Combo vaccines for respiratory diseases
The immunogenic composition stabilizes recombinant F protein antigens of PIV, hMPV, and RSV through collagen propeptide fusion, addressing the inadequacies of current vaccines by enhancing immune response and prevention efficacy.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- SICHUAN CLOVER BIOPHARM INC
- Filing Date
- 2025-10-14
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-07
AI Technical Summary
Current vaccines for human metapneumovirus (hMPV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are inadequate, particularly in vulnerable populations, lacking effective prevention measures and stable, immunogenic forms of the F protein antigens.
Development of an immunogenic composition comprising recombinant viral antigens from PIV, hMPV, and RSV fused with a C-terminal propeptide of collagen, forming inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds to stabilize the prefusion conformation of the F protein, enhancing stability and immunogenicity.
The immunogenic composition elicits robust immune responses and prevents infections by forming stable, native-like trimeric viral antigens, providing comprehensive protection against multiple respiratory diseases.
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Figure PCTCN2025127642-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2025127642-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2025127642-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
COMBO VACCINES FOR RESPIRATORY DISEASES
[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] This patent application claims priority from PCT patent application No. PCT / CN2024 / 127932 entitled “COMBO VACCINE” filed on October 28, 2024 and PCT patent application No. PCT / CN2025 / 089997 entitled “COMBO VACCINE” filed on April 20, 2025, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties and for all purposes.FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The present invention relates to vaccines and specifically viral vaccines.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] Human paramyxoviruses and pneumoviruses are prevalent pathogens that impose a significant disease burden globally. These include measles virus (MeV) , mumps virus (MuV) , respiratory syncytial virus type A and B (RSV A and B) , metapneumovirus type A and B (MPV A and B) , and parainfluenza virus types 1-4 (PIV1-4) . These viruses are responsible for a range of respiratory illnesses, from the common cold to severe lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) , particularly in infants, young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
[0005] RSV is a single-strand, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the family Pneumoviridae. It has two major genetic lineages, A and B, which are antigenically related, and infection with either subgroup induces cross-neutralizing antibodies. RSV is a major cause of LRTI worldwide, affecting all age groups but posing the highest risk to those older than 65 or younger than 5 years. Epidemiological data estimate over 33 million RSV infections and 360,000 hospitalizations annually globally. In the United States alone, RSV may cause over 170,000 hospitalizations and approximately 14,000 deaths each year. RSV spreads through respiratory droplets and close contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces. The severity of RSV disease is influenced by the extent of viral replication following infection. Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are associated with protection against disease, yet serapositivity only confers partial protection against infection. Currently, there are three licensed vaccines for RSV which comprise RSV F antigens or mRNA encoding a RSV F antigen.
[0006] hMPV is a single-strand, negative-sense RNA virus of the Metapneumovirus genus in the Pneumoviridae family. It is known for its near-ubiquitous infection by the age of five, with reinfections posing a lifelong burden. Infants (6-12 months) , the elderly, and immunocompromised populations are at increased risk of hospitalization due to severe disease such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Despite the presence of protective antibody titers in adults, reinfections with hMPV occur in both healthy and immunocompromised individuals. In older adults, hMPV is responsible for a significant proportion of serious respiratory infections, with similar rates of infection as RSV. Currently, there are no approved vaccines for hMPV.
[0007] Genome of hMPV comprises three transmembrane surface glycoproteins: the attachment protein G, fusion protein F, and the small hydrophobic SH protein. The F glycoprotein of hMPV is initially translated as a precursor polypeptide, which is cleaved to generate two linked fragments, F1 and F2. These fragments form the F protein complex, which is a homotrimer. The F protein is a primary antigen explored for hMPV subunit vaccines, as it mediates fusion between the virion membrane and the host cellular membrane. The prefusion form of the F protein is considered the preferred conformation for a vaccine antigen. However, the exact role of hMPV F prefusion form in eliciting immunogenicity is less established compared to RSV F.
[0008] PIV3, a member of the paramyxoviridae family, is also a single-strand, negative-sense RNA virus. It is an important pediatric pathogen, causing a range of illnesses from mild upper respiratory tract infections to severe lower respiratory tract diseases. The disease burden is substantial, especially in pediatric populations, where PIV3 is a leading cause of hospitalization for respiratory infections. It is also an important cause of respiratory infections in elderly individuals and immunocompromised hosts, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality.
[0009] Structurally, the F protein of PIV3 is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane, facilitating virus entry. The F protein exists in a prefusion form, which undergoes a structural rearrangement to a post-fusion form upon activation by host proteases. This transition is essential for virus-cell fusion and is a target for neutralizing antibodies, which can prevent virus entry by recognizing the prefusion conformation. The F protein is composed of two subunits, F1 and F2, linked by a disulfide bond. The F1 subunit contains the fusion peptide and heptad repeats, which are involved in the fusion process, while the F2 subunit is involved in trimerization and host receptor binding. The prefusion form of the F protein is immunologically relevant for vaccine design, as it is the conformation that is targeted by neutralizing antibodies for protection against PIV3 infection. Licensed vaccines for PIV3 have not been available.
[0010] There is a significant need for much improved prevention measures for the above viruses, particularly in vulnerable population such as infants, toddlers and elderlies.
[0011] BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] A first aspect of the present invention provides a immunogenic composition comprising at least two recombinant viral antigens selected from the group consisting of a recombinant parainfluenza virus (PIV) antigen, a recombinant human metapneumovirus (hMPV) antigen, and a recombinant respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigen;
[0013] wherein the recombinant PIV antigen comprises a PIV F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen, wherein the C-terminal propeptides of the recombinant polypeptides form inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds;
[0014] wherein the recombinant hMPV antigen comprises a hMPV F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen, wherein the C-terminal propeptides of the recombinant polypeptides form inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds; and
[0015] wherein the recombinant RSV antigen comprises a RSV F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen, wherein the C-terminal propeptides of the recombinant polypeptides form inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds.
[0016] In some embodiments, the PIV is of subtype PIV-1, PIV-2, PIV-3 PIV-4 and / or PIV-5; the hMPV is of subtype A and / or subtype B; and / or the RSV is of subtype A and / or subtype B.
[0017] In some embodiments, one or more or all of the at least two recombinant viral antigens comprise a F protein antigen comprising a F2 domain and a F1 domain with or without intervening protease cleavage site.
[0018] In some embodiments, one or more or all of the at least two recombinant viral antigens comprise a F protein antigen comprising a F2 domain and a F1 domain linked directly or linked by a heterogenous peptide linker.
[0019] In some embodiments, one or more or all of the at least two recombinant viral antigens comprise a F protein antigen comprising F protein antigens comprises one or more amino acid substitutions to stabilize the trimeric fusion protein in a prefusion conformation.
[0020] In some embodiments, the PIV3 F protein antigen comprises amino acid substitutions comprising:
[0021] Q162C and L168C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond;
[0022] I213C and G230C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and
[0023] A463Vsubstitution;
[0024] wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the reference PIV3 F protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0025] In some embodiments, the PIV3 F protein antigen comprises a sequence from positions 19 to 472 of SEQ ID NO: 5 or a sequence from positions 19 to 472 of SEQ ID NO: 6, or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to positions 19 to 472 of SEQ ID NO: 5 or positions 19 to 472 of SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0026] In some embodiments, the hMPV F protein antigen comprise amino acid substitutions selected from:
[0027] (1) A140C and A147C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; D454C and V458C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and V84C, A / D185P and A249C substitutions;
[0028] (2) A140C and A147C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; D454C and V458C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and V84S, A / D185P and A249S substitutions;
[0029] (3) A140C and A147C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; D454C and V458C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and V84S and A / D185P substitutions;
[0030] (4) A140C and A147C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; D454C and V458C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and V84D, A / D185P and A249S substitutions;
[0031] (5) A140C and A147C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; D454C and V458C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and V84d and A / D185P substitutions;
[0032] (6) A140C and A147C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; D454C and V458C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and A / D185P and A249S substitutions; and
[0033] (7) A140C and A147C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; D454C and V458C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and A / D185P substitution; and
[0034] optionally further comprise substitution of hMPV F protein positions 89-112 to GSGGSG (SEQ ID NO: 20) ;
[0035] wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the reference hMPV F protein set forth as SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0036] In some embodiments, the hMPV F protein antigen comprise a sequence selected from:
[0037] (1) positions 19 to 489 of SEQ ID NO: 7;
[0038] (12) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 8;
[0039] (23) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 9;
[0040] (34) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 10;
[0041] (45) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 11;
[0042] (56) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 12;
[0043] (67) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 13;
[0044] (78) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 14; and
[0045] (89) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 40. ;
[0046] or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to the above sequenceIn some embodiments, the RSV F protein antigen comprises amino acid substitutions comprising: substitution of RSV F protein positions 106-144 to CGGG (SEQ ID NO: 21) ; wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the reference RSV F protein set forth as SEQ ID NO: 3 and / or SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0047] In some embodiments, the recombinant RSV antigen comprises a recombinant RSV A antigen and recombinant RSV B antigen, wherein the recombinant RSV A antigen comprises a RSV A F protein antigen joined by in-frame fusion to a C-terminal portion of a collagen to form a disulfide bond-linked trimeric fusion protein, and the recombinant RSV B antigen comprises a RSV B F protein antigen joined by in-frame fusion to a C-terminal portion of a collagen to form a disulfide bond-linked trimeric fusion protein.
[0048] In some embodiments, the RSV A F protein antigen comprise a sequence from positions 26 to 485 of SEQ ID NO: 15 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to positions 26 to 485 of SEQ ID NO: 15, and / or the RSV B F protein antigen comprise a sequence from positions 26 to 485 of SEQ ID NO: 16 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to positions 26 to 485 of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0049] In some embodiments, the C-terminal portion of the collagen is joined to the C-terminal of the F protein antigen directly or by a peptide linker.
[0050] In some embodiments, the C-terminal portion of the collagen comprising a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ IDs: 22-38.
[0051] In some embodiments, the recombinant PIV antigen comprises SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO: 6 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0052] In some embodiments, the recombinant hMPV antigen comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 45-53 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 45-53.
[0053] In some embodiments, the recombinant RSV antigens comprise a recombinant RSV A antigen and recombinant RSV B antigen, wherein the recombinant RSV A antigen comprises SEQ ID NO: 54 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 54, and / or the recombinant RSV B antigen comprises SEQ ID NO: 55 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 55.
[0054] In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition comprises a recombinant hMPV antigen and a recombinant RSV antigen.
[0055] In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition comprises a recombinant PIV3 antigen, a recombinant hMPV antigen and a recombinant RSV antigen.
[0056] In some embodiments, the recombinant PIV antigen comprises SEQ ID NO: 6, the recombinant hMPV antigen comprises SEQ ID NO: 53 and the recombinant RSV antigens comprise a recombinant RSV A antigen and recombinant RSV B antigen, wherein the recombinant RSV A antigen comprises SEQ ID NO: 54, and the recombinant RSV B antigen comprises SEQ ID NO: 55.
[0057] In some embodiments, one or more or all of the at least two recombinant viral antigens further comprise a signal peptide at the N-terminal.
[0058] In some embodiments, the recombinant PIV3 antigen comprises a signal peptide with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, the recombinant HPMV antigen comprises a signal peptide with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18, and / or the recombinant RSV antigen comprises a signal peptide with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19 or SEQ ID NO: 39.
[0059] A second aspect of the present invention provides a method of eliciting an immune response against two or three of PIV, hMPV and RSV in a subject, comprising administering any one of the aforementioned immunogenic compositions to the subject.
[0060] In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition is administered via intramuscular injection or intra-nasal spray.
[0061] In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition is administered in single dose or a series of doses separated by intervals of weeks or months.
[0062] In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition is administered with or without an adjuvant. In some embodiments, the adjuvant comprises alum.
[0063] In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition is administered with more than one adjuvant.
[0064] A third aspect of the present invention provides a method of preventing infection by two or three of PIV, hMPV and RSV in a subject, comprising administering any one of the aforementioned immunogenic compositions to the subject.
[0065] In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition is administered via intramuscular injection or intra-nasal spray.
[0066] In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition is administered in a single dose or a series of doses separated by intervals of weeks or m onths.
[0067] In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition is administered with or without an adjuvant. In some embodiments, the adjuvant comprises alum.
[0068] In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition is administered with more than one adjuvant.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0069] FIG. 1: PIV3 F-Trimer Design. Schematic representations of the ectodomain of wild-type PIV3 F protein-Trimer-Tag fusion protein (PIV3 F1) and the Pre fusion PIV3 F protein-Trimer-Tag fusion protein (PIV3 F5.1) . PIV3 F1 (TOP panel) , PIV3 F5.1 (below)
[0070] FIG. 2: PIV3 F5.1 SDS-PAGE and SEC-HPLC Analysis. A. Purified PIV3 F5.1 fusion protein analyzed under Non-Reducing and Reducing SDS-PAGE, indicating it is disulfide-bond linked trimer. B. SEC-HPLC analysis of the purity of PIV3 F5.1.
[0071] FIG. 3A: Electron Microscopy Analysis. Negative-stain electron microscopy image of purified PIV3 F-Trimer. Representative negative-stain EM images of PIV3 F1 (WT) and PIV3 F5.1. Negative EM Analysis Confirming PIV3 5.1 is in a Prefusion F Conformation.
[0072] FIG. 3B: Electron Microscopy Analysis. Representative Cryo EM 2D classification of PIV3 5.1 prefusion F-Trimer.
[0073] FIG. 3C: Electron Microscopy Analysis. PIV3 5.1 prefusion F antigen structure resolved at by Cryo EM.
[0074] FIG. 4: Determination of the Binding Affinity between PIV3 F-Trimer and the PIV3 mAbs by ELISA. A. PIV3 F-Trimer binding to PIV3 site 0 specific mAb PIA174. B. PIV3 F-Trimer binding to PIV3 site 0 specific mAb PI13-E12. C. PIV3 F-Trimer binding to PIV3 site X specific mAb 3X1.
[0075] FIG. 5A: hMPV F-Trimer Design and Comparison of F16 and F22. FIG. 5A: Schematic representations of the ectodomain of A2 strain wild-type hMPV F protein-Trimer-Tag fusion protein (hMPV F1) and the Pre fusion hMPV F protein-Trimer-Tag fusion protein (F4.1 and F21-26) .
[0076] FIG. 5B: hMPV F-Trimer Design and Comparison of F16 and F22. Structural Comparison of hMPV F22 (A2 Strain) and F16 (B2 Strain) F-Trimers.
[0077] FIG. 5C: hMPV F-Trimer design and comparison of F16 and F22. Comparison of hMPV F22 (A2 Strain) and F16 (B2 Strain) F-Trimers in homogeneity by SEC-HPLC and RP-HPLC.
[0078] FIG. 5D: hMPV F-Trimer Design and Comparison of F16 and F22. Comparison of hMPV F22 (A2 Strain) and F16 (B2 Strain) F-Trimers in in vitro potency and Fab-shift.
[0079] FIG. 6A: hMPV F-Trimer SDS-PAGE. Purified hMPV F1 and F4.1 fusion proteins analyzed under Reducing SDS-PAGE and purified hMPV F4.1 and F21-26 fusion proteins analyzed under Non-Reducing and Reducing SDS-PAGE, indicating it is disulfide-bond linked trimer.
[0080] FIG. 6B: SDS-PAGE Analysis of hMPV F-Trimer. Expression and affinity purification of hMPV F16 prefusion F-Trimer analyzed by SDS-PAGE under Reducing and Non-Reducing conditions.
[0081] FIG. 7A: Electron Microscopy Analysis of Representative hMPV F-Trimers. Negative-stain electron microscopy image of purified hMPV F-Trimer. Representative negative-stain EM images of hMPV F1 (WT) , hMPV F4.1 Conformation and hMPV F16. Negative EM Analysis Confirms hMPV F4.1 and hMPV F16 are in a Prefusion conformation.
[0082] FIG. 7B: Cryo Electron Microscopy Analysis of hMPV F-Trimer from F16. Representative Cryo EM 2D classification of hMPV B2 F16 prefusion F-Trimer.
[0083] FIG. 7C: Cryo Electron Microscopy Analysis hMPV F-Trimer from F16. hMPV F16 prefusion F antigen molecular structure was resolved at by Cryo EM.
[0084] FIG. 8: Determination of the Binding Affinity Between hMPV F-Trimer and the hMPV mAbs by ELISA. A. hMPV F-Trimer binding to hMPV site 0 specific mAb ADI61062. B. hMPV F-Trimer binding to hMPV site V specific mAb MPV467. C. hMPV F-Trimer binding to hMPV site I specific mAb DS7.
[0085] FIG. 9: Determination of the binding affinity between hMPV F-Trimer and the hMPV mAbs by ELISA. A. hMPV F-Trimer binding to hMPV site 0 specific mAb ADI61062. B. hMPV F-Trimer binding to hMPV site V specific mAb MPV467. C. hMPV F-Trimer binding to hMPV site I specific mAb DS7.
[0086] FIG. 10: Immunogenicity of RSV, hMPV and PIV3 Combo Vaccine in Mice. BALB / c mice (n=10 / group) were immunized with various vaccine combinations that was adjuvanted 75 μg alum three times on Day 0, Day 21 and Day 49. All the antigen dose was 10μg / strains. The humoral immune responses on Day 35, Day 49 and Day 63 were based on hMPV DS7 mAb competitive antibody titers, RSV A2 and B18537 Neutralization antibodies (NAb) and PIV3 Neutralization antibodies (NAb) .
[0087] FIG. 11: Analysis of hMPV Competitive Antibody Against hMPV DS7 mAb. Serum samples from Day 35, Day 49 and Day 63 were tested by hMPV DS7 mAb competitive antibody testing.
[0088] FIG. 12: Analysis of RSV A2 and RSV B18537 NAb. Serum samples from Day 35 were tested by RSV A2 an RSV B18537 NAb testing. A represent A2 strains and B represent B18537 strains.
[0089] FIG. 13: Analysis of PIV3 NAb. Serum samples from Day 35 were tested by PIV3 NAb testing.
[0090] FIG. 14: Determination of the Binding Affinity between hMPV F-Trimer and the hMPV mAbs by ELISA. A. hMPV F-Trimer binding to hMPV site 0 specific mAb ADI61062, site I mAb DS7, site III mAb MPE8, site IV mAb 101F and site V specific mAb MPV467.
[0091] FIG. 15: BLI Analysis of hMPV F-Trimer Antigens Binding to Site Specific mAbs.
[0092] FIG. 16: Immunogenicity of hMPV F-Trimer Antigens in Mice. BALB / c mice (n=10 / group) were immunized with various vaccines that was adjuvanted 75 μg alum two times on Day 0 and Day 21. All the antigen dose was 10μg / antigen. The humoral immune responses on Day 35 were based on hMPV A2 and B1 NAb. Study design (A) , antibody titer (B) .
[0093] FIG. 17: Phase 1 Human Clinical Trial Design. A phase 1, randomized, observer-blind clinical trial in Australia enrolled 144 older adults (60-85 years) evaluating the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of unadjuvanted bivalent vaccine (RSV + hMPV PreF-trimer antigen combination) , trivalent vaccine (RSV + hMPV + PIV3 PreF-trimer antigen combination) and monovalent vaccine comparator (RSV PreF-trimer antigen) at the selected dose levels. Eligible participants were men or women aged 60-85 years (older adults) who had not previously received RSV vaccines and met the other main inclusion and exclusion criteria. The main inclusion criteria were to be healthy at the time of enrolment and to be willing to follow all study procedures. The main exclusion criteria were any significant illness at the time of enrolment. A single dose of each study vaccine was administered intramuscularly on Day 1. Blood samples were collected for immunological testing on Day 1 (prior to receiving the allocated study vaccine) and on Day 29 (approximately 1-month post-vaccination) .
[0094] FIG. 18: Live Virus Neutralizing antibody Responses from Phase 1 Human Clinical Trials. Neutralizing antibodies (RSV-A, RSV-B, hMPV-A, hMPV-B, PIV3) used qualified viral neutralizing assays (VNAs) . Geometric mean fold rises (GMFRs) in VNA titers at 1-month post-vaccination compared to baseline pre-vaccination are shown (±95%confidence intervals) in the graphs for evaluable participants. The percentage of participants in each group observing ≥2-fold and ≥4-fold increases in VNA titers are shown below each graph.
[0095] FIG. 19: RSV Neutralization Site-Specific Antibody Responses from Phase 1 Human Clinical Trials. RSV neutralization site-specific antibodies (Site Site V, Site III) used developed competitive ELISA assays, which utilized highly-potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against each respective site. Geometric mean fold rises (GMFRs) in titers at 1-month post-vaccination compared to baseline pre-vaccination are shown (±95%confidence intervals) in the graphs for evaluable participants. The percentage of participants in each group observing ≥2-fold and ≥4-fold increases in titers are shown below each graph.
[0096] FIG. 20: hMPV Neutralization Site-Specific Antibody Responses from Phase 1 Human Clinical Trials. RSV neutralization site-specific antibodies (Site Site V, Site III, Site IV, Site II) used developed competitive ELISA assays, which utilized highly-potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against each respective site. Geometric mean fold rises (GMFRs) in titers at 1-month post-vaccination compared to baseline pre-vaccination are shown (±95%confidence intervals) in the graphs for evaluable participants. The percentage of participants in each group observing ≥2-fold and ≥4-fold increases in titers are shown below each graph.
[0097] FIG. 21: PIV3 Neutralization Site-Specific Antibody Responses from Phase 1 Human Clinical Trials. PIV3 neutralization site-specific antibodies (Site Site X) used developed competitive ELISA assays, which utilized highly-potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against each respective site. Geometric mean fold rises (GMFRs) in titers at 1-month post-vaccination compared to baseline pre-vaccination are shown (±95%confidence intervals) in the graphs for evaluable participants. The percentage of participants in each group observing ≥2-fold and ≥4-fold increases in titers are shown below each graph.
[0098] FIG. 22: Safety and Tolerability for Phase 1 Human Clinical Trials. The percentage of enrolled participants in each respective group experiencing local or systemic solicited Adverse Events (AEs) following vaccination are shown (±95%confidence intervals) , including the severity of the AEs (mild, moderate, severe) . No Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) , Adverse Events of Special Interest (AESIs) , or AEs Leading to Discontinuation related to study vaccines were observed.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0099] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples herein are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
[0100] The terms “about” and “approximate, ” when used along with a numerical variable, generally means the value of the variable and all the values of the variable within a measurement or an experimental error (e.g., 95%confidence interval for the mean) or within a specified value within a broader range (e.g., ± 10%) .
[0101] As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0102] The term “comprise” and variations thereof, such as “comprises” and “comprising” , as well as “contain” , “containing” , “have” , “having” , “include” and “including” means including the recited steps or elements, but not excluding other steps or elements. “Consisting of” means excluding any step or element not specified. “Consisting essentially of” means not excluding steps or elements that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed invention. The term “comprise" and its variants also include the cases of “consisting of ......” and “consisting essentially of ......” .
[0103] Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that the upper and lower limits, and each smaller range between the upper limit (or the lower limit) and any intervening value, or between any two intervening values in that range, shall be considered to be specifically disclosed. Any intervening range and all individual value in the stated range of value may be excluded from said range of value.
[0104] The term “and / or” refers to any one, several or all of the elements connected by the term.
[0105] Unless otherwise indicated, nucleic acids are written left to right in 5’ to 3’ orientation; amino acid sequences are written left to right in N-terminus to C-terminus orientation, respectively.
[0106] The terms “first” , “second” , “third” , “fourth” etc. are used only to distinguish between elements or steps and do not imply a specific order of precedence or location relationship. It should be understood that when “second” element or step is mentioned, it is meant to be literally distinguished from other elements or steps and it is not necessary to have a corresponding “first” element or step.
[0107] Further, it should be understood that although the specification may have presented the method and / or process of the present invention as a particular sequence of steps. However, to the extent that the method or process does not rely on the particular order of steps set forth herein, the method or process should not be limited to the particular sequence of steps described. As one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate, other sequences of steps may be possible. Therefore, the particular order of the steps set forth in the specification should not be construed as limitations on the claims.
[0108] It should be understood that the method of the present invention may be performed in vivo, in vitro, or ex vivo. In some embodiments, the method of the present invention may be or may be not for the purpose of disease treatment, and / or not for the purpose of disease diagnosis.
[0109] There is a significant need for improved immunogens derived from hMPV, and PIV3 F proteins that exhibit enhanced properties such as increased expression when recombinantly expressed in mammalian cells, enhanced immunogenicity, or improved stability of the prefusion form. Additionally, there is a need for bivalent or trivalent respiratory vaccines that combine 2 or 3 of RSV, hMPV, and / or PIV3 F protein antigens to provide protection against multiple respiratory diseases in a single vaccine regimen.
[0110] The development of such vaccines would address the unmet need for effective prevention of respiratory diseases caused by these viruses, particularly in high-risk populations. Advances in recombinant vaccine technology offer a promising approach to address these challenges and provide a more effective and comprehensive solution to the global burden of RSV, hMPV, and PIV3 infections.
[0111] Type I collagen, a crucial component of the extracellular matrix in various tissues, forms stable homotrimers consisting of three alpha-1 (I) chains. These collagen C-propeptide chains possess the innate ability to self-assemble into homotrimers, a process facilitated by the formation of interchain disulfide bonds when overexpressed in cells. A critical step in the assembly of recombinant collagen fibrils into an insoluble matrix within the cell involves the cleavage of the C-propeptides. This natural trimerization property of the C-propeptide can be exploited by fusing it to heterologous proteins or domains, thereby promoting their trimerization and enhancing their stability and functionality.
[0112] While several protein trimerization domains have been identified and characterized for their ability to facilitate the trimerization of heterologous proteins, such as those derived from yeast GCN4, bacterial phage T4 fibritin, and Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase, these systems are not of human origin and are not naturally secreted proteins. Although tetranectin, a human-derived and secreted protein, has been utilized for trimerization of its fusion partners, it does not rely on covalent bonds for stabilization. To date, there are no vaccines or therapeutics on the market that leverage the tetranectin tag.
[0113] The present invention aims to address these limitations by harnessing the natural trimerization and secretion properties of human Type I collagen C-propeptide. By fusing the C-propeptide to F proteins from MPV and PIV3, the invention seeks to create stable, secreted trimers that can be used as potent vaccines. This approach offers a humanized and physiologically relevant method for trimerization, which is expected to enhance the efficacy and safety of resulting vaccines.
[0114] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an immunogenic composition comprising at least two viral antigen trimers as antigens to polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies which can be used for passive immunization, e.g., neutralizing mAb for treating at least two viruses selected from the group consisting of parainfluenza virus (PIV) , human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) , and methods for using them.
[0115] The viral antigen is fused a C-terminal propeptide of collagen (or C-terminal portion of collagen) and the resulting fusion proteins are secreted as disulfide bond-linked homo-trimers, which are more stable in structure, while preserving the conformations of native-like trimeric viral antigens, thereby can be used as more effective vaccines against these dangerous pathogens.
[0116] In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition comprises at least two recombinant antigens selected from the group consisting of a recombinant parainfluenza virus (PIV) antigen, a recombinant human metapneumovirus (hMPV) antigen, and a recombinant respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigen;
[0117] wherein the recombinant PIV antigen comprises a PIV F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen, wherein the C-terminal propeptides of the recombinant polypeptides form inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds;
[0118] wherein the recombinant hMPV antigen comprises a hMPV F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen, wherein the C-terminal propeptides of the recombinant polypeptides form inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds; and
[0119] wherein the recombinant RSV antigen comprises a RSV F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen, wherein the C-terminal propeptides of the recombinant polypeptides form inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds.
[0120] In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition comprises a recombinant parainfluenza virus (PIV) antigen and a recombinant human metapneumovirus (hMPV) antigen.
[0121] In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition comprises a recombinant parainfluenza virus (PIV) antigen and a recombinant respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigen.
[0122] In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition comprises a recombinant human metapneumovirus (hMPV) antigen and a recombinant respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigen.
[0123] In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition comprises a recombinant parainfluenza virus (PIV) antigen, a recombinant human metapneumovirus (hMPV) antigen, and a recombinant respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigen.
[0124] In some embodiments, the PIV is PIV1, PIV2, PIV3, PIV4, PIV5 or any combination thereof, preferably PIV3. In some embodiments, the PIV is human parainfluenza virus (hPIV) , preferably hPIV3..
[0125] In some embodiments, the hMPV is subtype A (including A1 and / or A2) , subtype B (including B1 and / or B2) or any combination thereof, preferably subtype B (including B1 and / or B2) .
[0126] In some embodiments, the RSV is subtype A (e.g., A2) , subtype B (e.g., Australia 1653999) or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the RSV is human RSV (hRSV) , preferably hRSV A, hRSV B or a combination thereof. In preferred embodiments, the RSV is a combination of subtype A (e.g., A2) , subtype B (e.g., Australia 1653999 or B18537) .
[0127] In some embodiments, the recombinant PIV antigen may comprise one, two, three or more recombinant PIV antigens which comprise respectively PIV F protein antigen of different subtypes / strains independently linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen, wherein the C-terminal propeptides of the recombinant polypeptides form inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds.
[0128] In some embodiments, the recombinant hMPV antigen may comprise one, two, three or more recombinant hMPV antigens which comprise respectively hMPV F protein antigen of different subtypes / strains independently linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen, wherein the C-terminal propeptides of the recombinant polypeptides form inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds.
[0129] In some embodiments, the recombinant RSV antigen may comprise one, two, three or more recombinant RSV antigens which comprise respectively RSV F protein antigen of different subtypes / strains independently linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen, wherein the C-terminal propeptides of the recombinant polypeptides form inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds.
[0130] In some embodiments, the PIV F protein antigen is joined by in-frame fusion to a C-terminal portion of a collagen to form a disulfide bond-linked trimeric fusion protein.
[0131] In some embodiments, the hMPV F protein antigen is joined by in-frame fusion to a C-terminal portion of a collagen to form a disulfide bond-linked trimeric fusion protein.
[0132] In some embodiments, the RSV F protein antigen is joined by in-frame fusion to a C-terminal portion of a collagen to form a disulfide bond-linked trimeric fusion protein.
[0133] The recombinant PIV, hMPV and / or RSV antigen can be used for an immunogenic composition or a vaccine against PIV, hMPV and / or RSV.
[0134] The PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F protein antigen described herein includes a wild-type F protein, its functional fragment or its functional variants. The PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F protein antigen described herein comprises at least one or all epitopes of the wild-type F protein. In some embodiments, the epitope is a linear epitope or a conformational epitope.
[0135] In some embodiments, the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F protein antigen described herein is soluble. In some embodiments, the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F protein antigen described herein does not directly bind to a lipid bilayer, e.g., a membrane or viral envelope.
[0136] In some embodiments, the PIV F protein antigen described herein comprises an ecto-domain (e.g., without transmembrane (TM) and cytoplasmic (CP) domains) of the F protein or its functional fragment or its functional variants. In some embodiments, the hMPV F protein antigen described herein comprises an ecto-domain (e.g., without transmembrane (TM) and cytoplasmic (CP) domains) of the F protein or its functional fragment or its functional variants. In some embodiments, the RSV F protein antigen described herein comprises an ecto-domain (e.g., without transmembrane (TM) and cytoplasmic (CP) domains) of the F protein or its functional fragment or its functional variants. The PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F protein antigen described herein is fused in-frame to a C-propeptide of a collagen that is capable of forming disulfide bond-linked homo-trimer. The resulting recombinant polypeptide, such as an F-trimer, can be expressed and purified from transfected cells, and are expected to be in native-like conformation in trimeric form. This solves the problems of mis-folding of a viral antigen often encountered when it is expressed as a recombinant peptide or protein in soluble forms without the transmembrane and / or cytoplasmic domains. Such mis-folded viral antigens do not faithfully preserve the native viral antigen conformation, and often fail to evoke neutralizing antibodies.
[0137] In some embodiments, the PIV F protein antigen described herein comprises an F1 domain and an F2 domain. In some embodiments, the PIV F protein antigen described herein comprises or does not comprise a protease cleavage site between the F1 domain and the F2 domain, wherein the protease may include, e.g., furin, trypsin, trypsin-like, factor Xa, thrombin, or cathepsin L. In some embodiments, the PIV F protein antigen described herein comprises a F1 domain and a F2 domain linked by a disulfide bond or an artificially introduced heterogenous peptide linker. In some embodiments, the PIV F protein antigen comprises native intervening sequence between F2 and F1 domains. In some embodiments, in the PIV F protein antigen described herein, the native intervening sequence between F2 and F1 domains (e.g., one or more protease cleavage sites) is removed and replaced with a heterologous peptide linker.
[0138] In some embodiments, the hMPV F protein antigen described herein comprises an F1 domain and an F2 domain. In some embodiments, the hMPV F protein antigen described herein comprises or does not comprise a protease cleavage site between the F1 domain and the F2 domain, wherein the protease may include, e.g., furin, trypsin, trypsin-like, factor Xa, thrombin, or cathepsin L. In some embodiments, the hMPV F protein antigen described herein comprises a F1 domain and a F2 domain linked by a disulfide bond or an artificially introduced heterogenous peptide linker. In some embodiments, the hMPV F protein antigen comprises native intervening sequence between F2 and F1 domains. In some embodiments, in the hMPV F protein antigen described herein, the native intervening sequence between F2 and F1 domains (e.g., one or more protease cleavage sites) is removed and replaced with a heterologous peptide linker (e.g., GSGGSG (SEQ ID NO: 20) ) .
[0139] In some embodiments, the RSV F protein antigen described herein comprises an F1 domain and an F2 domain. In some embodiments, the RSV F protein antigen described herein comprises or does not comprise a protease cleavage site between the F1 domain and the F2 domain, wherein the protease may include, e.g., furin, trypsin, factor Xa, thrombin, or cathepsin L. In some embodiments, the RSV F protein antigen described herein comprises a F1 domain and a F2 domain linked by a disulfide bond or an artificially introduced heterogenous peptide linker. In some embodiments, the RSV F protein antigen comprises native intervening sequence between F2 and F1 domains. In some embodiments, in the RSV F protein antigen described herein, the native intervening sequence between F2 and F1 domains (e.g., one or more furin cleavage sites and / or pep27) is removed and replaced with a heterologous peptide linker (e.g., CGGG (SEQ ID NO: 21) ) .
[0140] In some embodiments, the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F protein antigen described herein is in a prefusion conformation or a postfusion conformation.
[0141] In some embodiments, the PIV F protein antigen described herein comprises one or more acid substitutions to stabilize the trimeric fusion protein in a prefusion conformation.
[0142] In some embodiments, the PIV3 F protein antigen comprises amino acid substitutions comprising: Q162C and L168C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; I213C and G230C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and A463V substitution; wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the reference PIV3 F protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0143] In some embodiments, the reference sequence (or parental sequence) for amino acid substitutions to the PIV F protein antigen or the reference sequence for the PIV F protein antigen variant comprising the amino acid substitutions is wild-type PIV3 F protein, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1 or positions 19 to 472 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0144] In some embodiments, the PIV3 F protein antigen comprises a sequence from positions 19 to 472 of SEQ ID NO: 5 or positions 19 to 472 of SEQ ID NO: 6, or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to positions 19 to 472 of SEQ ID NO: 5 or positions 19 to 472 of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the PIV3 F protein antigen further comprises a signal peptide at the N-terminal. In some embodiments, the signal peptide at the N-terminal of the PIV3 F protein antigen comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the PIV3 F protein antigen comprises a sequence from positions 1 to 472 of SEQ ID NO: 5 or a sequence from positions 1 to 472 of SEQ ID NO: 6 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to positions 1 to 472 of SEQ ID NO: 5 or positions 1 to 472 of SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0145] In some embodiments, the PIV3 F protein antigen has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to positions 19 to 472 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0146] In some embodiments, the PIV3 F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen comprises a sequence from positions 19 to 699 of SEQ ID NO: 5 or a sequence from positions 19 to 699 of SEQ ID NO: 6 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to positions 19 to 699 of SEQ ID NO: 5 or positions 19 to 699 of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the PIV3 F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen comprises SEQ ID NO: 43 or SEQ ID NO: 44, or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 43 or SEQ ID NO: 44.
[0147] In some embodiments, the PIV3 F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen further comprises a signal peptide at the N-terminal. In some embodiments, the signal peptide at the N-terminal of the PIV3 F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the PIV3 F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen comprises SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO: 6 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0148] In some embodiments, the PIV3 F protein antigen comprises native intervening sequence between F2 and F1 domains.
[0149] In some embodiments, the hMPV F protein antigen described herein comprises one or more acid substitutions to stabilize the trimeric fusion protein in a prefusion conformation.
[0150] In some embodiments, the hMPV F protein antigen comprise amino acid substitutions selected from:
[0151] (1) A140C and A147C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; D454C and V458C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and V84C, A / D185P and A249C substitutions;
[0152] (2) A140C and A147C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; D454C and V458C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and V84S, A / D185P and A249S substitutions;
[0153] (3) A140C and A147C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; D454C and V458C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and V84S and A / D185P substitutions;
[0154] (4) A140C and A147C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; D454C and V458C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and V84D, A / D185P and A249S substitutions;
[0155] (5) A140C and A147C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; D454C and V458C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and V84D and A / D185P substitutions;
[0156] (6) A140C and A147C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; D454C and V458C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and A / D185P and A249S substitutions; and
[0157] (7) A140C and A147C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; D454C and V458C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and A / D185P substitution; and
[0158] optionally further comprise substitution of hMPV F protein positions 89-112 to GSGGSG (SEQ ID NO: 20) (alternatively, the F2 and F1 subunits of the hMPV F protein antigen are linked by the linker “GSGGSG” ) ;
[0159] wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the reference hMPV F protein set forth as SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 42.
[0160] Those skilled in the art will understand that substitution “A / D185P” refers to either A185P or D185P, depending on whether the amino acid residue at position 185 of the native sequence (parental sequence) is an glycine (A) or an aspartic acid (D) . For example, for F protein of hMPV A subtypes (such as A1 or A2) , the amino acid residue at position 185 of the native sequence (e.g., the wild-type sequence) may be aspartic acid (D) , so the substitution is D185P. For F protein of hMPV B subtypes (e.g., B1 or B2) , the amino acid residue at position 185 of the native sequence (e.g., the wild-type sequence) is glycine (A) , so the substitution is A185P.
[0161] In some embodiments, the reference sequence (or parental sequence) for amino acid substitutions to the hMPV F protein antigen or the reference sequence for the hMPV F protein antigen variant comprising the amino acid substitutions is wild-type hMPV F protein, such as wild-type hMPV A2 or hMPV B2 subtype F protein, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 42 or positions 19 to 489 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or positions 19 to 489 of SEQ ID NO: 42.
[0162] In some embodiments, the V84C and A249C substitutions do not form a non-natural disulfide bond, which may improve the expression of the recombinant antigen compared to a recombinant antigen comprising V84C and A249C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond.
[0163] In some embodiments, there is no amino acid mutation at positions V84 and / or A249 relative to the wild-type hMPV F sequence, so that no disulfide bond is formed between positions 84 and 249. In some embodiments, there is an amino acid mutation at positions V84 and / or A249 relative to the wild-type hMPV F sequence to an amino acid that is not C, so that no disulfide bond is formed between positions 84 and 249.
[0164] In some embodiments, the hMPV F protein antigen comprise a sequence selected from:
[0165] (1) positions 19 to 489 of SEQ ID NO: 7;
[0166] (2) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 8;
[0167] (3) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 9;
[0168] (4) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 10;
[0169] (5) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 11;
[0170] (6) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 12;
[0171] (7) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 13;
[0172] (8) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 14; and
[0173] (9) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 40.
[0174] or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to the above sequence.
[0175] In some embodiments, the hMPV F protein antigen has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to positions 19 to 489 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 42.
[0176] In some embodiments, the hMPV F protein antigen further comprises a signal peptide at the N-terminal. In some embodiments, the signal peptide at the N-terminal of the hMPV F protein antigen comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18 or SEQ ID NO: 41.
[0177] In some embodiments, the hMPV F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen comprises a sequence from positions 19 to 716 of SEQ ID NO: 7 or a sequence from positions 19 to 698 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 8-14 and 40 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to positions 19 to 716 of SEQ ID NO: 7 or positions 19 to 698 of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 8-14 and 40. In some embodiments, the hMPV F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 45-53 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 45-53.
[0178] In some embodiments, the hMPV F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen further comprises a signal peptide at the N-terminal. In some embodiments, the signal peptide at the N-terminal of the hMPV F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the hMPV F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen comprises a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 7-14 and 40 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 7-14 and 40.
[0179] In some embodiments, the RSV F protein antigen described herein is RSV subtype A F protein, RSV subtype B F protein, or a combination of RSV subtype A F protein and RSV subtype B F protein.
[0180] In some embodiments, the RSV subtype A F protein comprises one or more acid substitutions to stabilize the trimeric fusion protein in a prefusion conformation.
[0181] In some embodiments, the RSV subtype B F protein comprises one or more acid substitutions to stabilize the trimeric fusion protein in a prefusion conformation.
[0182] In some embodiments, the RSV subtype A F protein antigen comprises amino acid substitutions comprising: substitution of RSV subtype A F protein positions 106-144 to CGGG (SEQ ID NO: 21) (alternatively, the F2 and F1 subunits of the RSV subtype A F protein antigen are linked by the linker “CGGG” ) ; wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the reference RSV subtype A F protein set forth as SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0183] In some embodiments, the reference sequence (or parental sequence) for amino acid substitutions to the RSV subtype A F protein antigen or the reference sequence for the RSV subtype A F protein antigen variant comprising the amino acid substitutions is wild-type RSV subtype A F protein, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 3 or positions 26 to 520 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0184] In some embodiments, the RSV A F protein antigen has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3 or positions 26 to 520 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0185] In some embodiments, the RSV subtype B F protein antigen comprises amino acid substitutions comprising: substitution of RSV subtype B F protein positions 106-144 to CGGG (SEQ ID NO: 21) (alternatively, the F2 and F1 subunits of the RSV subtype B F protein antigen are linked by the linker “CGGG” ) ; wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the reference RSV subtype B F protein set forth as SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0186] In some embodiments, the reference sequence (or parental sequence) for amino acid substitutions to the RSV subtype B F protein antigen or the reference sequence for the RSV subtype B F protein antigen variant comprising the amino acid substitutions is wild-type RSV B subtype F protein, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 4 or positions 26 to 520 of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0187] In some embodiments, the RSV B F protein antigen has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4, or positions 26 to 520 of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0188] In some embodiments, the RSV subtype A F protein and / or RSV subtype B F protein antigen further comprises a signal peptide at the N-terminal.
[0189] In some embodiments, the RSV A F protein antigen comprising substitution of RSV F protein positions 106-144 to CGGG (SEQ ID NO: 21) ; wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the reference RSV F protein set forth as SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0190] In some embodiments, the RSV B F protein antigen comprising substitution of RSV F protein positions 106-144 to CGGG (SEQ ID NO: 21) ; wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the reference RSV F protein set forth as SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0191] In some embodiments, the RSV A F protein antigen comprise a sequence from positions 26 to 485 of SEQ ID NO: 15 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to positions 26 to 485 of SEQ ID NO: 15.
[0192] In some embodiments, the RSV A F protein antigen further comprises a signal peptide at the N-terminal. In some embodiments, the signal peptide at the N-terminal of the RSV A F protein antigen comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the RSV A F protein antigen comprise a sequence from positions 1 to 485 of SEQ ID NO: 15 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to positions 1 to 485 of SEQ ID NO: 15.
[0193] In some embodiments, the RSV B F protein antigen comprise a sequence from positions 26 to 485 of SEQ ID NO: 16 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to positions 26 to 485 of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0194] In some embodiments, the RSV B F protein antigen further comprises a signal peptide at the N-terminal. In some embodiments, the signal peptide at the N-terminal of the RSV B F protein antigen comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, the RSV B F protein antigen comprise a sequence from positions 1 to 485 of SEQ ID NO: 16 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to positions 26 to 485 of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0195] In some embodiments, the RSV antigen comprises a RSV A F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen, wherein the C-terminal propeptides of the recombinant polypeptides form inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds, and / or a RSV B F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen, wherein the C-terminal propeptides of the recombinant polypeptides form inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds.
[0196] In some embodiments, the RSV A F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen comprises a sequence from positions 26 to 796 of SEQ ID NO: 15 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to positions 26 to 796 of SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the RSV A F protein antigen comprise SEQ ID NO: 54 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 54.
[0197] In some embodiments, the RSV A F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen further comprises a signal peptide at the N-terminal. In some embodiments, the signal peptide at the N-terminal of the RSV A F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the RSV A F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15.
[0198] In some embodiments, the RSV B F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen comprises a sequence from positions 26 to 796 of SEQ ID NO: 16 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to positions 26 to 796 of SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the RSV A F protein antigen comprise SEQ ID NO: 55 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 55.
[0199] In some embodiments, the RSV B F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen further comprises a signal peptide at the N-terminal. In some embodiments, the signal peptide at the N-terminal of the RSV B F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, the RSV A F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0200] In some embodiments, the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F protein antigen can comprise any F protein sequence known in the art, such as those disclosed in US10017543, US20230256076, WO2021222639, WO2018081289, etc, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entireties for all purposes.
[0201] In some embodiments, the PIV F protein antigen described herein is directly fused to the C-terminal propeptide, or is linked to the C-terminal propeptide via a linker, such as a peptide linker comprising glycine-X-Y repeats, wherein X and Y are independently any amino acid and optionally proline or hydroxyproline, or a peptide linker that has a sequence of RS. In some embodiments, the linker between F protein antigen and the C-terminal propeptide comprises a cleavage site of a restriction endonuclease, such as Bgl II.
[0202] In some embodiments, the hMPV F protein antigen described herein is directly fused to the C-terminal propeptide, or is linked to the C-terminal propeptide via a linker, such as a peptide linker comprising glycine-X-Y repeats, wherein X and Y are independently any amino acid and optionally proline or hydroxyproline, or a peptide linker that has a sequence of RS. In some embodiments, the linker between F protein antigen and the C-terminal propeptide comprises a cleavage site of a restriction endonuclease, such as Bgl II.
[0203] In some embodiments, the RSV F protein antigen described herein is directly fused to the C-terminal propeptide, or is linked to the C-terminal propeptide via a linker, such as a peptide linker comprising glycine-X-Y repeats, wherein X and Y are independently any amino acid and optionally proline or hydroxyproline, or a peptide linker that has a sequence of RS. In some embodiments, the linker between F protein antigen and the C-terminal propeptide comprises a cleavage site of a restriction endonuclease, such as Bgl II.
[0204] The C-terminal propeptide of collagen is capable self-trimerization. In some embodiments, the C-terminal propeptide is of human collagen. In some embodiments, the C-terminal propeptide comprises a C-terminal polypeptide of Type I, III, IV, V and / or XI collagen. In some embodiments, the C-terminal propeptide comprises a C-terminal polypeptide of proα1 (1) , proα1 (II) , proα1 (III) , proα1 (V) , proα1 (XI) , proα2 (I) , proα2 (V) , proα2 (XI) , or proα3 (XI) , or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the C-terminal propeptides are the same or different among the recombinant polypeptides. In some embodiments, the C-terminal propeptide comprises any of SEQ ID NOs: 22-38 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%identical thereto capable of forming inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds and trimerizing the recombinant polypeptides.
[0205] In some embodiments, the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F protein antigen is joined by in-frame fusion to a C-terminal portion of a collagen to form a disulfide bond-linked trimeric fusion protein, which is capable of forming a rosette-like oligomer comprising F protein antigen trimers as crutch-shaped rods.
[0206] The use of collagen in a recombinant polypeptide as described herein thus has many advantages, including: (1) collagen is the most abundant protein secreted in the body of a mammal, constituting nearly 25%of the total proteins in the body; (2) the major forms of collagen naturally occur as trimeric helixes, with their globular C-propeptides being responsible for the initiating of trimerization; (3) the trimeric C-propeptide of collagen proteolytically released from the mature collagen is found naturally at sub microgram / mL level in the blood of mammals and is not known to be toxic to the body; (4) the linear triple helical region of collagen can be included as a linker with predicted spacing per residue, or excluded as part of the fusion protein so the distance between a protein to be trimerized and the C-propeptide of collagen can be precisely adjusted to achieve an optimal biological activity; (5) the recognition site of BMP1 which cleaves the C-propeptide off the pro-collagen can be mutated or deleted to prevent the disruption of a trimeric fusion protein; (6) the C-propeptide domain self-trimerizes via disulfide bonds and it provides a universal affinity tag, which can be used for purification of any secreted fusion proteins created. In some embodiments, the C-propeptide of collagen to which the RSV viral antigen and immunogen, e.g., PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F protein antigen, enables the recombinant production of soluble, covalently-linked homotrimeric fusion proteins.
[0207] In some embodiments, linking the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F protein antigen, to a propeptide of collagen, e.g., at the C-terminal of propeptide of collagen, aids in the ability of the protein to generate an immune response. For example, the creation of the recombinant protein may preserve the tertiary and quaternary structures of the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F protein peptide, which may be important for the stability of the native conformation of the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F protein peptide, and in turn the availability of antigenic sites on the surface of the protein capable of eliciting an immune response, e.g., neutralizing antibodies. Additionally, linking of the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F protein antigen to a protein or peptide capable of self-trimerization allows the aggregation of the recombinant proteins, thus mimicking the native homotrimeric structure of the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F protein antigen on the viral envelope.
[0208] In some embodiments, linking the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F protein antigen to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen results in self-trimerized recombinant polypeptides. In some embodiments, the protein provided herein comprises a plurality of self-trimerized the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F protein antigen and propeptide of collagen recombinant polypeptides, optionally where the plurality of recombinant proteins forms structures, e.g., rosettes. In some embodiments, the trimeric nature of the recombinant protein aids in the stability of the protein. In some embodiments, the macrostructure, e.g., rosettes, of a plurality of self-trimerized recombinant proteins aids in the stability of the protein. In some embodiments, the trimeric nature of the recombinant proteins and macrostructure, e.g., rosettes, of a plurality of self-trimerized recombinant proteins aids in the stability of the protein. In some embodiments, the trimeric nature of the recombinant protein aids in the ability of the protein to generate an immune response. In some embodiments, the macrostructure, e.g., rosettes, of a plurality of self-trimerized recombinant proteins aids in the ability of the protein to generate an immune response. In some embodiments, the trimeric nature of the recombinant proteins and macrostructure of a plurality of self-trimerized recombinant proteins aids in the ability of the protein to generate an immune response.
[0209] In some cases where an PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F peptide antigen is linked to the C-terminal propeptide to form a recombinant polypeptide, the recombinant polypeptides form a trimer resulting in a homotrimer of PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F protein peptides. In some embodiments, the trimerized recombinant polypeptides contain F protein peptide trimers as crutch-shaped rods. In some embodiments, the RSV F protein peptides of the trimerized recombinant polypetides are in a prefusion conformation or a postfusion conformation. In some embodiments, the confirmation state allows for access to different antigenic sites on the F protein peptides. In some embodiments, the antigenic sites are epitopes, such as linear epitopes or conformational epitopes. An advantage of having a trimerized recombinant polypeptides as described is that an immune response can be mounted against a variety of potential and diverse antigenic sites.
[0210] In some embodiments, trimerized recombinant polypeptides include individual recombinant polypeptides comprising the same viral antigen or immunogen. In some embodiments, trimerized recombinant polypeptides include individual recombinant polypeptides each comprising a different viral antigen or immunogen from the other recombinant polypeptides. In some embodiments, trimerized recombinant polypeptides include individual recombinant polypeptides wherein one of the individual recombinant polypeptides comprises a viral antigen or immunogen different from the other recombinant polypeptides. In some embodiments, trimerized recombinant polypeptides include individual recombinant polypeptides wherein two of the individual recombinant polypeptides comprise the same viral antigen or immunogen, and the viral antigen or immunogen is different from the viral antigen or immunogen comprised in the remaining recombinant polypeptide.
[0211] The recombinant viral antigen can be directly or indirectly linked to a nanoparticle to form a protein nanoparticle. Provided herein is a virus-like particle (VLP) comprising the recombinant viral antigen provided herein.
[0212] Also provided herein is polynucleotide encoding the recombinant viral antigen provided herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide may be DNA or RNA, e.g., mRNA. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding the recombinant viral antigen provided herein is operably linked to a promoter. In some embodiments, the viral antigen or immunogen provided herein can be produced from a polynucleotide that has been codon optimized.
[0213] Also provided herein is a vector comprising the polynucleotide provided herein. In some embodiments, the vector is used to express the recombinant viral antigen provided herein. In some embodiments, different viral antigens provided herein can be expressed separately in different vectors or in the same vector, such as co-expressed by using an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) , or a self-cleaving peptide, or a peptide that causes ribosome skipping, such as a T2A peptide. In some embodiments, the vector is a viral vector. In some embodiments the viral vector is a retroviral vector. In some embodiments, the retroviral vector is a lentiviral vector. In some embodiments, the retroviral vector is a gammaretroviral vector.
[0214] In some aspects, provided herein is a virus, a pseudovirus, or a cell comprising vector provided herein, optionally wherein the virus or cell has a recombinant genome. In some aspects, the immunogenic composition provided herein may comprise the recombinant polypeptide, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, polynucleotide, vector, virus, pseudovirus, or cell provided herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0215] Also provided herein is a vaccine comprising an immunogenic composition provided herein and optionally an adjuvant, wherein the vaccine is optionally a subunit vaccine. In some embodiments, the vaccine is a prophylactic and / or therapeutic vaccine.
[0216] The immunogenic composition or the vaccine provided herein is multivalent, e.g., bivalent, trivalent or quadrivalent. In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition or the vaccine provided herein comprises a plurality of trimeric subunit vaccines, which comprise two or more different viral antigens of one or more virus species or strains / subtypes, or from two or more different F proteins of one or more virus species or one or more strains / subtypes of the same virus species.
[0217] In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition or the vaccine provided herein comprises one, two or more recombinant PIV antigens that comprises F proteins of different PIV subtypes / strains.
[0218] In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition or the vaccine provided herein comprises one, two or more recombinant hMPV antigens that comprises F proteins of different hMPV subtypes / strains.
[0219] In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition or the vaccine provided herein comprises one, two or more recombinant RSV antigens that comprises F proteins of different RSV subtypes / strains (e.g., RSV A and RSV B) .
[0220] In some embodiments, in the immunogenic composition or the vaccine provided herein, the ratio of recombinant PIV antigen to recombinant hMPV antigen or the ratio of recombinant hMPV antigen to recombinant PIV antigen may be from about 0.1: 1 to about 20: 1 by weight, e.g., about 2: 1, about 1.5: 1, about 1: 1, about 1: 1.5, about 1: 2.
[0221] In some embodiments, in the immunogenic composition or the vaccine provided herein, the ratio of recombinant PIV antigen to recombinant RSV antigen or the ratio of recombinant RSV antigen to recombinant PIV antigen may be from about 0.1: 1 to about 20: 1 by weight, e.g., about 2: 1, about 1.5: 1, about 1: 1, about 1: 1.5, about 1: 2.
[0222] In some embodiments, in the immunogenic composition or the vaccine provided herein, the ratio of recombinant hMPV antigen to recombinant RSV antigen or the ratio of recombinant RSV antigen to recombinant hMPV antigen may be from about 0.1: 1 to about 20: 1 by weight, e.g., about 2: 1, about 1.5: 1, about 1: 1, about 1: 1.5, about 1: 2.
[0223] In some embodiments, in the immunogenic composition or the vaccine provided herein, the ratio of recombinant PIV antigen, recombinant hMPV antigen and recombinant RSV antigen may be about 1: 1: 1 by weight.
[0224] In some embodiments, in the immunogenic composition or the vaccine provided herein, the ratio of any two recombinant viral antigens of the same virus (e.g., the ratio of RSV A viral antigen to RSV B viral antigen) may may be from about 0.1: 1 to about 20: 1 by weight, e.g., about 2: 1, about 1.5: 1, about 1: 1, about 1: 1.5, about 1: 2..
[0225] The immunogenic compositions, methods, and uses of fusion peptides and proteins comprising the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV viral antigens or immunogens for the treatment, e.g., prophylactic, therapeutic, of the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV infection.
[0226] In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition provided herein is capable of generating an immune response, e.g., an immune response to the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F protein. In some embodiments, the immune response inhibits or reduces replication of PIV, hMPV and / or RSV in a subject, e.g., a patient. In some embodiments, the immune response includes production of one or more neutralizing antibodies, such as polyclonal and / or monoclonal antibodies. In some embodiments, the neutralizing antibodies inhibit or reduce replication of PIV, hMPV and / or RSV in a subject, e.g., a patient.
[0227] Multivalent or combination vaccines provide protection against multiple pathogens and / or multiple strains of the same pathogen.
[0228] In some embodiments, a unit dose of the immunogenic composition may comprise from about 10 μg to about 100 μg of each of the recombinant viral antigens provided herein, preferably from about 25 μg to about 75 μg, preferably from about 40 μg to about 60 μg, or about 50 μg. In some embodiments, the dose contains 3 μg of each of the recombinant viral antigens provided herein. In other embodiments, the dose contains 9 μg of each of the recombinant viral antigens provided herein. In further embodiments, the dose contains 30 μg of each of the recombinant viral antigens provided herein.
[0229] In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition, such as described herein, is a vaccine. In some embodiments, the vaccine is a prophylactic vaccine. In some embodiments, the vaccine is a therapeutic vaccine. In some embodiments, the vaccine is a prophylactic vaccine and a therapeutic vaccine. Such pharmaceutical compositions can be administered to subjects by a variety of administration modes known to the person of ordinary skill in the art, for example, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intra-arterial, intra-articular, intraperitoneal, intranasal, sublingual, tonsillar, oropharyngeal, or other parenteral and mucosal routes. In several embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions including one or more of the disclosed immunogens are immunogenic compositions. Actual methods for preparing administrable compositions will be known or apparent to those skilled in the art and are described in more detail in such publications as Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19th Ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1995.
[0230] Thus, an immunogen, e.g., recombinant PIV, hMPV and / or RSV antigen, e.g., trimer, protein, described herein can be formulated with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers to help retain biological activity while also promoting increased stability during storage within an acceptable temperature range. Potential carriers include, but are not limited to, physiologically balanced culture medium, phosphate buffer saline solution, water, emulsions (e.g., oil / water or water / oil emulsions) , various types of wetting agents, cryoprotective additives or stabilizers such as proteins, peptides or hydrolysates (e.g., albumin, gelatin) , sugars (e.g., sucrose, lactose, sorbitol) , amino acids (e.g., sodium glutamate) , or other protective agents. The resulting aqueous solutions may be packaged for use as is or lyophilized. Lyophilized preparations are combined with a sterile solution prior to administration for either single or multiple dosing.
[0231] Formulated compositions, especially liquid formulations, may contain a bacteriostat to prevent or minimize degradation during storage, including but not limited to effective concentrations (usually 1%w / v) of benzyl alcohol, phenol, m-cresol, chlorobutanol, methylparaben, and / or propylparaben. A bacteriostat may be contraindicated for some patients; therefore, a lyophilized formulation may be reconstituted in a solution either containing or not containing such a component.
[0232] The immunogenic compositions of the disclosure can contain as pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles substances as required to approximate physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sodium lactate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sorbitan monolaurate, and triethanolamine oleate. The immunogenic composition may not include an adjuvant. The immunogenic composition may optionally include an adjuvant to enhance an immune response of the host. Suitable adjuvants are, for example, toll-like receptor agonists, alum, AlPO4, alhydrogel, Lipid-A and derivatives or variants thereof, oil-emulsions, saponins, neutral liposomes, liposomes containing the vaccine and cytokines, non-ionic block copolymers, and chemokines. Non-ionic block polymers containing polyoxyethylene (POE) and polyxylpropylene (POP) , such as POE-POP-POE block copolymers, MPLTM (3-O-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A; Corixa, Hamilton, Ind. ) and IL-12 (Genetics Institute, Cambridge, Mass. ) , among many other suitable adjuvants well known in the art, may be used as an adjuvant (Newman et al., 1998, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems 15: 89-142) . These adjuvants have the advantage in that they help to stimulate the immune system in a non-specific way, thus enhancing the immune response to a pharmaceutical product. In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions of the disclosure may include or be administered with more than one adjuvant. In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions of the disclosure may include or be administered with two adjuvants. In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions of the disclosure may include or be administered with a plurality of adjuvants. For example, in some cases, a vaccine, e.g., comprising an immunogenic composition provided herein, may include or be administered in combination with a plurality of adjuvants.
[0233] For vaccine compositions, examples of suitable adjuvants include, e.g., aluminum hydroxide, lecithin, Freund's adjuvant, MPLTM and IL-12. In some embodiments, the vaccine compositions or nanoparticle immunogens disclosed herein (e.g., RSV vaccine composition) can be formulated as a controlled-release or time-release formulation. This can be achieved in a composition that contains a slow-release polymer or via a microencapsulated delivery system or bioadhesive gel. The various pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared in accordance with standard procedures well known in the art.
[0234] In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions of the disclosure can contain an adjuvant formulation comprising a metabolizable oil (e.g., squalene) and alpha tocopherol in the form of an oil-in-water emulsion, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween-80) . In some embodiments, the adjuvant formulation can comprise from about 2%to about 10%squalene, from about 2 to about 10%alpha tocopherol (e.g., D-alpha-tocopherol) and from about 0.3 to about 3%polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. In some embodiments, the adjuvant formulation can comprise about 5%squalene, about 5%tocopherol, and about 0.4%polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions of the disclosure can contain 3 de-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A (3D-MPL) , and an adjuvant in the form of an oil in water emulsion, which adjuvant contains a metabolizable oil, alpha tocopherol, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoleate. In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions of the disclosure can contain QS21 (extract of Quillaja saponaria Molina: fraction 21) , 3D-MPL and an oil in water emulsion wherein the oil in water emulsion comprises a metabolizable oil, alpha tocopherol and polyoxyethelene sorbitan monooleate. In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions of the disclosure can contain QS21, 3D-MPL and an oil in water emulsion wherein the oil in water emulsion has the following composition: a metabolisible oil, such as squalene, alpha tocopherol and Tween-80. In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions of the disclosure can contain an adjuvant in the form of a liposome composition.
[0235] In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions of the disclosure can contain an adjuvant formulation comprising a metabolizable oil (e.g., squalene) , polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween-80) , and Span 85. In some embodiments, the adjuvant formulation can comprise about 5% (w / v) squalene, about 0.5% (w / v) polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, and about about 0.5% (w / v) Span 85.
[0236] In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions of the disclosure can contain an adjuvant formulation comprising Quillaja saponins, cholesterol, and phosphorlipid, e.g., in the form of a nanoparticle composition. In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions of the disclosure can contain a mixture of separately purified fractions of Quillaja saponaria Molina where are subsequently formulated with cholesterol and phospholipid.
[0237] In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions of the disclosure can contain an adjuvant selected from the group consisting of MF59TM, Matrix-ATM, Matrix-CTM, Matrix-MTM, AS01, AS02, AS03, and AS04.
[0238] In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions of the disclosure can contain a toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist, wherein the TLR9 agonist is an oligonucleotide of from 8 to 35 nucleotides in length comprising an unmethylated cytidine-phospho-guanosine (also referred to as CpG or cytosine-phosphate-guanosine) motif, and the RSV antigen and the oligonucleotide are present in the immunogenic composition in amounts effective to stimulate an immune response against the RSV antigen in a mammalian subject, such as a human subject in need thereof. TLR9 (CD289) recognizes unmethylated cytidine-phospho-guanosine (CpG) motifs found in microbial DNA, which can be mimicked using synthetic CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) .
[0239] One or more adjuvants may be used in combination and may include, but are not limited to, alum (aluminum salts) , oil-in-water emulsions, water-in-oil emulsions, liposomes, and microparticles, such as poly (lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles (Shah et al., Methods Mol Biol, 1494: 1-14, 2017) . In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition further comprises an aluminum salt adjuvant to which the RSV antigen is adsorbed. In some embodiments, the aluminum salt adjuvant comprises one or more of the group consisting of amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, and potassium aluminum sulfate. In some embodiments, the aluminum salt adjuvant comprises one or both of aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate. In some embodiments, the aluminum salt adjuvant comprises aluminum hydroxide. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the immunogenic composition comprises from about 0.25 to about 0.50 mg Al3+, or about 0.35 mg Al3+. In some embodiments, a unit dose of the immunogenic composition comprises from about 20-150 μg alum (e.g., aluminum hydroxide) , e.g., about 50-100 μg alum or about 75 μg alum.
[0240] In some embodiments, the immunogenic composition further comprises an additional adjuvant. Other suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, squalene-in-water emulsion (e.g., MF59 or AS03) , TLR3 agonists (e.g., poly-IC or poly-ICLC) , TLR4 agonists (e.g., bacterial lipopolysaccharide derivatives such monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) , and / or a saponin such as Quil A or QS-21, as in AS01 or AS02) , a TLR5 agonist (bacterial flagellin) , and TLR7, TLR8 and / or TLR9 agonists (imidazoquinoline derivatives such as imiquimod, and resiquimod) (Coffman et al., Immunity, 33: 492-503, 2010) . In some embodiments, the additional adjuvant comprises MPL and alum (e.g., AS04) . For veterinary use and for production of antibodies in non-human animals, mitogenic components of Freund's adjuvant (both complete and incomplete) can be used.
[0241] In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions comprise pharmaceutically acceptable excipients including for instance, solvents, bulking agents, buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, and preservatives (Pramanick et al., Pharma Times, 45: 65-77, 2013) . In some embodiments the immunogenic compositions may comprise an excipient that functions as one or more of a solvent, a bulking agent, a buffering agent, and a tonicity adjusting agent (e.g., sodium chloride in saline may serve as both an aqueous vehicle and a tonicity adjusting agent) .
[0242] In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions comprise an aqueous vehicle as a solvent. Suitable vehicles include for instance sterile water, saline solution, phosphate buffered saline, and Ringer's solution. In some embodiments, the composition is isotonic.
[0243] The immunogenic compositions may comprise a buffering agent. Buffering agents control pH to inhibit degradation of the active agent during processing, storage and optionally reconstitution. Suitable buffers include for instance salts comprising acetate, citrate, phosphate or sulfate. Other suitable buffers include for instance amino acids such as arginine, glycine, histidine, and lysine. The buffering agent may further comprise hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the buffering agent maintains the pH of the composition within a range of 6 to 9. In some embodiments, the pH is greater than (lower limit) 6, 7 or 8. In some embodiments, the pH is less than (upper limit) 9, 8, or 7. That is, the pH is in the range of from about 6 to 9 in which the lower limit is less than the upper limit.
[0244] The immunogenic compositions may comprise a tonicity adjusting agent. Suitable tonicity adjusting agents include for instance dextrose, glycerol, sodium chloride, glycerin and mannitol.
[0245] The immunogenic compositions may comprise a bulking agent. Bulking agents are particularly useful when the pharmaceutical composition is to be lyophilized before administration. In some embodiments, the bulking agent is a protectant that aids in the stabilization and prevention of degradation of the active agents during freeze or spray drying and / or during storage. Suitable bulking agents are sugars (mono-, di-and polysaccharides) such as sucrose, lactose, trehalose, mannitol, sorbital, glucose and raffinose.
[0246] The immunogenic compositions may comprise a preservative. Suitable preservatives include for instance antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. However, in preferred embodiments, the immunogenic composition is prepared under sterile conditions and is in a single use container, and thus does not necessitate inclusion of a preservative.
[0247] In some embodiments, the composition can be provided as a sterile composition. The pharmaceutical composition typically contains an effective amount of a disclosed immunogen and can be prepared by conventional techniques. Typically, the amount of immunogen in each dose of the immunogenic composition is selected as an amount which induces an immune response without significant, adverse side effects. In some embodiments, the composition can be provided in unit dosage form for use to induce an immune response in a subject. A unit dosage form contains a suitable single preselected dosage for administration to a subject, or suitable marked or measured multiples of two or more preselected unit dosages, and / or a metering mechanism for administering the unit dose or multiples thereof. In other embodiments, the composition further includes an adjuvant.
[0248] In some aspects, provided herein is a method of producing a recombinant viral antigen, comprising: expressing the polynucleotide or vector provided herein in a host cell to produce the recombinant polypeptide as provided herein; and purifying the polypeptide. Provided herein is a polypeptide produced by a method provided herein.
[0249] Provided herein are methods for generating an immune response to an F protein antigen of PIV, hMPV and / or RSV (including RSV A and / or RSV B) in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the protein, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, polynucleotide, vector, virus, pseudovirus, cell, immunogenic composition, or vaccine as provided herein to generate the immune response. In some embodiments, the method provided herein is for treating or preventing infection with PIV, hMPV and / or RSV (including RSV A and / or RSV B) . In some embodiments, generating the immune response inhibits or reduces replication of the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV in the subject. In some embodiments, the immune response comprises a cell-mediated response and / or a humoral response, optionally comprising production of one or more neutralizing antibody, such as a polyclonal antibody or a monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the immune response is against the F protein antigen of the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV but not against the C-terminal propeptide. In some embodiments, the administering to the subject does not lead to antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) in the subject due to prior exposure to one or more RSV. In some embodiments, the administering does not lead to antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) in the subject when subsequently exposed to one or more PIV, hMPV and / or RSV. In some embodiments, the method further comprises a priming step and / or a boosting step.
[0250] In some embodiments, the protein, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, polynucleotide, vector, virus, pseudovirus, cell, immunogenic composition, or vaccine as provided herein is used as a priming vaccine. In some embodiments, the protein, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, polynucleotide, vector, virus, pseudovirus, cell, immunogenic composition, or vaccine as provided herein is used as a boosting vaccine or a vaccine for revaccination.
[0251] In some embodiments, the protein, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, polynucleotide, vector, virus, pseudovirus, cell, immunogenic composition, or vaccine as provided herein is used for vaccination of a subject previously not vaccinated with a PIV3, hMPV or RSV vaccine.
[0252] In some embodiments, the protein, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, polynucleotide, vector, virus, pseudovirus, cell, immunogenic composition, or vaccine as provided herein is used for revaccination of a subject previously vaccinated with a PIV3, hMPV or RSV vaccine. In some embodiments, in said revaccination, the antigen contained in the vaccine previously vaccinated to the subject may be the same as or different from the PIV3 antigen, hMPV antigen, or RSV antigen described herein.
[0253] In some embodiments, the administering step is performed via topical, transdermal, subcutaneous, intradermal, oral, intranasal (e.g., intranasal spray) , intratracheal, sublingual, buccal, rectal, vaginal, inhaled, intravenous (e.g., intravenous injection) , intraarterial, intramuscular (e.g., intramuscular injection) , intracardiac, intraosseous, intraperitoneal, transmucosal, intravitreal, subretinal, intraarticular, peri-articular, local, or epicutaneous administration. In some embodiments, the effective amount is administration in a single dose or a series of doses separated by one or more interval. In some embodiments, the effective amount is administered without an adjuvant. In some embodiments, the effective amount is administered with an adjuvant.
[0254] Typical subjects intended for treatment with the therapeutics and methods of the present disclosure include humans, as well as non-human primates and other animals. In a particular example, the subject is a human. The immune response can be a protective immune response, for example a response that inhibits subsequent infection with the corresponding PIV, hMPV and / or RSV. Elicitation of the immune response can also be used to treat or inhibit infection and illnesses associated with the corresponding PIV, hMPV and / or RSV.
[0255] A subject can be selected for treatment that has, or is at risk for developing infection with the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV, for example because of exposure or the possibility of exposure to the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV. Following administration of a disclosed immunogen, the subject can be monitored for infection or symptoms associated with PIV, hMPV and / or RSV, or both.
[0256] The administration of the immunogenic composition provided herein can be for prophylactic or therapeutic purpose. When provided prophylactically, the disclosed therapeutic agents are provided in advance of any symptom, for example, in advance of infection. The prophylactic administration of the disclosed therapeutic agents serves to prevent or ameliorate any subsequent infection. When provided therapeutically, the disclosed therapeutic agents are provided at or after the onset of a symptom of disease or infection, for example, after development of a symptom of infection with PIV, hMPV and / or RSV, or after diagnosis with the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV infection. The therapeutic agents can thus be provided prior to the anticipated exposure to PIV, hMPV and / or RSV so as to attenuate the anticipated severity, duration or extent of an infection and / or associated disease symptoms, after exposure or suspected exposure to the virus, or after the actual initiation of an infection.
[0257] The immunogens described herein, and immunogenic compositions thereof, are provided to a subject in an amount effective to induce or enhance an immune response against the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F antigen in the subject, preferably a human. The actual dosage of disclosed immunogen will vary according to factors such as the disease indication and particular status of the subject (for example, the subject's age, size, fitness, extent of symptoms, susceptibility factors, and the like) , time and route of administration, other drugs or treatments being administered concurrently, as well as the specific pharmacology of the composition for eliciting the desired activity or biological response in the subject. Dosage regimens can be adjusted to provide an optimum prophylactic or therapeutic response.
[0258] An immunogenic composition including one or more of the disclosed immunogens can be used in coordinate (or prime-boost) vaccination protocols or combinatorial formulations. In certain embodiments, novel combinatorial immunogenic compositions and coordinate immunization protocols employ separate immunogens or formulations, each directed toward eliciting an anti-viral immune response, such as an immune response to PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F antigen. Separate immunogenic compositions that elicit the anti-viral immune response can be combined in a polyvalent immunogenic composition administered to a subject in a single immunization step, or they can be administered separately (in monovalent immunogenic compositions) in a coordinate (or prime-boost) immunization protocol.
[0259] There can be several boosts, and each boost can be a different disclosed immunogen. In some examples that the boost may be the same immunogen as another boost, or the prime. The prime and boost can be administered as a single dose or multiple doses, for example two doses, three doses, four doses, five doses, six doses or more can be administered to a subject over days, weeks or months. Multiple boosts can also be given, such one to five (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 boosts) , or more. Different dosages can be used in a series of sequential immunizations. For example a relatively large dose in a primary immunization and then a boost with relatively smaller doses.
[0260] In some embodiments, the boost can be administered about two, about three to eight, or about four, weeks following the prime, or about several months after the prime. In some embodiments, the boost can be administered about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 10, about 12, about 18, about 24, months after the prime, or more or less time after the prime. Periodic additional boosts can also be used at appropriate time points to enhance the subject's “immune memory. ” The adequacy of the vaccination parameters chosen, e.g., formulation, dose, regimen and the like, can be determined by taking aliquots of serum from the subject and assaying antibody titers during the course of the immunization program. In addition, the clinical condition of the subject can be monitored for the desired effect, e.g., prevention of infection or improvement in disease state (e.g., reduction in viral load) . If such monitoring indicates that vaccination is sub-optimal, the subject can be boosted with an additional dose of immunogenic composition, and the vaccination parameters can be modified in a fashion expected to potentiate the immune response.
[0261] In some embodiments, the prime-boost method can include DNA-primer and protein-boost vaccination protocol to a subject. The method can include two or more administrations of the nucleic acid molecule or the protein.
[0262] For protein therapeutics, typically, each human dose will comprise 1-1000 μg of protein, such as from about 1 μg to about 100 μg, for example, from about 1 μg to about 50 μg, such as about 1 μg, about 2 μg, about 5 μg, about 10 μg, about 15 μg, about 20 μg, about 25 μg, about 30 μg, about 40 μg, or about 50 μg. In some embodiments, each recombinant viral antigen (e.g., disclosed recombinant PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F antigen or trimer) for each human dose can comprise 1-1000 μg of protein, such as from about 1 μg to about 1000 μg, for example, from about 50 μg to about 500 μg or from about 100 μg to about 500 μg, such as up to 200 μg, up to 250 μg, up to 300 μg, up to 360 μg, up to 400 μg, up to 450 μg or up to 500 μg.
[0263] The amount utilized in an immunogenic composition is selected based on the subject population (e.g., infant or elderly) . An optimal amount for a particular composition can be ascertained by standard studies involving observation of antibody titers and other responses in subjects. It is understood that a therapeutically effective amount of a disclosed immunogen, such as a disclosed recombinant PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F antigen, e.g., trimer, protein, viral vector, or nucleic acid molecule in a immunogenic composition, can include an amount that is ineffective at eliciting an immune response by administration of a single dose, but that is effective upon administration of multiple dosages, for example in a prime-boost administration protocol.
[0264] Upon administration of a disclosed immunogen of this disclosure, the immune system of the subject typically responds to the immunogenic composition by producing antibodies specific for the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F protein antigen included in the immunogen. Such a response signifies that an immunologically effective dose was delivered to the subject.
[0265] In some embodiments, the antibody response of a subject will be determined in the context of evaluating effective dosages / immunization protocols. In most instances it will be sufficient to assess the antibody titer in serum or plasma obtained from the subject. Decisions as to whether to administer booster inoculations and / or to change the amount of the therapeutic agent administered to the individual can be at least partially based on the antibody titer level. The antibody titer level can be based on, for example, an immunobinding assay which measures the concentration of antibodies in the serum which bind to an antigen including, for example, the recombinant RSV F antigen, e.g., trimer, protein.
[0266] PIV, hMPV and / or RSV infection does not need to be completely eliminated or reduced or prevented for the methods to be effective. For example, elicitation of an immune response to an PIV, hMPV and / or RSV with one or more of the disclosed immunogens can reduce or inhibit infection with the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV by a desired amount, for example, by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or even at least 100%(elimination or prevention of detectable infected cells) , as compared to infection with the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV in the absence of the immunogen. In additional examples, PIV, hMPV and / or RSV replication can be reduced or inhibited by the disclosed methods. PIV, hMPV and / or RSV replication does not need to be completely eliminated for the method to be effective. For example, the immune response elicited using one or more of the disclosed immunogens can reduce replication of the corresponding PIV, hMPV and / or RSV by a desired amount, for example, by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or even at least 100% (elimination or prevention of detectable replication of the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV) , as compared to replication of the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV in the absence of the immune response.
[0267] One approach to administration of nucleic acids is direct immunization with plasmid DNA, such as with a mammalian expression plasmid. Immunization by nucleic acid constructs is well known in the art and taught, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,578 (which describes methods of immunizing vertebrates by introducing DNA encoding a desired antigen to elicit a cell-mediated or a humoral response) , and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,593,972 and 5,817,637 (which describe operably linking a nucleic acid sequence encoding an antigen to regulatory sequences enabling expression) . U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,103 describes several methods of delivery of nucleic acids encoding immunogenic peptides or other antigens to an organism. The methods include liposomal delivery of the nucleic acids (or of the synthetic peptides themselves) , and immune-stimulating constructs, or ISCOMSTM, negatively charged cage-like structures of 30-40 nm in size formed spontaneously on mixing cholesterol and Quil ATM (saponin) . Protective immunity has been generated in a variety of experimental models of infection, including toxoplasmosis and Epstein-Barr virus-induced tumors, using ISCOMSTM as the delivery vehicle for antigens (Mowat and Donachie, Immunol. Today 12: 383, 1991) . Doses of antigen as low as 1 μg encapsulated in ISCOMSTM have been found to produce Class I mediated CTL responses (Takahashi et al., Nature 344: 873, 1990) .
[0268] In some embodiments, a plasmid DNA vaccine is used to express a disclosed immunogen in a subject. For example, a nucleic acid molecule encoding a disclosed immunogen can be administered to a subject to induce an immune response to the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F antigen. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule can be included on a plasmid vector for DNA immunization, such as the pVRC8400 vector (described in Barouch et al., J. Virol, 79, 8828-8834, 2005, which is incorporated by reference herein) .
[0269] In another approach to using nucleic acids for immunization, a disclosed recombinant PIV, hMPV and / or RSV antigen, e.g., trimer, protein, can be expressed by attenuated viral hosts or vectors or bacterial vectors. Recombinant vaccinia virus, adeno-associated virus (AAV) , herpes virus, retrovirus, cytogmeglo virus or other viral vectors can be used to express the peptide or protein, thereby eliciting a CTL response. For example, vaccinia vectors and methods useful in immunization protocols are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,722,848. BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) provides another vector for expression of the peptides (see Stover, Nature 351: 456-460, 1991) .
[0270] In one embodiment, a nucleic acid encoding a disclosed recombinant PIV, hMPV and / or RSV antigen is introduced directly into cells. For example, the nucleic acid can be loaded onto gold microspheres by standard methods and introduced into the skin by a device such as Bio-Rad's HELIOSTM Gene Gun. The nucleic acids can be “naked, ” consisting of plasmids under control of a strong promoter. Typically, the DNA is injected into muscle, although it can also be injected directly into other sites. Dosages for injection are usually around 0.5 μg / kg to about 50 mg / kg, and typically are about 0.005 mg / kg to about 5 mg / kg (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,466) .
[0271] For example, the nucleic acid can be loaded onto gold microspheres by standard methods and introduced into the skin by a device such as Bio-Rad's HELIOSTM Gene Gun. The nucleic acids can be “naked, ” consisting of plasmids under control of a strong promoter. Typically, the DNA is injected into muscle, although it can also be injected directly into other sites. Dosages for injection are usually around 0.5 μg / kg to about 50 mg / kg, and typically are about 0.005 mg / kg to about 5 mg / kg (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,466) .
[0272] In another embodiment, an mRNA-based immunization protocol can be used to deliver a nucleic acid encoding a disclosed recombinant PIV, hMPV and / or RSV antigen directly into cells. In some embodiments, nucleic acid-based vaccines based on mRNA may provide a potent alternative to the previously mentioned approaches. mRNA vaccines preclude safety concerns about DNA integration into the host genome and can be directly translated in the host cell cytoplasm. Moreover, the simple cell-free, in vitro synthesis of RNA avoids the manufacturing complications associated with viral vectors. Two exemplary forms of RNA-based vaccination that can be used to deliver a nucleic acid encoding a disclosed recombinant PIV, hMPV and / or RSV antigen include conventional non-amplifying mRNA immunization (see, e.g., Petsch et al., “Protective efficacy of in vitro synthesized, specific mRNA vaccines against influenza A virus infection, ” Nature biotechnology, 30 (12) : 1210-6, 2012) and self-amplifying mRNA immunization (see, e.g., Geall et al., “Nonviral delivery of self-amplifying RNA vaccines, ” PNAS, 109 (36) : 14604-14609, 2012; Magini et al., “Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral Challenge, ” PLoS One, 11 (8) : e0161193, 2016; and Brito et al., “Self-amplifying mRNA vaccines, ” Adv Genet., 89: 179-233, 2015) .
[0273] In some embodiments, a neutralizing immune response induced by the disclosed immunogens herein generates a neutralizing antibody against PIV, hMPV and / or RSV.
[0274] Provided herein are methods comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of a protein provided herein to generate in the subject a neutralizing antibody or neutralizing antisera to the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV (including RSV A and / or RSV B) . In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal, optionally a human or a non-human primate. In some embodiments, the subject is an older adult (such as those aged 60 years or more, or 65 years or more, for example, those aged 60 to 85 years) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating the neutralizing antibody or neutralizing antisera from the subject. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering an effective amount of the isolated neutralizing antibody or neutralizing antisera to a human subject via passive immunization to prevent or treat an infection by the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV (including RSV A and / or RSV B) . In some embodiments, the neutralizing antibody or neutralizing antisera to the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV comprises polyclonal antibodies to the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F protein antigen, optionally wherein the neutralizing antibody or neutralizing antisera is free or substantially free of antibodies to the C-terminal propeptide of collagen. In some embodiments, the neutralizing antibody comprises a monoclonal antibody to the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV F protein antigen, optionally wherein the neutralizing antibody is free or substantially free of antibodies to the C-terminal propeptide of collagen.
[0275] In some aspects, the polypeptide, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, polynucleotide, vector, virus, pseudovirus, cell, immunogenic composition, or vaccine provided herein, is for use in inducing an immune response to PIV, hMPV and / or RSV in a subject, and / or in treating or preventing an infection by the PIV, hMPV and / or RSV.
[0276] In some aspects, provided herein is use of the polypeptide, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, polynucleotide, vector, virus, pseudovirus, cell, immunogenic composition, or vaccine provided herein, for inducing an immune response to PIV, hMPV and / or RSV in a subject, and / or for treating or preventing an infection by PIV, hMPV and / or RSV. In some aspects, provided herein is use of the protein, immunogen, protein nanoparticle, VLP, polynucleotide, vector, virus, pseudovirus, cell, immunogenic composition, or vaccine provided herein, for the manufacture of a medicament or a prophylactic for inducing an immune response to PIV, hMPV and / or RSV in a subject, and / or for treating or preventing an infection by PIV, hMPV and / or RSV.
[0277] Also provided herein are methods for analyzing a sample, comprising: contacting a sample with the recombinant polypeptide provided herein, and detecting a binding between the recombinant polypeptide and an analyte capable of specific binding to the F protein antigen of PIV, hMPV and / or RSV. In some embodiments, the analyte is an antibody, a receptor, or a cell recognizing the F protein antigen. In some embodiments, the binding indicates the presence of the analyte in the sample, and / or an infection by PIV, hMPV and / or RSV in a subject from which the sample is derived.
[0278] Provided herein are kits comprising the protein provided herein and a substrate, pad, or vial containing or immobilizing the protein, optionally wherein the kit is an ELISA or lateral flow assay kit.
[0279] TERMINOLOGY
[0280] The terms “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues, and are not limited to a minimum length. Polypeptides, including the provided receptors and other polypeptides, e.g., linkers or peptides, may include amino acid residues including natural and / or non-natural amino acid residues. The terms also include post-expression modifications of the polypeptide, for example, glycosylation, sialylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation. In some aspects, the polypeptides may contain modifications with respect to a native or natural sequence, as long as the protein maintains the desired activity. These modifications may be deliberate, as through site-directed mutagenesis, or may be accidental, such as through mutations of hosts which produce the proteins or errors due to PCR amplification.
[0281] As used herein, a “subject” is a mammal, such as a human or other animal, and typically is human. In some embodiments, the subject, e.g., patient, to whom the agent or agents, cells, cell populations, or compositions are administered, is a mammal, typically a primate, such as a human. In some embodiments, the primate is a monkey or an ape. The subject can be male or female and can be any suitable age, including infant, juvenile, adolescent, adult, and geriatric (i.e., older adult, such as those aged 60 years or more, or 65 years or more, for example, those aged 60 to 85 years) subjects. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-primate mammal, such as a rodent.
[0282] As used herein, “treatment” (and grammatical variations thereof such as “treat” or “treating” ) refers to complete or partial amelioration or reduction of a disease or condition or disorder, or a symptom, adverse effect or outcome, or phenotype associated therewith. Desirable effects of treatment include, but are not limited to, preventing occurrence or recurrence of disease, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of any direct or indirect pathological consequences of the disease, preventing metastasis, decreasing the rate of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission or improved prognosis. The terms do not imply complete curing of a disease or complete elimination of any symptom or effect (s) on all symptoms or outcomes.
[0283] As used herein, “delaying development of a disease” means to defer, hinder, slow, retard, stabilize, suppress and / or postpone development of the disease (such as cancer) . This delay can be of varying lengths of time, depending on the history of the disease and / or individual being treated. In some embodiments, sufficient or significant delay can, in effect, encompass prevention, in that the individual does not develop the disease. For example, a late stage cancer, such as development of metastasis, may be delayed.
[0284] “Preventing, ” as used herein, includes providing prophylaxis with respect to the occurrence or recurrence of a disease in a subject that may be predisposed to the disease but has not yet been diagnosed with the disease. In some embodiments, the provided cells and compositions are used to delay development of a disease or to slow the progression of a disease.
[0285] As used herein, to “suppress” a function or activity is to reduce the function or activity when compared to otherwise same conditions except for a condition or parameter of interest, or alternatively, as compared to another condition. For example, cells that suppress tumor growth reduce the rate of growth of the tumor compared to the rate of growth of the tumor in the absence of the cells.
[0286] An “effective amount” of an agent, e.g., a pharmaceutical formulation, cells, or composition, in the context of administration, refers to an amount effective, at dosages / amounts and for periods of time necessary, to achieve a desired result, such as a therapeutic or prophylactic result.
[0287] A “therapeutically effective amount” of an agent, e.g., a pharmaceutical formulation or cells, refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve a desired therapeutic result, such as for treatment of a disease, condition, or disorder, and / or pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic effect of the treatment. The therapeutically effective amount may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the subject, and the populations of cells administered. In some embodiments, the provided methods involve administering the cells and / or compositions at effective amounts, e.g., therapeutically effective amounts.
[0288] A “prophylactically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired prophylactic result. Typically but not necessarily, since a prophylactic dose is used in subjects prior to or at an earlier stage of disease, the prophylactically effective amount will be less than the therapeutically effective amount. In the context of lower tumor burden, the prophylactically effective amount in some aspects will be higher than the therapeutically effective amount.
[0289] The term “vector, ” as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of propagating another nucleic acid to which it is linked. The term includes the vector as a self-replicating nucleic acid structure as well as the vector incorporated into the genome of a host cell into which it has been introduced. Certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of nucleic acids to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “expression vectors. ”
[0290] The term “functional variant” of a protein refers to that the variant has one or more additions, substitutions and / or deletions of amino acids compared to its parental one, or may have a sequence identity of at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%compared to its parental one, wherein the parental protein may be a wild-type one, and retains the biological activity of the parental protein, such as immunogenicity or antigenicity.
[0291] The term “functional fragment” of a protein refers to a truncated portion of the protein that retains the biological activity of the protein, such as immunogenicity or antigenicity.
[0292] The term “identity” of an analyte refers to a relationship between the analyte and a known substance, e.g., whether the analyte is identical to a known substance.
[0293] The term “sequence identity” refers to a relationship between the sequences of two or more peptides or polynucleotides. The term “sequence identity” refers to the percentage of identical nucleotide or amino acid residues at corresponding positions in two or more sequences when the sequences are aligned to maximize sequence matching, i.e., taking into account gaps and insertions. The alignment of the sequences and the calculation of percentage of the sequence identity can be carried out with suitable computer programs known in the art. Such programs include, but are not limited to, BLAST, ALIGN, ClustalW, EMBOSS Needle, etc. An example of a local alignment program is BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) with default parameters, which is available from the webpage of National Center for Biotechnology Information which can currently be found at http: / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / / and which was firstly described in Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215; 403-410. Examples of a global alignment program (which optimizes the alignment over the full-length of the sequences) are EMBOSS Needle and EMBOSS Stretcher programs based on the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman, Saul B. ; and Wunsch, Christian D. (1970) with default parameters, "A general method applicable to the search for similarities in the amino acid sequence of two proteins" , Journal of Molecular Biology 48 (3) : 443-53) , which are both available at http : / / www. ebi. ac. uk / Tools / psa / .
[0294] EXAMPLES
[0295] The examples below are intended to be purely exemplary of the invention and should therefore not be considered to limit the invention in any way. The following examples and detailed description are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.
[0296] Results
[0297] Characterization of PIV3 F-Trimer Antigen
[0298] To rapidly express the PIV3 F-Trimer antigen, we employed Trimer-Tag technology (1) . cDNA encoding the optimized ectodomain of F protein (FIG. 1) was subcloned into the PTT5 mammalian expression vector to allow in-frame fusion to Trimer-Tag, which is capable of self-trimerization via disulfide bonds. PIV3 F1 was generated by the wild-type ectodomain of PIV3 F (1-472aa) fused to Trimer-Tag, and the PIV3 F5.1 was introduced additional two pairs of disulfide bonds Q162C-L168C, I213C-G230C and one cavity filling mutation A463V based on PIV3 F1 structure. After transient transfection into HEK 293F cells, harvesting the clarified cell culture medium, then F-Trimer was purified to homogeneity by consecutive chromatographic steps, including MabSelect PrismA (Cytiva) Protein A resin preloaded with D6-Fc to affinity-capture the F-Trimer, based on the high affinity binding between D6-Fc and Trimer-Tag.
[0299] SDS-PAGE analysis under both non-reducing and reducing conditions confirmed that the purified F-Trimer, PIV3 F5.1 were a disulfide bond-linked trimer. Under non-reducing conditions, F-Trimer appeared in high molecular weight, The reduced form of F-Trimer appeared in lower molecular weight (FIG. 2A) . The purity of the one-step purified F-Trimer was analyzed by size-exclusion SEC-HPLC showing a 100%main peak, indicating the high efficiency of our purification platform process (FIG. 2B) .
[0300] Negative-stain EM visualization confirmed that Trimer-tagged PIV3 F1 particles exist predominantly in a trimeric post-fusion form, but the PIV3 F5.1 particles exist predominantly in a metastable, trimeric pre-fusion form (FIG. 3A) , which was consistent with the published results, the two additional pairs of disulfide bonds Q162C-L168C, I213C-G230C and one cavity filling mutation A463V could robustly stabilize the pre-fusion PIV3 F-Trimer (2) .
[0301] Furthermore, Cryo EM studies via 2D classifications (FIG. 3B) and structural analysis at resolution on F5.1 F-Trimer antigen conclusively established the prefusion conformation of the PIV3 trimeric F antigen stabilized by Trimer-Tag (FIG. 3C) . Specifically, a total of 6, 682 electron microscopy images, representing approximately 1, 649, 232 particles were selected through the image software.
[0302] Two rounds of Hetero refinement were then conducted, among which 577, 103 particles from the best category underwent Non-uniform refinement. Eventually, an electron microscopy density map with a resolution of was obtained after a refined map was sharpened using DeepEMhancer.
[0303] A range of available monoclonal antibodies can specifically bind to either pre-fusion or post-fusion conformational epitopes of the F protein, or to epitopes present in both conformations (2-4) . To characterize the epitopes of the PIV3 F-Trimer antigen, we used ELISA to test binding with multiple monoclonal antibodies. Results showed that PIV3 F5.1 preferentially bound the prefusion-specific neutralizing antibodies PIA174, PI13-E12 and 3x1, but PIV3 F1 could not bind any tested antibodies (FIG. 4) , which was consistent with the published results, the two additional pairs of disulfide bonds Q162C-L168C, I213C-G230C and one cavity filling mutation A463V could robustly stabilize the pre-fusion PIV3 F-Trimer (2) .
[0304] Characterization of hMPV F-Trimer Antigen
[0305] To rapidly express the hMPV A2 F-Trimer antigen, we employed Trimer-Tag technology (1) . cDNA encoding the optimized ectodomain of hMPV A2 F protein (FIG. 5A) was subcloned into the PTT5 mammalian expression vector to allow in-frame fusion to Trimer-Tag, which is capable of self-trimerization via inter chain disulfide bonds. hMPV A2 F1 expression construct was generated by fusing the wild-type ectodomain of hMPV A2 F (1-489 aa) with Trimer-Tag. To stabilize the hMPV F antigen in prefusion conformation, 7 additional constructs of hMPV A2 F-Trimer antigens (F4.1 and F21-26) were generated with two or three additional pairs of disulfide bonds, a proline substitution at position 185 and a “GSGGSG” linker between the F2 and F1 subunit of the antigens ( (FIG. 5A) .
[0306] To express the hMPV B2 F-Trimer antigen, we also employed Trimer-Tag technology (1) . cDNA encoding the optimized ectodomain of hMPV B2 F protein (FIG. 5B) was subcloned into the PTT5 mammalian expression vector to allow in-frame fusion to Trimer-Tag, which is capable of self-trimerization via disulfide bonds. F16 was generated by fusing the ectodomain of hMPV B2 F (1-489aa) with two pairs of disulfide bonds, one proline substitution on 185 position and the F2-F1 linkage “GSGGSG” fused to Trimer-Tag.
[0307] In addition, a hMPV F-Trimer antigen (F16) from a B2 strain was also created with an identical set of mutations in the ectodomain of F as in the F26 construct of the A2 strain with two pairs of disulfide bonds, one proline substitution at position 185 and a “GSGGSG” linker between F2 and F1 subunit, which in turns was fused to Trimer-Tag in the hope to stabilize the prefusion conformation of the F antigen. Comparison of structures of F22 (A2 F-Trimer) and F16 (B2 F-Trimer) is shown in FIG. 5B.
[0308] After transient transfection of all hMPV F-Trimer antigen constructs above into HEK 293F cells, harvesting the clarified cell culture media, then F-Trimers were purified to homogeneity by consecutive chromatographic steps, including an affinity purification using MabSelect PrismA (Cytiva) Protein A resin preloaded with D6-Fc to affinity-capture the F-Trimers, based on the high affinity binding between D6-Fc and Trimer-Tag.
[0309] The purity of F22 (A2 F-Trimer) and F16 (B2 F-Trimer) were analyzed by SEC-HPLC which showed both as a single peak with similar retention time, indicating that F22 and F16 antigens were similar in molecular size. In contrast, in RP-HPLC analysis, we found that the hydrophobicity profile for F16 (B2 Stain F-Trimer) was much more homogenous in conformation than that of F22 (A2 Stain F-Trimer) (FIG. 5C) .
[0310] Moreover, we found that the pre-fusion-specific Site antibody ADI61026 binding affinity was much higher for F16 than that of F22 (FIG. 5D) . Fabshift analysis indicated that F16 antigen peak in SEC-HPLC was essentially completely shifted by the Site antibody ADI61026 to higher molecular weight peaks, in contrast to that of F22 which was only partially (17%) shifted (FIG. 5D) . These important findings allowed us to select F16 (B2 Strain F-Trimer) antigen for further clinical studies.
[0311] SDS-PAGE analysis under both non-reducing and reducing conditions confirmed that the purified F-Trimers were a disulfide bond-linked trimer. Under non-reducing conditions, all F-Trimers as expected appeared in high molecular weight as disulfide bond linked trimers, whereas under reducing condition, all F-Trimers appeared in lower molecular weight as monomers (FIG. 6A-6B) .
[0312] Negative-stain EM visualization confirmed that hMPV F1 (WT) particles exist predominantly in a trimeric post-fusion form, but the hMPV F4.1 and hMPV F16 particles exist predominantly in a metastable, trimeric pre-fusion form (FIG. 7A) , which was consistent with the published results, the additional pairs of disulfide bonds and F2-F1 linkage could robustly stabilize the pre-fusion hMPV F-Trimer (5) .
[0313] Furthermore, Cryo EM studies via 2D classifications (FIG. 7B) and structural analysis at resolution on F16 (B2 Stain) F-Trimer antigen conclusively established the prefusion conformation of the trimeric F antigen (FIG. 7C) . Specifically, a total of 709, 310 particles were automatically picked from 5186 images collected using Laplacian-of-Gaussian software. Subsequently, one round of Hetero refinement was carried out, in which 412, 754 particles of the best type were introduced into relion for further classification. A total of 263, 829 particles from the best type were imported into cryosmart for Non-uniform refinement. Finally an electroscope density map with a resolution of 2.66 A was obtained for F16, after the refined map was sharpened using DeepEMhancer.
[0314] To characterize the epitopes of the hMPV A2 F-Trimer antigen, we used ELISA to test binding with multiple monoclonal antibodies (6) . Results showed that all the constructs including the hMPV F1 and the designed structures F4.1 and F21-26 could bound the site 0-specific neutralizing antibodies ADI61026 and site V specific antibody MPV467, and there was no difference between the constructs (FIG. 8-9) . Then for the site I epitope antibody DS7 binding, the hMPV F1 showed better binding potency than the F4.1 (Fig. 8C) , and the F21-26 also showed better binding potency than the F4.1 (Fig. 9C) .
[0315] To characterize the epitopes of the hMPV B2 F-Trimer antigen, we used ELISA to test binding with multiple monoclonal antibodies (6) . Results showed that the constructs including the hMPV F16 and previously described hMPV A2 constructs F21, 25-26 could bound ADI61026 (Site 0) , DS7 (Site I) , MPE8 (III) , 101F (Site Ⅳ) , and MPV467 (Site Ⅴ) (FIG. 14) . In addition, we also evaluate binding affinity of F22 and F16 to the same panel of hMPV neutralizing antibodies (Fig. 15) . Data are consistent with ELISA. All constructs showed affinity arranging from 5.02 X 10-8-1.04 X 10-10, indicating that all constructs preserved good neutralizing epitopes.
[0316] Immunogenicity of hMPV F-Trimer Antigens in Mice.
[0317] BALB / c mice (n=10 / group) were immunized with various vaccines (hMPV A2: F22, F25-26, and hMPV B2 F16) that were adjuvanted 75 μg alum (aluminum hydroxide) three times on Day 0, and Day 21. All the antigen dose was 10μg / strain (Fig. 16) . The humoral immune responses on Day 35 were tested using the hMPV Live Virus Neutralization Assay. All antigens induced significant neutralizing antibodies against hMPV viruses.
[0318] Immunogenicity of RSV, hMPV and PIV3 Combo Vaccine in Mice.
[0319] BALB / c mice (n=10 / group) were immunized with various vaccine alone or combinations that was adjuvanted 75 μg alum (aluminum hydroxide) three times on Day 0, Day 21 and Day 49. All the antigen dose was 10μg / strains (Fig. 10) . The humoral immune responses on Day 35, Day 49 and Day 63 were tested based on hMPV DS7 mAb competitive antibody ELISA, a surrogate assay for the hMPV Live Virus Neutralization Assay, RSV A2 and B18537 Live Virus Neutralization Assay and PIV3 Live Virus Neutralization Assay.
[0320] To characterize the immunogenicity of the combo vaccine and also to confirm there was no antigen interference between the antigens. Firstly, we used a surrogate assay, hMPV DS7 mAb competitive antibody ELISA for the hMPV Live Virus Neutralization Assay to evaluate the hMPV site I epitope antibodies. DS7 competitive antibody was tested on D35, D49 and D63 (Fig. 11) . The results demonstrated all the vaccine formulations which contained the hMPV F4.1 would induce robust DS7 competitive antibodies. And the antigen interference in the combo vaccine was very little. Then the RSV A and B strains live virus neutralization antibody was only tested on Day35, 14 days after 2 vaccine doses injection. Data showed that all the vaccine formulations which contained the RSV vaccine SCB-1019T (SCB-1019T (A) +SCB-1019T (B) , 1: 1 by weight) induced strong neutralization antibodies against RSV live virus both A and B strains, and also there was no interference in the combo vaccine groups (Fig. 12) . The PIV3 live virus neutralization antibody was also only tested on Day35, 14 days after 2 vaccine doses injection like RSV. Data showed that all the vaccine formulations which contained the PIV3 F5.1 vaccine induced strong neutralization antibodies against PIV3, and also there was no interference in the combo vaccine groups (Fig. 13) .
[0321] Phase 1 Human Clinical Trial Design of the Combo Vaccines
[0322] A phase 1, randomized, observer-blind clinical trial in Australia enrolled 144 older adults (60-85 years) evaluating the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of unadjuvanted bivalent vaccine (RSV + hMPV PreF-trimer antigen combination) , trivalent vaccine (RSV + hMPV + PIV3 PreF-trimer antigen combination) and monovalent vaccine comparator (RSV PreF-trimer antigen) at the selected dose levels (FIG. 17) . Eligible participants were men or women aged 60-85 years (older adults) who had not previously received RSV vaccines and met the other main inclusion and exclusion criteria. The main inclusion criteria were to be healthy at the time of enrolment and to be willing to follow all study procedures. The main exclusion criteria were any significant illness at the time of enrolment. A single dose of each study vaccine was administered intramuscularly on Day 1. Blood samples were collected for immunological testing on Day 1 (prior to receiving the allocated study vaccine) and on Day 29 (approximately 1-month post-vaccination) .
[0323] Neutralizing Antibody Responses from Phase 1 Human Clinical Trials
[0324] Neutralizing antibodies (RSV-A, RSV-B, hMPV-A, hMPV-B, PIV3) were used qualified viral neutralizing assays (VNAs) (FIG. 18) . Geometric mean fold rises (GMFRs) in VNA titers at 1-month post-vaccination compared to baseline pre-vaccination are shown (±95%confidence intervals) in the graphs for evaluable participants. The percentage of participants in each group observing ≥2-fold and ≥4-fold increases in VNA titers are shown below each graph.
[0325] Implications:
[0326] Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against RSV PreF have been demonstrated to be effective in preventing RSV infection and disease and have been approved for use in humans1. Similarly, potent neutralizing antibodies against the hMPV PreF and PIV3 PreF proteins have been identified.
[0327] The consistent RSV-A and RSV-B neutralizing antibody responses induced by the bivalent (RSV-hMPV) , trivalent (RSV-hMPV-PIV3) and monovalent (RSV) study vaccine groups indicates that combining multiple PreF-trimer antigens does not interfere with immune responses against RSV.
[0328] The significant hMPV-A and hMPV-B neutralizing antibody responses induced by the bivalent and trivalent study vaccine groups indicates that the PIV3 PreF-trimer antigen does not interfere with immune responses against hMPV.
[0329] No cross-reactive immune responses were observed for the RSV PreF-trimer antigen on hMPV and PIV3 antibodies, and no cross-reactive immune responses were observed for the hMPV PreF-trimer antigen on PIV3 antibodies. Overall, the results confirm the abilities of the PreF-trimer antigens (RSV, hMPV, PIV3) to induce robust neutralizing antibody responses in humans and demonstrates the need for combining these antigens to induce virus-specific neutralizing immune responses.
[0330] RSV Neutralization Site-Specific Antibody Responses from Phase 1 Human Clinical Trials
[0331] RSV neutralization site-specific antibodies (Site Site V, Site III) were used developed competitive ELISA assays, which utilized highly-potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against each respective site. Geometric mean fold rises (GMFRs) in titers at 1-month post-vaccination compared to baseline pre-vaccination are shown (±95%confidence intervals) in the graphs for evaluable participants. The percentage of participants in each group observing ≥2-fold and ≥4-fold increases in titers are shown below each graph (FIG. 19) ..
[0332] Implications:
[0333] RSV PreF-specific nAb epitopes (such as Site and V) and PreF-preferred nAb epitopes (such as Site III) are known to potently neutralize the RSV virus.
[0334] The consistent responses among the bivalent (RSV-hMPV) , trivalent (RSV-hMPV-PIV3) and monovalent (RSV) study vaccine groups indicates that combining multiple PreF-trimer antigens does not interfere with immune responses against RSV. hMPV Neutralization Site-Specific Antibody Responses from Phase 1 Human Clinical Trials
[0335] hMPV neutralization site-specific antibodies (Site Site V, Site III, Site IV, Site II) used developed competitive ELISA assays, which utilized highly-potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against each respective site. Geometric mean fold rises (GMFRs) in titers at 1-month post-vaccination compared to baseline pre-vaccination are shown (±95%confidence intervals) in the graphs for evaluable participants. The percentage of participants in each group observing ≥2-fold and ≥4-fold increases in titers are shown below each graph (FIG. 20) .
[0336] Implications:
[0337] hMPV PreF-specific nAb epitopes (such as Site and V) , PreF-preferred nAb epitopes (such as Site III) and PreF / PostF shared nAb epitopes (such as Site IV and II) are known to potently neutralize the hMPV virus. However, unlike RSV for which Site antibodies are the most important for potent neutralization of the virus, antibodies against Site on hMPV PreF are very rarely induced by natural infection due to the denser glycosylation at the apex of the hMPV PreF protein. The 9-13 fold increases across all hMPV nAb epitopes tested for study vaccines containing the hMPV PreF-trimer antigen (bivalent and trivalent) indicates that a strong polyclonal hMPV nAb response was induced. Additionally, the 11-13 fold increase in hMPV Site antibodies further confirms the PreF-stabilized antigenic conformation in the study vaccine, which may be able to more-effectively induce potent hMPV Site antibodies than infection by the hMPV virus.
[0338] PIV3 Neutralization Site-Specific Antibody Responses
[0339] PIV3 neutralization site-specific antibodies (Site Site X) used developed competitive ELISA assays, which utilized highly-potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against each respective site. Geometric mean fold rises (GMFRs) in titers at 1-month post-vaccination compared to baseline pre-vaccination are shown (±95%confidence intervals) in the graphs for evaluable participants. The percentage of participants in each group observing ≥2-fold and ≥4-fold increases in titers are shown below each graph (FIG. 21) .
[0340] Implications:
[0341] PIV3 PreF-specific nAb epitopes (such as Site and Site X) are known to potently neutralize the PIV3 virus. However, unlike RSV and hMPV, majority of pre-existing PIV3 nAbs at baseline are against the PIV3 HN protein (whereas levels of pre-existing PIV3 nAbs against the PIV3 PreF protein at baseline are low and rarely found in human antibody repertoires) . Therefore, a numerically lower increase in total PIV3 nAbs induced by the trivalent study vaccine (containing PIV3 PreF antigen) –as compared to increases in RSV and hMPV nAbs –was expected. The ≥10-fold increases in PIV3 PreF-specific antibodies (Site Site X) confirms the PIV3 PreF-trimer antigen was responsible for driving the increase in PIV3 total VNA titers and that the PreF-specific antibody responses against PIV3 were at least in-line with RSV and hMPV responses.
[0342] Safety and Tolerability
[0343] The percentage of enrolled participants in each respective group experiencing local or systemic solicited Adverse Events (AEs) following vaccination are shown (±95%confidence intervals) , including the severity of the AEs (mild, moderate, severe) . No Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) , Adverse Events of Special Interest (AESIs) , or AEs Leading to Discontinuation related to study vaccines were observed (FIG. 22) .
[0344] Implications:
[0345] The combination of multiple PreF-trimer antigens (RSV, hMPV, PIV3) was generally well-tolerated, and AEs were generally mild, transient and comparable to the monovalent RSV vaccine comparator.
[0346] Materials and Methods
[0347] Structure-based design and vector construction of PIV3 F-Trimer
[0348] The sequence of the PIV3 F1 (WT) gene was derived from the PIV3 strain (HPIV3 / Homo sapiens / PER / FLA4815 / 2008) , GenBank: AHX22429.1, and PIV3-F5.1 gene was derived from the PIV3 strain (HPIV3 / USA / 629-D01959 / 2007) , GenBank: AGW51052.1. Both constructs comprise F residues 1–472 with a C-terminal DNA sequences were optimized for CHO cell expressing and synthesized (synbio-tech) , and then cloned into the linearized pTT5 mammalian expression plasmid vector (honorgene) by Seamless Cloning Kit (Beyotime) , and transformed into DH5α E. coli. The design of prefusion F-Trimer (PIV3-F5.1) variant was performed based on the prefusion PIV3 F structure (6MJZ) (2, 7) , which introduced two disulfide bonds and one cavity-filling mutations, The variant mutation sites are as follows: PIV3-F5.1 (Q162C-L168C, I213C-G230C, A463V “cavity-filling” ) (Fig. 1) .
[0349] Structure-based design and vector construction of pre-F hMPV F trimer
[0350] The sequence of the wild-type hMPV A2 F gene (SEQ ID NO: 2; GenBank: ABM67072.1) was derived from the hMPV A2 strain (TN / 92-4, ) . DNA sequence was optimized for CHO cell expressing and synthesized (synbio-tech) , and then cloned into the linearized pTT5 mammalian expression plasmid vector (honorgene) by Seamless Cloning Kit (Beyotime) , and transformed into DH5α E. coli. hMPV-F1(WT) comprises the wild-type hMPV A2 F sequences (AA1-489) and a C-terminal The designs of other 7 prefusion F-Trimer variants were performed based on the prefusion hMPV F structure (8F6X) (5, 8) , which introduced the disulfides and proline-stabilized mutations in the hMPV-F1 (WT) , and added a F2-F1 linker “GSGGSG” , where F gene 24 amino acids (89-112) were deleted. The variants mutation sites are as follows : hMPV-F4.1 (V84C, D185P, A140C-A147C, A249C, D454C-V458C, F2-F1 linker “GSGGSG” ) ; hMPV-F21 (V84S, D185P, A140C-A147C, A249S, D454C-V458C, F2-F1 linker “GSGGSG” ) ; hMPV-F22 (V84S, D185P, A140C-A147C, D454C-V458C, F2-F1 linker “GSGGSG” ) ; hMPV-F23(V84D, D185P, A140C-A147C, A249S, D454C-V458C, F2-F1 linker “GSGGSG” ) ; hMPV-F24 (V84D, D185P, A140C-A147C, D454C-V458C, F2-F1 linker “GSGGSG” ) ; hMPV-F25 (D185P, A140C-A147C, A249S, D454C-V458C, F2-F1 linker “GSGGSG” ) ; hMPV-F26 (D185P, A140C-A147C , D454C-V458C, F2-F1 linker “GSGGSG” ) (Fig. 5A) .
[0351] Protein expression and purification
[0352] We used transient transfection to express all PIV3 F-Trimer and hMPV F-Trimer glycoproteins in Expi293F cells with polyethyleneimine (PEI) and grown in OPM-293 CD05 medium (OPM) with OPM-293 proFeed supplement (OPM) . Cell culture supernatants were harvested after 5–6 days after transfection, after harvesting the clarified cell culture medium via centrifugation and filtration to remove cells, and proteins were purified from the supernatants using chromatographic steps. A Protein A affinity column using MabSelect PrismA (Cytiva) preloaded with D6-Fc was used to affinity-capture all F-Trimers, based on the high affinity binding between D6-Fc and Trimer-Tag. After washing off unbound contaminating proteins, PIV3 F-Trimer was eluted using 0.7M NaCl in phosphate buffer, a condition that does not elute D6-Fc from Protein A. A final UF / DF (Millipore) was used for buffer exchange and concentration of the purified antigens.
[0353] SDS-PAGE
[0354] Purified PIV3-F5.1 (2μg) was analyzed with 6%SDS-PAGE gel under nonruducing or reducing (+β-mercaptoethanol) conditions with Coomassie Blue staining. Purified hMPV F-Trimer (4μg) was analyzed with 10%SDS-PAGE gel under nonruducing or reducing (+β-mercaptoethanol) conditions with Coomassie Blue staining.
[0355] SEC-HPLC
[0356] The purity of protein was analyzed by Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC-HPLC) using Waters Alliance e2695 HPLC with an analytic Target SEC300 column (MS Technologies) . 0.15M Phosphate-buffer plus 0.5M NaCl was used as the mobile phase with OD280 nm detection over a 20-min period at a flow rate of 0.8 ml / min.
[0357] RP-HPLC
[0358] A Agilent1290 UHPLC system with a BioCore RP-1000 column (NanoChrom Technologies) was used for separation and subsequent detection by an UV detector, 0.1%TFA-water and 0.1%TFA-acetonitrile were used as eluent A and B, and gradient elution conditions were as follows: 0-2min, 70%A-70%A, 2-6 min, 70%A-60%A, 6-9min, 60%A-56%A, 9-14 min, 56%A-10%A, 14.1-17 min, 70%A-70%A. The flow rate was 0.6mL / min, the column was maintained at 80℃.
[0359] Fabshift analysis
[0360] Recombinant hMPV F-Trimer was first mixed and incubated with site binding antibody ADI61026 at 37℃ for approximately one hour. The hMPV F-Trimer, the respective Fab, and the reaction mixture were then each run by SEC-HPLC using Agilent1260 HPLC with an analytic Target SEC300 column (MS Techn ologies) to establish the retention time of free F-Trimer (unshiftable fraction) , free Fab and hMPV F-Trimer / Fab complex (shifted fraction) , respectively. The peak areas and hight were used for relative quantitation.
[0361] Negative-stain electron microscopy
[0362] Proteins were diluted with 20mM PB +0.15M NaCl, adsorbed to the glow-discharge carbon-film grid (XXBR, cat#T10044) . The grids were then washed 3 times with ddH2O to remove the detergents and negatively stained with 2%Uranium acetate for 45 s followed by air drying. Images were collected at a magnification of 92,000 on Thermo Fisher Talos L120C equipped and operated at 120 kV. The electronic detector used is the CETA Direct Electron Detectors, and the data collected by SerialEM software in super-resolution mode. The final pixel size is
[0363] Cryo-electron microscopy
[0364] Purified proteins diluted to 2-8 mg / ml concentration in PBS were applied to glow-discharged gold holey carbon 1.2 / 1.3 300-mesh grids. Grids were blotted for 2 to 4 s at a blotting force of 4 and plunge-frozen in liquid ethane using a MarkIV Vitrobot (Thermo Fisher Scientific) . The chamber was maintained at 8℃ and 100%humidity during freezing. All movies were collected using a Titan Krios microscope (Thermo Fisher Scientific) equipped with a BioQuantum GIF / K3 direct electron detector (Gatan) . The detector was operated in super resolution mode.
[0365] Motion correction for cryo-EM images and contrast transfer function (CTF) estimation were performed using motioncorr2 and CTFFIND4.1, respectively.
[0366] PIV3 Specific mAbs binding ELISA.
[0367] 96-well plates (Thermo Fisher) were coated with 1ug / ml of Mouse anti-human Trimer Tag antibody (22B11, Clover) overnight at 2~8℃. Wells were washed three times with phosphate buffered saline with Tween-20 (PBST) and then blocked with1xPBS containing 2%defatted milk for 1~1.5 hour at 37℃. Antigen coated plates were incubated with culture supernatants for 90 minutes at 4℃. Curves were generated using PIV3 F5.1 or PIV3 F1 (5-fold dilutions starting at 5 μg / mL) , were performed and added to the ELISA plate for 1 hour. After washing, Human-anti-PIV3 pre-F specific mAb (PIA174 / PI3-E12 / 3X1; 0.5ug / ml) was added to the plates and incubated for one hour at 37℃. Washing 3 times, Goat-anti-human IgG HRP (1: 20000; Southern Biotech) was added to the plates and incubated for 0.5 hour. Wells were then washed 3 times with PBST followed by a 5~15minute incubation with TMB substrate (Thermo Fisher) , and the reaction was stopped with sulfuric acid (1M) . Absorbance was measured at 450 nm using a Multiskan Go plate reader and fit curves.
[0368] hMPV Specific mAbs binding ELISA.
[0369] 96-well plates (Thermo Scientific) were coated with 1 μg / mL Mouse anti Trimer Tag 22B11 (100 μL / well) at 4 ℃ overnight, blocked with 2%non-fat milk 37 ℃ for 1 h. After washing three times with PBST, the plates were incubated with threefold or fivefold serial dilutions of hMPV F-Trimer with a starting concentration of 5 or 10 μg / mL for 2 h at 37℃. After washing three times with PBST, the plates were incubated with specific mAb (1 μg / mL) for 1h at 37℃, followed by washing three times with PBST and then a 1: 10000 dilution of goat anti-human IgG-HRP (Southern Biotech) was added and incubated for 1h at 37℃. Next, plates were washed three times and the signals were developed with the substrate TMB (Thermo Scientific) and stop solutions (1mol / L H2SO4) and measured the OD450 by the Multiskan Go 1510 plate reader (Thermo Scientific) .
[0370] Analysis of biolayer interferometry (BLI)
[0371] The binding affinity of hMPV F22 or hMPV F16 to neutralizing antibodies was determined by the Qke system (Sartorius) . Briefly, the antibodies were first loaded onto a SA biosensor (Sartorius, Cat#18-5019) . Real-time receptor-binding curves were obtained by applying the sensor in 2-fold serial dilutions of human hMPV F22 or hMPV F16 (0.625–10 μg / mL in PBS) . Kinetic parameters (Kon and Koff) and affinities (KD) were analyzed using Octet software, version 12.0. Dissociation constants (KD) were determined using a 1: 1 binding model.
[0372] Immunogenicity of RSV, hMPV and PIV3 combo vaccine in Mice.
[0373] BALB / c mice (n=10 / group, female) were immunized with various vaccine alone or combinations that was adjuvanted 75 μg alum (aluminum hydroxide) three times on Day 0, Day 21 and Day 49. All the antigen dose was 10μg / strains (Fig. 10) . The humoral immune responses on Day 35, Day 49 and Day 63 were tested based on hMPV DS7 mAb competitive antibody ELISA, a surrogate assay for the hMPV Live Virus Neutralization Assay, RSV A2 and B18537 Live Virus Neutralization Assay and PIV3 Live Virus Neutralization Assay.
[0374] DS7 mAb competitive ELISA assay
[0375] 96-well plates (Thermo) were coated with 1 μg / mL Mouse anti Trimer Tag 22B11 (100 μL / well) at 4 ℃ overnight, then followed by washing three times with PBST and blocked with 2%non-fat milk 37 ℃ for 1.5 h. After washing three times with PBST, the plates were incubated with hMPV-F4.1 (0.25 μg / mL) for 1h at 37 ℃. After washing three times with PBST, threefold serially diluted antisera with a starting dilution of 20 fold were added and incubated for 0.5h at 37 ℃, followed by an equal volume of DS7 mAb (50ng / mL) incubation at 37 ℃ for 1h. Next, washing plates three times and a 1: 10000 dilution of goat anti-human IgG-HRP (Southern Biotech) was added and incubated for 45min at 37℃. Eventually, plates were washed three times and the signals were developed with the substrate TMB (Thermo Scientific) and stop solutions (1mol / L H2SO4) and measured the OD450 by the Multiskan Go 1510 plate reader (Thermo Scientific) . Calculate the dilution corresponding to half of maximum OD450 of hMPV-F4.1 binding to DS7 in the absence of competitor antisera as the titer for 50%competition. Individual animal titers were plotted with the group GMT±95%CI indicated.
[0376] RSV Live Virus Neutralization Assays
[0377] Serial dilutions (2.5-fold) of heat-inactivated sera were mixed with clarified cell culture medium containing RSV, either strain A2 (VR-1540, 500-1000 pfu / well) or B18537 (VR-1580, 500-1000 pfu / well) , for 60 min. Following adsorption, wells were seeded with 2.5*104 HEp-2 cells and cultured for 3 days at 37 ℃ in 5%CO2. After incubation, the cultures were washed and air dried. To detect RSV infection, the cultures were treated with HRP-conjugated palivizumab (synagis) second antibody was added. TMB substrate was added to the wells and the plates read at OD450 nm with a plate reader. Neutralizing titers were calculated using a 4-parameter fit using GraphPad Prism 10.3.1 software. Individual animal titers were plotted with the group GMT±95%CI indicated.
[0378] PIV3 Live Virus Neutralization Assays
[0379] Briefly, LLC-MK2 cells were plated at a density of 2.5× 104cells per well on 96-plate a day before and incubated overnight. before the addition of virus to cells, sera were diluted to 20-fold and serially diluted 3-fold in MEM / 2%FBS. The virus was then diluted to 16,000 pfu / ml (~500–800 pfu / well) in MEM / 2%FBS and added to the sera serial dilutions. The sera: virus mixture was incubated at 37 ℃ in 5%CO2 for 1 h. Remove the medium on cell plates and the sera: virus mixtures were added to the cell plate and incubated at 37 ℃ in 5%CO2 for 1.5 h. Remove the sera: virus mixture, 1: 1 Methylcellulose (1%) and 2× DMEM with 2%FBS mix overlay then was added to the cell and the cell plates incubated at 37 ℃ in 5%CO2 for 10~12 h. plates were fixed with formalin for 30–60 min at r.t., washed with 1× PBS to remove Methylcellulose. Then, wash 2 times with PBST, then plates were added with rPIV3-23 PIV3 HN specific antibody that was diluted to 1ug / ml in 5%milk in PBST and then incubated either at r.t. for 2 h with rocking. Plates were washed 3 times with PBST before the addition of a suspension of secondary antibodies (Goat-anti-human IgG-HRP, Southern Biotech) at 1: 5,000 dilution in 5%milk in 1× PBST. Plates were incubated for 1 h at r.t. with rocking and then washed 3 times with PBST. TrueBlue peroxidase substrate solution (SeraCare) was added, and plates were incubated for ~15 min at r.t.. Plates were gently rinsed with water, air-dried and imaged on an ImmunoSpot machine (CTL) then Count the spots on the wells. Neutralization antibody titers were calculated by normalizing counts to a virus-only control using a 4-parameter fit using GraphPad Prism 10.3.1 software. Individual animal titers were plotted with the group GMT±95%CI indicated.
[0380] hMPV Live Virus Neutralization Assays
[0381] Briefly, Vero-E6 cells were plated at a density of 4.0× 104 cells per well on 96-plate a day before and incubated overnight. before the addition of virus to cells, sera were diluted to 50-fold and serially diluted 3-fold in DMEM. The virus was then diluted to 6,000 TCID50 / ml (~300 TCID50 / well) in DMEM and added to the sera serial dilutions. The sera: virus mixture was incubated at 37 ℃ in 5%CO2 for 1 h. Remove the medium on cell plates and the sera: virus mixtures were added to the cell plate and incubated at 37 ℃ in 5%CO2 for 44-48 h. Remove the sera: virus mixture and plates were washed with PBS 2 times. Then the plates were fixed with cold acetone for 20 minutes at 2-8℃. The add diluted primary antibody (DS7 1μg / mL in 2.5%milk) to each well (100 μl / well) and incubate plates 1 h at 37℃. Plates were washed 2 times with PBST before the addition of a suspension of secondary antibodies (Goat-anti-human IgG-HRP, Southern Biotech) at 1: 10,000 dilution in 2.5%milk 45 min at 37℃, and then washed 2 times with PBST. TrueBlue peroxidase substrate solution (SeraCare) was added, and plates were incubated for ~125 min at r.t.. Plates were gently rinsed with water, air-dried and imaged on an ImmunoSpot machine (CTL) then Count the spots on the wells. Neutralization antibody titers were calculated by normalizing counts to a virus-only control using a 4-parameter fit using GraphPad Prism 10.3.1 software. Individual animal titers were plotted with the group GMT±95%CI indicated.
[0382] Phase 1 Clinical Trial Design of the Combo Vaccines
[0383] A phase 1, randomized, observer-blind clinical trial in Australia enrolled 144 older adults (60-85 years) evaluating the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of unadjuvanted bivalent vaccine (RSV + hMPV PreF-trimer antigen combination) , trivalent vaccine (RSV + hMPV + PIV3 PreF-trimer antigen combination) and monovalent vaccine comparator (RSV PreF-trimer antigen) at the selected dose levels. Eligible participants were men or women aged 60-85 years (older adults) who had not previously received RSV vaccines and met the other main inclusion and exclusion criteria. The main inclusion criteria were to be healthy at the time of enrolment and to be willing to follow all study procedures. The main exclusion criteria were any significant illness at the time of enrolment. A single dose up to 360 μg per antigen for the combo vaccine without adjuvant was administered intramuscularly on Day 1. Blood samples were collected for immunological testing on Day 1 (prior to receiving the allocated study vaccine) and on Day 29 (approximately 1-month post-vaccination) .
[0384] In both bivalent and trivalent combo vaccines, RSV Pre F-Trimer antigen is SCB-1019T (SCB-1019T (A) +SCB-1019T (B) , 1: 1 by weight) , hMPV Pre F-Trimer antigen is hMPV F16 and PIV3 Pre F-Trimer antigen is PIV3 F5.1. The monovalent vaccine comparator (RSV Pre F-Trimer antigen) is SCB-1019T (SCB-1019T (A) +SCB-1019T (B) ) .
[0385] Reference
[0386] 1. H. Liu, D. Su, J. Zhang, S. Ge, Y. Li, F. Wang, M. Gravel, A. Roulston, Q. Song, W. Xu, J. G. Liang, G. Shore, X. Wang, P. Liang, Improvement of pharmacokinetic profile of TRAIL via Trimer-Tag enhances its antitumor activity in vivo. Sci Rep 7, 8953 (2017) . doi: 10.1038 / s41598-017-09518-1
[0387] 2. Stewart-Jones GBE, Chuang GY, Xu K, et al. Structure-based design of a quadrivalent fusion glycoprotein vaccine for human parainfluenza virus types 1-4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018; 115 (48) : 12265-12270. doi: 10.1073 / pnas. 1811980115
[0388] 3. Boonyaratanakornkit J, Singh S, Weidle C, et al. Protective antibodies against human parainfluenza virus type 3 infection. MAbs. 2021; 13 (1) : 1912884. doi: 10.1080 / 19420862.2021.1912884
[0389] 4. Cabán M, Rodarte JV, Bibby M, et al. Cross-protective antibodies against common endemic respiratory viruses. Nat Commun. 2023; 14 (1) : 798. Published 2023 Feb 13. doi: 10.1038 / s41467-023-36459-3
[0390] 5. Ou L, Chen SJ, Teng I-T, Yang L, Zhang B, Zhou T, et al. (2023) Structure-based design of a single-chain triple-disulfide-stabilized fusion-glycoprotein trimer that elicits high-titer neutralizing responses against human metapneumovirus. PLoS Pathog 19 (9) : e1011584. https: / / doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. ppat. 1011584
[0391] 6. Miller, Rose J. and Jarrod J. Mousa. “Structural basis for respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus neutralization. ” Current opinion in virology 61 (2023) : 101337 .
[0392] 7. Prefusion PIV F immunogens and their use The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary, Dept. of Health and Human Services (Bethesda, MD, US) , Institute for Research in Biomedicine (Bellinzona, CH) US11078239. https: / / www. freepatentsonline. com / 11078239. html
[0393] 8. RECOMBINANT HUMAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS F PROTEINS AND THEIR USE United States THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH &HUMAN SERVICES (Bethesda, MD, US) 20230174587 https: / / www. freepatentsonline. com / y2023 / 0174587. html
[0394] Fusion Protein for Enhanced Expression and Prefusion Conformation of PIV3 Antigen
[0395] PIV3 is the major PIV stain to infect human (1) . We have generated a fusion protein, PIV3-F1 (WT) , by combining the ectodomain of PIV3 F with Trimer-Tag. The C-terminal helix of PIV3 F proxy membrane region was directly fused to the N-terminal helix of Trimer-Tag creating a hybrid helix with minimal structural alterations for both fusion partners (2) .
[0396] PIV3-F1 (WT) is readily trimerized, but it cannot maintain a postfusion conformation (FIG. 3) . PIV3-F1 (WT) was optimized through the introduction of disulfide bonds (Q162C-L168C, and I213C-G230C) mutations, and an A463V to fill a surface (3) . The resulting PIV3-F 5.1 showed improved expression over hMPV-F1 (WT) and adopted a prefusion conformation that exposes epitopes for most neutralizing antibodies (FIG. 3, 4) .
[0397] Reference:
[0398] 1. M, Kowalski ML. The Role of Human Parainfluenza Virus Infections in the Immunopathology of the Respiratory Tract. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2017; 17 (3) : 16. doi: 10.1007 / s11882-017-0685-2
[0399] 2. Yin HS, Paterson RG, Wen X, Lamb RA, Jardetzky TS. Structure of the uncleaved ectodomain of the paramyxovirus (hPIV3) fusion protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005; 102 (26) : 9288-9293. doi: 10.1073 / pnas. 0503989102
[0400] 3. Prefusion PIV F immunogens and their use The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary, Dept. of Health and Human Services (Bethesda, MD, US) , Institute for Research in Biomedicine (Bellinzona, CH) US11078239. https: / / www. freepatentsonline. com / 11078239. html
[0401] Fusion Protein for Enhanced Expression and Prefusion Conformation of MPV F Antigen
[0402] MPV F antigen is a key target for MPV vaccine development. MPV A2, B1 and B2 are the primary causes of MPV infections (1) . We have generated a fusion protein, hMPV-F1 (WT) , by combining the ectodomain of MPV A2 with Trimer-Tag. The hMPV F proxy membrane helix was directly fused to the N-terminal helix of Trimer-Tag creating a hybrid helix with minimal structural alterations for both fusion partners (2) .
[0403] hMPV-F1 (WT) is readily trimerized, but it cannot maintain a prefusion conformation and is expressed at low levels. hMPV-F1 (WT) was optimized through the introduction of disulfide bonds (V84C-A249C, A140C-A147C, D454C-V458C) mutations, proline mutations (D185P) to stabilize a surface loop and the replacement of p27, furin cleavage sites, and flanking sequences with a GSGGSG linker based on a trimeric prefusion structure (3) . The resulting hMPV-F4.1 showed improved expression over hMPV-F1 (WT) and adopted a prefusion conformation that exposes epitopes for most neutralizing antibodies (FIG. 7, 8) .
[0404] Despite the improvements, the inter-strand disulfide bonds between C84 and C249 often formed mismatches. For instance, C249 could form disulfide bonds with C296 or Cx, compromising the integrity of the overall disulfide bond network and the structure of the hMPV F protein. This could be disadvantageous for vaccine development. We hypothesized that the inter-strand disulfide bonds in the hMPV F portion were not necessary in our design, as Trimer-Tag already has two disulfide bonds holding its three chains together. We engineered hMPV F variants 21 to 25 with mutations V84S / A249, V84S / A249, V84D / A249S, V84D / A249, and V84 / A249S, respectively. hMPV F26 retained the V84 / A249 in the WT hMPV configuration. These modifications resulted in the removal of the easily mismatched inter-strand disulfide bonds between C84 and C249, thereby preserving the native structure of the hMPV F protein. hMPV F16 comprises a C-terminal and AA1-489 from hMPV B2 F gene (SEQ ID NO: 42; GenBank: AEK26915.1) which was derived from the hMPV B2 strain (TN / 99-419) . The A140C-A147C, D454C-V458C mutations, proline mutations (A185P) , and replacement of 24 amino acids (AA89-112) with a F2-F1 linker “GSGGSG” , were introduced in the WT hMPV B2 configuration. These modifications in F 26 and F 16 resulted in the removal of the easily mismatched inter-strand disulfide bonds between C84 and C249, thereby preserving the native structure of the hMPV F protein.
[0405] Alphafold II and III were utilized to monitor the positions of critical amino acids, distances, and bongs in between, ensuring the correct conformation of each variant (4, 5) .
[0406] Reference:
[0407] 1. Nao N, Saikusa M, Sato K, et al. Recent Molecular Evolution of Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) : Subdivision of hMPV A2b Strains. Microorganisms. 2020; 8 (9) : 1280. Published 2020 Aug 21. doi: 10.3390 / microorganisms8091280
[0408] 2. Más V, Rodriguez L, Olmedillas E, et al. Engineering, Structure and Immunogenicity of the Human Metapneumovirus F Protein in the Postfusion Conformation. PLoS Pathog. 2016; 12 (9) : e1005859. Published 2016 Sep 9. doi: 10.1371 / journal. ppat. 1005859
[0409] 3. RECOMBINANT HUMAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS F PROTEINS AND THEIR USE United States THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH &HUMAN SERVICES (Bethesda, MD, US) 20230174587 https: / / www. freepatentsonline. com / y2023 / 0174587. html
[0410] 4. Jumper J, Evans R, Pritzel A, et al. Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold. Nature. 2021; 596 (7873) : 583-589. doi: 10.1038 / s41586-021-03819-2
[0411] 5. Abramson J, Adler J, Dunger J, et al. Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3. Nature. 2024; 630 (8016) : 493-500. doi: 10.1038 / s41586-024-07487-w
[0412] SEQUENCE Listing:
Claims
1.A immunogenic composition comprisingat least two recombinant viral antigens selected from the group consisting of a recombinant parainfluenza virus (PIV) antigen, a recombinant human metapneumovirus (hMPV) antigen, and a recombinant respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigen;wherein the recombinant PIV antigen comprises a PIV F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen, wherein the C-terminal propeptides of the recombinant polypeptides form inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds;wherein the recombinant hMPV antigen comprises a hMPV F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen, wherein the C-terminal propeptides of the recombinant polypeptides form inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds; andwherein the recombinant RSV antigen comprises a RSV F protein antigen linked to a C-terminal propeptide of collagen, wherein the C-terminal propeptides of the recombinant polypeptides form inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds.2.The immunogenic composition of claim 1, wherein the PIV is of subtype PIV-1, PIV-2, PIV-3 PIV-4 and / or PIV-5; the hMPV is of subtype A and / or subtype B; and / or the RSV is of subtype A and / or subtype B.3.The immunogenic composition of claim 1 or 2, wherein the recombinant viral antigens comprise a F2 domain and a F1 domain with or without intervening protease cleavage site.4.The immunogenic composition of any one of claim 1-3, wherein the recombinant viral antigens comprise a F2 domain and a F1 domain linked directly or linked by a heterogenous peptide linker.5.The immunogenic composition of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the recombinant viral antigens comprise one or more amino acid substitutions to stabilize the trimeric fusion protein in a prefusion conformation.6.The immunogenic composition of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the PIV3 F protein antigen comprises amino acid substitutions comprising:Q162C and L168C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond;I213C and G230C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; andA463Vsubstitution;wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the reference PIV3 F protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.7.The immunogenic composition of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the PIV3 F protein antigen comprises a sequence from positions 19 to 472 of SEQ ID NO: 5 or a sequence from positions 19 to 472 of SEQ ID NO: 6, or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to positions 19 to 472 of SEQ ID NO: 5 or positions 19 to 472 of SEQ ID NO: 6.8.The immunogenic composition of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the hMPV F protein antigen comprise amino acid substitutions selected from:(1) A140C and A147C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; D454C and V458C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and V84C, A / D185P and A249C substitutions;(2) A140C and A147C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; D454C and V458C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and V84S, A / D185P and A249S substitutions;(3) A140C and A147C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; D454C and V458C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and V84S and A / D185P substitutions;(4) A140C and A147C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; D454C and V458C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and V84D, A / D185P and A249S substitutions;(5) A140C and A147C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; D454C and V458C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and V84d and A / D185P substitutions;(6) A140C and A147C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; D454C and V458C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and A / D185P and A249S substitutions; and(7) A140C and A147C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; D454C and V458C substitutions that form a non-natural disulfide bond; and A / D185P substitution; andoptionally further comprise substitution of HMPV F protein positions 89-112 to GSGGSG (SEQ ID NO: 20) ;wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the reference HMPV F protein set forth as SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 42.9.The immunogenic composition of any one of claims 1-5 and 8, wherein the HMPV F protein antigen comprise an amino acid sequence selected from:(1) positions 19 to 489 of SEQ ID NO: 7;(2) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 8;(3) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 9;(4) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 10;(5) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 11;(6) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 12;(7) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 13;(8) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 14; and(9) positions 19 to 471 of SEQ ID NO: 40;or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to the above sequence10.The immunogenic composition of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the RSV F protein antigen comprises amino acid substitutions comprising: substitution of RSV F protein positions 106-144 to CGGG (SEQ ID NO: 21) ;wherein the amino acid numbering is according to the reference RSV F protein set forth as SEQ ID NO: 3 and / or SEQ ID NO: 4.11.The immunogenic composition of any one of claims 1-5 and10, wherein the recombinant RSV antigens comprise a recombinant RSV A antigen and recombinant RSV B antigen, wherein the recombinant RSV A antigen comprises a RSV A F protein antigen joined by in-frame fusion to a C-terminal portion of a collagen to form a disulfide bond-linked trimeric fusion protein, and the recombinant RSV B antigen comprises a RSV B F protein antigen joined by in-frame fusion to a C-terminal portion of a collagen to form a disulfide bond-linked trimeric fusion protein.12.The immunogenic composition of claim 11, wherein the RSV A F protein antigen comprise a sequence from positions 26 to 485 of SEQ ID NO: 15 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to positions 26 to 485 of SEQ ID NO: 15, and / or the RSV B F protein antigen comprise a sequence from positions 26 to 485 of SEQ ID NO: 16 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to positions 26 to 485 of SEQ ID NO: 16.13.The immunogenic composition of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the C-terminal portion of the collagen is joined to the C-terminal of the F protein antigen directly or by a peptide linker.14.The immunogenic composition of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the C-terminal portion of the collagen comprising a sequence set forth in any one of SEQ IDs: 22-38.15.The immunogenic composition of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the recombinant PIV antigen comprises SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO: 6 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO: 6.16.The immunogenic composition of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the recombinant hMPV antigen comprises any one of SEQ ID NOs: 45-53 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 45-53.17.The immunogenic composition of any one of claims 1-16, wherein the recombinant RSV antigens comprise a recombinant RSV A antigen and recombinant RSV B antigen, wherein the recombinant RSV A antigen comprises SEQ ID NO: 54 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 54, and / or the recombinant RSV B antigen comprises SEQ ID NO: 55 or has at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 55.18.The immunogenic composition of any one of claims 1-17, wherein the immunogenic composition comprises a recombinant hMPV antigen and a recombinant RSV antigen.19.The immunogenic composition of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the immunogenic composition comprises a recombinant PIV3 antigen, a recombinant hMPV antigen and a recombinant RSV antigen.20.The immunogenic composition of claim 18 or 19, wherein the the recombinant PIV antigen comprises SEQ ID NO: 6, the recombinant hMPV antigen comprises SEQ ID NO: 53 and the recombinant RSV antigens comprise a recombinant RSV A antigen and recombinant RSV B antigen, wherein the recombinant RSV A antigen comprises SEQ ID NO: 54, and the recombinant RSV B antigen comprises SEQ ID NO: 55.21.The immunogenic composition of any one of claims 1-20, wherein the recombinant viral antigens further comprise a signal peptide at the N-terminal.22.The immunogenic composition of any one of claims 1-21, wherein the recombinant PIV3 antigen comprises a signal peptide with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, the recombinant HPMV antigen comprises a signal peptide with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18 or SEQ ID NO: 41, and / or the recombinant RSV antigen comprises a signal peptide with a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19 or SEQ ID NO: 39.23.A method of eliciting an immune response against two or three of PIV, hMPV and RSV in a subject, comprising administering the immunogenic composition of any one of claims 1-22 to the subject.24.The method of claim 23, wherein the immunogenic composition is administered via intramuscular injection or intra-nasal spray.25.The method of claim 22 or 24, wherein the immunogenic composition is administered in a single dose or a series of doses separated by intervals of weeks or months.26.The method of any one of claims 23-25, wherein the immunogenic composition is administered with or without an adjuvant.27.The method of any one of claims 23-26, wherein the immunogenic composition is administered with more than one adjuvant.28.A method of preventing infection by two or three of PIV, hMPV and RSV in a subject, comprising administering the immunogenic composition of any one of claims 1-22 to the subject.29.The method of claim 28, wherein the immunogenic composition is administered via intramuscular injection or intra-nasal spray.30.The method of claim 28 or 29, wherein the immunogenic composition is administered in a single dose or a series of doses separated by intervals of weeks or months.31.The method of any one of claims 28-30, wherein the immunogenic composition is administered with or without an adjuvant.32.The method of any one of claims 28-31, wherein the immunogenic composition is administered with more than one adjuvant.
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