[0106] Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating an example 800 associated with a PCM structure to facilitate efficient LDPC coding, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0107] As shown by reference number 805, a structure on the parity submatrix (for example, the nc×nc submatrix corresponding to parity bit columns) of an LDPC base matrix (e.g., an LDPC base graph PCM) structure may be partitioned into four portions, including an upper-triangular portion 810, a high-degree column portion 815, an all-zero matrix portion 820, and a remaining portion 825. In some aspects, the diagonal elements of the upper-triangular portion 810 may be non-zero (for example, 1) elements. In some aspects, the upper-triangular portion 810 may be associated with any cyclic shift value between 0 and Z-1 for the position of a corresponding LDPC polynomial matrix. In some aspects, the high-degree column portion 815 may include one or more dense columns (for example, a punctured parity bit column) , where encoding efficiency is unrestricted by the one or more dense columns. For example, the high-degree column portion 815 may have a one or more columns having a degree of degree-3 or of greater than degree-3. In some aspects, the columns of the high-degree column portion 815 may be tuned for better graph performance (for example, the column degree may have a value of 3) . In some aspects, the parity submatrix structure 805 may enable the inclusion of the high-degree columns of the high-degree column portion 815 due to the presence of the upper-triangular portion 810 and the all-zero matrix portion 820.
[0108] In some aspects, the quantity of rows in the upper-triangular portion 810 and the all-zero matrix portion 820 may be the same, and may be represented by L, where L is a positive integer greater than or equal to one. In some aspects, the upper-triangular portion 810 may occupy a quantity of rows and columns represented by L×L, the high-degree column portion 815 may occupy a quantity of rows and columns represented by (nc-L) ×L, the all-zero matrix portion 820 may occupy a quantity of rows and columns represented by L× (nc-L) , and the remaining portion 825 may occupy a quantity of rows and columns represented by (nc-L) × (nc-L) .
[0109] In some aspects, the systematic submatrix (for example, Hs) may be full rank, and the last L rows of the systematic submatrix may each have a row degree of at least two, where such row degree may increase coding performance.
[0110] In some aspects, the parity submatrix structure 805 encoding procedure (for example, after a lifting of the parity submatrix structure 805) may begin by encoding (for example, determining) the parity bits associated with the last L columns of the parity submatrix, where the last L columns correspond to the columns represented by the high-degree column portion 815 and the upper-triangular portion 810. In some aspects, the upper-triangular structure of the upper-triangular portion 810 enables the encoding of the parity bits of the parity submatrix structure 805 in a reverse sequence (for example, the last parity bit of the parity submatrix structure 805 is encoded first and the first parity bit of the parity submatrix structure 805 is encoded last) . Accordingly, the parity bit columns corresponding to the upper-triangular portion 810 (for example, the columns including the upper-triangular portion 810 and the high-degree column portion 815) may be arbitrarily generated subject to relatively few specifications (for example, non-zero diagonal elements) along the upper-triangular portion 810, where encoding efficiency is unrestricted by these columns.
[0111] In some aspects, following the encoding of the parity bits associated with the last L columns of the parity submatrix structure 805, the encoding procedure may encode the all-zero matrix portion 820 and the remaining portion 825 (for example, from right to left) . In some aspects, the structure of the remaining portion 825 may increase encoding efficiency.
[0112] For example, following a lifting of the LDPC base matrix, the parity submatrix structure 805 may be encoded by determining the last L columns corresponding to the last L bits. Once the last L bits are solved for the last columns, the upper-triangular portion 810 may enable encoding by way of the upper-triangular structure of the upper-triangular portion 810. For example, once the parity bits are solved for the last (Lth) column, the parity bits may be used to solve for the second to last ( (L –1) th) column and so on. Additionally, encoding of the remaining portion 825 may also be accomplished via an accumulate chain structure.
[0113] As described herein, legacy encoding may utilize degree-1 structures and accumulate chains, which may limit the degree of the parity nodes. Accordingly, in some aspects described herein, a parity submatrix structure enables the inclusion of high-degree parity columns due to the upper-triangular structure of the upper-triangular portion 810 and the all-zero matrix portion 820, thus enabling increased encoding efficiency.
[0114] Figure 9 is a diagram illustrating an example 900 associated with an LDPC base graph PCM structure in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0115] In some aspects, an example LDPC base graph PCM structure 900 may include a systematic submatrix structure 905 and a parity submatrix structure 910, where Figure 9 illustrates an example where L is equal to one. In some aspects, the parity submatrix structure 910 may include an upper-triangular portion 915, a high-degree column portion 920, an all-zero vector portion 925, and a remaining portion 930.
[0116] In some aspects, the high-degree column portion 920 may correspond to a form xb+xc in a corresponding polynomial matrix, which corresponds to the lifted LDPC base graph PCM structure 900. In some aspects, the upper-triangular portion 915 and the all-zero vector portion 925 may enable the last parity bits to be solved without a decrease to encoding efficiency. For example, the encoding procedure may start from the last parity bit, where the last row of the parity submatrix structure 910 may be used to solve for the last parity bits. In some aspects, the parity bits associated with the last parity column can be obtained by a linear combination of a subset of the systematic bits. For example, the encoding complexity is then determined by the (nc-1) × (nc-1) upper left portion, and a degree-2 chain structure may be reused in the upper left portion.
[0117] For example, the row containing the non-zero entries times the corresponding information bits may be equal to the last quantity of parity bits, where the last quantity parity bits may already have been solved. Accordingly, in some aspects, no other parity bits in this PCM structure may be included in the constraint imposed by the last row of the PCM because of the all-zero vector 925 of the last row of the parity submatrix structure 910.
[0118] For example, where there are three non-zero entries 935 of the systematic submatrix structure 905 of the PCM, then over the lifted LDPC matrix (for example, represented by an LDPC polynomial matrix) , the non-zero entries may be replaced by elements in (for example, xa, xb, or xa+xb, for some nonnegative integers a and b) , where the number of terms of each element is given by a respective entry in the LDPC base graph PCM. As a result, the LDPC base graph PCM and the LDPC polynomial matrix are of the same size.
[0119] For example, the exponents of the LDPC polynomial matrix may represent cyclic shift values associated with a lifted matrix (for example, each monomial may be replaced by a Z×Z permutation matrix) , where the lifted matrix may be represented by replacing each entry of the LDPC base graph PCM (or the LDPC polynomial matrix) by a Z×Z permutation matrix or by a sum of multiple permutation matrices. The number of terms in the sum may be given by the corresponding entry of the LDPC base graph PCM (or the terms given by the corresponding entry of the LDPC polynomial matrix) . For example, the term xa+xb gives a sum of 2 Z×Z permutation matrix, with respective shifting values of a and b.
[0120] As described herein, a parity submatrix structure 910 including an upper-triangular portion 915, a high-degree column portion 920, an all-zero vector 925 (which is a vector because L=1, and a remaining portion 930 may enable the inclusion of high-degree parity columns due to the combination of the upper-triangular structure of the upper-triangular portion 915 and the all-zero matrix 925 (which is a vector when L =1) , thus enabling increased encoding efficiency.
[0121] Additionally, the high degree parity columns 920 enable an increased degree of the parity nodes. Additionally, the high-degree parity columns 920 are enabled by the upper-triangular structure portion 915 combined with the all-zero matrix 925.
[0122] Figures 10A-10D are diagrams illustrating examples 1000 associated with LDPC matrix structures.
[0123] For example, in Figure 10A, a parity submatrix may include a base graph PCM structure 1005 of size n′c×n′c, including a special element 1010, a sparse form portion 1015, a fixed element 1020, an unconstrained portion 1025, and an upper-triangular form portion 1030. In some aspects, the special element 1010 may be tailored for coding efficiency by choosing a cyclic shift value for the special element 1010. In some aspects, the unconstrained portion 1025 may have no constraints, resulting in increased graphical properties to hold decoding performance. In some aspects, in the sparse form portion 1015, a quantity of elements may have a value of zero and a quantity of elements may have non-zero values. In some aspects, the fixed element 1020 may be independent of a lifting size or of underlying cyclic shifts. In some aspects, the upper- triangular form portion 1030 may include a diagonal structure such that only elements above the diagonal line may potentially include non-zero values.
[0124] In some aspects, the special element 1010 may occupy one row and one column, the sparse form portion 1015 may occupy a quantity of rows and columns represented by 1× (n′c-1) , the fixed element 1020 may occupy one row and one column, the unconstrained portion 1025 may occupy a quantity of rows and columns represented by (n′c-2) ×1, and the upper-triangular form portion 1030 may occupy a quantity of rows and columns represented by (n′c-1) × (n′c-1) . In some aspects, the first element in the sparse form portion 1015 may be non-zero to avoid degree-1 nodes in the parity core.
[0125] In some aspects, the base graph PCM structure 1005 may be included in the remaining portion 825 of the parity submatrix structure 805 shown in Figure 8, where n′c=nc-L. Accordingly, once the parity bits are encoded for the last columns of the parity submatrix structure 805, by including the base graph PCM structure 1005 in the remaining portion 825, the encoding efficiencies of the base graph PCM structure 1005 may enable further increases in encoding efficiencies in the parity submatrix structure 805. For example, the base graph PCM structure 1005 may be tailored for inclusion in the remaining portion 825 of the parity submatrix structure 805 to increase encoding efficiency.
[0126] For example, in Figure 10B, in some aspects, the base graph PCM structure 1005 may be associated with a cyclic lifting design 1035 (for example, associated with a set of cyclic lifting values in accordance with a lifting factor and a set of cyclic shift values) to represent a LDPC polynomial matrix of the base graph PCM structure 1005. For example, the special element 1010 may be associated with C (x) 1040, the sparse form portion 1015 may be associated with E (x) 1045, the fixed element 1020 plus the unconstrained portion 1025 may be associated with A (x) 1050 (for example, the fixed element position may be arbitrary within A (x) and A (x) may be an (n′c-1) ×1 matrix over ) , and the upper-triangular form portion 1030 may be associated with T (x) 1055. In some aspects, encoding efficiency for the cyclic lifting design 1035 of the base graph PCM structure 1005 may be determined by inverting the polynomial of the form φ (x) ≡C (x) -E (x) T-1 (x) A (x) mod xz+1. Accordingly, the cyclic lifting design 1035 of the base graph PCM structure 1005 may ensure the existence of an inverse of φ, where the inverse of φ has a form that enables increased simplicity and efficiency in encoding. For example, A, E, and C may be designed to ensure the existence of the inverse of φ. For example, the elements of the structure may be reduced or may be in a factorized form to have reduced elements to enable the existence of the inverse of φ.
[0127] For example, each entry in the base graph PCM structure 1005 may be replaced by elements in (for example, xa, xb, or xa+xb, for some nonnegative integers a and b) where the number of terms of each element is given by a respective entry in the base graph PCM structure 1005. As a result, the base graph PCM structure 1005 and a LDPC polynomial matrix are of the same size. Additionally, the exponents of the LDPC polynomial matrix may be associated with the cyclic shift values associated with the lifted base graph PCM (for example, each monomial may be replaced by a Z×Z permutation matrix) , where the lifted base graph PCM may be represented by replacing each entry of the base graph PCM (or the associated LDPC polynomial matrix) by a Z×Z permutation matrix or by a sum of multiple permutation matrices. The number of terms in the sum may be given by the corresponding entry of the base graph PCM (or the terms given by the corresponding entry of the LDPC polynomial matrix) . For example, the term xa+xb gives a sum of 2 Z×Z permutation matrix, with respective shifting values of a and b.
[0128] For example, in Figure 10C and as shown by reference numbers 1060, 1065, and 1070, exemplary base graph parity (sub) matrices X, Y, and Z are respectively shown, where “Arb” represents a positive integer (for example, 0, 1, 2, or 3) . Although reference numbers 1060, 1065, and 1070 show matrices having five rows and five columns, other designs may be used. For example, an upper triangular portion and an unconstrained portion may be extended, where zeroes may be appended to a last column of a sparse portion. In some aspects, each of the base graph parity submatrix structures identified by reference numbers 1060, 1065, and 1070 may have a fixed element 1075, which may be independent of a lifting factor Z. Additionally, for example, the value of 2 occupying the special element of base graph parity (sub) matrix structure Z 1070 corresponds to the sum of two different permutation matrices of size Z×Z.
[0129] For example, in Figure 10D and as shown by reference number 1080, an accumulate chain structure 1080 may be included as a special form of a general PCM structure. In some aspects, the accumulate chain (for example, a chain of degree-2 variable nodes and a degree-3 node) may be cast into a PCM structure (for example, in the base graph PCM structure 1005) . In some aspects, the degree-2 accumulate chain enables increased encoding efficiency. In the example shown in Figure 10D, the sparse form (for example, the elements located in the rightmost four columns of the top row) in the accumulate chain structure 1080 is a vector of length 4 including a single value of 1 that belongs to one of the degree-2 variable nodes along the chain. In some aspects, the upper-triangular form may mostly include the degree-2 chain, except for the edge connecting the degree-2 variable node and the check node that corresponds to the single value of 1 from the sparse vector. In some aspects, encoding efficiency may be determined by properly allocating cyclic shift values for the terminated degree-3 variable node (for example, the three corresponding edges respectively correspond to xa, x0, and xb for the LDPC PCM) .
[0130] For example, Figure 10E illustrates LDPC polynomial (sub) matrices A, B, and C identified by respective reference numbers 1085, 1090, and 1095 that may enable invertible X-term polynomials with X = 3. In some aspects, LDPC polynomial (sub) matrices A, B, and C (identified by respective reference numbers 1085, 1090, and 1095) may be respectively associated with base graph parity submatrix structures X, Y, and Z (identified by respective reference numbers 1060, 1065, and 1070) .
[0131] For example, Figure 10F illustrates a LDPC polynomial (sub) matrix D 1096 with cyclic lifting values and base graph design is shown, where C (x) , E (x) , T (x) , and A (x) may have properties enabling increased encoding simplicity and efficiency. For example, C (x) = xa+xb, where the exponents a and b are nontrivial and designed such that the polynomial 1+ xa+xb is easily invertible over which in turn may require lifting designs for a and b. Furthermore, E (x) = [1, 0, 0, …, 0, 1] (for example, on the base graph level, the first and last elements of E are 1, and the remaining elements are 0) . Furthermore, T (x) may correspond to a double-diagonal chain. In addition, one element of A (x) (except the last element) is fixed at 1, other elements except the last element are taken to be 0, and the last element, r (x) , may be arbitrary (for example, r (x) =xc for an arbitrary c between 0 and Z-1, or r (x) = xc+xd for an arbitrary c and d between 0 and Z-1) . As a result, φ (x) ≡C (x) -E (x) T-1 (x) A (x) =1+xa+xb in this example. For example, the value of 1 in the E (x) portion of the base graph parity matrix structure 1096 may cover any other position over the corresponding E (x) of base graph parity matrix structures A, B, and C identified by respective reference numbers 1085, 1090, and 1095.
[0132] In some aspects, an “Arb” entry (for example, appearing in Figures 10C, 10E, and 10F) may indicate that the entry may be an arbitrary element in In some aspects, each entry indicated by “Arb” may be compatible with a corresponding entry of an associated LDPC base matrix, where the “Arb” entry may contain the number of terms indicated in the corresponding entry of the associated LDPC base matrix. For example, where an LDPC base matrix includes an entry of “1” , the corresponding “Arb” entry of the associated LDPC polynomial (sub) matrix may be xa for an integer a between 0 and Z-1, inclusive. For example, where an LDPC base matrix includes an entry of “2” , the corresponding “Arb” entry of the corresponding LDPC polynomial (sub) matrix may be xa+xb. The inclusion of an arbitrary element may enable flexibility in the design and / or selection of the cyclic shift values in order to increase decoding performance while maintaining encoding efficiency.
[0133] Additionally, in LDPC polynomial (sub) matrix A 1085, LDPC polynomial (sub) matrix B 1090, and LDPC polynomial (sub) matrix C 1095, φ (x) ≡C (x) -E (x) T-1 (x) A (x) =1+xa+xb is verifiable in each of these examples. As a result, the LDPC polynomial (sub) matrix design may ensure the inverse existence and increased coding efficiency by properly selecting the exponents a and b for a given lifting factor Z.
[0134] For example, where φ (x) =1+xZ / 2+xZ / 4 and Z is divisible by 4, then: φ (x) φ (x) ≡ (1+xZ / 2+xZ / 4) (1+xZ / 2+xZ / 4) ≡xZ / 2 mod xZ+1. The inverse φ-1 (x) may then be taken as 1+xZ / 2+x3Z / 4. For example, the exponents a and b are fractional multiples of the lifting factor Z, enabling an inverse form, where fewer terms in the inverse may result in increased encoding simplicity and efficiency.
[0135] In some aspects, by properly designing the exponents a and b, the general form of the inverse of φ (x) may be represented as a product of sparse polynomials, each having only a small number of terms. For example: mod xZ+1, where k is a relatively small positive integer and pk are polynomials each with a relatively small number of terms.
[0136] Figure 11 is a diagram illustrating an example 1100 associated with a HARQ extension of a base graph PCM in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0137] In some aspects, PCM structures may be implemented as a portion of a larger base graph PCM that supports HARQ retransmission 1105. For example, the LDPC polynomial matrix structure 1105 may include a systematic submatrix portion 1110 that may correspond to the systematic submatrix of a PCM (for example, the systematic submatrix 510 shown in Figure 5) . Additionally, the LDPC polynomial matrix structure 1105 may include a parity submatrix portion 1115 that may correspond to a parity submatrix of a PCM (for example, the parity submatrix structure 805 shown in Figure 8) . Additionally, the LDPC polynomial matrix structure may include an all-zero submatrix portion 1120 and a diagonal submatrix portion 1125. Additionally, the LDPC polynomial matrix structure may include a lower center portion 1130 having a number of columns matching the number of columns of the parity submatrix portion 1115. Additionally, the LDPC polynomial matrix structure may include a lower left portion 1135 having a number of columns matching the number of columns of the systematic submatrix portion 1110. Accordingly, the HARQ extension enables additional encoding of parity bits following the encoding of the systematic submatrix portion 1110 and the parity submatrix portion 1115. These encoded parity bits may then be used for retransmission as a portion of a larger LDPC polynomial matrix to increase the encoding simplicity and efficiency in the context of HARQ retransmission.
[0138] Figure 12 is a flowchart illustrating an example process 1200 performed, for example, at a transmitter or an apparatus of a transmitter that supports PCM structures to facilitate LDPC coding in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 1200 is an example where the apparatus or the transmitter (for example, network node 110 and / or UE 120) performs operations associated with PCM structures to facilitate efficient LDPC coding. In some aspects, the transmitter described herein is the network node 110, is included in the network node 110, or includes one or more components of the network node 110 shown in Figure 1. In some aspects, the transmitter described herein is the UE 120, is included in the UE 120, or includes one or more components of the UE 120 shown in Figure 1.
[0139] As shown in Figure 12, in some aspects, process 1200 may include generating a lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the lifted parity submatrix includes: an upper-triangular portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and a remaining portion (block 1210) . For example, the transmitter (such as by using communication manager 1406 or generation component 1410, depicted in Figure 14) may generate a lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the lifted parity submatrix includes: an upper-triangular portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and a remaining portion, as described above.
[0140] As further shown in Figure 12, in some aspects, process 1200 may include encoding, in a first encoding operation, a first subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the upper-triangular portion and the high-degree column portion of the lifted parity submatrix (block 1220) . For example, the transmitter (such as by using communication manager 1406 or encoding component 1412, depicted in Figure 14) may encode, in a first encoding operation, a first subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the upper-triangular portion and the high-degree column portion of the lifted parity submatrix, as described above.
[0141] As further shown in Figure 12, in some aspects, process 1200 may include encoding, in a second encoding operation after the first encoding operation, a second subset of the plurality of lifted parity bits associated with the all-zero portion and the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix (block 1230) . For example, the transmitter (such as by using communication manager 1406 or encoding component 1412, depicted in Figure 14) may encode, in a second encoding operation, a second subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the all-zero portion and the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix, as described above.
[0142] As further shown in Figure 12, in some aspects, process 1200 may include transmitting, to a receiver, an LDPC code associated with a PCM that includes the encoded lifted parity submatrix (block 1240) . For example, the transmitter (such as by using communication manager 1406 or transmission component 1404, depicted in Figure 14) may transmit, to a receiver, an LDPC code associated with a PCM that includes the encoded lifted parity submatrix, as described above.
[0143] Process 1200 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0144] In a first additional aspect, the first subset of the plurality of parity bits and the second subset of the plurality of parity bits are encoded according to an encoding order such that a last parity bit of the lifted parity submatrix is encoded first and a first parity bit of the lifted parity submatrix is encoded last.
[0145] In a second additional aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, the high-degree column portion has a column degree that satisfies a threshold.
[0146] In a third additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, process 1200 includes generating a systematic submatrix structure comprising a plurality of systematic bits and having a full rank, a first set of rows that are aligned with the upper-triangular portion and the all-zero portion of the lifted parity submatrix, and a second set of rows that are aligned with the high-degree column portion and the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix, wherein the PCM associated with the LDPC code further includes the systematic submatrix structure.
[0147] In a fourth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, each row in the second set of rows has a row degree that satisfies a threshold.
[0148] In a fifth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, the first subset of the plurality of parity bits is encoded according to a linear combination of a subset of the systematic bits.
[0149] In a sixth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, the non-zero diagonal elements of the upper triangular portion are associated with cyclic shift values in a range from 0 to Z –1, where Z is a lifting factor.
[0150] In a seventh additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, the high-degree column portion includes a set of punctured parity bit columns.
[0151] In an eighth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix includes a first portion with one element, a second portion with a sparse form, a third portion with one element having a size that is independent of a lifting size of the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix, a fourth portion that is unconstrained, and a fifth portion having an upper-triangular form.
[0152] In a ninth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, a first element in the second portion with the sparse form is a non-zero integer.
[0153] In a tenth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix includes an accumulate chain having a chain of variable nodes having a degree that satisfies a first threshold and a node having a degree that satisfies a second threshold.
[0154] In an eleventh additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through tenth aspects, the remaining portion is associated with a set of cyclic lifting values in accordance with a lifting factor and a set of cyclic shift values.
[0155] In a twelfth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eleventh aspects, the upper-triangular portion has a first quantity of rows and the first quantity of columns, the high-degree column portion has a second quantity of rows and the first quantity of columns, the all-zero portion has the first quantity of rows and the second quantity of columns, and the remaining portion has the second quantity of rows and the second quantity of columns.
[0156] In a thirteenth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twelfth aspects, the lifted parity submatrix is generated in accordance with a lifting factor value and a cyclic shift value applied to a base graph.
[0157] In a fourteenth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through thirteenth aspects, process 1200 includes determining the lifting factor value in accordance with a quantity of information bit columns associated with the base graph and a quantity of information bits available for encoding.
[0158] In a fifteenth additional aspects, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourteenth aspect, the lifted parity submatrix is associated with a lifted matrix entry structure corresponding to a base matrix entry structure associated with the base graph.
[0159] Although Figure 12 shows example blocks of process 1200, in some aspects, process 1200 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Figure 12. Additionally or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1200 may be performed in parallel.
[0160] Figure 13 is a flowchart illustrating an example process 1300 performed, for example, at a receiver or an apparatus of a receiver that supports PCM structures to facilitate LDPC coding in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 1300 is an example where the apparatus or the receiver (for example, network node 110 and / or UE 120) performs operations associated with parity check matrix structures to facilitate efficient LDPC coding.
[0161] As shown in Figure 13, in some aspects, process 1300 may include receiving an LDPC code associated with a PCM that includes an encoded lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the encoded lifted parity submatrix includes: an upper-triangular matrix portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and a remaining portion and (block 1310) . For example, the receiver (such as by using communication manager 1506 or reception component 1502, depicted in Figure 15) may receive an LDPC code associated with a PCM that includes an encoded lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the encoded lifted parity submatrix includes: an upper-triangular matrix portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and a remaining portion and, as described above.
[0162] As further shown in Figure 13, in some aspects, process 1300 may include decoding the encoded lifted parity submatrix to decode the LDPC code (block 1320) . For example, the receiver (such as by using communication manager 1506 or decoding component 1510, depicted in Figure 15) may decode the encoded lifted parity submatrix to decode the LDPC code, as described above.
[0163] Process 1300 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0164] In a first additional aspect, the high-degree column portion has a column degree that satisfies a threshold.
[0165] In a second additional aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, the PCM includes a systematic submatrix structure comprising a plurality of systematic bits and having a full rank, a first set of rows that are aligned with the upper-triangular portion and the all-zero portion of the encoded lifted parity submatrix, and a second set of rows that are aligned with the high-degree column portion and the remaining portion of the encoded lifted parity submatrix, wherein the PCM associated with the LDPC code further includes the systematic submatrix structure.
[0166] In a third additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, each row in the second set of rows has a row degree that satisfies a threshold.
[0167] In a fourth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, the non-zero diagonal elements of the upper triangular portion are associated with cyclic shift values in a range from 0 to Z -1, where Z is a lifting factor.
[0168] In a fifth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, the high-degree column portion includes a set of punctured parity bit columns.
[0169] In a sixth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, the remaining portion of the encoded lifted parity submatrix includes a first portion with one element, a second portion with a sparse form, a third portion with one element having a size that is independent of a lifting size of the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix, a fourth portion that is unconstrained, and a fifth portion having an upper-triangular form.
[0170] In a seventh additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, the first element in the second portion is a non-zero integer.
[0171] In an eighth additional aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, the remaining portion of the encoded lifted parity submatrix includes an accumulate chain having a chain of variable nodes having a degree that satisfies a first threshold and a node having a degree that satisfies a second threshold.
[0172] Although Figure 13 shows example blocks of process 1300, in some aspects, process 1300 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Figure 13. Additionally or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1300 may be performed in parallel.
[0173] Figure 14 is a diagram of an example apparatus 1400 for wireless communication that supports PCM structures to facilitate efficient LDPC coding in accordance with the present disclosure. The apparatus 1400 may be a transmitter, or a transmitter may include the apparatus 1400. In some aspects, the apparatus 1400 includes a reception component 1402, a transmission component 1404, and a communication manager 1406, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses) . As shown, the apparatus 1400 may communicate with another apparatus 1408 (such as a UE 120, a network node 110, or another wireless communication device) using the reception component 1402 and the transmission component 1404. The communication manager 1406 may be included in, or implemented via, a processing system (for example, the processing system 140 and / or the processing system 145) . In some aspects, the communication manager 1406 is the communication manager 150 and / or the communication manager 155.
[0174] In some aspects, the apparatus 1400 may be configured to and / or operable to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with Figures 8-11. Additionally or alternatively, the apparatus 1400 may be configured to and / or operable to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 1200 of Figure 12.
[0175] The reception component 1402 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, and / or data communications, from the apparatus 1408. The reception component 1402 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 1400, such as the communication manager 1406. In some aspects, the reception component 1402 may perform signal processing on the received communications, and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components in a similar manner as described above in connection with Figure 1. In some aspects, the reception component 1402 may include one or more components of the transmitter described above in connection with Figure 1, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the transmitter.
[0176] The transmission component 1404 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, and / or data communications, to the apparatus 1408. In some aspects, the communication manager 1406 may generate communications and may transmit the generated communications to the transmission component 1404 for transmission to the apparatus 1408. In some aspects, the transmission component 1404 may perform signal processing on the generated communications, and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 1408 in a similar manner as described above in connection with Figure 1. In some aspects, the transmission component 1404 may include one or more components of the transmitter described above in connection with Figure 1, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the transmitter. In some aspects, the transmission component 1404 may be co-located with the reception component 1402.
[0177] The communication manager 1406 may generate a lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the lifted parity submatrix includes an upper-triangular portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and a remaining portion. The communication manager 1406 may encode, in a first encoding operation, a first subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the upper-triangular portion and the high-degree column portion of the lifted parity submatrix. The communication manager 1406 may encode, in a second encoding operation, a second subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the all-zero portion and the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix. The communication manager 1406 may transmit or may cause the transmission component 1404 to transmit, to a receiver, an LDPC code associated with a PCM that includes the encoded lifted parity submatrix. In some aspects, the communication manager 1406 may perform one or more operations described elsewhere herein as being performed by one or more components of the communication manager 1406.
[0178] In some aspects, the communication manager 1406 includes a set of components, such as a generation component 1410, and / or an encoding component 1412. Alternatively, the set of components may be separate and distinct from the communication manager 1406. As used herein, the term “component” is intended to be broadly construed as hardware or a combination of hardware and at least one of software or firmware. In some aspects, one or more components of the set of components may include or may be implemented within a processing system (for example, the processing system 140 and / or the processing system 145) . Additionally or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in one or more memories (for example, the memory described with reference to Figure 1) . For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by the processing system to perform the functions or operations of the component.
[0179] The generation component 1410 may generate a lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the lifted parity submatrix includes an upper-triangular portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and a remaining portion. The encoding component 1412 may encode, in a first encoding operation, a first subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the upper-triangular portion and the high-degree column portion of the lifted parity submatrix. The encoding component 1412 may encode, in a second encoding operation after the first encoding operation, a second subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the all-zero portion and the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix. The transmission component 1404 may transmit, to a receiver, an LDPC code associated with a PCM that includes the encoded lifted parity submatrix.
[0180] The generation component 1410 may generate a systematic submatrix structure comprising a plurality of systematic bits and having a full rank, a first set of rows that are aligned with the upper-triangular portion and the all-zero portion of the lifted parity submatrix, and a second set of rows that are aligned with the high-degree column portion and the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix, wherein the PCM associated with the LDPC code further includes the systematic submatrix structure.
[0181] The generation component 1410 may generate the lifted parity submatrix in accordance with a lifting factor value and a cyclic shift value applied to a base graph, wherein the lifting factor is determined in accordance with a quantity of information bit columns associated with the base graph and a quantity of information bits available for encoding.
[0182] The quantity and arrangement of components shown in Figure 14 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in Figure 14. Furthermore, two or more components shown in Figure 14 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in Figure 14 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in Figure 14 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in Figure 14.
[0183] Figure 15 is a diagram of an example apparatus 1500 for wireless communication that supports PCM structures to facilitate LDPC coding in accordance with the present disclosure. The apparatus 1500 may be a receiver, or a receiver may include the apparatus 1500. In some aspects, the apparatus 1500 includes a reception component 1502, a transmission component 1504, and a communication manager 1506, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses) . As shown, the apparatus 1500 may communicate with another apparatus 1508 (such as a UE 120, a network node 110, or another wireless communication device) using the reception component 1502 and the transmission component 1504. The communication manager 1506 may be included in, or implemented via, a processing system (for example, the processing system 140 and / or the processing system 145) . In some aspects, the communication manager 1506 is the communication manager 150 and / or the communication manager 155.
[0184] In some aspects, the apparatus 1500 may be configured to and / or operable to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with Figures 8-11. Additionally or alternatively, the apparatus 1500 may be configured to and / or operable to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 1300 of Figure 13.
[0185] The reception component 1502 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, and / or data communications, from the apparatus 1508. The reception component 1502 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 1500, such as the communication manager 1506. In some aspects, the reception component 1502 may perform signal processing on the received communications, and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components in a similar manner as described above in connection with Figure 1. In some aspects, the reception component 1502 may include one or more components of the receiver described above in connection with Figure 1, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the receiver.
[0186] The transmission component 1504 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, and / or data communications, to the apparatus 1508. In some aspects, the communication manager 1506 may generate communications and may transmit the generated communications to the transmission component 1504 for transmission to the apparatus 1508. In some aspects, the transmission component 1504 may perform signal processing on the generated communications, and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 1508 in a similar manner as described above in connection with Figure 1. In some aspects, the transmission component 1504 may include one or more components of the receiver described above in connection with Figure 1, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the receiver. In some aspects, the transmission component 1504 may be co-located with the reception component 1502.
[0187] The communication manager 1506 may receive or may cause the reception component 1502 to receive an LDPC code associated with a PCM that includes an encoded lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the encoded lifted parity submatrix includes an upper-triangular matrix portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and a remaining portion. In some aspects, the communication manager 1506 may perform one or more operations described elsewhere herein as being performed by one or more components of the communication manager 1506.
[0188] In some aspects, the communication manager 1506 includes a set of components, such as a decoding component 1510. Alternatively, the set of components may be separate and distinct from the communication manager 1506. As used herein, the term “component” is intended to be broadly construed as hardware or a combination of hardware and at least one of software or firmware. In some aspects, one or more components of the set of components may include or may be implemented within a processing system (for example, the processing system 140 and / or the processing system 145) . Additionally or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in one or more memories (for example, the memory described with reference to Figure 1) . For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by the processing system to perform the functions or operations of the component.
[0189] The reception component 1502 may receive an LDPC code associated with a PCM that includes an encoded lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the encoded lifted parity submatrix includes an upper-triangular matrix portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and a remaining portion.
[0190] The decoding component 1510 may decode the encoded lifted parity submatrix to decode the LDPC code.
[0191] The quantity and arrangement of components shown in Figure 15 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in Figure 15. Furthermore, two or more components shown in Figure 15 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in Figure 15 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in Figure 15 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in Figure 15.
[0192] The following provides an overview of some Aspects of the present disclosure:
[0193] Aspect 1: A method for wireless communication by a transmitter, comprising: generating a lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the lifted parity submatrix includes: an upper-triangular portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and a remaining portion; encoding, in a first encoding operation, a first subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the upper-triangular portion and the high-degree column portion of the lifted parity submatrix; encoding, in a second encoding operation after the first encoding operation, a second subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the all-zero portion and the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix; and transmitting, to a receiver, a low density parity check (LDPC) code associated with a PCM that includes the encoded lifted parity submatrix.
[0194] Aspect 2: The method of Aspect 1, wherein the first subset of the plurality of parity bits and the second subset of the plurality of parity bits are encoded according to an encoding order such that a last parity bit of the lifted parity submatrix is encoded first and a first parity bit of the lifted parity submatrix is encoded last.
[0195] Aspect 3: The method of any of Aspects 1-2, wherein the high-degree column portion has a column degree that satisfies a threshold.
[0196] Aspect 4: The method of any of Aspects 1-3, further comprising: generating a systematic submatrix structure comprising a plurality of systematic bits and having a full rank, a first set of rows that are aligned with the upper-triangular portion and the all-zero portion of the lifted parity submatrix, and a second set of rows that are aligned with the high-degree column portion and the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix, wherein the PCM associated with the LDPC code further includes the systematic submatrix structure.
[0197] Aspect 5: The method of Aspect 4, wherein each row in the second set of rows has a row degree that satisfies a threshold.
[0198] Aspect 6: The method of Aspect 4, wherein the first subset of the plurality of parity bits is encoded according to a linear combination of a subset of the systematic bits.
[0199] Aspect 7: The method of any of Aspects 1-6, wherein the non-zero diagonal elements of the upper triangular portion are associated with cyclic shift values in a range from 0 to Z –1, where Z is a lifting factor.
[0200] Aspect 8: The method of any of Aspects 1-7, wherein the high-degree column portion includes a set of punctured parity bit columns.
[0201] Aspect 9: The method of any of Aspects 1-8, wherein the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix includes: a first portion with one element; a second portion with a sparse form; a third portion with one element having a size that is independent of a lifting size of the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix; a fourth portion that is unconstrained; and a fifth portion having an upper-triangular form.
[0202] Aspect 10: The method of Aspect 9, wherein a first element in the second portion with the sparse form is a non-zero integer.
[0203] Aspect 11: The method of Aspect 9, wherein the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix includes an accumulate chain having a chain of variable nodes having a degree that satisfies a first threshold and a node having a degree that satisfies a second threshold.
[0204] Aspect 12: The method of Aspect 9, wherein the remaining portion is associated with a set of cyclic lifting values in accordance with a lifting factor and a set of cyclic shift values.
[0205] Aspect 13: The method of any of Aspects 1-12, wherein: the upper-triangular portion has a first quantity of rows and the first quantity of columns, the high-degree column portion has a second quantity of rows and the first quantity of columns, the all-zero portion has the first quantity of rows and the second quantity of columns, and the remaining portion has the second quantity of rows and the second quantity of columns.
[0206] Aspect 14: The method of any of Aspects 1-13, wherein the lifted parity submatrix is generated in accordance with a lifting factor value and a cyclic shift value applied to a base graph.
[0207] Aspect 15: The method of Aspect 14, further comprising: determining the lifting factor value in accordance with a quantity of information bit columns associated with the base graph and a quantity of information bits available for encoding.
[0208] Aspect 16: The method of claim 14, wherein the lifted parity submatrix is associated with a lifted matrix entry structure corresponding to a base matrix entry structure associated with the base graph.
[0209] Aspect 17: A method of wireless communication by a receiver, comprising: receiving a low density parity check (LDPC) code associated with a PCM that includes an encoded lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the encoded lifted parity submatrix includes: an upper-triangular matrix portion having non-zero diagonal elements; a high-degree column portion; an all-zero portion; and a remaining portion; and decoding the encoded lifted parity submatrix to decode the LDPC code.
[0210] Aspect 18: The method of Aspect 17, wherein the high-degree column portion has a column degree that satisfies a threshold.
[0211] Aspect 19: The method of any of Aspects 17-18, wherein the PCM includes a systematic submatrix structure comprising a plurality of systematic bits and having a full rank, a first set of rows that are aligned with the upper-triangular portion and the all-zero portion of the lifted parity submatrix, and a second set of rows that are aligned with the high-degree column portion and the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix, wherein the PCM associated with the LDPC code further includes the systematic submatrix structure.
[0212] Aspect 20: The method of Aspect 19, wherein each row in the second set of rows has a row degree that satisfies a threshold.
[0213] Aspect 21: The method of any of Aspects 17-20, wherein the non-zero diagonal elements of the upper triangular portion are associated with cyclic shift values in a range from 0 to Z -1, where Z is a lifting factor.
[0214] Aspect 22: The method of any of Aspects 17-21, wherein the high-degree column portion includes a set of punctured parity bit columns.
[0215] Aspect 23: The method of any of Aspects 17-22, wherein the remaining portion of the encoded lifted parity submatrix includes: a first portion with one element; a second portion with a sparse form; a third portion with one element having a size that is independent of a lifting size of the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix; a fourth portion that is unconstrained; and a fifth portion having an upper-triangular form.
[0216] Aspect 24: The method of Aspect 23, wherein the first element in the second portion is a non-zero integer.
[0217] Aspect 25: The method of Aspect 23, wherein the remaining portion of the encoded lifted parity submatrix includes an accumulate chain having a chain of variable nodes having a degree that satisfies a first threshold and a node having a degree that satisfies a second threshold.
[0218] Aspect 26: The method of Aspect 23, wherein the remaining portion is associated with a set of cyclic lifting values in accordance with a lifting factor and a set of cyclic shift values.
[0219] Aspect 27: The method of any of Aspects 17-26, wherein: the upper-triangular portion has a first quantity of rows and the first quantity of columns, the high-degree column portion has a second quantity of rows and the first quantity of columns, the all-zero portion has the first quantity of rows and the second quantity of columns, and the remaining portion has the second quantity of rows and the second quantity of columns.
[0220] Aspect 28: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more processors; one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors; and instructions stored in the one or more memories and executable by the one or more processors to cause the apparatus to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-27.
[0221] Aspect 29: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-27.
[0222] Aspect 30: An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising at least one means for performing the method of one or more of Aspects 1-27.
[0223] Aspect 31: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-27.
[0224] Aspect 32: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication, the set of instructions comprising one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-27.
[0225] Aspect 33: A device for wireless communication, the device comprising a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-27.
[0226] Aspect 34: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors individually or collectively configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-27.
[0227] The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the aspects. No element, act, or instruction described herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such.
[0228] It will be apparent that systems or methods described herein may be implemented in different forms of hardware or a combination of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software used to implement these systems or methods is not limiting of the aspects. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems or methods are described herein without reference to specific software code, because those skilled in the art will understand that software and hardware can be designed to implement the systems or methods based, at least in part, on the description herein. A component being configured to perform a function means that the component has a capability to perform the function, and does not require the function to be actually performed by the component, unless noted otherwise.
[0229] As used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to refer to one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more” or “at least one. ” Further, as used herein, the article “the” is intended to include one or more items referenced in connection with the article “the” and may be used interchangeably with “the one or more. ” Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Where only one item is intended, the phrase “only one” or “a single one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has, ” “have, ” “having, ” “comprise, ” “comprising, ” “include” and “including, ” and derivatives thereof or similar terms are intended to be open-ended terms that do not limit an element that they modify (for example, an element “having” A may also have B) . Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and / or, ” unless explicitly stated otherwise (for example, if used in combination with “either” or “only one of” ) . As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a + b, a + c, b + c, and a + b + c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (for example, a + a, a + a + a, a + a + b, a + a + c, a + b + b, a + c + c, b + b, b + b + b, b + b + c, c + c, and c + c + c, or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0230] As used herein, the term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, estimating, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure) , searching, inferring, ascertaining, and / or measuring, among other possibilities. Also, “determining” can include receiving (such as receiving information) , accessing (such as accessing data stored in memory) or transmitting (such as transmitting information) , among other possibilities. Additionally, “determining” can include resolving, selecting, obtaining, choosing, establishing, and / or other such similar actions.
[0231] As used herein, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based at least in part on” or “based on or otherwise in association with” unless explicitly stated otherwise. As used herein, “satisfying a threshold” may, depending on the context, refer to a value being greater than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, or not equal to the threshold, among other examples.
[0232] Even though particular combinations of features are recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the scope of all aspects described herein. Many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification. The disclosure of various aspects includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set.
Claims
1.A transmitter for wireless communication, comprising:a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the transmitter to:generate a lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the lifted parity submatrix includes:an upper-triangular portion having non-zero diagonal elements;a high-degree column portion;an all-zero portion; anda remaining portion;encode, in a first encoding operation, a first subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the upper-triangular portion and the high-degree column portion of the lifted parity submatrix;encode, in a second encoding operation after the first encoding operation, a second subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the all-zero portion and the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix; andtransmit, to a receiver, a low density parity check (LDPC) code associated with a parity check matrix (PCM) that includes the encoded lifted parity submatrix.2.The transmitter of claim 1, wherein the lifted parity submatrix is generated in accordance with a lifting factor value and a cyclic shift value applied to a base graph.3.The transmitter of claim 2, wherein, to cause the transmitter to generate the lifted parity submatrix, the processing system is configured to cause the transmitter to:determine the lifting factor value in accordance with a quantity of information bit columns associated with the base graph and a quantity of information bits available for encoding.4.The transmitter of claim 2, wherein the lifted parity submatrix is associated with a lifted matrix entry structure corresponding to a base matrix entry structure associated with the base graph.5.The transmitter of claim 1, wherein the first subset of the plurality of parity bits and the second subset of the plurality of parity bits are encoded according to an encoding order such that a last parity bit of the lifted parity submatrix is encoded first and a first parity bit of the lifted parity submatrix is encoded last.6.The transmitter of claim 1, wherein the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix includes:a first portion with one element;a second portion with a sparse form;a third portion with one element having a size that is independent of a lifting size of the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix;a fourth portion that is unconstrained; anda fifth portion having an upper-triangular form.7.The transmitter of claim 6, wherein a first element in the second portion with the sparse form is a non-zero integer.8.The transmitter of claim 6, wherein the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix includes an accumulate chain having a chain of variable nodes having a degree that satisfies a first threshold and a node having a degree that satisfies a second threshold.9.The transmitter of claim 6, wherein the remaining portion is associated with a set of cyclic lifting values in accordance with a lifting factor and a set of cyclic shift values.10.The transmitter of claim 1, wherein:the upper-triangular portion has a first quantity of rows and the first quantity of columns,the high-degree column portion has a second quantity of rows and the first quantity of columns,the all-zero portion has the first quantity of rows and the second quantity of columns, andthe remaining portion has the second quantity of rows and the second quantity of columns.11.A receiver for wireless communication, comprising:a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the receiver to:receive a low density parity check (LDPC) code associated with a parity check matrix (PCM) that includes an encoded lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the encoded lifted parity submatrix includes:an upper-triangular matrix portion having non-zero diagonal elements;a high-degree column portion;an all-zero portion; anda remaining portion; anddecode the encoded lifted parity submatrix to decode the LDPC code.12.The receiver of claim 11, wherein the remaining portion of the encoded lifted parity submatrix includes:a first portion with one element;a second portion with a sparse form;a third portion with one element having a size that is independent of a lifting size of the remaining portion of the encoded lifted parity submatrix;a fourth portion that is unconstrained; anda fifth portion having an upper-triangular form.13.The receiver of claim 12, wherein the first element in the second portion is a non-zero integer.14.The receiver of claim 12, wherein the remaining portion is associated with a set of cyclic lifting values in accordance with a lifting factor and a set of cyclic shift values.15.The receiver of claim 11, wherein:the upper-triangular portion has a first quantity of rows and the first quantity of columns,the high-degree column portion has a second quantity of rows and the first quantity of columns,the all-zero portion has the first quantity of rows and the second quantity of columns, andthe remaining portion has the second quantity of rows and the second quantity of columns.16.A method for wireless communication by a transmitter, comprising:generating a lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the lifted parity submatrix includes:an upper-triangular portion having non-zero diagonal elements;a high-degree column portion;an all-zero portion; anda remaining portion;encoding, in a first encoding operation, a first subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the upper-triangular portion and the high-degree column portion of the lifted parity submatrix;encoding, in a second encoding operation after the first encoding operation, a second subset of the plurality of parity bits associated with the all-zero portion and the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix; andtransmitting, to a receiver, a low density parity check (LDPC) code associated with a parity check matrix (PCM) that includes the encoded lifted parity submatrix.17.The transmitter of claim 16, wherein the lifted parity submatrix is generated in accordance with a lifting factor value and a cyclic shift value applied to a base graph.18.The transmitter of claim 17, further comprising:determining the lifting factor value in accordance with a quantity of information bit columns associated with the base graph and a quantity of information bits available for encoding.19.The transmitter of claim 17, wherein the lifted parity submatrix is associated with a lifted matrix entry structure corresponding to a base matrix entry structure associated with the base graph.20.The method of claim 16, wherein the first subset of the plurality of parity bits and the second subset of the plurality of parity bits are encoded according to an encoding order such that a last parity bit of the lifted parity submatrix is encoded first and a first parity bit of the lifted parity submatrix is encoded last.21.The method of claim 16, wherein the high-degree column portion has a column degree that satisfies a threshold.22.The method of claim 16, further comprising:generating a systematic submatrix structure comprising a plurality of systematic bits and having a full rank, a first set of rows that are aligned with the upper-triangular portion and the all-zero portion of the lifted parity submatrix, and a second set of rows that are aligned with the high-degree column portion and the remaining portion of the lifted parity submatrix, wherein the PCM associated with the LDPC code further includes the systematic submatrix structure.23.The method of claim 22, wherein each row in the second set of rows has a row degree that satisfies a threshold.24.The method of claim 22, wherein the first subset of the plurality of parity bits is encoded according to a linear combination of a subset of the systematic bits.25.The method of claim 16, wherein the non-zero diagonal elements of the upper triangular portion are associated with cyclic shift values in a range from 0 to Z –1, where Z is a lifting factor.26.The method of claim 16, wherein the high-degree column portion includes a set of punctured parity bit columns.27.A method of wireless communication by a receiver, comprising:receiving a low density parity check (LDPC) code associated with a parity check matrix (PCM) that includes an encoded lifted parity submatrix comprising a plurality of parity bits, wherein the encoded lifted parity submatrix includes:an upper-triangular matrix portion having non-zero diagonal elements;a high-degree column portion;an all-zero portion; anda remaining portion anddecoding the encoded lifted parity submatrix to decode the LDPC code.28.The method of claim 27, wherein the high-degree column portion has a column degree that satisfies a threshold.29.The method of claim 27, wherein the PCM includes a systematic submatrix structure comprising a plurality of systematic bits and having a full rank, a first set of rows that are aligned with the upper-triangular portion and the all-zero portion of the encoded lifted parity submatrix, and a second set of rows that are aligned with the high-degree column portion and the remaining portion of the encoded lifted parity submatrix, wherein the PCM associated with the LDPC code further includes the systematic submatrix structure.30.The method of claim 27, wherein the remaining portion of the encoded lifted parity submatrix includes:a first portion with one element;a second portion with a sparse form;a third portion with one element having a size that is independent of a lifting size of the remaining portion of the encoded lifted parity submatrix;a fourth portion that is unconstrained; anda fifth portion having an upper-triangular form.
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