Bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane derivatives and uses thereof
Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane derivatives function as M4 receptor PAMs, addressing the need for modulating M4 receptors to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders, enhancing learning and memory, and promoting wound healing.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- IGNIS THERAPEUTICS (SUZHOU) LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-10-31
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-07
AI Technical Summary
There is a need for compounds capable of effectively modulating muscarinic M4 receptors to treat various diseases and medical conditions associated with dysfunction of brain regions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, pain, addiction, Alzheimer’s Disease, Huntington’s disease, drug-induced dyskinesia, and dystonia, as well as conditions in peripheral systems like inflammation and wound healing.
Development of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane derivatives that act as positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) for the M4 receptor, which can be administered to modulate M4 receptor activity and associated cellular processes.
The bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane derivatives enhance learning and memory, ameliorate motor deficits, reduce pain, and promote wound healing by selectively activating M4 receptors, offering therapeutic benefits for neurological and psychiatric disorders and inflammatory conditions.
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Figure PCTCN2025131484-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2025131484-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2025131484-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
BICYCLO [1.1.1] PENTANE DERIVATIVES AND USES THEREOFFIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane compounds which exhibit activity in modulation of muscarinic M4 receptor, pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds as well as uses of these compounds or the pharmaceutical compositions in the treatment of diseases or medical conditions via modulation of muscarinic M4 receptor. BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] In vertebrate organ systems, muscarinic cholinergic receptors respond to acetylcholine and initiate intracellular signaling cascades to modulate various physiological functions. In the central nervous system, muscarinic receptors are known to modulate pain perception, movement, motivated behavior, attention, learning, and memory (Thiele et al., Muscarinic Signaling in the Brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 36 (1) , 271-294 (2013) ; Martino et al., “The M1 / M4 preferring agonist xanomeline is analgesic in rodent models of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain via central site of action. ” Pain vol. 152, 12 (2011) : 2852-2860. ; Nathanson et al. Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors, Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences, Elsevier (2018) ISBN 9780128012383) . In the peripheral organ systems, muscarinic receptors are commonly activated by parasympathetic input, resulting in physiological changes such as pupil constriction, decreased heart rate and blood pressure, increase in digestion (supra) .
[0003] There are 5 subtypes of muscarinic receptors, namely M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5, with different tissue and cell-type expression profiles. The M4 receptor has prominent expression in the central nervous system and is mainly found in the neurons of striatum, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex (Lebois et al. Muscarinic receptor subtype distribution in the central nervous system and relevance to aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology. 2018 Jul 1; 136 (Pt C) : 362-373. ; and Information on M4 in the Human protein atlas) . In the striatum, M4 plays an important role in regulating dopamine signaling in the striatum. M4 knockout mice showed enhanced D1 dopamine receptor-mediated locomotor stimulation (Gomeza et al., Enhancement of D1 dopamine receptor-mediated locomotor stimulation in M (4) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 1999; 96 (18) : 10483-10488) , increased cocaine self-administration (Schmidt et al., Increased cocaine self-administration in M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice. Psychopharm. 2011; 216 (3) : 367-378. ) , but blunted response to muscarinic agonist xanomeline in rodent models of psychosis (Woolley et al., Attenuation of amphetamine-induced activity by the non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist, xanomeline, is absent in muscarinic M4 receptor knockout mice and attenuated in muscarinic M1 receptor knockout mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009 Jan 28; 603 (1-3):147-9. ; Dencker et al. Involvement of a subpopulation of neuronal M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the antipsychotic-like effects of the M1 / M4 preferring muscarinic receptor agonist xanomeline. J Neurosci. 2011 Apr 20; 31 (16) : 5905-8. ) . In addition, M4 receptors in the striatal D1 medium spiny neurons were shown to mediate analgesic effects in a mouse model of nociception (Grauer et al. Antinociceptive effects of potent, selective and brain penetrant muscarinic M4 positive allosteric modulators in rodent pain models. Brain Res. 2020 Jun 15; 1737: 146814. ) . In the hippocampus, M4 modulates glutamatergic synaptic transmission from the Schaffer collateral pathway to the CA1 pyramidal neurons (Shirey et al. (2008) . An allosteric potentiator of M4 mAChR modulates hippocampal synaptic transmission. Nat. Chem. Biol., 4: 42-50; Dasari and Gulledge (2011) . M1 and M4 receptors modulate hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J. Neurophysiol., 105 (2) : 779-792. ; Thorn et al. (2017) . Effects of M1 and M4 activation on excitatory synaptic transmission in CA1. Hippocampus. 27: 794-810. ) . The specific modulatory effects of M4 in the striatum and hippocampus suggests potential of targeting M4 for the treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders associated with dysfunction of these brain regions and their interconnections, which include but are likely not limited to schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, pain, addiction, Alzheimer’s Disease, Huntington’s disease, drug-induced dyskinesia, and dystonia.
[0004] The M4 receptor also has distinct expression and functional profiles outside the central nervous system, in comparison with other muscarinic receptor subtypes. For example, M4 was found in intestinal goblet cells and may contribute to the regulation of mucus production, gut immunity and inflammation (Knoop et al., Microbial sensing by goblet cells controls immune surveillance of luminal antigens in the colon. Mucosal Immunol. 2015 Jan; 8 (1) : 198-210. ; Uwada et al., Role of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Intestinal Epithelial Homeostasis: Insights for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Mar 30; 24 (7) : 6508. ) . M4 was also identified in epidermal keratinocytes and may promote keratinocyte migration and wound healing (Chernyavsky et al., The M4 muscarinic receptor-selective effects on keratinocyte crawling locomotion. Life Sci. 2003 Mar 28; 72 (18-19) : 2069-73. ; Chernyavsky et al., Novel signaling pathways mediating reciprocal control of keratinocyte migration and wound epithelialization through M3 and M4 muscarinic receptors. J Cell Biol. 2004 Jul 19; 166 (2) : 261-72. ) .
[0005] Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) selective for the M4 receptor (M4 PAMs) have been utilized to explore the benefits of therapeutically targeting M4. For example, in animal models M4 PAMs were shown to rescue behavioral phenotypes associated with psychosis (Gould et al., Cognitive enhancement and antipsychotic-like activity following repeated dosing with the selective M4 PAM VU0467154. Neuropharmacology. 2018 Jan; 128: 492-502. ; Bubser et al., Selective activation of M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors reverses MK-801-induced behavioral impairments and enhances associative learning in rodents. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2014 Oct 15; 5 (10) : 920-42. ; Byun et al., Antipsychotic drug-like effects of the selective M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor positive allosteric modulator VU0152100. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014 Jun; 39 (7) : 1578-93. ; Chan et al., Allosteric modulation of the muscarinic M4 receptor as an approach to treating schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 5; 105 (31) : 10978-83. ; Brady et al., Centrally active allosteric potentiators of the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor reverse amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotor activity in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Dec; 327 (3) : 941-53. ) , to enhance learning and memory (Gould et al., Cognitive enhancement and antipsychotic-like activity following repeated dosing with the selective M4 PAM VU0467154. Neuropharmacology. 2018 Jan; 128: 492-502. ; Bubser et al., Selective activation of M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors reverses MK-801-induced behavioral impairments and enhances associative learning in rodents. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2014 Oct 15; 5 (10) : 920-42. ) , to increase cumulative duration of total and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep (Gould et al., State-dependent alterations in sleep / wake architecture elicited by the M4 PAM VU0467154 -Relation to antipsychotic-like drug effects. Neuropharmacology. 2016 Mar; 102: 244-53. ) , to suppress craving for cocaine and cocaine intake (Thomsen et al., Effects of acute and repeated administration of the selective M4 PAM VU0152099 on cocaine versus food choice in male rats. Addict Biol. 2022 Mar; 27 (2) : e13145. ) , and to ameliorate L-DOPA induced dyskinesia (Shen et al., M4 Muscarinic Receptor Signaling Ameliorates Striatal Plasticity Deficits in Models of L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia. Neuron. 2015 Nov 18; 88 (4) : 762-73. ) as well as motor deficits associated with Huntington’s disease (Pancani et al., Allosteric activation of M4 muscarinic receptors improve behavioral and physiological alterations in early symptomatic YAC128 mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Nov 10; 112 (45) : 14078-83. ) .
[0006] Accordingly, there is a need in the art to develop more compounds which are capable of modulating muscarinic receptors, in particular, M4 receptor. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0007] The present disclosure provides compounds which are capable of modulating M4 receptors, the pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and the use of such compounds or pharmaceutical compositions for treatment of a disease or medical condition via modulation of M4 receptor and / or M4 receptor-related cellular processes.
[0008] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound having a formula (I) or formula (II) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, alkoxyl, alkylthio, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, -N (Ra) (Rb) , -N (Ra) C (=O) (Ra) , -C (=O) N (Ra) (Rb) , -O-C (=O) -N (Ra) (Rb) , -C (=O) Ra, and -C (=O) ORa, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, alkoxyl, alkylthio, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl and cycloalkyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more Rc; n1 is 0, 1, 2 or 3; Ring A is selected from the group consisting of wherein Ring C is a phenyl, 5-6 membered cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; L1 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, -O-, -S-, -N (Ra) -, i is 0, 1 or 2; j is 1, 2 or 3; k is 0, 1 or 2; L2 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, -CH2-, -O-, and -N (Ra) -; ring B is a C6-10 aryl or 5-to 10-membered heteroaryl; each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, amino, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, -N (Ra) (Rb) , -N (Ra) C (=O) (Ra) , -C (=O) N (Ra) (Rb) , -O-C (=O) -N (Ra) (Rb) , -C (=O) Ra, -ORa, and -C (=O) ORa, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more Rc; n2 is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; Ra and Rb at each occurrence are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl and cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl and cycloalkyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more Rc; or Ra and Rb taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a heterocyclyl optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, amino, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, alkoxyl, alkylthio, haloalkyl and hydroxyalkyl; and each Rc is independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, amino, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -NH (alkyl) and -N (alkyl) 2.
[0009] In a further aspect, there is provided a compound having a formula selected from: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0010] In another aspect, there is provided a compound having a formula selected from: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0011] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0012] In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease or medical condition via modulation of M4 and / or M4-related cellular processes, which comprises administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure to the subject.
[0013] In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for modulating (such as activating) M4 receptors in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure to a subject in need thereof.
[0014] In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides use of a compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, in the manufacture of a medicament for a disease or medical condition via modulation of M4 and / or M4-related cellular processes.
[0015] In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, for treating a disease or medical condition via modulation of M4 and / or M4-related cellular processes. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0016] Reference will now be made in detail to certain embodiments of the present disclosure, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying structures and formulas. While the present disclosure will be described in conjunction with the enumerated embodiments, it will be understood that they are not intended to limit the present disclosure to those embodiments. On the contrary, the present disclosure is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, which may be included within the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the claims. One skilled in the art will recognize many methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein, which could be used in the practice of the present disclosure. The present disclosure is in no way limited to the methods and materials described. In the event that one or more of the incorporated references and similar materials differs from or contradicts this application, including but not limited to defined terms, term usage, described techniques, or the like, the present disclosure controls. All references, patents, patent applications cited in the present disclosure are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
[0017] It is appreciated that certain features of the present disclosure, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, can also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the present disclosure, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, can also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination. It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a” “an” and “the” include plural forms of the same unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “acompound” includes a plurality of compounds.Definitions
[0018] Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms are described in more detail below. For purposes of this disclosure, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed., inside cover, and specific functional groups are generally defined as described therein. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in Organic Chemistry, Thomas Sorrell, 2nd Edition, University Science Books, Sausalito, 2006; Smith and March March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition, John Wiley &Sons, Inc., New York, 2007; Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, 3rd Edition, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 2018; Carruthers, Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, 4th Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004; the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0019] At various places in the present disclosure, linking substituents are described. It is specifically intended that each linking substituent includes both the forward and backward forms of the linking substituent. For example, -NR (CR’ R” ) -includes both -NR (CR’ R” ) -and - (CR’ R” ) NR-. Where the structure clearly requires a linking group, the Markush variables listed for that group are understood to be linking groups. For example, if the structure requires a linking group and the Markush group definition for that variable lists “alkyl” , then it is understood that the “alkyl” represents a linking alkylene group.
[0020] When a bond to a substituent is shown to cross a bond connecting two atoms in a ring, then such substituent may be bonded to any atom in the ring. When a substituent is listed without indicating the atom via which such substituent is bonded to the rest of the compound of a given formula, then such substituent may be bonded via any atom in such formula. Combinations of substituents and / or variables are permissible, but only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
[0021] When any variable (e.g., Ri) occurs more than one time in any constituent or formula for a compound, its definition at each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence. Thus, for example, if a group is shown to be substituted with 0-2 Ri moieties, then the group may optionally be substituted with up to two Ri moieties and Ri at each occurrence is selected independently from the definition of Ri. Also, combinations of substituents and / or variables are permissible, but only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
[0022] As used herein, the term “Ci-j” indicates a range of the carbon atoms numbers, wherein i and j are integers and the range of the carbon atoms numbers includes the endpoints (i.e., i and j) and each integer point in between, and wherein j is greater than i. For examples, C1-6 indicates a range of one to six carbon atoms, including one carbon atom, two carbon atoms, three carbon atoms, four carbon atoms, five carbon atoms and six carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the term “C1-12” indicates 1 to 12, particularly 1 to 10, particularly 1 to 8, particularly 1 to 6, particularly 1 to 5, particularly 1 to 4, particularly 1 to 3 or particularly 1 to 2 carbon atoms.
[0023] As used herein, the term “alkyl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to a saturated linear or branched-chain hydrocarbon radical, which may be optionally substituted independently with one or more substituents described herein. The term “Ci-j alkyl” refers to an alkyl having i to j carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkyl groups contain 1 to 10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkyl groups contain 1 to 9 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkyl groups contain 1 to 8 carbon atoms, 1 to 7 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, 1 to 5 carbon atoms, 1 to 4 carbon atoms, 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or 1 to 2 carbon atoms. Examples of “C1-10 alkyl” include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl. Examples of “C1-6 alkyl” are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 1-hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-3-pentyl, 2-methyl-3-pentyl, 2, 3-dimethyl-2-butyl, 3, 3-dimethyl-2-butyl, and the like. In some embodiments, alkyl groups contain 9 to 30 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkyl groups contain 9 to 28 carbon atoms, 9 to 26 carbon atoms, 9 to 24 carbon atoms, 10 to 28 carbon atoms, 10 to 26 carbon atoms, 10 to 24 carbon atoms, 12 to 28 carbon atoms, 12 to 26 carbon atoms, 12 to 24 carbon atoms, 14 to 28 carbon atoms, 14 to 26 carbon atoms, 14 to 24 carbon atoms, 14 to 22 carbon atoms, 14 to 20 carbon atoms, 14 to 18 carbon atoms, 14 to 16 carbon atoms, 16 to 22 carbon atoms, 16 to 20 carbon atoms, 16 to 18 carbon atoms, 18 to 22 carbon atoms, 18 to 20 carbon atoms, or 20 to 22 carbon atoms.
[0024] As used herein, the term “alkylthio” , refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfur atom (-S-alkyl) . In some embodiments, alkylthio groups contain 1 to 10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkylthio groups contain 1 to 9 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkylthio groups contain 1 to 8 carbon atoms, 1 to 7 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, 1 to 5 carbon atoms, 1 to 4 carbon atoms, 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or 1 to 2 carbon atoms. Example of alkylthio group include, but are not limited to, methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, and the like.
[0025] As used herein, the term “alkenyl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to linear or branched-chain hydrocarbon radical having at least one carbon-carbon double bond, which may be optionally substituted independently with one or more substituents described herein. Alkenyl includes radicals having “cis” and “trans” orientations, or alternatively, “E” and “Z” orientations. In some embodiments, alkenyl groups contain 2 to 12 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkenyl groups contain 2 to 11 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkenyl groups contain 2 to 11 carbon atoms, 2 to 10 carbon atoms, 2 to 9 carbon atoms, 2 to 8 carbon atoms, 2 to 7 carbon atoms, 2 to 6 carbon atoms, 2 to 5 carbon atoms, 2 to 4 carbon atoms, 2 to 3 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkenyl groups contain 9 to 30 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkenyl groups contain 9 to 28 carbon atoms, 9 to 26 carbon atoms, 9 to 24 carbon atoms, 10 to 28 carbon atoms, 10 to 26 carbon atoms, 10 to 24 carbon atoms, 12 to 28 carbon atoms, 12 to 26 carbon atoms, 12 to 24 carbon atoms, 14 to 28 carbon atoms, 14 to 26 carbon atoms, 14 to 24 carbon atoms, 14 to 22 carbon atoms, 14 to 20 carbon atoms, 14 to 18 carbon atoms, 14 to 16 carbon atoms, 16 to 22 carbon atoms, 16 to 20 carbon atoms, 16 to 18 carbon atoms, 18 to 22 carbon atoms, 18 to 20 carbon atoms, or 20 to 22 carbon atoms. Examples of alkenyl group include, but are not limited to, ethylenyl (or vinyl) , propenyl (allyl) , butenyl, pentenyl, 1-methyl-2 buten-1-yl, 5-hexenyl, and the like.
[0026] As used herein, the term “alkoxyl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom (-O-alkyl) . In some embodiments, alkoxyl groups contain 1 to 10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkoxyl groups contain 1 to 9 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkoxyl groups contain 1 to 8 carbon atoms, 1 to 7 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, 1 to 5 carbon atoms, 1 to 4 carbon atoms, 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or 1 to 2 carbon atoms. Example of alkoxyl group include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, and the like.
[0027] As used herein, the term “alkynyl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to a linear or branched-chain hydrocarbon radical having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, which may be optionally substituted independently with one or more substituents described herein. In some embodiments, alkenyl groups contain 2 to 12 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkynyl groups contain 2 to 11 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkynyl groups contain 2 to 11 carbon atoms, 2 to 10 carbon atoms, 2 to 9 carbon atoms, 2 to 8 carbon atoms, 2 to 7 carbon atoms, 2 to 6 carbon atoms, 2 to 5 carbon atoms, 2 to 4 carbon atoms, 2 to 3 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkynyl groups contain 9 to 30 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkynyl groups contain 9 to 28 carbon atoms, 9 to 26 carbon atoms, 9 to 24 carbon atoms, 10 to 28 carbon atoms, 10 to 26 carbon atoms, 10 to 24 carbon atoms, 12 to 28 carbon atoms, 12 to 26 carbon atoms, 12 to 24 carbon atoms, 14 to 28 carbon atoms, 14 to 26 carbon atoms, 14 to 24 carbon atoms, 14 to 22 carbon atoms, 14 to 20 carbon atoms, 14 to 18 carbon atoms, 14 to 16 carbon atoms, 16 to 22 carbon atoms, 16 to 20 carbon atoms, 16 to 18 carbon atoms, 18 to 22 carbon atoms, 18 to 20 carbon atoms, or 20 to 22 carbon atoms. Examples of alkynyl group include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, and the like.
[0028] As used herein, the term “amino” refers to -NH2 group. Amino groups may also be substituted with one or more groups such as alkyl, aryl, carbonyl or other amino groups.
[0029] As used herein, the term “aryl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to a radical derived from a hydrocarbon ring system comprising 6 to 30 carbon atoms and at least one aromatic ring. The aryl group may be a monocyclic or polycyclic (including but not limited to, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic) ring system. In the case of the polycyclic ring system, it may include fused or spiro ring system. For example, a polycyclic aryl may comprise an aromatic ring fused to one or more additional rings such as cycloalkyl (which may be a spiro cycloalkyl) or aryl ring. In some embodiments, the aryl is a C6-C12 aryl. In some embodiments, the aryl is a C6-C11 aryl. In some embodiments, the aryl is C6-C10 aryl. In some embodiments, the aryl is a C6-C9 aryl. In some embodiments, the aryl is a C6-C8 aryl. Aryl includes, but are not limited to, aryl groups derived from the hydrocarbon ring systems of anthrylene, naphthylene, phenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, as-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, pleiadene, pyrene, and triphenylene. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an aryl may be optionally substituted at one or more ring positions with substituents as described herein.
[0030] As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to a partially or fully saturated, monocyclic, or polycyclic carbocyclic ring. In the case of polycyclic carbocyclic ring system, it may include fused (for example, fused with another cycloalkyl ring) , spiro, or bridged ring systems. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl is fully saturated. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl is partially saturated. Representative cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, cycloalkyls having from three to fifteen carbon atoms (C3-C15 fully saturated cycloalkyl or C3-C15 cycloalkenyl) , from three to ten carbon atoms (C3-C10 fully saturated cycloalkyl or C3-C10 cycloalkenyl) , from three to eight carbon atoms (C3-C8 fully saturated cycloalkyl or C3-C8 cycloalkenyl) , from three to six carbon atoms (C3-C6 fully saturated cycloalkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkenyl) , from three to five carbon atoms (C3-C5 fully saturated cycloalkyl or C3-C5 cycloalkenyl) , or three to four carbon atoms (C3-C4 fully saturated cycloalkyl or C3-C4 cycloalkenyl) . In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl is a 3-to 12-membered cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl is a 3-to 10-membered cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl is a 3-to 6-membered cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl is a 5-to 6-membered cycloalkyl. Monocyclic cycloalkyls include, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. Polycyclic cycloalkyls include, for example, adamantyl, norbornyl, decalinyl, bicyclo [3.3.0] octane, bicyclo [4.3.0] nonane, cis-decalin, trans-decalin, bicyclo [2.1.1] hexane, bicyclo [2.2.1] heptane, bicyclo [2.2.2] octane, bicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, and bicyclo [3.3.2] decane, and 7, 7-dimethyl-bicyclo [2.2.1] heptanyl. Partially saturated cycloalkyls include, for example cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, and cyclooctenyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a cycloalkyl is optionally substituted at one or more ring positions with substituents as described herein.
[0031] As used herein, the term “cyano” refers to -CN.
[0032] As used herein, the term “halogen” refers to an atom selected from fluorine (or fluoro) , chlorine (or chloro) , bromine (or bromo) and iodine (or iodo) .
[0033] As used herein, the term “haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl substituted with one or more halogens. In some embodiments, the haloalkyl may contain 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the haloalkyl may contain 1 to 4 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the haloalkyl may contain 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Examples of haloalkyl include, but not limited to, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, dibromomethyl, tribromomethyl and tetrafluoroethyl.
[0034] As used herein, the term “heteroatom” refers to nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus or silicon, and includes any oxidized form of nitrogen or sulfur, and any quaternized form of a basic nitrogen (including N-oxides) .
[0035] As used herein, the term “heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl, at least one of the carbon atoms of which is replaced with a heteroatom selected from N, O, or S. The heteroalkyl may be a carbon radical or heteroatom radical (i.e., the heteroatom may appear in the middle or at the end of the radical) , and may be optionally substituted independently with one or more substituents described herein. The term “heteroalkyl” encompasses alkoxyl and heteroalkoxy radicals.
[0036] As used herein, the term “heteroalkenyl” refers to an alkenyl, at least one of the carbon atoms of which is replaced with a heteroatom selected from N, O, or S. The heteroalkenyl may be a carbon radical or heteroatom radical (i.e., the heteroatom may appear in the middle or at the end of the radical) , and may be optionally substituted independently with one or more substituents described herein.
[0037] As used herein, the term “heteroalkynyl” refers to an alkynyl, at least one of the carbon atoms of which is replaced with a heteroatom selected from N, O, or S. The heteroalkynyl may be a carbon radical or heteroatom radical (i.e., the heteroatom may appear in the middle or at the end of the radical) , and may be optionally substituted independently with one or more substituents described herein.
[0038] As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to an aromatic ring having, in addition to carbon atoms, one or more heteroatoms which may be optionally oxidized or quaternized. The heteroaryl radical may be a monocyclic or polycyclic (including but not limited to, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic) ring system. In the case of the polycyclic ring system, it may include fused or spiro ring system. For example, a polycyclic heteroaryl may comprise a heteroaryl ring fused to one or more additional rings such as cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl ring, or an aryl ring fused to one or more additional rings such as heterocyclyl or heteroaryl ring. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a 5-to 10-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a 5-to 6-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a 6-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a 5-membered heteroaryl. Examples of heteroaryl include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzindolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo [b] [1, 4] dioxepinyl, 1, 4-benzodioxanyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranonyl, benzothienyl (benzothiophenyl) , benzotriazolyl, benzo [4, 6] imidazo [1, 2-a] pyridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, furanyl, furanonyl, furyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazolyl, oxiranyl, 1-oxidopyridinyl, 1-oxidopyrimidinyl, 1-oxidopyrazinyl, 1-oxidopyridazinyl, 1-phenyl-1H-pyrrolyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyridyl 1-oxide, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, quinuclidinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, and thiophenyl (i.e., thienyl) . Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heteroaryl may be optionally substituted at one or more ring positions with substituents as described herein.
[0039] As used herein, the term “heterocyclyl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to a 3-to 24-membered partially or fully saturated ring radical comprising 2 to 23 carbon atoms and from 1 to 8 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, silicon, and sulfur, which may be optionally oxidized or quaternized. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl is fully saturated. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl is partially unsaturated. The heterocyclyl group may be a monocyclic or polycyclic (including but not limited to, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic) ring system. In the case of the polycyclic ring system, it may include fused, spiro, or bridged ring systems. For example, a polycyclic heterocyclyl may comprise a heterocyclyl ring fused to one or more additional rings such as cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring, or a cycloalkyl ring fused to one or more heterocyclyl ring. Examples of heterocyclyl radicals include, but are not limited to, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, dioxolanyl, dihydrofuryl, thienyl [1, 3] dithianyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1-oxo-thiomorpholinyl, 1, 1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl, 1, 3-dihydroisobenzofuran-1-yl, 3-oxo-1, 3-dihydroisobenzofuran-1-yl, methyl-2-oxo-1, 3-dioxol-4-yl, and 2-oxo-1, 3-dioxol-4-yl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heterocyclyl may be optionally substituted at one or more ring positions with substituents as described herein.
[0040] As used herein, the term “hydroxyl” refers to -OH.
[0041] As used herein, the term “hydroxyalkyl” refers to -alkyl-OH.
[0042] As used herein, the term “partially saturated” or “partially unsaturated” refers to a radical that includes at least one double or triple bond. The term “partially saturated” or “partially unsaturated” is intended to encompass rings having multiple sites of unsaturation, but is not intended to include aromatic (i.e., fully unsaturated) moieties.
[0043] As used herein, the term “substituted” , whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that one or more hydrogens of the designated moiety are replaced with a suitable substituent. Typical substituents include, but are not limited to, the functional groups as described herein, such as halogen, hydroxyl, amino, cyano, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and the like, each of which may also be similarly substituted. It will be understood that “substitution” or “substituted with” includes the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and that the substitution results in a stable or chemically feasible compound, e.g., which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc. Unless otherwise indicated, when the term “substituted” is used in conjunction with groups such as alkylaryl, which have two or more moieties capable of substitution, the substituents can be attached to the aryl moiety, the alkyl moiety, or both. Unless otherwise indicated, an “optionally substituted” group may have a suitable substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that substituents can themselves be substituted, if appropriate. Unless specifically stated as “unsubstituted” , references to chemical moieties herein are understood to include substituted variants. For example, reference to an “aryl” group or moiety implicitly includes both substituted and unsubstituted variants.Compounds
[0044] The present disclosure provides novel compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, synthetic methods for making the compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and various uses of the disclosed compounds.
[0045] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound having Formula (I) or Formula (II) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, alkoxyl, alkylthio, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, -N (Ra) (Rb) , -N (Ra) C (=O) (Ra) , -C (=O) N (Ra) (Rb) , -O-C (=O) -N (Ra) (Rb) , -C (=O) Ra, and -C (=O) ORa, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, alkoxyl, alkylthio, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl and cycloalkyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more Rc; n1 is 0, 1, 2 or 3; Ring A is selected from the group consisting of: wherein Ring C is a phenyl, 5-6 membered cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; L1 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, -O-, -S-, -N (Ra) -, i is 0, 1 or 2; j is 1, 2 or 3; k is 0, 1 or 2; L2 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, -CH2-, -O-, and -N (Ra) -; ring B is a C6-10 aryl or 5-to 10-membered heteroaryl; each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, amino, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, -N (Ra) (Rb) , -N (Ra) C (=O) (Ra) , -C (=O) N (Ra) (Rb) , -O-C (=O) -N (Ra) (Rb) , -C (=O) Ra, -ORa, and -C (=O) ORa, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more Rc; n2 is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; Ra and Rb at each occurrence are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl and cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl and cycloalkyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more Rc; or Ra and Rb taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a heterocyclyl optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, amino, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, alkoxyl, alkylthio, haloalkyl and hydroxyalkyl; and each Rc is independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, amino, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, -NH (alkyl) and -N (alkyl) 2.
[0046] In a further aspect, there is provided a compound having a formula selected from: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0047] In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I) , (Ia) , (Ib) or (Ic) , L1 is a bond or -N (Ra) -. In some embodiments, L1 is a bond. In some embodiments, L1 is -N (Ra) -. In some embodiments, Ra is hydrogen or alkyl (such as C1-6 alkyl, C1-5 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl, C1-3 alkyl or C1-2 alkyl, e.g., C6 alkyl, C5 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C3 alkyl, C2 alkyl, or C1 alkyl) .
[0048] In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I) , (Ia) , (Ib) or (Ic) , the compound has a formula selected from:
[0049] In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (II) , Ring A is selected from the group consisting of
[0050] In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (II) , the compound has a formula of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0051] In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (II) , (IIa) or (IIb) , L2 is a bond or -O-.
[0052] In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (II) , (IIa) or (IIb) , the compound has a formula selected from:
[0053] In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I) , (Ia) , (Ib) , (Ic) , (Ia-1) , (Ia-2) , (Ib-1) , (Ib-2) , (Ic-1) , (Ic-2) , (II) , (IIa) , (IIb) , (IIa-1) or (IIb-1) , each R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, cyano, alkyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl and hydroxyalkyl, wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl and hydroxyalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more Rc. In some embodiments, each R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, cyano, and alkyl (such as C1-6 alkyl, C1-5 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl, C1-3 alkyl or C1-2 alkyl, e.g., C6 alkyl, C5 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C3 alkyl, C2 alkyl or C1 alkyl) , wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more Rc.
[0054] In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I) , (Ia) , (Ib) , (Ic) , (Ia-1) , (Ia-2) , (Ib-1) , (Ib-2) , (Ic-1) , (Ic-2) , (II) , (IIa) , (IIb) , (IIa-1) or (IIb-1) , each R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, -CH3, -CD3, -CH2OH, and -CH2OCH3.
[0055] In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I) , (Ia) , (Ib) , (Ic) , (Ia-1) , (Ia-2) , (Ib-1) , (Ib-2) , (Ic-1) , (Ic-2) , (II) , (IIa) , (IIb) , (IIa-1) or (IIb-1) , n1 is 1. In some embodiments, n1 is 1 and R1 is alkyl (such as C1-6 alkyl, C1-5 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl, C1-3 alkyl or C1-2 alkyl, e.g., C6 alkyl, C5 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C3 alkyl, C2 alkyl or C1 alkyl) . In some embodiments, n1 is 1 and R1 is -CH3.
[0056] In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I) , (Ia) , (Ib) , (Ic) , (Ia-1) , (Ia-2) , (Ib-1) , (Ib-2) , (Ic-1) , (Ic-2) , (II) , (IIa) , (IIb) , (IIa-1) or (IIb-1) , n1 is 2. In some embodiments, n1 is 2 and each R1 is independently halogen, cyano or alkyl (such as C1-6 alkyl, C1-5 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl, C1-3 alkyl or C1-2 alkyl, e.g., C6 alkyl, C5 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C3 alkyl, C2 alkyl or C1 alkyl) . In some embodiments, n1 is 2 and each R1 is independently alkyl (such as C1-6 alkyl, C1-5 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl, C1-3 alkyl or C1-2 alkyl, e.g., C6 alkyl, C5 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C3 alkyl, C2 alkyl or C1 alkyl) . In some embodiments, n1 is 2 and each R1 is -CH3. In some embodiments, n1 is 2 and one R1 is halogen or cyano, the other is alkyl (such as C1-6 alkyl, C1-5 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl, C1-3 alkyl or C1-2 alkyl, e.g., C6 alkyl, C5 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C3 alkyl, C2 alkyl or C1 alkyl) . In some embodiments, n1 is 2 and one R1 is halogen or cyano, the other is -CH3.
[0057] In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I) , (Ia) , (Ib) , (Ic) , (Ia-1) , (Ia-2) , (Ib-1) , (Ib-2) , (Ic-1) , (Ic-2) , (II) , (IIa) , (IIb) , (IIa-1) or (IIb-1) , n1 is 3. In some embodiments, n1 is 3 and each R1 is independently halogen, cyano or alkyl (such as C1-6 alkyl, C1-5 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl, C1-3 alkyl or C1-2 alkyl, e.g., C6 alkyl, C5 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C3 alkyl, C2 alkyl or C1 alkyl) . In some embodiments, n1 is 3 and each R1 is independently alkyl (such as C1-6 alkyl, C1-5 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl, C1-3 alkyl or C1-2 alkyl, e.g., C6 alkyl, C5 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C3 alkyl, C2 alkyl or C1 alkyl) . In some embodiments, n1 is 3 and each R1 is -CH3. In some embodiments, n1 is 3 and one R1 is halogen or cyano, the other two are alkyl (such as C1-6 alkyl, C1-5 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl, C1-3 alkyl or C1-2 alkyl, e.g., C6 alkyl, C5 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C3 alkyl, C2 alkyl or C1 alkyl) . In some embodiments, n1 is 3 and one R1 is halogen or cyano, the other two are -CH3.
[0058] In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I) , (Ia) , (Ib) , (Ic) , (Ia-1) , (Ia-2) , (Ib-1) , (Ib-2) , (Ic-1) , (Ic-2) , (II) , (IIa) , (IIb) , (IIa-1) or (IIb-1) , ring B is heteroaryl, such as 5-to 10-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 9-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 8-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 7-membered heteroaryl, or 5-to 6-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, ring B is selected from pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, dihydropyrrolopyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, indazolyl, pyrazolo [3, 4-b] pyridinyl, 2, 3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridinyl, 2, 3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo [2, 3-c] pyridinyl, 2, 3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo [3, 2-c] pyridinyl, 2, 3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo [3, 2-b] pyridinyl, 1H-benzo [d] imidazolyl, or imidazo [1, 2-a] pyridinyl. In some embodiments, ring B is pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, or pyrimidinyl.
[0059] In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I) , (Ia) , (Ib) , (Ic) , (Ia-1) , (Ia-2) , (Ib-1) , (Ib-2) , (Ic-1) , (Ic-2) , (II) , (IIa) , (IIb) , (IIa-1) or (IIb-1) , n2 is 0, 1 or 2. In some embodiments, n2 is 0. In some embodiments, n2 is 1. In some embodiments, n2 is 2.
[0060] In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I) , (Ia) , (Ib) , (Ic) , (Ia-1) , (Ia-2) , (Ib-1) , (Ib-2) , (Ic-1) , (Ic-2) , (II) , (IIa) , (IIb) , (IIa-1) or (IIb-1) , each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of cyano, halogen, alkyl (such as C1-6 alkyl, C1-5 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl, C1-3 alkyl or C1-2 alkyl, e.g., C6 alkyl, C5 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C3 alkyl, C2 alkyl or C1 alkyl) , haloalkyl (such as C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-5 haloalkyl, C1-4 haloalkyl, C1-3 haloalkyl or C1-2 haloalkyl, e.g., C6 haloalkyl, C5 haloalkyl, C4 haloalkyl, C3 haloalkyl, C2 haloalkyl or C1 haloalkyl) , alkoxyl (such as C1-6 alkoxyl, C1-5 alkoxyl, C1-4 alkoxyl, C1-3 alkoxyl or C1-2 alkoxyl, e.g., C6 alkoxyl, C5 alkoxyl, C4 alkoxyl, C3 alkoxyl, C2 alkoxyl or C1 alkoxyl) , cycloalkyl (such as C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-9 cycloalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, C3-7 cycloalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C3-5 cycloalkyl, or C3-4 cycloalkyl, e.g., C10 cycloalkyl, C9 cycloalkyl, C8 cycloalkyl, C7 cycloalkyl, C6 cycloalkyl, C5 cycloalkyl, C4 cycloalkyl or C3 cycloalkyl) , heterocyclyl (such as 5 to 12-membered heterocyclyl, 5 to 11-membered heterocyclyl, 5 to 10-membered heterocyclyl, 5 to 9-membered heterocyclyl, 5 to 8-membered heterocyclyl, 5 to 7-membered heterocyclyl, or 5 to 6-membered heterocyclyl, e.g., 12-membered heterocyclyl, 11-membered heterocyclyl, 10-membered heterocyclyl, 9-membered heterocyclyl, 8-membered heterocyclyl, 7-membered heterocyclyl, 6-membered heterocyclyl, or 5-membered heterocyclyl) and -ORa, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more Rc. In some embodiments, each R2 is independently selected from halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more Rc.
[0061] In some embodiments, each Rc is independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, alkoxyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -NH (alkyl) and -N (alkyl) 2. In some embodiments, Rc is deuterium.
[0062] In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I) , (Ia) , (Ib) , (Ic) , (Ia-1) , (Ia-2) , (Ib-1) , (Ib-2) , (Ic-1) , (Ic-2) , (II) , (IIa) , (IIb) , (IIa-1) or (IIb-1) , each R2 is independently selected from-F, -Cl, -CH3, -CD3, -CF3, -CF2H, or -OCH3.
[0063] In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I) , (Ia) , (Ib) , (Ic) , (Ia-1) , (Ia-2) , (Ib-1) , (Ib-2) , (Ic-1) , (Ic-2) , (II) , (IIa) , (IIb) , (IIa-1) or (IIb-1) , n2 is 0.
[0064] In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I) , (Ia) , (Ib) , (Ic) , (Ia-1) , (Ia-2) , (Ib-1) , (Ib-2) , (Ic-1) , (Ic-2) , (II) , (IIa) , (IIb) , (IIa-1) or (IIb-1) , n2 is 1. In some embodiments, n2 is 1 and R2 is alkyl (such as C1-6 alkyl, C1-5 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl, C1-3 alkyl or C1-2 alkyl, e.g., C6 alkyl, C5 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C3 alkyl, C2 alkyl or C1 alkyl) optionally substituted with one or more Rc. In some embodiments, n2 is 1 and R2 is -CH3, -CF3 or -CF2H.
[0065] In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I) , (Ia) , (Ib) , (Ic) , (Ia-1) , (Ia-2) , (Ib-1) , (Ib-2) , (Ic-1) , (Ic-2) , (II) , (IIa) , (IIb) , (IIa-1) or (IIb-1) , n2 is 2. In some embodiments, n2 is 2 and each R2 is independently halogen, -ORa or alkyl (such as C1-6 alkyl, C1-5 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl, C1-3 alkyl or C1-2 alkyl, e.g., C6 alkyl, C5 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C3 alkyl, C2 alkyl or C1 alkyl) optionally substituted with one or more Rc. In some embodiments, n2 is 2 and each R2 is alkyl (such as C1-6 alkyl, C1-5 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl, C1-3 alkyl or C1-2 alkyl, e.g., C6 alkyl, C5 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C3 alkyl, C2 alkyl or C1 alkyl) optionally substituted with one or more Rc. In some embodiments, n2 is 2 and each R2 is independently -CH3, -CF3, -CF2H or -CD3. In some embodiments, n2 is 2 and one R2 is halogen or -ORa, the other is alkyl (such as C1-6 alkyl, C1-5 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl, C1-3 alkyl or C1-2 alkyl, e.g., C6 alkyl, C5 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C3 alkyl, C2 alkyl or C1 alkyl) optionally substituted with one or more Rc. In some embodiments, n2 is 2 and one R2 is halogen or -OCH3, the other is -CH3, -CF3, -CF2H or -CD3.
[0066] In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I) , (Ia) , (Ib) , (Ic) , (Ia-1) , (Ia-2) , (Ib-1) , (Ib-2) , (Ic-1) , (Ic-2) , (II) , (IIa) , (IIb) , (IIa-1) or (IIb-1) , is selected from the group consisting of:
[0067] In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I) , (Ia) , (Ib) , (Ic) , (Ia-1) , (Ia-2) , (Ib-1) , (Ib-2) , (Ic-1) , (Ic-2) , (II) , (IIa) , (IIb) , (IIa-1) or (IIb-1) , is selected from the group consisting of:
[0068] In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound selected from Table 1. TABLE 1 Exemplary Compound
[0069] Compounds provided herein are described with reference to both generic formulae and specific compounds. In addition, compounds of the present disclosure may exist in a number of different forms or derivatives, all within the scope of the present disclosure. These include, for example, tautomers, stereoisomers, racemic mixtures, regioisomers, salts, solvated forms, amorphous forms, different crystal forms or polymorphs.
[0070] The compounds of the present disclosure may also exist in different tautomeric forms, and all such forms are embraced within the scope of the present disclosure. The term “tautomer” or “tautomeric form” refers to structural isomers of different energies which are interconvertible via a low energy barrier. For example, proton tautomers (also known as prototropic tautomers) include interconversions via migration of a proton, such as keto-enol, amide-imidic acid, lactam-lactim, imine-enamine isomerizations and annular forms where a proton can occupy two or more positions of a heterocyclic system (for example, 1H-and 3H-imidazole, 1H-, 2H-and 4H-1, 2, 4-triazole, 1H-and 2H-isoindole, and 1H-and 2H-pyrazole) . Valence tautomers include interconversions by reorganization of some of the bonding electrons. Tautomers can be in equilibrium or sterically locked into one form by appropriate substitution. Compounds of the present disclosure identified by name or structure as one particular tautomeric form are intended to include other tautomeric forms unless otherwise specified.
[0071] The present disclosure is also intended to include all isotope-labeled forms of the compounds. Isotopes of an atom include atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. For example, unless otherwise specified, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromide or iodine in the compounds of present disclosure are meant to also include their isotopes, such as but not limited to 1H, 2H, 3H, 11C, 12C, 13C, 14C, 14N, 15N, 16O, 17O, 18O, 31P, 32P, 32S, 33S, 34S, 36S, 17F, 18F, 19F, 35Cl, 37Cl, 79Br, 81Br, 124I, 127I and 131I. Isotopically-enriched compounds of Formula (I) or Formula (II) can be prepared without undue experimentation by conventional techniques well known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the Schemes and Examples herein using appropriate isotopically-enriched reagents and / or intermediates.
[0072] In some embodiments, the present disclosure includes compounds wherein one or more hydrogens attached to a carbon atom is / are replaced by deuterium. Such compounds exhibit increased resistance to metabolism and are thus useful for increasing the half-life of the compounds when administered to a subject, such as mammal, particularly a human. See, for example, Foster, “Deuterium Isotope Effects in Studies of Drug Metabolism” , Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 5 (12) : 524-527 (1984) . In view of the present disclosure, such compounds are synthesized by means known in the art, for example by employing starting materials in which one or more hydrogens have been replaced by deuterium.
[0073] Also falling within the scope herein are the in vivo metabolic products of the compounds described herein, to the extent such products are novel and unobvious over the prior art. Such products may result for example from the oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation, esterification and the like of the administered compound, primarily due to enzymatic processes. Accordingly, included are novel and unobvious compounds produced by a process comprising contacting a compound with a mammal for a period of time sufficient to yield a metabolic product thereof.
[0074] Compounds of the present disclosure can be formulated as or be in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Unless specified to the contrary, a compound provided herein includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such compound.
[0075] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” indicates that the substance or composition is compatible chemically and / or toxicologically, with the other ingredients comprising a formulation, and / or the subjects being treated therewith.
[0076] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” , unless otherwise indicated, includes salts that retain the biological effectiveness of the free acids and bases of the specified compound and that are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. Contemplated pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms include, but are not limited to, mono, bis, tris, tetrakis, and so on. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are non-toxic in the amounts and concentrations at which they are administered. The preparation of such salts can facilitate the pharmacological use by altering the physical characteristics of a compound without preventing it from exerting its physiological effect. Useful alterations in physical properties include lowering the melting point to facilitate transmucosal administration and increasing the solubility to facilitate administering higher concentrations of the drug.
[0077] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include acid addition salts such as those containing sulfate, chloride, hydrochloride, fumarate, maleate, phosphate, sulfamate, acetate, citrate, lactate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, cyclohexylsulfamate and quinate. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be obtained from acids such as hydrochloric acid, maleic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfamic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, malonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, cyclohexylsulfamic acid, fumaric acid, and quinic acid.
[0078] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts also include basic addition salts such as those containing benzathine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethanolamine, t-butylamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine, procaine, aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, ammonium, alkylamine, and zinc, when acidic functional groups, such as carboxylic acid or phenol are present. For example, see Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19thed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA, Vol. 2, p. 1457, 1995; “Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use” by Stahl and Wermuth, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2002. Such salts can be prepared using the appropriate corresponding bases.
[0079] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be prepared by standard techniques. For example, the free-base form of a compound can be dissolved in a suitable solvent, such as an aqueous or aqueous-alcohol solution containing the appropriate acid and then isolated by evaporating the solution. Thus, if the particular compound is a base, the desired pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared by any suitable method available in the art, for example, treatment of the free base with an inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, or with an organic acid, such as acetic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, salicylic acid, a pyranosidyl acid, such as glucuronic acid or galacturonic acid, an alpha-hydroxy acid, such as citric acid or tartaric acid, an amino acid, such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid, an aromatic acid, such as benzoic acid or cinnamic acid, a sulfonic acid, such as p-toluenesulfonic acid or ethanesulfonic acid, or the like.
[0080] Similarly, if the particular compound is an acid, the desired pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared by any suitable method, for example, treatment of the free acid with an inorganic or organic base, such as an amine (primary, secondary or tertiary) , an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, or the like. Illustrative examples of suitable salts include organic salts derived from amino acids, such as L-glycine, L-lysine, and L-arginine, ammonia, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, and cyclic amines, such as hydroxyethylpyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine or piperazine, and inorganic salts derived from sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, aluminum and lithium.
[0081] It is also to be understood that the compounds of present disclosure can exist in unsolvated forms, solvated forms (e.g., hydrated forms) , and solid forms (e.g., crystal or polymorphic forms) , and the present disclosure is intended to encompass all such forms.
[0082] As used herein, the term “solvate” or “solvated form” refers to solvent addition forms that contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of solvent. Some compounds have a tendency to trap a fixed molar ratio of solvent molecules in the crystalline solid state, thus forming a solvate. If the solvent is water the solvate formed is a hydrate; and if the solvent is alcohol, the solvate formed is an alcoholate. Hydrates are formed by the combination of one or more molecules of water with one molecule of the substance in which the water retains its molecular state as H2O. Examples of solvents that form solvates include, but are not limited to, water, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, DMSO, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, and ethanolamine.
[0083] As used herein, the terms “crystal form” , “crystalline form” , “polymorphic forms” and “polymorphs” can be used interchangeably, and mean crystal structures in which a compound (or a salt or solvate thereof) can crystallize in different crystal packing arrangements, all of which have the same elemental composition. Different crystal forms usually have different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectral, melting points, density hardness, crystal shape, optical and electrical properties, stability and solubility. Recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, storage temperature, and other factors may cause one crystal form to dominate. Crystal polymorphs of the compounds can be prepared by crystallization under different conditions.Synthesis of compounds
[0084] Method for the preparation of the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof as described herein are also an object of the present disclosure.
[0085] Synthesis of the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as described herein are illustrated in the synthetic schemes in the examples. The compounds provided herein can be prepared using any known organic synthesis techniques and can be synthesized according to any of numerous possible synthetic routes, and thus these schemes are illustrative only and are not meant to limit other possible methods that can be used to prepare the compounds provided herein. Additionally, the steps in the Schemes are for better illustration and can be changed as appropriate. The embodiments of the compounds in examples were synthesized for the purposes of research and potentially submission to regulatory agencies.
[0086] The reactions for preparing compounds of the present disclosure can be carried out in suitable solvents, which can be readily selected by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis. Suitable solvents can be substantially non-reactive with the starting materials (reactants) , the intermediates, or products at the temperatures at which the reactions are carried out, e.g. temperatures that can range from the solvent’s freezing temperature to the solvent's boiling temperature. A given reaction can be carried out in one solvent or a mixture of more than one solvent. Depending on the particular reaction step, suitable solvents for a particular reaction step can be selected by one skilled in the art.
[0087] Preparation of compounds of the present disclosure can involve the protection and deprotection of various chemical groups. The need for protection and deprotection, and the selection of appropriate protecting groups, can be readily determined by one skilled in the art. The chemistry of protecting groups can be found, for example, in T.W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Ed., Wiley &Sons, Inc., New York (1999) , in P. Kocienski, Protecting Groups, Georg Thieme Verlag, 2003, and in Peter G. M. Wuts, Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 5th Edition, Wiley, 2014, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0088] Reactions can be monitored according to any suitable method known in the art. For example, product formation can be monitored by spectroscopic means, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (e.g. 1H or 13C) , infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (e.g. UV-visible) , mass spectrometry, or by chromatographic methods such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) , liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LCMS) , or thin layer chromatography (TLC) . Compounds can be purified by one skilled in the art by a variety of methods, including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) ( “Preparative LC-MS Purification: Improved Compound Specific Method Optimization” Karl F. Blom, Brian Glass, Richard Sparks, Andrew P. Combs J. Combi. Chem. 2004, 6 (6) , 874-883, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) , and normal phase silica chromatography.
[0089] The known starting materials of the present disclosure can be synthesized by using or according to the known methods in the art, or can be purchased from commercial suppliers. Unless otherwise noted, analytical grade solvents and commercially available reagents were used without further purification.
[0090] For illustrative purposes, the Examples section below shows synthetic route for preparing the compounds of the present disclosure as well as key intermediates. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other synthetic routes may be used to synthesize the inventive compounds. Although specific starting materials and reagents are depicted, other starting materials and reagents can be easily substituted to provide a variety of derivatives and / or reaction conditions. In addition, many of the compounds prepared by the methods described below can be further modified in light of this disclosure using conventional chemistry well known to those skilled in the art.Use of Compounds
[0091] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds of Formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, which are capable of modulating (such as activating) M4 receptors. Thus, the compounds of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are useful as medicinal drugs, and particularly useful as therapeutic or prophylactic agent that are active against diseases or medical conditions treated via modulation of M4 and / or M4-related cellular processes.
[0092] As used herein, the term “therapy” is intended to have its normal meaning of dealing with a disease in order to entirely or partially relieve one, some or all of its symptoms, or to correct or compensate for the underlying pathology, thereby achieving beneficial or desired clinical results. For purposes of this disclosure, beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total) , whether detectable or undetectable. “Therapy” can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving it. Those in need of therapy include those already with the condition or disorder as well as those prone to have the condition or disorder or those in which the condition or disorder is to be prevented. The term “therapy” also encompasses prophylaxis unless there are specific indications to the contrary. The terms “therapeutic” and “therapeutically” should be interpreted in a corresponding manner.
[0093] The term “treatment” is used synonymously with “therapy” . Similarly the term “treat” can be regarded as “applying therapy” where “therapy” is as defined herein.
[0094] As used herein, the term “prophylaxis” is intended to have its normal meaning and includes primary prophylaxis to prevent the development of the disease and secondary prophylaxis whereby the disease has already developed and the patient is temporarily or permanently protected against exacerbation or worsening of the disease or the development of new symptoms associated with the disease.
[0095] In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides use of the compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for treatment of diseases or medical conditions treated via modulation of M4 and / or M4-related cellular processes.
[0096] In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides use of the compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease or medical condition via modulation of M4 and / or M4-related cellular processes.Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0097] For the purposes of administration, in some embodiments, the compounds provided herein are administered as a raw chemical or are formulated as pharmaceutical compositions.
[0098] Therefore, in a further aspect, there is provided pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0099] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure comprise a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure comprise a first compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional compounds of the same formula but said first compound and additional compounds are not the same molecules.
[0100] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a formulation containing the molecules or compounds of the present disclosure in a form suitable for administration to a subject.
[0101] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure comprises a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0102] As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a molecule, compound, or composition comprising the molecule or compound to treat, ameliorate, or prevent an identified disease or condition, or to exhibit a detectable therapeutic or inhibitory effect. The effect can be detected by any assay method known in the art. The precise effective amount for a subject will depend upon the subject’s body weight, size, and health; the nature and extent of the condition; the rate of administration; the therapeutic or combination of therapeutics selected for administration; and the discretion of the prescribing physician. Therapeutically effective amounts for a given situation can be determined by routine experimentation that is within the skill and judgment of the clinician.
[0103] In another aspect, there is provided pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutical acceptable excipient.
[0104] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” refers to an excipient that is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable, and includes excipient that is acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use. A “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” as used herein includes both one and more than one such excipient. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” also encompasses “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” and “pharmaceutically acceptable diluent” .
[0105] In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure can be administered internally, such as orally (e.g. in the form of tablets, coated tablets, dragees, hard and soft gelatine capsules, solutions, emulsions or suspensions) , nasally (e.g. in the form of nasal sprays) , rectally (e.g. in the form of suppositories) , parenterally such as intramuscularly or intravenously (e.g. in the form of injection solutions) or topically (e.g. transdermal administration, or in form of eye drops or ear drops) .
[0001] The particular excipient used will depend upon the means and purpose for which the compounds of the present disclosure is being applied. Suitable excipients for soft gelatin capsules are, for example, vegetable oils, waxes, fats, semi-solid substances and liquid polyols and the like. Suitable excipients for the production of solutions and syrups are, for example, water, alcohols, polyols, saccharose, glucose, invert sugar, vegetable oil, etc. Suitable excipients for topical ocular formulations are, for example, cyclodextrins, mannitol or many other carriers and excipients known in the art.
[0106] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may include one or more stabilizing agents, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricating agents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opaquing agents, glidants, processing aids, colorants, sweeteners, perfuming agents, flavoring agents and other known additives to provide an elegant presentation of the drug (i.e., a compound of the present disclosure or pharmaceutical composition thereof) or aid in the manufacturing of the pharmaceutical product (i.e., medicament) .
[0107] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can be formulated as a unit dosage form. The term “unit dosage forms” refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient. The amount of the compounds provided herein in the unit dosage form will vary depending on the condition to be treated, the subject to be treated (e.g., the age, weight, and response of the individual subject) , the particular route of administration, the actual compound administered and its relative activity, and the severity of the subject's symptoms.
[0108] In some embodiments, dosage levels of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can be between 0.001-1000 mg / kg body weight / day, for example, 0.001-1000 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.001-900 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.001-800 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.001-700 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.001-600 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.001-500 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.001-400 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.001-300 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.001-200 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.001-100 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.001-50 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.001-40 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.001-30 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.001-20 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.001-10 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.001-5 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.001-1 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.001-0.5 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.001-0.4 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.001-0.3 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.001-0.2 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.001-0.1 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.005-0.1 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.01-0.1 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.02-0.1 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.03-0.1 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.04-0.1 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.05-0.1 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.06-0.1 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.07-0.1 mg / kg body weight / day, 0.08-0.1 mg / kg body weight / day, or 0.09-0.1 mg / kg body weight / day.
[0109] The compounds or the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can be administered to subjects including mammals. Mammals can include, but are not limited to, canine, feline, bovine, caprine, equine, ovine, porcine, rodents, lagomorphs, primates, and the like, and encompass mammals in utero. In some embodiment, humans are suitable subjects. Human subjects may be of either gender and at any stage of development.Method of Treatment
[0110] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides treating a disease or medical condition via modulation of M4 and / or M4-related cellular processes, which comprises administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of any compound described herein.
[0111] In some embodiments, the disease or medical condition treated via modulation of M4 and / or M4-related cellular processes is selected from the group consisting of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) , autism, chronic or acute pain, addiction, sleep disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson’s disease dementia, frontotemporal dementia, Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, mild cognitive impairment, drug-induced dyskinesia, drug-induced psychotic symptoms, progressive supranuclear palsy, Huntington's Disease, dry mouth, pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) , asthma, ileus, intestinal obstruction, inflammatory bowel disease, urinary incontinence, urinary retention, glaucoma, ocular hypertension, skin lesions, Down Syndrome, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, Hereditary Cerebral Hemorrhage with Amyloidosis of the Dutch-Type (HCHWA-D) , Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, prion disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, inclusion body myositis, other peripheral amyloidoses, diabetes, atherosclerosis, head trauma, stroke, alcoholic liver disease, pancreatitis.
[0112] In certain embodiments, the disease or medical condition treated via modulation of M4 and / or M4-related cellular processes is selected from the group consisting of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, chronic or acute pain, addiction, Alzheimer's Disease, Huntington’s disease, drug-induced dyskinesia, drug-induced psychotic symptoms, inflammatory bowel disease, and skin lesions.
[0113] In a further aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for activating M4 receptors in a subject in need thereof, comprising administrating an effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or the pharmaceutical composition provided herein to the subject.EXAMPLES
[0114] For the purpose of illustration, the following examples are included. However, it is to be understood that these examples do not limit the present disclosure and are only meant to suggest a method of practicing the present disclosure. Persons skilled in the art will recognize that the chemical reactions described may be readily adapted to prepare a number of other compounds of the present disclosure, and alternative methods for preparing the compounds of the present disclosure are deemed to be within the scope of the present disclosure. For example, the synthesis of non-exemplified compounds according to the present disclosure may be successfully performed by modifications apparent to those skilled in the art, e.g., by appropriately protecting interfering groups, by utilizing other suitable reagents and building blocks known in the art other than those described, and / or by making routine modifications of reaction conditions. Alternatively, other reactions disclosed herein or known in the art will be recognized as having applicability for preparing other compounds of the present disclosure.
[0115] Abbreviations used in the synthesis of the compounds provided herein are listed below: Preparation 1
[0116] 4, 6, 7-Trimethyl-2, 3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo [3, 4-c] pyridine HCl salt (P3)
[0117] Step 1. Synthesis of tert-butyl 6, 7-dimethyl-4- ( ( (trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl) -oxy) -1, 3-dihydro-2H-pyrrolo [3, 4-c] pyridine-2-carboxylate (P1) .
[0118] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 6, 7-dimethyl-4-oxo-1, 3, 4, 5-tetrahydro-2H-pyrrolo [3, 4-c] pyridine-2-carboxylate (7.6 g, 28.753 mmol) in pyridine (20 mL) was added Tf2O (10.55 g, 37.38 mmol) dropwise at 0 ℃. After stirring for additional 2 h at rt, the mixture was concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford the title compound (9.4 g, 23.72mmol, 82.5%) as a white solid. LCMS (m / z) : 397.1 [M+H] +
[0119] Step 2. Synthesis of tert-butyl 4, 6, 7-trimethyl-1, 3-dihydro-2H-pyrrolo [3, 4-c]pyridine-2-carboxylate (P2) .
[0120] To a stirred mixture of P1 (9.4 g, 23.72 mmol) and Fe (acac) 3 (837.1 mg, 2.37 mmol) in THF (40 mL) was added NMP (5 mL) dropwise under N2. Then MeMgCl (1M in THF, 71.1 mL, 71.1mmol) was added at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at rt. The reaction was quenched with water (40 mL) , ands extracted with EA (20 mL × 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL × 3) , dried over Na2SO4, filtrated, concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford the title compound (5.5 g, 20.96 mmol, 88.4%) as a white solid. LCMS (m / z) : 263.2 [M+H] +
[0121] Step 3. Synthesis of 4, 6, 7-trimethyl-2, 3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo [3, 4-c] pyridine HCl salt (P3)
[0122] To a flash containing P2 (100 mg, 0.38 mmol) was added aq. HCl (12M, 2 mL) dropwise at rt. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at rt, and then concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude title compound (100 mg) , which was used in the next step directly without further purification. LCMS (m / z) : 163.2 [M+H] + Preparation 2
[0123] 3- (1-Methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P8)
[0124] Step 1. Synthesis of methyl 3- (chlorocarbonyl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P4)
[0125] A solution of 1- (methoxycarbonyl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-3-carboxylic acid (3.0 g, 17.6 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was treated with DMF (0.01 mL, 0.18 mmol) at rt. To the above mixture was added oxalyl chloride (4.5 g, 35.3 mmol) dropwise at 0 ℃. After 1 h, the resulting mixture was concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude title compound (3.3 g, 17.5 mmol, 99%) , which was used in the next step directly without further purification.
[0126] Step 2: Synthesis of methyl 3-acetylbicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P5)
[0127] A solution of CuI (4.0 g, 21.0 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was treated with MeLi (1.6M in Et2O, 27.3 mL, 43.7 mmol) at 0 ℃ under N2. To the above mixture was added P4 (3.2 g, 17.5 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at -78 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred for additional 2 h at -78 ℃. After the reaction completed, the reaction was quenched by the addition of saturated aq. NH4Cl (10 mL) at rt. The resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 × 15 mL) . The combined organic layers were washed with water (2 × 10 mL) , dried over Na2SO4. dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated to give the crude title compound, which was used in the next step directly without further purification.
[0128] Step 3: Synthesis of methyl (E) -3- (3- (dimethylamino) acryloyl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P6)
[0129] A solution of P5 (2.6 g, 15.459 mmol) in NMP (5 mL) was treated with DMF·DMA (5.5 g, 46.4 mmol) under N2. The mixture was heated at 90 ℃ for 1 h. The resulting mixture was concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE: EtOAc, 2: 1) to afford the title compound (2.1 g, 9.406 mmol, 61%) . LCMS (m / z) : 224.1 [M+H] +
[0130] Step 4. Synthesis of methyl 3- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P7)
[0131] To a solution of P6 (2.0g, 8.958 mmol) in MeOH (15 mL) was added methyl hydrazine HCl salt (1.1 g, 8.96 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 1 h. The mixture was concentrated and purified by reversed-phase flash chromatography [column, C18 silica gel; mobile phases A: Water (0.5%NH4HCO3) , B: MeCN, 10%to 70%] to afford the title compound (600 mg, 2.909 mmol, 32%) . LCMS (m / z) : 207.2 [M+H] +
[0132] Step 5. Synthesis of 3- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylic acid (P8)
[0133] To a solution of P7 (200 mg, 0.615 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was added LiOH (29.5 mg, 1.2 mmol) in water (1 mL) , and the mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) , and washed with EA (5 mL × 2) . To the aqueous phase was added aq. HCl (12 M) dropwise until its pH value was about 3. The aqueous phase was extracted with EA (5 mL × 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated to afford the crude title compound (160 mg) , which was used in the next step directly without further purification. LCMS (m / z) : 193.1 [M+H] +
[0134] The following compound was prepared essentially by the method of Preparation 2. Preparation 3
[0135] 3- (4-Chloro-1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylic acid (P12)
[0136] Step 1. Synthesis of methyl 3- (4-chloro-1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P11)
[0137] To a solution of methyl 3- (1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] -pentane-1-carboxylate (190 mg, 0.908 mmol) in MeCN (5 mL) was added NCS (133.4 mg, 1.0 mmol) . The mixture was heated at 50 ℃ and stirred overnight. The mixture was diluted with water (200 mL) , and extracted with EA (80 mL × 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (80 mL × 2) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated and purified by reversed-phase flash chromatography [column, C18 silica gel; mobile phases A: Water (0.5%NH4HCO3) , B: MeCN, 0%to 60%] to afford the title compound (155.0 mg, 0.64 mmol, 70.1%) as a white solid. LCMS (m / z) : 244.1 [M+H] +
[0138] Step 2. Synthesis of 3- (4-chloro-1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo-[1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylic acid (P12)
[0139] The crude title compound was prepared essentially by the method of Preparation 2 Step 5. LCMS (m / z) : 230.0 [M+H] + Preparation 4
[0140] 3- (4-Methoxy-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylic acid (P15)
[0141] Step 1. Synthesis of methyl 3- (4-chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo-[1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P13)
[0142] The title compound was prepared essentially by the method of Preparation 3 Step 1. LCMS (m / z) : 241.0 [M+H] +
[0143] Step 2. Synthesis of methyl 3- (4-methoxy-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) -bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P14)
[0144] To a stirred solution of P13 (300 mg, 1.052 mmol) in MeOH (3 mL) were added CuI (60.1 mg, 0.32 mmol) , NaOCH3 (85.2 mg, 1.58 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 110 ℃ overnight. The reaction was cooled to rt, and quenched by water (20 mL) . The mixture was extracted with EA (20 mL × 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL × 2) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated and purified by reversed-phase flash chromatography [column, C18 silica gel; mobile phases A: Water (0.1%TFA) , B: MeCN, 15%to 48%] to afford the title compound (50.0 mg, 0.21 mmol, 20%) . LCMS (m / z) 237.1 [M+H] +
[0145] Step 3. Synthesis of 3- (4-methoxy-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] -pentane-1-carboxylic acid (P15)
[0146] The crude title compound was synthesized essentially by the method of Preparation 2 Step 5. LCMS (m / z) : 223.0 [M+H] + Preparation 5
[0147] 3- (1, 4-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylic acid (P18)
[0148] Step 1. Synthesis of methyl 3- (4-bromo-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo-[1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P16)
[0149] To a solution of P7 (664.0 mg, 3.22 mmol) in DCM (12 mL) was added NBS (630.3 mg, 3.54 mmol) portion wise at 0 ℃. The mixture was warmed to rt and stirred for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with ice water (20 mL) , and extracted with EA (20 mL × 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL) , dried over Na2SO4, concentrated and purified by reverse flash chromatography [C18; mobile phases A: Water (10 mM NH4HCO3) , B: MeCN, 10%to 70%gradient] to afford the title compound (900 mg, 3.156 mmol, 98%) as a yellow solid. LCMS: (m / z) : 285.0 [M+1] +
[0150] Step 2. Synthesis of methyl 3- (1, 4-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] -pentane-1-carboxylate (P17)
[0151] To a solution of P16 (120 mg, 0.42 mmol) in dioxane (1.2 mL) and water (0.3 mL) were added CH3B (OH) 2 (126.0 mg, 2.1 mmol) , K3PO4 (178.7 mg, 0.84 mmol) and XphosPdG3 (35.6 mg, 0.042 mmol) under N2. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 100 ℃. The mixture was diluted with ice water (20 mL) , and extracted with EA (20 mL × 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL x 2) , dried over Na2SO4, concentrated and purified by reverse flash chromatography [column, C18; mobile phases A: Water (10 mM NH4HCO3) , B: MeCN, 10%to 70%] to afford the title compound (70 mg, 0.32 mmol, 76%) as a yellow solid. LCMS (m / z) : 221.1 [M+1] +
[0152] Step 3. Synthesis of 3- (2, 4-dimethyl-pyrazol-3-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylic acid (P18)
[0153] The crude title compound was synthesized essentially by the method of Preparation 2 Step 5. LCMS (m / z) : 207.1 [M+H] + Preparation 6
[0154] 3- (4-Fluoro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylic acid (P20)
[0155] Step 1. Synthesis of methyl 3- (4-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo-[1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P19) .
[0156] To a solution of P7 (350 mg, 1.697 mmol) in MeCN (8 mL) were added NaHCO3 (114 mg, 1.358 mmol) , and Selectfluor (601 mg, 1.697 mmol) . After 16 h at 65 ℃, the reaction was cooled to rt, diluted with saturated aq. NH4Cl (10 mL) , and extracted with EA (10 mL × 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated, and purified by silica gel column chromatography to give the title compound (150 mg, 39%yield) . LCMS (m / z) : 224.9 [M+H] +
[0157] Step 2. Synthesis of 3- (4-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] -pentane-1-carboxylic acid (P20)
[0158] The title compound was synthesized essentially by the method of Preparation 2 Step 5. LCMS (m / z) : 210.9 [M+H] + Preparation 7
[0159] 3- (4- (Difluoromethyl) -1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylic acid (P24)
[0160] Step 1. Synthesis of methyl 3- (4-iodo-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo-[1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P21)
[0161] To a solution of P7 (1.2 g, 5.818 mmol) in ACN (20 mL) was added NIS (1.96 g, 8.727 mmol) , and the reaction was stirred at rt for 2 h. The reaction was concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford the title compound (1.8 g, 5.419 mmol, 93%) . LCMS (m / z) : 332.8 [M+H] +
[0162] Step 2. Synthesis of methyl 3- (4-formyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo-[1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P22)
[0163] To a solution of P21 (500 mg, 1.505 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was added iPrMgCl (3M in THF, 1.13 mL, 2.26 mmol) at 0 ℃. After 30 min at rt, DMF (0.2 mL, 2.26 mmol) as added at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at rt for 30 min. The mixture was diluted with water (5 mL) and EA (5 mL) . The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated to afford the crude title compound (200 mg, 0.854 mmol, 57%) , which was used in next step directly without further purification. LCMS (m / z) : 235.1 [M+H] +
[0164] Step 3. Synthesis of methyl 3- (4- (difluoromethyl) -1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P23)
[0165] To a solution of P22 (230 mg, 0.98 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added DAST (791.4 mg, 4.91 mmol) at 0 ℃, and the reaction was stirred at 50 ℃ for 2 h. The reaction was diluted with DCM (5 mL) and sat. aq. NaHCO3 (5 mL) . The organic layer was washed with brine (5 mL) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford the title compound (100 mg, 0.39 mmol, 39.8%) . LCMS (m / z) : 257.1 [M+H] +
[0166] Step 4. Synthesis of 3- (4- (difluoromethyl) -1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) -bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylic acid (P24)
[0167] The title compound was synthesized essentially by the method of Preparation 2 Step 5. LCMS (m / z) : 243.1 [M+H] + Preparation 8
[0168] 3- (Methyl (pyrimidin-4-yl) amino) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylic acid (P26)
[0169] Step 1. Synthesis of methyl 3- (methyl (pyrimidin-4-yl) amino) -bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P25)
[0170] To a solution of 4- (methylamino) pyrimidine (240 mg, 2.20 mmol) and methyl 3-iodobicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (554 mg, 2.20 mmol) in dioxane (12 mL) were added Cu (TMHD) 2 (473 mg, 1.1 mmol) and K3PO4 (1.4 g, 6.6 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 120 ℃ for 24 h under N2. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was diluted with brine (12 mL) and extracted with EA (10 mL × 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (15 mL) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography to give the title compound (200 mg, 0.86 mmol, 39%) as a brown solid. LCMS (m / z) : 234.0 [M+H] +
[0171] Step 2. Synthesis of 3- (methyl (pyrimidin-4-yl) amino) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylic acid (P26)
[0172] The title compound was synthesized essentially by the method of Preparation 2 Step 3. LCMS (m / z) : 220.2 [M+H] + Preparation 9
[0173] 3- (Methyl (pyrimidin-2-yl) amino) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylic acid (P29)
[0174] Step 1. Synthesis of O'1, O1- (mesityl-λ3-iodanediyl) 3, 3'-dimethyl bis (bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1, 3-dicarboxylate) (P27)
[0175] To a solution of 1- (methoxycarbonyl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-3-carboxylic acid (4.0 g, 23.50 mmol) in toluene (25 mL) was added mesityl-λ3-iodanediyl diacetate (4.3 g, 11.75 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 55 ℃ for 10 min. The mixture was filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography to give the title product (6.8 g, 11.59 mmol, 49%) as a white solid. LCMS (m / z) : 585.1 [M+H] +
[0176] Step 2. Synthesis of methyl 3- (methyl (pyrimidin-2-yl) amino) bicyclo- [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylate (P28)
[0177] To a solution of P27 (376 mg, 0.64 mmol) and 2- (methylamino) pyrimidine (100 mg, 0.91 mmol) in dioxane (3 mL) was added copper (I) 2-thiophene carboxylate (CuTC, 52 mg, 0.28 mmol) and Bphen (30 mg, 0.09 mmol) at rt. After 18 h, the mixture was diluted with EA (5 mL) and washed with water (5 mL × 3) , and brine (5 mL) . The organic phase was dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated to give the crude title compound, which was used in next step directly without further purification.
[0178] Step 3. Synthesis of 3- (methyl (pyrimidin-2-yl) amino) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane-1-carboxylic acid (P29)
[0179] The title compound was synthesized essentially by the method of Preparation 2 Step 5. LCMS (m / z) : 220.18 [M+H] + Preparation 10
[0180] 4-Methyl-1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8-hexahydrocyclopenta [b] pyrrolo [3, 4-d] pyridine (P35)
[0181] Step 1. Synthesis of ethyl 2, 4-dichloro-6, 7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta [b] -pyridine-3-carboxylate (P31) .
[0182] A solution of P30 (7.30 g, 32.70 mmol, CAS: 55618-82-1) in POCl3 (100 mL) was stirred at 120 ℃ for 18 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and the crude was diluted with EA (200 mL) . The pH value of the mixture was adjusted to 7~8 via slow addition of saturated aq. NaHCO3 (ca. 200 mL) . The organic phase was washed with brine (100 mL) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography to give the title compound (2.9 g, 11.15 mmol, 34%) as a white solid. LCMS (m / z) : 260.0 [M+H] +
[0183] Step 2. Synthesis of ethyl 4-chloro-2-methyl-6, 7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta [b] -pyridine-3-carboxylate (P32) .
[0184] To a solution of P31 (1.90 g, 7.31 mmol) in dioxane (30 mL) and H2O (2 mL) was added Pd (dppf) Cl2 (1.60 g, 2.19 mmol) , 2, 4, 6-trimethyl-1, 3, 5, 2, 4, 6-trioxatriborinane (0.84 mL, 2.92 mmol) , and Cs2CO3 (7.14 g, 21.91 mmol) at 25 ℃under N2. The mixture was stirred at 70 ℃ for 18 h. The mixture was filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography to give the title compound (360 mg, 1.5 mmol, 21%) as a colorless oil. LCMS (m / z) : 240.1 [M+H] +
[0185] Step 3. Synthesis of ethyl 4-cyano-2-methyl-6, 7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta [b] -pyridine-3-carboxylate (P33) To a solution of P32 (460 mg, 1.92 mmol) in NMP (10 mL) was added CuCN (516 mg, 5.76 mmol) at rt. The mixture was stirred at 150 ℃ for 18 h. The mixture was filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography to give the title compound (300 mg, 1.3 mmol, 68%) as a colorless oil. LCMS (m / z) : 231.1 [M+H] +
[0186] Step 4. Synthesis of 4-methyl-1, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydrocyclopenta [b] pyrrolo [3, 4-d] -pyridin-3 (2H) -one (P34)
[0187] To a solution of P33 (350 mg, 1.52 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added Raney’s nickel (446 mg, 7.6 mmol) at rt. The mixture was stirred at rt for 18 h under H2 atmosphere. The mixture was filtered, concentrated and purified by reversed phase column to give the title compound (100 mg, 0.53 mmol, 35%) as a white solid. LCMS (m / z) : 189.2 [M+H] +
[0188] Step 5. Synthesis of 4-methyl-1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8-hexahydrocyclopenta [b] pyrrolo- [3, 4-d] pyridine (P35)
[0189] To a solution of P34 (30 mg, 0.16 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was added BH3·SMe2 (3 mL, 6.0 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 70 ℃ for 18 h. The mixture was quenched with MeOH at 0 ℃, and concentrated. The residue was diluted with aq. HCl (2M, 1 mL) and the mixture was stirred for 30 mins at 80 ℃. The pH value of the mixture was adjusted to 8-9 via addition of saturated aq. Na2CO3 solution. The mixture was extracted with DCM (5 mL × 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (5 mL) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated to give the crude title compound (20 mg) as a colorless oil, which was used in next step directly without further purification. LCMS (m / z) : 175.2 [M+H] + Preparation 11
[0190] 1, 4-Dimethyl-6, 7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo [3, 4-d] pyridazine TFA salt (P39)
[0191] Step 1. Synthesis of 4, 5-bis (bromomethyl) -3, 6-dichloropyridazine (P36) . To a solution of 3, 6-dichloro-4, 5-dimethylpyridazine (10.0 g, 56.49 mmol) in PhCl (100 mL) were added AIBN (1.86 g, 11.30 mmol) , NBS (21.1 g, 118.62 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at 100 ℃ for 18 h. The reaction was diluted with water (100 mL) and filtrated. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine (100 mL) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford the title compound (4.0 g, 11.95 mmol, 21%) . LCMS (m / z) : 333.0 [M+H] +
[0192] Step 2. Synthesis of 1, 4-dichloro-6- (4-methoxybenzyl) -6, 7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo [3, 4-d] pyridazine (P37) .
[0193] To a solution of P36 (4.0 g, 11.95 mmol) in THF (150 mL) was added K2CO3 (4.95 g, 35.84 mmol) and PMBNH2 (1.64 g, 11.95 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with water (200 mL) , and EA (200 mL) . The organic layer was separated, washed with brine (200 mL) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography to give the title compound (900 mg, 2.9 mmol, 24%) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 7.23 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H) , 6.85 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 4.05 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H) , 3.85 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H) , 3.76 (s, 4H) .
[0194] Step 3. Synthesis of ethyl 6- (4-methoxybenzyl) -1, 4-dimethyl-6, 7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo [3, 4-d] pyridazine (P38)
[0195] To a solution of P37 (2.0 g, 6.45 mmol) in dioxane (20 mL) and water (2 mL) were added 2, 4, 6-trimethyl-1, 3, 5, 2, 4, 6-trioxatriborinane (3.24 g, 12.90 mmol) , Pd (dppf) Cl2 (1.06 g, 1.29 mmol) , and K2CO3 (2.67 g, 19.34 mmol) , and the reaction was stirred at 100 ℃ under N2 for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) , and EA (20 mL) . The organic layer was separated, washed with brine (20 mL) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated and purified by pre-HPLC to give the title compound (120 mg, 0.45 mmol, 6.9%) . LCMS (m / z) : 270.2 [M+H] +
[0196] Step 4. Synthesis of 1, 4-dimethyl-6, 7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo [3, 4-d] pyridazine TFA salt (P39)
[0197] A solution of P38 (120 mg, 0.45 mmol) in TFA (2 mL) was stirred at 100 ℃ for 3 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was purified by pre-HPLC to give the title compound (50 mg, 0.20 mmol, 45%) . LCMS (m / z) : 150.2 [M+H] + Example 1
[0198] (3- (4-Chloro-1- (methyl-d3) -1H-pyrazol-5-yl) bicyclo [1.1.1] pentan-1-yl) (4, 6, 7-trimethyl-1, 3-dihydro-2H-pyrrolo [3, 4-c] pyridin-2-yl) methanone
[0199] To a solution of P12 (50.0 mg, 0.218 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) were added NMI (53.6 mg, 0.65 mmol) , TCFH (79.4 mg, 0.28 mmol) , and P3 (35.3 mg, 0.22 mmol) at rt. After 1h, the reaction mixture was purified directly by pre-HPLC [column: XBridge BEH Shield RP18 5 μm 30 mm x150 mm; Mobile Phases A: Water (10 mM NH4HCO3) , B: MeCN] to give the title compound (23.6 mg, 0.06 mmol, 29%) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.43 (s, 1H) , 4.94 (s, 2H) , 4.64 (s, 2H) , 2.67 (s, 6H) , 2.39 (s, 3H) , 2.34 (d, J = 14.8 Hz, 3H) , 2.16 (d, J = 15.6z, 3H) . LCMS (m / z) : 374.3 [M+H] +
[0200] The following compounds were prepared essentially by the method of Example 1. Example 11
[0201] 1- (2- (Trifluoromethyl) pyridin-4-yl) azetidin-3-yl 4, 6, 7-trimethyl-1, 3-dihydro-2H-pyrrolo [3, 4-c] pyridine-2-carboxylate
[0202] Step 1. Synthesis of 1- (2- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-4-yl) azetidin-3-ol (P40)
[0203] To a solution of azetidin-3-ol hydrochloride (4.27 g, 38.94 mmol) and 4-bromo-2- (trifluoromethyl) pyridine (8.0 g, 35.4 mmol) in dioxane (30 mL) were added XPhos-Pd-G2 (2.78 g, 3.54 mmol) and Cs2CO3 (34.6 g, 106.2 mmol) at rt. The mixture was stirred at 120 ℃ for 18 h under N2. The mixture was filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography to give the title compound (3.5 g, 16.04 mmol, 45 %) as a yellow solid. LCMS (m / z) : 219.1 [M+H] +
[0204] Step 2. Synthesis of 4-nitrophenyl (1- (2- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-4-yl) azetidin-3-yl) carbonate (P41)
[0205] To a solution of 4-nitrophenyl carbonochloridate (2.4 g, 11.92 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) were added TEA (1.9 mL, 13.75 mmol) , DMAP (122 mg, 1 mmol) and a solution of P40 (2.0 g, 9.17 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) at rt, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h. The pH value of the mixture was adjusted to 5-6 via addition of aq. HCl (1M) . The mixture was washed with brine (100 mL) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography to give the title compound (1.2 g, 3.13 mmol, 34%) as a yellow solid. LCMS (m / z) : 384.2 [M+H] +
[0206] Step 3. Synthesis of 1- (2- (trifluoromethyl) pyridin-4-yl) azetidin-3-yl 4, 6, 7-trimethyl-1, 3-dihydro-2H-pyrrolo [3, 4-c] pyridine-2-carboxylate (Example 11)
[0207] To a solution of P3 (400 mg, 2.01 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) were added TEA (0.8 mL, 5.74 mmol) and P41 (750 mg, 1.96 mmol) at rt. After stirring at rt for 30 min, the mixture was diluted with EA (10 mL) and washed with brine (10 mL × 3) . The organic phase was dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography to give the title compound (543.4 mg, 1.34 mmol, 70%) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3-d6) δ 8.34-8.32 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H) , 6.64-6.63 (d, J = 4 Hz, 1H) , 6.40-6.38 (m, 1H) , 5.50-5.44 (m, 1H) , 4.71 (s, 4H) , 4.43-4.39 (m, 2H) , 4.08-4.04 (m, 2H) , 2.53-2.45 (m, 6H) , 2.19-2.18 (d, J = 4 Hz, 3H) . LCMS (m / z) : 407.2 [M+H] +
[0208] The following compounds were prepared essentially by the method of Example 11. Biological Assay Assay 1: Human M4 calcium mobilization assay
[0209] Human M4 mAChR expressing stable cell line was generated using a Flp-In-CHO cell expressing a chimeric Gq protein, Gqi5 (Pharmaron Flp-In-CHO-Gqi5-M4 Clone#57) . The cells were grown in complete growth media containing 90%Ham’s F-12K (Hyclone SH30526.01) , 10%fetal bovine serum (FBS, Ausgenex FBS500-S) , 1 x Penicillin-Streptomycin (PS, Gibco 15140122) , 800 ug / mL Hygromycin B (Sigma-Aldrich V900372) and 800 ug / mL G418 (Beyotime ST081) .
[0210] One day prior to assay, cells were rinsed with PBS (Solarbio P1020-500) and lifted using TrypLETM Express enzyme (ThermoFisher Scientific 12604021) at sub-confluency. TrypLETM Express enzyme was inactivated by 1: 3 dilution with assay media (90%Ham’s F-12K, 10%fetal bovine serum) . The cells were spun in a centrifuge at 250 times gravity for 3 minutes at room temperature. Supernatant was removed and the cell pellet was resuspended in assay media to a concentration of 2.8 X 105 cells / mL. Cells were then added to assay plates (Corning 3764) as 25 uL per well (7000 cells) and incubated overnight (20-24 hours) in a 37℃ humidified incubator with 5%carbon dioxide (CO2) .
[0211] The following day, culture media were removed from the cell plates and replaced with 20 uL assay buffer (1 X HBSS (Gibco 14025076) containing 20 mM HEPES (Gibco 15630080) ) . An equal volume of 2 X Ca2+ indicator (FLIPR Calcium 6 Assay Kit, Molecular Devices R8191) was added to each well. Plates were then covered and incubated for 2 hours in a 37℃ humidified incubator with 5%carbon dioxide (CO2) prior to assay in the FLIPR (Molecular Devices FLIPRTetra) .
[0212] Compounds were prepared during the incubation. Test compounds were solubilized in 100%dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Sigma-Aldrich D8418) to a concentration of 10 mM. A 10-point intermediate dilution series using half log dilutions were created in 100%DMSO by liquid handler (Labcyte Echo 555) , as 250 nL per well in 384-well compound plates (Corning 3657) . To the prepared serially diluted compound plates, 250 nL of 10 mM ACh (MCE HY-B0282, 10 uM final) or 250 nL of 100%DMSO (0.1%final) was added to the positive and negative control wells, respectively. Compound plates were then diluted by adding 50 uL of assay buffer.
[0213] At the end of the 2 h equilibration, a baseline signal was collected with FLIPR, once per second for 10 s prior to compound addition followed by 240 s signal collection at 1 s interval for each addition. For the first addition, 10 uL of test compound, ACh or DMSO was transferred from the compound plates to the cell plates. For the second and third addition, 10 uL of 6 X EC20 concentration of ACh or 10 uL of 7 X EC80 concentration of ACh was transferred to the cell plated, respectively. Prior to compound testing, concentration response curve was run for ACh to determine the EC20 and EC80 concentration.
[0214] The raw data files were exported from the FLIPR ScreenWorks software. Maximum fold increase in fluorescence was determined by dividing the maximum value of fluorescence obtained after compound addition by the average of the baseline values taken before compound addition. The percent effect at each compound concentration was calculated based on and relative to the maximum fold increase in fluorescence after the first addition produced by the positive and negative control wells contained on each plate. The positive control cells contained an EC100 concentration of ACh and the negative control wells contained only DMSO. The concentration and %effect values were analyzed using GraphPad PRISM and fitted in a four-parameter logistic dose response equation. The relative EC50 value (Potency) and the maximum asymptote of the concentration response curve (Efficacy) were then determined.
[0215] Table 2 below shows the results for exemplary compounds. Table 2. Relative EC50 value and efficacy of exemplary compounds Relative EC50: <100 nM ***, 100-1000 nM **, >1000 nM * Efficacy: >90%***, 75%-90%**, <75%*
[0216] The foregoing description is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the present disclosure. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and process shown as described above. Accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be considered to fall within the scope of the invention as defined by the claims that follow.
Claims
1.A compound having a Formula (I) or Formula (II) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,whereineach R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, alkoxyl, alkylthio, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, -N (Ra) (Rb) , -N (Ra) C (=O) (Ra) , -C (=O) N (Ra) (Rb) , -O-C (=O) -N (Ra) (Rb) , -C (=O) Ra, and -C (=O) ORa, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, alkoxyl, alkylthio, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl and cycloalkyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more Rc;n1 is 0, 1, 2 or 3;Ring A is selected from the group consisting of:wherein Ring C is a phenyl, 5-6 membered cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; L1 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, -O-, -S-, -N (Ra) -, i is 0, 1 or 2;j is 1, 2 or 3;k is 0, 1 or 2;L2 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, -CH2-, -O-, and -N (Ra) -;ring B is a C6-10 aryl or 5-to 10-membered heteroaryl;each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, amino, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, -N (Ra) (Rb) , -N (Ra) C (=O) (Ra) , -C (=O) N (Ra) (Rb) , -O-C (=O) -N (Ra) (Rb) , -C (=O) Ra, -ORa, and -C (=O) ORa, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more Rc;n2 is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;Ra and Rb at each occurrence are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl and cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl and cycloalkyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more Rc; orRa and Rb taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a heterocyclyl optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, amino, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, alkoxyl, alkylthio, haloalkyl and hydroxyalkyl; andeach Rc is independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, amino, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -NH (alkyl) and -N (alkyl) 2.2.The compound of claim 1, having a formula selected from: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.3.The compound of claim 1 or 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein L1 is a bond or -N (Ra) -.4.The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ring A is selected from the group consisting of 5.The compound of claim 1, having a formula of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.6.The compound of claim 1 or 5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein L2 is a bond or -O-.7.The compound of any one of claims 1-6, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, cyano, alkyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl and hydroxyalkyl, wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl and hydroxyalkyl are optionally substituted with one or more Rc.8.The compound of claim 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, -CH3, -CD3, -CH2OH, and -CH2OCH3.9.The compound of any one of claims 1-8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein ring B is heteroaryl.10.The compound of claim 9, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein ring B is selected from pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, dihydropyrrolopyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, indazolyl, pyrazolo [3, 4-b] pyridinyl, 2, 3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridinyl, 2, 3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo [2, 3-c] pyridinyl, 2, 3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo [3, 2-c] pyridinyl, 2, 3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo [3, 2-b] pyridinyl, 1H-benzo [d] imidazolyl, or imidazo [1, 2-a] pyridinyl.11.The compound of claim 10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein ring B is pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, or pyrimidinyl.12.The compound of any one of claims 1-11, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n2 is 0, 1 or 2.13.The compound of claim 12, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of cyano, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl and -ORa, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more Rc.14.The compound of claim 12 or 13, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each Rc is independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halogen, alkoxyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -NH (alkyl) and -N (alkyl) 2.15.The compound of claim 14, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Rc is deuterium.16.The compound of claim 13, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each R2 is independently selected from-F, -Cl, -CH3, -CD3, -CF3, -CF2H, or -OCH3.17.The compound of any one of claims 1-16, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein is selected from the group consisting of: 18.The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound is selected from any compound set forth in Table 1.19.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claim 1-18, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.20.A method for treating a disease or medical condition via modulation of M4 and / or M4-related cellular processes, which comprises administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of any one of claim 1-18 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 19.21.The method of claim 20, wherein the disease or medical condition treated via modulation of M4 and / or M4-related cellular processes is selected from the group consisting of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) , autism, chronic or acute pain, addiction, sleep disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson’s disease dementia, frontotemporal dementia, Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, mild cognitive impairment, drug-induced dyskinesia, drug-induced psychotic symptoms, progressive supranuclear palsy, Huntington's Disease, dry mouth, pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) , asthma, ileus, intestinal obstruction, inflammatory bowel disease, urinary incontinence, urinary retention, glaucoma, ocular hypertension, skin lesions, Down Syndrome, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, Hereditary Cerebral Hemorrhage with Amyloidosis of the Dutch-Type (HCHWA-D) , Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, prion disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, inclusion body myositis, other forms of peripheral amyloidosis, diabetes, atherosclerosis, head trauma, stroke, alcoholic liver disease, pancreatitis.22.The method of claim 21, wherein the disease or medical condition treated via modulation of M4 and / or M4-related cellular processes is selected from the group consisting of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, chronic or acute pain, addiction, Alzheimer's Disease, Huntington’s disease, drug-induced dyskinesia, inflammatory bowel disease, and skin lesions.
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