Apomorphine salts, their formulations and uses thereof
Very slightly soluble apomorphine salts in sustained-release formulations address the short half-life and adverse effects of current apomorphine formulations, providing controlled and prolonged therapeutic effects with reduced adverse events.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- ALAR PHARMA INC
- Filing Date
- 2025-10-31
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-07
AI Technical Summary
Current apomorphine formulations have a short half-life, necessitating multiple daily administrations and are associated with adverse reactions, such as dyskinesias, nausea, and fibrotic complications, posing challenges for patient adherence and safety.
Development of very slightly soluble apomorphine salts, including apomorphine hydroxynaphthoate and pamoate salts, in crystal or amorphous forms, formulated into sustained-release pharmaceutical compositions to provide continuous and controlled apomorphine administration, minimizing plasma concentration fluctuations and reducing adverse events.
The sustained-release formulations offer higher maximum tolerable doses with reduced toxicity and adverse effects, enabling prolonged therapeutic effects and improved patient adherence by minimizing fluctuations in plasma drug concentrations and irritation at the administration site.
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Figure PCTCN2025131643-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
APOMORPHINE SALTS, THEIR FORMULATIONS AND USES THEREOF
[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application No. 63 / 714,325, filed on October 31, 2024, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] The present disclosure relates to the field of medicinal chemistry, and more specifically to very slightly soluble salts of apomorphine in a crystal or amorphous form, formulations containing the same, and pharmaceutical uses thereof.BACKGROUND
[0004] Apomorphine, chemically identified as 6-methyl-5, 6, 6a, 7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo [de, g] quinoline-10, 11-diol, is an aporphine derivative with a catechol moiety similar to dopamine, existing as the R-enantiomer. Apomorphine has a molecular weight (MW) of 267.32 as a free base form, while its hydrochloride hemihydrate salt form is 312.79.
[0005] Clinical studies have shown that oral apomorphine has low bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism (Carbone et al., CNS Drugs 2019, 33 (9) , 905-918) . In contrast, subcutaneous administration results in nearly complete absorption, with peak blood concentration (Cmax) typically reached within approximately 10 minutes, and maximum cerebrospinal fluid concentrations observed around 30 minutes post-injection (Nicolle et al., Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology 1993, 7 (5) , 245-252) . Apomorphine undergoes rapid metabolism and clearance, leading to a short duration of action; consequently, it is often administered in immediate-release formulations. Moreover, it has been reported that elevated plasma concentrations of apomorphine are associated with an increased incidence of adverse effects, including but not limited to dyskinesia, nausea, and vomiting.
[0006] Pharmacologically, apomorphine acts as an agonist with high affinity for the dopamine D4 receptor in vitro, and moderate affinity for the dopamine D2, D3, and D5 receptors, and adrenergic α1D, α2B, and α2C receptors, while also serving as an antagonist at 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 (5-HT2) receptors. Apomorphine has potential applications as sedative, erectile dysfunction (ED) drugs, and emetic. Commercial products containing R-apomorphine hydrochloride, such as APOKYN, ONAPGO (subcutaneous) and KYNMOBI (sublingual tablet) , have been marketed for use since 2004, 2025, and 2020, respectively. In addition, R-apomorphine hydrochloride hemihydrate is used as an emetic for dogs.
[0007] However, current apomorphine formulations present several limitations. Clinically, apomorphine has a short half-life, for example, approximately 40 minutes for APOKYN and ONAPGO and around 1.7 hours for KYNMOBI, which necessitates multiple daily administrations and poses challenges for patient adherence. Additionally, the most commonly reported adverse reactions associated with APOKYN, ONAPGO, and KYNMOBI include yawning, dyskinesias, drowsiness, hypotension, nausea, dizziness, hallucination / confusion, and rhinorrhea. APOKYN and ONAPGO may also lead to edema / swelling of extremities, headache, insomnia, infusion site reactions, cardiac disorders, and infections such as nodules, erythema, and cellulitis. KYNMOBI has been associated with fibrotic complications, oral soft tissue swelling, and mucosal ulceration or stomatitis. As a result, a long-acting apomorphine formulation is currently under development to address these issues.
[0008] PCT Patent Publication No. WO1995 / 028930A1 (owned by Pentech Pharmaceuticals Inc. ) discloses a method for identifying psychogenic impotence or erectile dysfunction and treating the condition in male patients by sublingual administration of apomorphine. The disclosed dosage forms contain approximately 25 to 60 micrograms of apomorphine per kilogram of body weight.
[0009] PCT Patent Publication No. WO1999 / 038467A1 and U. S. Patent No. US6193992B1 (owned by Pentech Pharmaceuticals Inc. ) disclose a method for ameliorating sexual dysfunction in human females. The method comprises the sublingual administration of apomorphine at a dosage of approximately 25 to 60 micrograms per kilogram of body weight, resulting in increased blood flow to the clitoral and vaginal wall tissues.
[0010] PCT Patent Publication No. WO2009 / 056851A1 (owned by Vectura Ltd. ) discloses a method for the improved treatment of diseases and disorders of the central nervous system through pulmonary inhalation of apomorphine. The bioavailability of apomorphine administered via inhalation is reported to be comparable to, or greater than, that achieved through subcutaneous injection. The combination of lung physiology and the pharmacokinetic properties of inhaled apomorphine results in rapid and consistent systemic exposure, leading to a fast and predictable therapeutic effect.
[0011] PCT Patent Publication No. WO2010 / 022326A2 (owned by Worldmeds LLC) discloses a method for transdermal delivery of a therapeutically effective amount of apomorphine using a patch-needle hybrid (microneedle) delivery system.
[0012] U.S. Patent No. 10420763B2 (owned by Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. ) discloses sublingual formulations of apomorphine in the form of a unit dosage film or strip. The dosage form comprises a first portion containing apomorphine particles in the form of an acid addition salt, and a second portion containing a pH-neutralizing agent.
[0013] PCT Patent Publication No. WO2011 / 084846A1 (owned by Alkermes Inc. ) discloses quaternary ammonium salts of tertiary amine-containing parent drugs, such as apomorphine, which are derivatized with aldehyde-linked prodrug moieties to reduce their solubility and polarity.
[0014] U.S. Patent No. 10525134B2 (owned by Neuroderm Ltd. ) discloses a liquid or semi-solid pharmaceutical composition comprising an acidic amino acid salt of apomorphine, formulated to reduce adverse effects such as subcutaneous nodule formation.
[0015] In a recent study, Kim et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2022, 119 (9) , e2110450119) reported a sustained-release formulation of apomorphine comprising water, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) , and a choline-geranic acid eutectic solvent (CAGE, molar ratio 1: 2) . Following subcutaneous injection in mice, the formulation exhibited a sustained-release profile lasting approximately 24 hours, with a peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of approximately 20 ng / mL.
[0016] However, there remains an unmet need for a long-acting apomorphine formulation.SUMMARY
[0017] In view of the foregoing, the present disclosure provides apomorphine salts, formulations of the apomorphine salts, and various sustained-release pharmaceutical compositions of the apomorphine salts. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the apomorphine salt is a very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine having a stoichiometry of 1: 1, 2: 1, or 3: 1 of the apomorphine to the very slightly soluble salt. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the apomorphine salt is an apomorphine hydroxynaphthoate salt or an apomorphine pamoate salt. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the apomorphine hydroxynaphthoate salt has a stoichiometry of 1: 1 or 3: 1, and the apomorphine pamoate salt has a stoichiometry of 2: 1.
[0018] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the very slightly soluble salt of the apomorphine has solubility of less than 1 mg / mL in water, e.g., less than 0.9 mg / mL, less than 0.8 mg / mL, less than 0.6 mg / mL, less than 0.4 mg / mL, less than 0.2 mg / mL, or less than 0.1 mg / mL.
[0019] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the apomorphine salt may be in a crystal form or an amorphous form. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the apomorphine hydroxynaphthoate salt may be an apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt or an apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt.
[0020] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine is a racemic mixture comprising both R-and S-isomers, or is enriched in the R-isomer. In the enriched form, the ratio of R-to S-isomer in the total apomorphine content of the pharmaceutical composition (or being administered) may range from 5: 1 to 100,000: 1, from 5: 1 to 10,000: 1, from 5: 1 to 1,000: 1, from 10: 1 to 100,000: 1, from 10: 1 to 10,000: 1, from 10: 1 to 1,000: 1, from 100: 1 to 100,000: 1, from 100: 1 to 10,000: 1, or from 100: 1 to 1,000: 1. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pharmaceutical composition may comprise at least 98%, 99%, 99.5%, or 99.9%R-isomer of the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine, or be substantially free of any detectable amount of the S-isomer of the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine.
[0021] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine has a mole ratio of the apomorphine moiety to the very slightly soluble salt moiety ranging from 25%to 75%, e.g., 25%, 33%, 50%, 66%, or 75%. In the case of a mole ratio of 50%, it also means a ratio of the apomorphine moiety to the very slightly soluble salt moiety as 1: 1. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine may be in an anhydrate form or a hydrate form. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydrate form of the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine has a mole ratio of the H2O moiety to the very slightly soluble salt of the apomorphine moiety ranging from 25%to 800%.
[0022] In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine may be an apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt having a stoichiometry of 1: 1 of apomorphine to 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate (Formula I) , an apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt having a stoichiometry of 1: 1 of apomorphine to 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate (Formula II) , an apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt having a stoichiometry of 3: 1 of apomorphine to 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate (Formula III) , or an apomorphine pamoate salt having a stoichiometry of 2: 1 of apomorphine to pamoate (Formula IV) :
[0023] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (ratio 1: 1) is in a crystal form represented by an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern comprising one or more 2θ values selected from 8.2, 10.8, 12.7, 13.4, 14.2, 15.1, 16.3, 17.9, 18.4, 19.0, 19.7, 20.8, 21.8, 23.3, 24.3, 24.7, 25.2, 25.7, 27.3, 27.8, 29.6, 31.6, 32.0, 33.0, 33.6, 34.9, 35.6, 36.3, 37.9, 39.1, 41.7, 42.4, 43.1, 43.8, 44.6, 46.2, 48.9, 49.8, 50.6, 51.8, 52.8 (±0.2 2θ) .
[0024] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (ratio 1: 1) is in a crystal form represented by an XRPD pattern comprising one or more 2θvalues selected from 4.6, 8.1, 10.6, 13.0, 13.6, 14.3, 14.8, 15.2, 15.7, 16.2, 17.3, 18.0, 18.5, 19.2, 19.7, 20.5, 21.3, 21.8, 22.9, 23.7, 24.2, 24.5, 25.5, 27.0, 28.1, 29.1, 29.3, 29.9, 31.4, 32.0, 33.2, 34.6, 35.0, 35.3, 36.9, 37.7, 38.4, 38.9, 40.0, 40.8, 41.8, 42.8, 43.2, 43.8, 45.0, 46.8, 50.5 (± 0.2 2θ) .
[0025] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (ratio 3: 1) is in a crystal form represented by an XRPD pattern comprising one or more 2θvalues selected from 8.0, 8.7, 10.1, 10.9, 11.5, 13.1, 13.3, 13.6, 14.3, 15.2, 15.9, 16.5, 17.3, 17.7, 18.0, 18.5, 18.8, 19.7, 20.2, 20.8, 21.3, 21.9, 22.9, 23.2, 24.2, 24.5, 25.5, 26.8, 27.1, 27.4, 28.3, 29.1, 29.8, 31.3, 32.0, 34.2, 35.0, 35.7, 36.9, 38.2, 39.8, 41.3, 43.5, 47.7 (± 0.2 2θ) .
[0026] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine may be an apomorphine hydroxynaphthoate salt in a crystal form represented by an XRPD pattern substantially in accordance with the pattern shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 2, or FIG. 3.
[0027] In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, a method for preparing the above very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine is provided. In some embodiments, the preparation method of the present disclosure comprises mixing a source of apomorphine free base with a solvent to form a reaction mixture; and adding the reaction mixture to an anion source for the apomorphine free base to be converted to the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the apomorphine free base is converted to the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine with a yield of at least 60%, e.g., at least 65%, at least 75%, or at least 80%.
[0028] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the anion source for forming the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine is hydroxynaphthoic acid, pamoic acid, a hydroxynaphthoate salt (e.g., 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt and 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt) , a pamoate salt, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the hydroxynaphthoate salt may be sodium hydroxynaphthoate (e.g., sodium 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate and sodium 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate) . In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pamoate salt may be disodium pamoate. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the anion source may be present as a solution of methanol (MeOH) , ethanol (EtOH) , ethyl acetate, H2O, or any combination thereof that comprises hydroxynaphthoic acid, pamoic acid, the hydroxynaphthoate salt (e.g., sodium hydroxynaphthoate) , the pamoate salt (e.g., disodium pamoate) , or any combination thereof.
[0029] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the source of apomorphine free base may be selected from the group consisting of apomorphine, apomorphine hydrofluoride, apomorphine hydrochloride, apomorphine hydrobromide, and apomorphine hydroiodide.
[0030] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the solvent may be selected from the group consisting of methanol (MeOH) , ethanol (EtOH) , dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) , N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) , N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) , N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) , tetrahydrofuran (THF) , and any combination thereof.
[0031] In some embodiments, the preparation method of the present disclosure further comprises performing a crystallization process to obtain a crystal form of the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine. In some embodiments, the preparation method of the present disclosure further comprises converting the crystal form of the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine into an amorphous form of the very slightly soluble salt.
[0032] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine may exhibit higher maximum tolerable dose, less toxicity, less apomorphine-related psychotomimetic effects, and less nervous system disorders. Therefore, the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine is applicable as an active pharmaceutical ingredient in the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition.
[0033] In accordance with the present disclosure, the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition is provided for the continuous and controlled administration of apomorphine, in order to minimize fluctuations in plasma drug concentrations. By administering the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, the incidence and / or severity of adverse events are reduced, e.g., those associated with pulsatile or intermittent administration of short-acting formulations.
[0034] In some embodiments, the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure may exhibit sustained-release pharmacokinetic profiles with, e.g., reduced plasma concentration fluctuations and the absence of a significant initial burst effect following single-dose administration in a subject in need of treatment.
[0035] In some embodiments, the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure exhibits a reduced tendency to induce irritation at the administration site, even at relatively high doses, thereby indicating that such formulations may enable a higher tolerated dose level. Furthermore, milder and more prolonged stereotyped behavior is observed, with no signs of aggression typically associated with apomorphine treatment in rats, suggesting that the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition exhibits favorable tolerability and excellent feasibility for pharmaceutical development.
[0036] In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition comprises the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thereof. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is selected from the group consisting of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, ethyl acetate, ethanol, butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, isopropanol, glycerin, benzyl benzoate, dimethyl sulfoxide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, propylene carbonate, propylene glycol, dimethyl glycol, benzyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol 200, polyethylene glycol 300, polyethylene glycol 400, polyethylene glycol 600, polyethylene glycol 1450, polyethylene glycol 1600, polyethylene glycol 3000, polyethylene glycol 3350, polyethylene glycol 4000, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium chloride, Poloxamer 188, poly lactic acid, poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid, polyester, polyamino acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydrogel, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, crosslinked polyester, polycarbonate, polysulfone, poly (2-pentene) , poly (methylmethacrylate) , poly (l, 4-phenylene) , polytetrafluoroethylene, poly-ethylene-vinylacetate, and any combination thereof.
[0037] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition further comprises at least one additional agent. In some embodiments, the additional agent is selected from the group consisting of a wetting agent, a suspending agent, a tonicity adjusting agent, a pH adjusting agent, a buffering agent, a stabilizer, a preservative, and any combination thereof.
[0038] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the suspending agent that can be comprised in the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition may include, but is not limited to, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, acacia, gelatin, microcrystalline cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose carmellose sodium, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose phthalate 20, hydroxypropyl cellulose phthalate, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate, carmellose, carmellose calcium, carmellose sodium, croscarmellose sodium, carboxymethyl ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, or any combination thereof.
[0039] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the wetting agent that can be comprised in the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition may include, but is not limited to, lecithin, pluronic F‐68, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, sorbitan monolaurate 20 (Span 20) , sorbitan monopalmitate 40 (Span 40) , sorbitan monostearate 60 (Span 60) , sorbitan monooleate 80 (Span 80) , sorbitan trioleate 85 (Span 85) , polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil 60, polyoxyl 35 castor oil, sucrose fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene glycols, polyoxyethylene fatty acid ethers, polyoxyl stearates, phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylglycerols, l, 2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3- (phospho-s- (l-glycerol) ) , 1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1, 2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-(phospho-rac- (l-glycerol) ) , 1, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3- (phospho-rac- (l-glycerol)) , l, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, deoxycholic acid, dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (dl) , distearoylphosphatidylcholine (dl) , docusate sodium, egg phospholipids, glyceryl palmitostearate, glyceryl trioleate, hydrogenated soybean lecithin, hydrolyzed soy protein (enzymatic; 2000 mw) , hydroxyethylpiperazine ethane sulfonic acid, miripirium chloride, N-(carbonyl-methoxypolyethylene glycol 2000) -l, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, oleic acid, palmitic acid, polyethylene glycol (PEG) -modified vegetable oil, PEG-20 sorbitan isostearate, PEG-40 castor oil, phospholipid, Poloxamer 188, polyethylene glycol 200, polyethylene glycol 300, polyethylene glycol 3350, polyethylene glycol 400, polyethylene glycol 4000, polyethylene glycol 600, polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, sodium cholesteryl sulfate, sodium deoxycholate, sodium N- (carbonyl-methoxypolyethylene glycol 2000) -1, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, sodium oleate, sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, stearic acid, tricaprylin, or any combination thereof.
[0040] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the preservative that can be comprised in the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition may include, but is not limited to, phenols, cresols, mercurials, benzethonium chloride, p-hydroxybenzoates, acetone sodium bisulfite, alpha-tocopherol, benzalkonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, benzyl chloride, boric acid, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, butylparaben, chlorobutanol, chlorobutanol hemihydrate, diethyl pyrocarbonate, edetate calcium disodium, edetate disodium, edetate sodium, edetic acid, hexylresorcinol, metacresol, methylparaben, miripirium chloride, monothioglycerol, nitrogen, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, potassium bisulfite, potassium metabisulfite, propylparaben, sodium ascorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium bisulfate, sodium chlorate, sodium dithionite, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, sodium iodide, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, sodium tartrate, sulfur dioxide, sulfurous acid, thimerosal, or any combination thereof.
[0041] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the stabilizer that can be comprised in the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition may include, but is not limited to, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, thiourea, ascorbic acid ester, butylated hydroxy toluene, tocopherols, edetic acid, acetyltryptophan (dl) , alanine, albumin (aggregated) , alcohol, alfadex intracavitary powder, ammonia, anhydrous dextrose, anhydrous lactose, anhydrous trisodium citrate, arginine, ascorbic acid, aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, benzyl chloride, betadex sulfobutyl ether sodium, boric acid, butanol (mixed isomers) , caprylic acid, carboxymethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, castor oil, cholesterol, creatine, creatinine, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, cysteine hydrochloride, cysteine, cysteine (dl) , dextran 40, dextran, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (15%vinyl acetate) , gelatin, gentisic acid ethanolamide, gentisic acid, hetastarch, human albumin microspheres, hyaluronate sodium, hypromellose, meglumine, methionine, methylboronic acid, methylcellulose, methylpyrrolidone, microcrystalline cellulose, miripirium chloride, N- (carbonyl-methoxypolyethylene glycol 2000) -l, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, N, N-dimethylacetamide, niacinamide, phenylalanine, polyvinyl alcohol, povidone K12, povidone K17, povidone, serine, sodium citrate, sodium gluconate, sodium lactate, starch, threonine, trehalose, tricaprylin, trimethylsilyl treated dimethiconol / trimethylsiloxysilicate crosspolymer, trisodium citrate dihydrate, tryptophan, tyrosine, urea, valine, or any combination thereof.
[0042] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the buffering agent that can be comprised in the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition may include, but is not limited to, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, adipic acid, alanine, albumin, alcohol, alfadex, ammonia, ammonium acetate, ammonium sulfate, anhydrous citric acid, anhydrous dextrose, anhydrous lactose, anhydrous trisodium citrate, arginine, ascorbic acid, aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, calcium chloride, calcium gluceptate, calcium hydroxide, calcium, caprylic acid, carbon dioxide, citric acid monohydrate, dibasic potassium phosphate, diethanolamine, disodium citrate sesquihydrate, disodium hydrogen citrate, edetate calcium disodium, edetate disodium, edetate sodium, edetic acid, ethanolamine hydrochloride, ferric chloride, gluceptate sodium, glycine hydrochloride, glycine, guanidine hydrochloride, histidine, hydrochloric acid, isoleucine, lactic acid, lactobionic acid, leucine, lysine acetate, lysine, lysine monohydrate, magnesium chloride, magnesium stearate, maleic acid, metaphosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, nitric acid, phosphate ion, phosphoric acid, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, potassium phosphate (monobasic) , sodium acetate, sodium ascorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bisulfate, sodium carbonate, sodium citrate, sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite, sodium phosphate dihydrate, sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate p-32, sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dodecahydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic, sodium phosphate dibasic (anhydrous) , sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, sodium phosphate monobasic (anhydrous) , sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate monobasic, sodium sulfate (anhydrous) , sodium sulfate, sodium thioglycolate, sodium thiomalate, sodium thiosulfate, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, tartaric acid, tartaric acid (dl) , trifluoroacetic acid, tromantadine, tromethamine, or any combination thereof.
[0043] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the tonicity adjusting agent that can be comprised in the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition may include, but is not limited to, dextrose monohydrate, dextrose solution, dextrose, dimethyl sulfoxide, fructose, gluconolactone, glucuronic acid, glycerin, glycine hydrochloride, glycine, guanidine hydrochloride, histidine, hydrochloric acid, hypertonic sodium chloride solution, isoleucine, isopropyl alcohol, isotonic sodium chloride solution, lactic acid (dl) , lactobionic acid, lactose monohydrate, lactose, leucine, lysine acetate, lysine, lysine monohydrate, magnesium chloride, magnesium stearate, maleic acid, mannitol, meglumine, methionine, methylboronic acid, polypropylene glycol, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, potassium phosphate (monobasic) , proline, propyl gallate, propylene glycol, saccharin sodium, serine, sodium acetate, sodium ascorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bisulfate, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium gluconate, sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite, sodium lactate, sodium phosphate dihydrate, sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate p-32, sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dodecahydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic, sodium phosphate dibasic (anhydrous) , sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, sodium phosphate monobasic (anhydrous) , sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate monobasic, sodium sulfate (anhydrous) , sodium sulfate, sodium thioglycolate, sodium thiomalate, sodium thiosulfate, sorbitol, succinic acid, sucrose, sulfuric acid, tartaric acid, tartaric acid (dl) , threonine, trehalose, trifluoroacetic acid, trisodium citrate dihydrate, tromethamine, tryptophan, tyrosine, urea, urethane, valine, or any combination thereof.
[0044] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the pH adjusting agent that can be comprised in the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition may include, but is not limited to, HNO3, HCl, AcOH, NH4OH, NaOH, KOH, LiOH, trimethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) , or any combination thereof.
[0045] In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition may be an injectable aqueous suspension, an injectable solution, or an injectable matrix delivery system.
[0046] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition is an injectable aqueous suspension comprising the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine and the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol 200, polyethylene glycol 300, polyethylene glycol 400, polyethylene glycol 600, polyethylene glycol 1450, polyethylene glycol 1600, polyethylene glycol 3000, polyethylene glycol 3350, polyethylene glycol 4000, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium chloride, Poloxamer 188, or any combination thereof.
[0047] In some embodiments, the injectable aqueous suspension of the present disclosure has a particle size (d10) of less than 20 μm, a particle size (d50) of less than 100 μm, a particle size (d90) of less than 300 μm, and / or a particle size (d100) of less than 1,000 μm. In some embodiments, the injectable aqueous suspension of the present disclosure may have a particle size (d10) of less than 10 μm, a particle size (d50) of less than 30 μm, and / or a particle size (d90) of less than 100 μm. In some embodiments, the injectable aqueous suspension of the present disclosure has a specific surface area of more than 100 m2 / g. In some embodiments, the injectable aqueous suspension of the present disclosure has a specific surface area of more than 300 m2 / g.
[0048] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition is an injectable solution comprising the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine and the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier selected from the group consisting of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, ethyl acetate, ethanol, butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, isopropanol, glycerin, benzyl benzoate, dimethyl sulfoxide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, propylene carbonate, propylene glycol, dimethyl glycol, benzyl alcohol, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the injectable solution of the present disclosure may further comprise at least one of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, or any combination thereof.
[0049] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition is an injectable matrix delivery system comprising the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine and the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier selected from the group consisting of poly lactic acid, poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid, polyesters, polyamino acids, polyvinylpyrrolidone, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydrogels, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, crosslinked polyester, polycarbonate, polysulfone, poly (2-pentene) , poly (methylmethacrylate) , poly (l, 4-phenylene) , polytetrafluoroethylene, poly-ethylene-vinylacetate (EVA) , or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the injectable matrix delivery system of the present disclosure may further comprise at least one of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, ethyl acetate, ethanol, butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, isopropanol, glycerin, benzyl benzoate, dimethyl sulfoxide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, propylene carbonate, propylene glycol, dimethyl glycol, benzyl alcohol, or any combination thereof.
[0050] In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine is present at a concentration of 1%to 99%, 1%to 90%, 1%to 85%, 1%to 80%, 1%to 75%, 1%to 70%, 1%to 65%, 1%to 60%, 5%to 99%, 5%to 90%, 5%to 85%, 5%to 80%, 5%to 75%, 5%to 70%, 5%to 65%, 5%to 60%, 10%to 90%, 10%to 80%, 10%to 70%, 10%to 60%, 10%to 50%, 15%to 50%, or 15%to 40% (w / w) in the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition.
[0051] In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition is an injectable formulation. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition is formulated for oral, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intradermal, transdermal, intranasal, rectal, intrathecal, intramucosal, or intraocular administration.
[0052] The present disclosure also provides a method for treating a disease or a condition by applying the above sustained-release pharmaceutical composition to a subject in need thereof. In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, the method comprises administering to a subject in need thereof the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition.
[0053] The present disclosure further provides a use of any of the aforementioned pharmaceutical compositions in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease or a condition in a subject in need thereof.
[0054] The present disclosure further provides any of the aforementioned pharmaceutical compositions for use in treating a disease or a condition in a subject in need thereof.
[0055] In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, the disease or the condition to be treated by the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure is selected from the group consisting of a neurological disease, sexual dysfunction, neuroleptic (-like) malignant syndrome, an alcohol-related disorder, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the disease or the condition is selected from the group consisting of Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, periodic limb movements during sleep, a disorder of consciousness, mania, hysteria, schizophrenic, anxiety, dementia, dystonia musculorum deformans, hallucinations, migraine headaches, hiccups, Huntington’s chorea, tardive dyskinesia, sexual dysfunction in men or women, restless legs syndrome (RLS) , hyperprolactinemia and psychotic disorders, depression, drug addiction, Ramsey-Hunt paralysis syndrome, and any combination thereof.
[0056] In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, after the administration, the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition exhibits a steady release profile lasting at least 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, 28 days, or longer.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0057] The present disclosure can be more understood by reading the following descriptions of the embodiments, with reference made to one or more of the accompanying drawings below.
[0058] FIG. 1 illustrates the X-ray powder diffraction pattern of apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (ratio 1: 1) .
[0059] FIG. 2 illustrates the X-ray powder diffraction pattern of apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (ratio 1: 1) .
[0060] FIG. 3 illustrates the X-ray powder diffraction pattern of apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (ratio 3: 1) .
[0061] FIG. 4 illustrates the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (crystal form, ratio 1: 1) .
[0062] FIG. 5 illustrates the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (crystal form, ratio 1: 1) .
[0063] FIG. 6 illustrates the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (crystal form, ratio 3: 1) .
[0064] FIG. 7 illustrates the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of apomorphine pamoate salt (amorphous form, ratio 2: 1) .
[0065] FIG. 8 illustrates the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (crystal form, ratio 1: 1) .
[0066] FIG. 9 illustrates the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (crystal form, ratio 1: 1) .
[0067] FIG. 10 illustrates the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (crystal form, ratio 1: 1) .
[0068] FIG. 11 illustrates the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (crystal form, ratio 1: 1) .
[0069] FIG. 12 illustrates the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of apomorphine pamoate salt (amorphous form, ratio 2: 1) .
[0070] FIG. 13 illustrates the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) pattern of apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (crystal form, ratio 1: 1) .
[0071] FIG. 14 illustrates the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) pattern of apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (crystal form, ratio 1: 1) .
[0072] FIG. 15 illustrates the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) pattern of apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (crystal form, ratio 3: 1) .
[0073] FIG. 16 illustrates the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) pattern of apomorphine pamoate salt (amorphous form, ratio 2: 1) .
[0074] FIG. 17 illustrates the HPLC analysis of apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (crystal form, ratio 1: 1) . APM: apomorphine free base.
[0075] FIG. 18 illustrates the HPLC analysis of apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (crystal form, ratio 1: 1 ) . APM: apomorphine free base.
[0076] FIG. 19 illustrates the HPLC analysis of apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (crystal form, ratio 3: 1) . APM: apomorphine free base.
[0077] FIG. 20 illustrates the HPLC analysis of apomorphine pamoate salt (amorphous form, ratio 2: 1) . APM: apomorphine free base.
[0078] FIG. 21 illustrates the intrinsic dissolution rate of apomorphine salt in medium with pH =6.8. APN12: apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt. APN32: apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt. APM HCl: apomorphine hydrochloride salt.
[0079] FIG. 22 illustrates the mean plasma levels of apomorphine after subcutaneous injection of formulation AS02 at the dose of 30 mg apomorphine / kg in rats.
[0080] FIG. 23 illustrates the mean plasma levels of apomorphine after subcutaneous injection of formulation AS03 at the dose of 30 mg apomorphine / kg in rats.
[0081] FIG. 24 illustrates the mean plasma levels of apomorphine after subcutaneous injection of formulation AS05 at the dose of 30 mg apomorphine / kg in rats.
[0082] FIG. 25 illustrates the mean plasma levels of apomorphine after subcutaneous injection of formulation AS07 at the dose of 30 mg apomorphine / kg in rats.
[0083] FIG. 26 illustrates the mean plasma levels of apomorphine after intramuscular injection of formulation AS07 at the dose of 30 mg apomorphine / kg in rats.
[0084] FIG. 27 illustrates the mean plasma levels of apomorphine after subcutaneous injection of formulation APM-HCl (apomorphine hydrochloride salt) at the dose of 3 mg apomorphine / kg in rats.
[0085] FIG. 28 illustrates the mean plasma levels of apomorphine after subcutaneous injection of formulation AS02 at the dose of 5.1 mg apomorphine / kg in minipigs.
[0086] FIG. 29 illustrates the mean plasma levels of apomorphine after subcutaneous injection of formulation AS05 at the dose of 5.1 mg apomorphine / kg in minipigs.
[0087] FIG. 30 illustrates the mean plasma levels of apomorphine after subcutaneous injection of formulation AS07 at the dose of 5.1 mg apomorphine / kg in minipigs.
[0088] FIG. 31 illustrates the mean plasma levels of apomorphine after subcutaneous injection of formulation APM-HCl (apomorphine hydrochloride salt) at the dose of 0.137 mg apomorphine / kg in minipigs.
[0089] FIG. 32 illustrates the subcutaneous injection sites from each group, including saline group (0 mg / kg / day) (panel A) , apomorphine hydrochloride salt group (3 mg / kg / day) (panel B) , apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (30 mg / kg / week) (panel C) , apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (90 mg / kg / week) (panel D) , and apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (90 mg / kg / week) (panel E) . The injection depot locations on panel C to panel E are Day 1-lower left, Day 8-lower right, and Day 15-upper left.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0090] The following examples are used for illustrating the present disclosure. A person skilled in the art can easily conceive the other advantages and effects of the present disclosure, based on the disclosure of the specification. The present disclosure can also be implemented or applied as described in different examples. It is possible to modify or alter the following examples for carrying out this disclosure without contravening its scope, for different aspects and applications.
[0091] It is further noted that, as used in this disclosure, the singular forms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” include plural referents, unless expressly and unequivocally limited to one referent. The term “or” is used interchangeably with the term “and / or” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0092] The present disclosure relates to sustained-release formulations of apomorphine salts that demonstrate reduced pharmacokinetic fluctuations and minimize the occurrence of an initial burst effect following a single dose administration in a subject. In accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, these apomorphine salt formulations are suitable for the treatment of neurological diseases, sexual dysfunction, neuroleptic (-like) malignant syndrome, alcohol-related disorders, or any combination thereof.
[0093] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the apomorphine salt is a very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine in a crystal form or an amorphous form. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine has a stoichiometry of 1: 1, 2: 1, or 3: 1 of apomorphine to the very slightly soluble salt. In some embodiments, the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine is apomorphine hydroxynaphthoate salt or apomorphine pamoate salt. In some embodiments, the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine is apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt, apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt, or apomorphine pamoate salt. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the apomorphine hydroxynaphthoate salt (e.g., apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt and apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt) has a stoichiometry of 1: 1 or 3: 1 of apomorphine to hydroxynaphthoate. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the apomorphine pamoate salt has a stoichiometry of 2: 1 of apomorphine to pamoate.
[0094] As used herein, the phrase “very slightly soluble salt” refers to a substance with very low solubility in a solvent. For example, the very slightly soluble salt has a solubility value in the range of 0.1 grams to a few grams per liter of a solvent (e.g., water) . In some embodiments, the solubility of the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine of the present disclosure is less than 1.00 mg / mL in water.
[0095] In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, the formulation of the apomorphine salt is a sustained-release pharmaceutical composition comprising a crystal or amorphous form of the apomorphine hydroxynaphthoate salt or pamoate salt and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thereof.
[0096] In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition may contain the apomorphine salt in any suitable concentration, such as 1%to 99%, 1%to 90%, 1%to 85%, 1%to 80%, 1%to 75%, 1%to 70%, 1%to 65%, 1%to 60%, 5%to 99%, 5%to 90%, 5%to 85%, 5%to 80%, 5%to 75%, 5%to 70%, 5%to 65%, 5%to 60%, 10%to 90%, 10%to 80%, 10%to 70%, 10%to 60%, 10%to 50%, 15%to 50%, and 15%to 40% (w / w) . It is noted that when a numerical range is provided in this disclosure, it is intended to include all numbers within the ranges, as if each of these numbers have been individually disclosed.
[0097] In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition may be formulated as an aqueous solution, which comprises a biocompatible solvent as the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The biocompatible solvent may be an organic solvent including, but not limited to, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, ethyl acetate, ethanol, butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, isopropanol, glycerin, benzyl benzoate, dimethyl sulfoxide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, propylene carbonate, propylene glycol, dimethyl glycol, benzyl alcohol, or any combination thereof.
[0098] In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition may be formulated as an aqueous suspension, which comprises, as the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, at least one of PEG 400, PEG 3350, PEG 4000, Tween 80, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium chloride, Poloxamer 188, or any combination thereof.
[0099] In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition may be formulated as a matrix delivery system, which comprises a controlled release matrix as the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The controlled release matrix may contain poly lactic acid, poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid, or any combination thereof.
[0100] The sustained-release pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure may further comprise a wetting agent, a suspending agent, a tonicity adjusting agent, a pH adjusting agent, a buffering agent, a stabilizer, a preservative, or any combination thereof.
[0101] The various formulations of the present disclosure do not have undesirable initial bursts and may display a sustained-release profile over 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, 28 days, or longer. The formulations of the present disclosure, which prevent a significant burst release of apomorphine, may not only reduce the risks of several systemic adverse effects, e.g., yawning, somnolence, nausea, respiratory depression, and vomiting, but also lessen the burden for frequent patient monitoring by physicians. Furthermore, the formulations of apomorphine salts of the present disclosure exhibit high bioavailability, maintain pharmaceutically effective plasma concentration for at least 2 days, and present a minimal risk of local site reactions.
[0102] Different examples have been used to illustrate the present disclosure. The examples below should not be taken as a limit to the scope of the present disclosure.
[0103] EXAMPLES
[0104] The preparation flow of apomorphine hydroxynaphthoate salts and apomorphine pamoate salt was shown as Scheme 1 and Scheme 2 below.
[0105] Example 1: Preparation of apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (2) (Crystal, ratio 1: 1) Sodium 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate or 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid was dissolved in a ten-fold solvent by stirring at 50℃ to form a 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate solution. Apomorphine salt (1) or apomorphine free base (5) was dissolved in two-fold dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) by stirring at 50℃. The DMSO solution was added dropwise to the 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate solution under ice bath to obtain the precipitate, and then the precipitate was collected by suction filtration to obtain apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (2) .
[0106] The residue was dissolved in ethanol (EtOH) by stirring at ambient temperature and recrystallized by decreasing temperature. The resulting powder was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) , differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) , optical rotation, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum, and literature information. The characterization of the crystal form of apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (2) was confirmed by analysis results and specific rotation of apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (2) of
[0107] Example 2: Preparation of apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (3a) (Crystal, ratio 1: 1) Sodium 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate or 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid was dissolved in a ten-fold solvent by stirring at 50℃ to form a 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate solution. Apomorphine salt (1) or apomorphine free base (5) was dissolved in two-fold DMSO by stirring at 50℃. The DMSO solution was added dropwise to the 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate solution under ice bath to obtain the precipitate, and then the precipitate was collected by suction filtration to obtain apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (3a) . The residue was dissolved in ethanol by stirring at ambient temperature and recrystallized by decreasing temperature.
[0108] The resulting powder was analyzed by HPLC, DSC, optical rotation, and NMR spectrum. The characterization of the crystal form of apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (3a) was confirmed by analysis results and specific rotation of apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (3a) of
[0109] Example 3: Preparation of apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (3b) (Crystal, ratio 3: 1)
[0110] Sodium 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate or 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid was dissolved in a twenty-fold solvent by stirring at 50℃ to form a 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate solution. Apomorphine salt (1) was added in portions to the 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate solution to obtain the precipitate, and then the precipitate under ice bath was collected by suction filtration to obtain apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (3b) . The residue was dissolved in ethanol by stirring at ambient temperature and recrystallized by decreasing temperature.
[0111] The resulting powder was analyzed by HPLC, DSC, optical rotation, and NMR spectrum. The characterization of the crystal form of apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (3b) was confirmed by analysis results and specific rotation of apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (3) of
[0112] Example 4: Preparation of apomorphine pamoate salt (4) (Amorphous, ratio 2: 1)
[0113] Sodium pamoate or pamoic acid was dissolved in sixteen-fold MeOH by stirring at 50℃. Apomorphine (1) or apomorphine free base (5) was dissolved in thirty-fold EtOH by stirring at 50℃. The EtOH solution was added dropwise to the MeOH solution, and then H2O was added dropwise to the mixture by stirring at 50℃. After the solution was cooled to 0℃, the precipitate was collected by suction filtration to obtain apomorphine pamoate salt (4) . The wet solid was dried under vacuum at 70℃. The resulting powder was analyzed by HPLC, DSC, optical rotation, and NMR spectrum. The characterization of the crystal form of apomorphine pamoate salt (4) was confirmed by analysis results.
[0114] Example 5: XRPD analysis
[0115] The X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern was obtained on a PANalytical X’ Pert Pro (MRD) , equipped with a Cu Kα radiation source of wavelength
[0116] Each sample was scanned between 2° and 65° in 2θ, with a step size of 0.02° in 2θ and a scan rate of 0.5 second / step. The angular peak positions in 2θ and corresponding I / Io data for all crystal forms of apomorphine salt peaks with intensities equal to or greater than 10%of the largest peak were tabulated in Table 1.
[0117] The crystal forms of apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (ratio 1: 1) , apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (ratio 1: 1) , and apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (ratio 3: 1) were characterized by the X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) , and the results were provided in FIGs. 1 to 3, respectively.
[0118] Table 1. X-ray diffraction peaks of crystal forms of apomorphine salts including apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (Crystal, ratio 1: 1) , apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (Crystal, ratio 1: 1) , and apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (Crystal, ratio 3: 1)
[0119] Example 6: NMR analysis
[0120] Crystal forms of apomorphine salts were dissolved in deuterium solvent (DMSO) , and the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were obtained using a Bruker Ascend TM 400 MHz NMR spectrometer.
[0121] The characterizations of crystal forms of apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (ratio 1: 1) and apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salts (ratio 1: 1 or 3: 1) and an amorphous form of apomorphine pamoate salt (ratio 2: 1) were confirmed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy (as shown in Table 2 and FIGs. 4 to 8) .
[0122] Table 2. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) data of apomorphine salts
[0123] Also, crystal forms of apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (ratio 1: 1) and apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (ratio 1: 1) were subjected to 13C-NMR spectroscopy, and the chemical shifts were reported in ppm (as shown in Table 3 and FIGs. 8 and 9) .
[0124] Table 3. 13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO) data of apomorphine salts
[0125] Example 7: Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis
[0126] The polymorphs of apomorphine salts were further characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy obtained in a disk using a Bruker FPA-FTIR Vertex 70V, Hyperion 3000 system, and the results were shown in FIGs. 10 to 12. The IR absorbances (in wavenumbers, cm-1) sufficient to identify crystal or amorphous forms of apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt, apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt, and apomorphine pamoate salt were summarized in Table 4 below.
[0127] Table 4. FTIR peaks of apomorphine salts (in wavenumbers, cm-1)
[0128] Example 8: DSC analysis
[0129] Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of the samples of apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (ratio 1: 1) , apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (ratio 1: 1) , and apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (ratio 3: 1) exhibited a glass transition at approximately 216℃, 261℃, and 239℃, respectively, indicating that these samples were in crystal form (FIGs. 13 to 15) . DSC analysis of the sample of apomorphine pamoate salt (ratio 2: 1) exhibited a temperature at approximately 130℃, indicating that such sample was amorphous (FIG. 16) .
[0130] The DSC analysis was performed by using a Mettler Toledo DSC3 under standard conditions. The DSC analysis for crystal and amorphous forms of apomorphine salts was summarized in Table 5 below.
[0131] Table 5. DSC analysis peaks of apomorphine salts
[0132] Example 9: HPLC analysis
[0133] The purity of apomorphine hydroxynaphthoate and pamoate salts was obtained using a Waters e2695 high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system with column (Waters XTerra C18, 5 μm, 4.6 × 250 mm) under in-house conditions. HPLC analysis confirmed the purity of apomorphine salts at 100% (Retention Time (RT) : 6.6 min) . HPLC analysis of apomorphine hydroxynaphthoate and pamoate salts were shown in FIGs. 17 to 20.
[0134] Example 10: Karl Fischer Analysis
[0135] Karl Fisher analysis indicated that the sample contained trace amounts of water and was not a hydrated form (water content: 0.27%for apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt; water content: 0.68%for apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (1: 1) ; water content: 4.46%for apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (3: 1) ; and water content: 3.84%for apomorphine pamoate salt) . Karl Fischer analysis was performed using a Metrohm 870 KF Titrino plus under standard conditions.
[0136] Example 11: Solubility test
[0137] The solubility of apomorphine salts was evaluated according to the guidelines of the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) , and the results are presented in Table 6. The data indicate that apomorphine salts exhibit poor solubility across a range of pH conditions. Among the tested salts, apomorphine pamoate exhibited the highest solubility at pH 1.2 (5.00 mg / mL) , while the lowest solubility was observed for the same salt at pH 7.4 (0.10 mg / mL) . Overall, apomorphine salts showed significantly lower solubility in aqueous media, classifying them as very slightly soluble. In comparison, apomorphine hydrochloride demonstrated a solubility greater than 3 mg / mL at pH 7.4 and was classified as slightly soluble.
[0138] Table 6. Solubilities of apomorphine salts *Containing 1%sodium metabisulfite in medium.
[0139] Example 12: Stability study and hygroscopicity of apomorphine salts (active pharmaceutical ingredient, API)
[0140] The intrinsic stability of a drug molecule can be assessed through forced degradation studies. Key stress conditions typically include acid hydrolysis, thermal degradation, photolysis, and oxidation, and may also involve freeze-thaw cycles and mechanical shear. In this Example, the stability of the apomorphine salts was performed under high-temperature conditions (100℃) , various pH environments (ranging from 0.1 to 1 M HCl) , and in the presence of an oxidizing agent (H2O2) . The samples were subsequently analyzed by HPLC to determine the apomorphine content and the total related substances. The results were presented in Tables 7 to 9.
[0141] The HPLC results showed that the total degradation of apomorphine ranged from 0%to 5%under thermal degradation, oxidation, and acid hydrolysis conditions, indicating that the apomorphine salts were “moderately stable” under these stressors. These results suggested that the solid form of apomorphine salts exhibits good resistance to heat, acid, and oxidative stress.
[0142] Table 7. Purity of apomorphine hydrochloride salt in forced degradation
[0143] Table 8. Purity of apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (ratio 1: 1) in forced degradation
[0144] Table 9. Purity of apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (ratio 1: 1) in forced degradation
[0145] Example 13: Hygroscopicity of apomorphine salts (API)
[0146] The hygroscopicity of the crystalline and amorphous forms of apomorphine salts was determined using the climatic cabinet described in Chapter 5.11 of the European Pharmacopoeia. The test conditions were set at 25 ± 1℃ and 80 ± 2%relative humidity for a duration of 24 hours. The results were interpreted as follows:
[0147] --Very hygroscopic: mass increase ≥ 15%,
[0148] --Hygroscopic: 15%> mass increase ≥ 2%,
[0149] --Slightly hygroscopic: 2%> mass increase ≥ 0.2%.
[0150] Karl Fischer titration analysis revealed that apomorphine hydrochloride exhibited a 2.1%increase in water content when exposed to conditions of 25 ± 1℃ and 80 ± 2%relative humidity, indicating that apomorphine hydrochloride was “hygroscopic. ” In contrast, apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (1: 1) and apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (1: 1) showed increases of only 0.29%and 0.07%, respectively, classifying them as “slightly hygroscopic” and “non-hygroscopic. ” These results suggested that the hydroxynaphthoate salts of apomorphine exhibited improved moisture stability and are more suitable for developing stable solid dosage forms.
[0151] Example 14: Preparation of apomorphine salt solutions
[0152] Each of the apomorphine salts and the excipients thereof were added into a glass vial and dissolved in a biocompatible organic solvent, such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) , dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) , and N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) . The mixture was stirred constantly at ambient temperature or heated slightly until all of the ingredients were dissolved. The compositions of the obtained pharmaceutical solutions were listed in Table 10 below.
[0153] Table 10. Compositions of apomorphine salt solutions
[0154] Example 15: Preparation of aqueous suspension of apomorphine salts
[0155] The very slightly soluble salts of apomorphine were individually added into a flask and suspended in an excipient, which was composed of polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) , polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) , Poloxamer 188, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) , vitamin C (Vit C) , and / or sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolved in ddH2O.
[0156] The aqueous suspension was mixed uniformly by sonicating and further subjected to milling. The compositions of the aqueous suspensions and the used milling process were listed in Table 11. The aqueous suspensions were added into glass vials for the analysis of particle size distributions, which was performed by Bettersizer S2-E laser particle size analyzer. The particle size distribution results were shown in Table 12.
[0157] Table 11. Compositions and milling processes of aqueous suspensions of apomorphine salts
[0158] Table 12. Particle size distributions of aqueous suspensions of apomorphine salts
[0159] Example 16: Preparation of matrix delivery system of apomorphine salts
[0160] Each of the apomorphine salts, an excipient (such as poly lactic acid (PLA) and poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) ) , and a biocompatible solvent (such as NMP, DMSO, and DMAc) were added into a glass vial, and then was placed into a 50℃ water bath with constant stirring until all the ingredients were dissolved. The mixture was removed from water bath and stirred at room temperature to form a solution (i.e., matrix delivery system) . The compositions of the matrix delivery systems were listed in Table 13 below.
[0161] Table 13. Compositions of matrix delivery systems of apomorphine salts *PLGA type: lactidyl / glycolidyl (LA / GA) ratio
[0162] Example 17: Dissolution rate study
[0163] The dissolution rate of the crystal and amorphous forms of apomorphine salts was determined by using the flow-through cell method (Apparatus 4) described in Chapter 711 of the U. S. Pharmacopeia. The conditions used were a medium pH of 6.8, a phosphate buffered saline medium volume of 200 mL, a medium temperature of 37℃, and a detection wavelength of 280 nm. The results were shown in Table 14.
[0164] The intrinsic dissolution rate of the crystal and amorphous forms of apomorphine salts was determined by using the intrinsic dissolution rotating disk method described in Chapter 1087 of the U. S. Pharmacopeia. The conditions used were a medium pH of 6.8, a medium volume of 500 mL, a rotating speed of 50 rpm, a medium temperature of 37℃, and a detection wavelength of 280 nm. The results were shown in Table 15 and FIG. 21.
[0165] Table 14. Dissolution rates of apomorphine salts in pH 6.8 medium *Average of three samples. Containing 0.25%sodium cellulose glycolate in medium. With flow rate: 14 mL / min.
[0166] It was observed that apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (1: 1) and apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (3: 1) differ in dissolution rates due to different excipients and different crystallinity.
[0167] Table 15. Intrinsic dissolution rates and BCS solubility classifications of apomorphine salts in pH 6.8 medium *Average of three samples. **Containing 1%sodium cellulose glycolate in medium. ***BCS: Biopharmaceutics Classification System.
[0168] In addition, the solubility classification of such apomorphine hydroxynaphthoate salts based on biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) was also shown in Table 15. It was observed that the intrinsic dissolution rate of apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt was over 3 times lower and the intrinsic dissolution rate of apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt was 7 times lower than that of apomorphine hydrochloride.
[0169] Example 18: Stability study of pharmaceutical formulations of apomorphine salts
[0170] To evaluate the stability of the pharmaceutical formulation of apomorphine salts at 60℃, 3 mL Type I pharmaceutical glass vials were used, sealed with rubber closures and aluminum-polypropylene flip-off caps. The formulation was stored at 60℃ for periods ranging from 0 to 4 weeks. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to analyze the apomorphine assay and total related substances.
[0171] Table 16. Assay and total related substances of apomorphine salt formulation in heating condition (60℃)
[0172] Compared with the reference product APM-HCl, which contained apomorphine hydrochloride (10 mg / mL) , sodium bisulphate (1 mg / mL) , and benzyl alcohol (5 mg / mL) for mimicking Apo-Go (Britannia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. ) , both AS06 and AS07 (apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt, 1: 1) showed no change in onset temperature after 4 weeks of storage. HPLC analysis confirmed that the apomorphine assay values remained within the range of 95%to 105%, and the levels of related substances were below 1%.
[0173] Example 19: Pharmacokinetic profiles of pharmaceutical formulations of apomorphine salts in rats
[0174] The formulations AS02, AS03, AS05, and AS07 were administered subcutaneously (SC) to male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at a dose of 30 mg apomorphine / kg. Additionally, formulation AS07 was administered intramuscularly (IM) to male SD rats at the same dose level. For comparison, formulation APM-HCl as used in Example 18 was administered subcutaneously to male SD rats at a dose of 3 mg / kg. Blood samples were collected from tail veins at indicated time points. Plasma samples were separated by centrifugation and then stored in a frozen condition for later analysis. LC-MS / MS was used to analyze the concentrations of apomorphine in each plasma sample.
[0175] The concentration-time profiles of rat receiving formulations AS02, AS03, AS05, AS07 (SC) , AS07 (IM) , and APM-HCl were shown in Tables 17 to 22 and FIGs. 22 to 27. It was found that the formulations of the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine maintained a release profile of apomorphine at least 7 days, while the formulation APM-HCl maintained a release profile of apomorphine merely about 24 hours.
[0176] Table 17. Mean plasma concentration-time profiles of apomorphine in rats following single SC administration of formulation AS02 *S.D.: standard deviation
[0177] Table 18. Mean plasma concentration-time profiles of apomorphine in rats following single SC administration of formulation AS03 *S.D.: standard deviation
[0178] Table 19. Mean plasma concentration-time profiles of apomorphine in rats following single SC administration of formulation AS05 *S.D.: standard deviation
[0179] Table 20. Mean plasma concentration-time profiles of apomorphine in rats following single SC administration of formulation AS07 *S.D.: standard deviation
[0180] Table 21. Mean plasma concentration-time profiles of apomorphine in rats following single IM administration of formulation AS07 S.D.: standard deviation
[0181] Table 22. Mean plasma concentration-time profiles of apomorphine in rats following single SC administration of formulation APM-HCl S.D.: standard deviation
[0182] Example 20: Pharmacokinetic profiles of pharmaceutical formulations of apomorphine salts in minipigs
[0183] The formulations AS02, AS05, and AS07 were administered subcutaneously to male Lanyu miniature pigs (minipigs) at a dose of 5.1 mg apomorphine / kg. In addition, formulation APM-HCl was administered subcutaneously to male Lanyu miniature pigs with a body weight below 25 kg at a dose of 0.137 mg / kg, which was equivalent to a clinical human dose of 0.1 mg / kg based on body surface area (BSA) conversion. Blood samples were collected from veins at specific time points. Plasma samples were separated by centrifugation and then stored in a frozen condition for later analysis. LC-MS / MS was used to analyze the concentrations of apomorphine in each plasma sample.
[0184] The concentration-time profiles of minipigs receiving formulations AS02, AS05, AS07, and APM-HCl were shown in Tables 23 to 26 and FIGs. 28 to 31. It was found that the formulations of the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine maintained a release profile of apomorphine at least 7 days, while the formulation APM-HCl maintained a release profile of apomorphine merely about 24 hours.
[0185] Table 23. Mean plasma concentration-time profiles of apomorphine in minipig following single SC administration of formulation AS02 S.D.: standard deviation
[0186] Table 24. Mean plasma concentration-time profiles of apomorphine in minipig following single SC administration of formulation AS05 S.D.: standard deviation
[0187] Table 25. Mean plasma concentration-time profiles of apomorphine in minipig following single SC administration of formulation AS07 S.D.: standard deviation
[0188] Table 26. Mean plasma concentration-time profiles of apomorphine in minipig following single SC administration of formulation APM-HCl S.D.: standard deviation
[0189] Example 21: In vivo releasing profiles of the injectable pharmaceutical formulations in rats and minipigs
[0190] Following subcutaneous administration of apomorphine formulation AS02, AS03, AS05, or AS07 (30 mg / kg) in SD rats, at least 14-day sustained plasma exposure was generally observed. Furthermore, AS03 and AS07 extended the systemic exposure of apomorphine up to 21 days. In minipigs, following subcutaneous administration of formulations AS02, AS05, and AS07 at a dose of 5.1 mg / kg, plasma apomorphine exposure was sustained up to 14 days post-dose for most formulations.
[0191] According to the pharmacokinetic profiles of APM-HCl following subcutaneous administration of apomorphine at 3 mg / kg in rats, plasma apomorphine exposure was sustained up only 24 hours post-dose. Similarly, in minipigs, following subcutaneous administration of APM-HCl at 0.137 mg / kg, plasma apomorphine exposure was sustained for only 24 hours post-dose.
[0192] Overall, the formulations of the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine demonstrated substantially prolonged plasma exposure of apomorphine compared with APM-HCl in both rats and minipigs, with detectable concentrations sustained for at least 7 days post-dose. Following subcutaneous administration of apomorphine at 30 mg / kg in rats, Cmax values of formulations AS02, AS03, AS05, and AS07 were 11.05 ng / mL, 17.6 ng / mL, 17.2 ng / mL, and 32.7 ng / mL, respectively. For formulation AS07 administered intramuscularly at the same dose, the Cmax value was 28.9 ng / mL, which was not markedly different from that observed with subcutaneous administration. For APM-HCl, the Cmax value was 228.4 ng / mL following subcutaneous administration of apomorphine at 3 mg / kg in rats.
[0193] In minipigs, following subcutaneous administration of apomorphine at 5.1 mg / kg, the Cmax values of formulations AS02, AS05, and AS07 were 3.2 ng / mL, 5.1 ng / mL, and 3.5 ng / mL, respectively. For APM-HCl, the Cmax value was 11.6 ng / mL following subcutaneous administration of apomorphine at 0.137 mg / kg in minipigs.
[0194] In summary, the pharmacokinetic profiles of the formulations of the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine demonstrated a reduced initial burst (Cmax) and less fluctuations in apomorphine plasma levels compared with apomorphine hydrochloride. The lower burst effect may indicate a reduced concentration fluctuation and a prolonged and steady release profile of the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine compared with apomorphine hydrochloride.
[0195] Example 22: In vivo repeat-dose local irritation study
[0196] A two-week repeat-dose local irritation study was conducted in 18-to 35-week-old male and female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (BioLASCO, Taipei, Taiwan, China) to evaluate the local irritation potential of apomorphine hydrochloride salt as used in Example 18, apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt suspension, which contained apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (150 mg / mL) , carboxymethyl cellulose (1.7 mg / mL) , Tween 80 (1.1 mg / mL) , and sodium chloride (6.4 mg / mL) , and apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt suspension, which contained apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (150 mg / mL) , carboxymethyl cellulose (1.7 mg / mL) , Tween 80 (1.1 mg / mL) , and sodium chloride (6.4 mg / mL) . The grouping information was summarized in Table 27. Rats in the control group received subcutaneous injection of 0.15 mL of 0.9%saline once daily for 15 days, with the dosing volume and regimen identical to the apomorphine hydrochloride salt group. Rats in the apomorphine hydrochloride salt group received subcutaneous injections of 3 mg / kg body weight once daily for 15 days. Rats in the 15%apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt suspension group received 30 mg / kg apomorphine equivalence once weekly via subcutaneous injection, while a dose of 90 mg / kg apomorphine equivalence was selected as the high dose for both the 15%apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt suspension group and 15%apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt suspension group, also administered once weekly. All animals were sacrificed at the end of the 15-day dosing period for terminal local irritation assessment.
[0197] Table 27. The grouping information on repeat dose local irritation study (SC: subcutaneous)
[0198] For the groups receiving daily injections, such as the saline group and the apomorphine hydrochloride salt group, a total of 15 doses was administered over the 15-day period from Day1 to Day15. For the groups subjected to weekly injections, such as the apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt suspension group and the apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt suspension group, a total of three total doses was administered on Day 1, 8, and 15. Injection site tissues were collected for local irritation evaluation following the final dose.
[0199] For the saline group and the apomorphine hydrochloride salt group, the rat dorsal area was divided into 6 parts: upper left back, upper right back, middle left back, middle right back, lower left back, and lower right back. The drug administration was performed in rotation among these sites to ensure separate injection sites without interference for the irritation evaluations. For the apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt suspension group and the apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt suspension group, the rat dorsal area was divided into 3 parts as upper left back, upper right back, and lower left back for drug administration on Day1, Day8, and Day15, respectively.
[0200] Injection site evaluation was conducted by gross examination of subcutaneous tissue at terminal sacrifice. Throughout the 15-day study, no open wounds were observed in any treatment group. At necropsy, the saline group showed no evidence of subcutaneous irritation (FIG. 32, panel A) .
[0201] In contrast, the apomorphine hydrochloride salt group displayed localized subcutaneous hemorrhage at injection sites following repeated administrations on Days 13 to 15, characterized by reddish discoloration (FIG. 32, panel B) .
[0202] For the apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt group (30 mg / kg apomorphine equivalence) , depot formation was evident at the injection sites (FIG. 32, panel C) . At higher doses (90 mg / kg / week) , both apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt and apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt produced larger depots, consistent with the increased injection volume (FIG. 32, panels D and E) . Apart from depot formation, no hemorrhage was observed in either long-acting formulation. Mild vascular dilation was occasionally noted, which was less apparent at 30 mg / kg / week than at 90 mg / kg / week. It is noted that, despite being administered at substantially higher doses than apomorphine hydrochloride salt, the depots formed by apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt and apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt decreased in size over time, suggesting gradual absorption and breakdown of the formulations in vivo.
[0203] In summary, these findings indicated that apomorphine hydrochloride salt, administered once daily, induced pronounced local irritation with hemorrhage, whereas apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt and apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt, administered once weekly at substantially higher doses, resulted only in depot formation and mild vascular dilation without hemorrhage. Furthermore, the depot size decreased progressively over time, suggesting gradual absorption and metabolic breakdown of the long-acting formulations in vivo.
[0204] Example 23: Evaluation of behavioral changes in the apomorphine-induced groups
[0205] Apomorphine, a potent dopamine receptor agonist, is well known to induce characteristic behavioral responses in rodents. These include stereotyped activities, such as sniffing, licking, gnawing, and repetitive movements (Rurak, A. and Melzacka, M., Polish Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacy 1985, 37 (4) , 509-515) , as well as aggressive behaviors, including fighting, biting attempts, and loud vocalizations (McKenzie, G. M., Brain Research 2003, 34 (2) , 323-330) .
[0206] To objectively evaluate these behavioral outcomes, the scoring systems for both stereotypy (Durg et al., Ancient Science of Life 2015, 35 (2) , 110) and aggressiveness (Kask, A. and Harro, J., Neuropharmacology 2000, 39 (7) , 1292-1302) were applied in this Example, allowing quantitative comparison between the formulation of apomorphine hydrochloride salt and the formulations of apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt and apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt.
[0207] Referring to the grouping information described in Example 22, each group of three Sprague-Dawley rats received a single subcutaneous injection of the formulation of apomorphine hydrochloride salt (3 mg / kg) , the formulation of apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (30 and 90 mg / kg) , or the formulation of apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt (90 mg / kg) .
[0208] For the stereotypy evaluation, in the apomorphine hydrochloride salt group (3 mg / kg / day) , stereotyped behaviors emerged rapidly, with clear signs evident as early as 5 minutes post-dose. The rats exhibited vigorous and disruptive activities, including backward movement, repetitive jumping, abnormal postures, and sniffing. Scores rose sharply to a peak at 1 hour (7.0 ± 0.0) characterized by continual biting of cage grids, then declined steeply between 2 and 4 hours (from 2.3 ± 0.6 to 0.3 ± 0.6) , shifting from predominantly active with bursts of stereotyped sniffing and rearing to a nearly still state. By 6 hours post-dose, stereotypy was completely absent, indicating a short but intense behavioral burst.
[0209] By contrast, the apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt group and the apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt group showed a slower onset of stereotypy (20 minutes post-dose) . At 30 mg / kg, the rats exhibited only milder stereotypy behaviors with scores of 4.0 ± 0.0 at 1, 2, 4, and 6 h post-dose, indicating the constant stereotyped activity maintained at one location. Following a 3-fold dose escalation to 90 mg / kg, the severity of stereotypy slightly increased, with scores of 5.0 at 1 hour and reaching a maximum of 5.7 at 2 hours, characterized by constant stereotyped activity with bursts of licking, gnawing, or biting (score 5) . Between 4 and 24 hours post-dose, stereotypy scores of rats receiving the formulations of apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt and apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt at both 30 mg / kg and 90 mg / kg declined in a similar pattern and all fully resolved at 24 hours post-dose. The stereotypy scoring scale was presented in Table 28 and the summary results were shown in Table 29.
[0210] Table 28. Stereotypy scoring scale for rats
[0211] Table 29. Mean (± SD) stereotypy scores after a single dose of apomorphine across formulations *Results are expressed in mean ± SD, (n=3) .
[0212] From the results shown in Table 29, it was found that the additional clinical observations within 1 hour post-dose revealed a difference in onset profile. Specifically, the rats received apomorphine hydrochloride salt exhibited constant stereotyped activity maintained at one location, with sterotypy scores reaching 4 as early as 5 minutes post-dose. In contrast, the very slightly soluble salt formulation groups (apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt and apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt) demonstrated a delayed onset, with stereotypy first observed at 20 minutes post-dose, and this behavior remained consistently at this level without abrupt escalation. It is noted that even at higher doses, the very slightly soluble salt formulations did not show the abrupt or severe stereotypy observed in the apomorphine hydrochloride salt group, and all stereotype behavior had resolved by 24 hours post-dose. These findings indicated that the very slightly soluble salt formulations provided improved tolerability by mitigating the rapid escalation in stereotypy associated with apomorphine.
[0213] For the aggressiveness evaluation, in the apomorphine hydrochloride salt group, aggressiveness scores increased rapidly, reaching 3.0 ± 0.0 within the first hour post-dose. The rats exhibited continuous fighting, biting attempts, and loud vocalizations, necessitating separation into individual cages. Following separation, no further aggressive behavior was observed. In contrast, no signs of aggression were observed in the apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt group or apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt group during the 24-hour observation period, without the requirement of individual housing. The aggressiveness scoring scale was presented in Table 30, and the summary results were shown in Table 31.
[0214] Table 30. Aggressiveness scoring scale for rats
[0215] Table 31. Summary of aggressiveness scores after a single dose of apomorphine across formulations *Results are expressed in mean ± SD (n=3) .
[0216] Overall, these findings demonstrated that the apomorphine-associated behaviors resulting from the long-acting formulations of apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt and apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt were milder than those from the short-acting formulation of apomorphine hydrochloride salt. At the same dose level (30 mg / kg) , neither the apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt formulation nor the apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt formulation induced abrupt peaks and severe stereotypy or aggressive behaviors, and no apparent increase in severity was observed even at a higher dose. Unlike apomorphine hydrochloride salt, which triggered rapid-onset and transient peaks in both stereotypy and aggression, the long-acting formulations induced milder stereotypy without aggression that persisted for a longer duration but fully resolved within 24 hours. Such an extended yet well-tolerated behavioral course, characterized by milder stereotypy in the absence of aggression, was indicative of prolonged pharmacodynamic activity and controlled release profile. Collectively, these results supported the improved tolerability and potential pharmaceutical applicability of the long-acting formulations of the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine.
[0217] While some of the embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in detail above, it is, however, possible for those of ordinary skill in the art to make various modifications and changes to the embodiments shown without substantially departing from the teaching of the present disclosure. Such modifications and changes are encompassed in the scope of the present disclosure as set forth in the appended claims.
Claims
A very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine having a stoichiometry of 1: 1, 2: 1, or 3: 1 of the apomorphine to the very slightly soluble salt, wherein the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine is an apomorphine hydroxynaphthoate salt or an apomorphine pamoate salt.The very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine according to claim 1, which is in a crystal form or an amorphous form, and exhibits a higher maximum tolerable dose, less toxicity, less apomorphine-related psychotomimetic effects, and less nervous system disorders, and is applicable as an active pharmaceutical ingredient.The very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine according to claim 1, which has solubility of less than 1 mg / mL in water.The very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine according to claim 1, wherein the apomorphine hydroxynaphthoate salt is an apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt represented by Formula (I) and having a stoichiometry of 1: 1 of the apomorphine to hydroxynaphthoate, an apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt represented by Formula (II) and having a stoichiometry of 1: 1 of the apomorphine to hydroxynaphthoate, or an apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt represented by Formula (III) and having a stoichiometry of 3: 1 of the apomorphine to hydroxynaphthoate:The very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine according to claim 4, wherein the apomorphine 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt represented by Formula (I) is in a crystal form characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising one or more peaks at 8.2, 10.8, 12.7, 13.4, 14.2, 15.1, 16.3, 17.9, 18.4, 19.0, 19.7, 20.8, 21.8, 23.3, 24.3, 24.7, 25.2, 25.7, 27.3, 27.8, 29.6, 31.6, 32.0, 33.0, 33.6, 34.9, 35.6, 36.3, 37.9, 39.1, 41.7, 42.4, 43.1, 43.8, 44.6, 46.2, 48.9, 49.8, 50.6, 51.8, 52.8 degrees 2θ ± 0.2 degrees 2θ;wherein the apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt represented by Formula (II) is in a crystal form characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising one or more peaks at 4.6, 8.1, 10.6, 13.0, 13.6, 14.3, 14.8, 15.2, 15.7, 16.2, 17.3, 18.0, 18.5, 19.2, 19.7, 20.5, 21.3, 21.8, 22.9, 23.7, 24.2, 24.5, 25.5, 27.0, 28.1, 29.1, 29.3, 29.9, 31.4, 32.0, 33.2, 34.6, 35.0, 35.3, 36.9, 37.7, 38.4, 38.9, 40.0, 40.8, 41.8, 42.8, 43.2, 43.8, 45.0, 46.8, 50.5 degrees 2θ ± 0.2 degrees 2θ; andwherein the apomorphine 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate salt represented by Formula (III) is in a crystal form characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising one or more peaks at 8.0, 8.7, 10.1, 10.9, 11.5, 13.1, 13.3, 13.6, 14.3, 15.2, 15.9, 16.5, 17.3, 17.7, 18.0, 18.5, 18.8, 19.7, 20.2, 20.8, 21.3, 21.9, 22.9, 23.2, 24.2, 24.5, 25.5, 26.8, 27.1, 27.4, 28.3, 29.1, 29.8, 31.3, 32.0, 34.2, 35.0, 35.7, 36.9, 38.2, 39.8, 41.3, 43.5, 47.7 degrees 2θ ± 0.2 degrees 2θ.The very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine according to claim 1, wherein the apomorphine pamoate salt is represented by Formula (IV) and having a stoichiometry of 2: 1 of the apomorphine to pamoate:A method for preparing a very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine, comprising:mixing a source of apomorphine free base with a solvent to form a reaction mixture; andadding the reaction mixture to an anion source for the apomorphine free base to be converted to the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine,wherein the source of the apomorphine free base is selected from the group consisting of apomorphine, apomorphine hydrofluoride, apomorphine hydrochloride, apomorphine hydrobromide, and apomorphine hydroiodide, andwherein the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine is an apomorphine hydroxynaphthoate salt or an apomorphine pamoate salt.The method according to claim 7, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol (MeOH) , ethanol (EtOH) , dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) , N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) , N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) , N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) , tetrahydrofuran (THF) , and any combination thereof.The method according to claim 7, wherein the anion source is a solution of methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, H2O, or any combination thereof, and wherein the solution comprises at least one of hydroxynaphthoic acid, pamoic acid, sodium hydroxynaphthoate, or disodium pamoate.The method according to claim 9, wherein the sodium hydroxynaphthoate is sodium 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate or sodium 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate.The method according to claim 7, wherein the apomorphine free base is converted to the apomorphine salt with a yield of at least 60%.The method according to claim 7, further comprising performing a crystallization process to obtain a crystal form of the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine.A sustained-release pharmaceutical composition, comprising the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine according to any one of claims 1 to 6 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thereof,wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is selected from the group consisting of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, ethyl acetate, ethanol, butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, isopropanol, glycerin, benzyl benzoate, dimethyl sulfoxide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, propylene carbonate, propylene glycol, dimethyl glycol, benzyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol 200, polyethylene glycol 300, polyethylene glycol 400, polyethylene glycol 600, polyethylene glycol 1450, polyethylene glycol 1600, polyethylene glycol 3000, polyethylene glycol 3350, polyethylene glycol 4000, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium chloride, Poloxamer 188, poly lactic acid, poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid, polyester, polyamino acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydrogel, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, crosslinked polyester, polycarbonate, polysulfone, poly (2-pentene) , poly (methylmethacrylate) , poly (l, 4-phenylene) , polytetrafluoroethylene, poly-ethylene-vinylacetate, and any combination thereof.The sustained-release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 13, which is an injectable aqueous suspension, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is polyethylene glycol 200, polyethylene glycol 300, polyethylene glycol 400, polyethylene glycol 600, polyethylene glycol 1450, polyethylene glycol 1600, polyethylene glycol 3000, polyethylene glycol 3350, polyethylene glycol 4000, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium chloride, Poloxamer 188, or any combination thereof.The sustained-release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, wherein the injectable aqueous suspension has an average particle size (d50) of less than 100 μm and a specific surface area of more than 100 m2 / g.The sustained-release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 13, which is an injectable solution, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, ethyl acetate, ethanol, butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, isopropanol, glycerin, benzyl benzoate, dimethyl sulfoxide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, propylene carbonate, propylene glycol, dimethyl glycol, benzyl alcohol, or any combination thereof.The sustained-release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16, further comprising at least one of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, and any combination thereof.The sustained-release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 13, which is an injectable matrix delivery system, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is poly lactic acid, poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid, polyester, polyamino acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydrogel, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, crosslinked polyester, polycarbonate, polysulfone, poly (2-pentene) , poly (methylmethacrylate) , poly (l, 4-phenylene) , polytetrafluoroethylene, poly-ethylene-vinylacetate, or any combination thereof.The sustained-release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 18, further comprising at least one of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, ethyl acetate, ethanol, butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, isopropanol, glycerin, benzyl benzoate, dimethyl sulfoxide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, propylene carbonate, propylene glycol, dimethyl glycol, benzyl alcohol, and any combination thereof.The sustained-release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 13, wherein the very slightly soluble salt of apomorphine is present at a concentration of 1%to 99%w / w.The sustained-release pharmaceutical composition according claim 13, which is formulated for oral, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intradermal, transdermal, intranasal, rectal, intrathecal, intramucosal, or intraocular administration.A sustained-release pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 13-21 for use in treating a disease or a condition, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition, wherein the disease or the condition is selected from the group consisting of a neurological disease, sexual dysfunction, neuroleptic (-like) malignant syndrome, an alcohol-related disorder, and any combination thereof.The sustained-release pharmaceutical composition for use according to claim 22, wherein the disease or the condition is selected from the group consisting of Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, periodic limb movements during sleep, a disorder of consciousness, mania, hysteria, schizophrenic, anxiety, dementia, dystonia musculorum deformans, hallucinations, migraine headaches, hiccups, Huntington’s chorea, tardive dyskinesia, sexual dysfunction in men or women, restless legs syndrome (RLS) , hyperprolactinemia and psychotic disorders, depression, drug addiction, Ramsey-Hunt paralysis syndrome, and any combination thereof.The sustained-release pharmaceutical composition for use according to claim 22 or 23, wherein the sustained-release pharmaceutical composition exhibits a steady release profile lasting 1 hour, 12 hours, 1 day, 7 days, 14 days, or 28 days after the administration.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Sublingual apomorphine
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Compositions comprising apomorphine and organic acids and uses thereof
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Methods for treating, diagnosing and prognosing a haematological malignancy
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Crystal forms of apomorphine and uses thereof
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Apomorphine-palmitic acid cocrystal solid particle crystalline form
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