Ester-linked hydroponic growth medium

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a hydroponic growth medium comprising at least two vertical pieces, each comprising a top downwardly tapered portion and a bottom elongated portion, the pieces being configured and adapted to be assembled together to form a rooting structure having a top conical body including a top wide opening and gradually tapering downwards to a junction transitioning to the bottom narrow extension where the bottom elongated portions come into longitudinal contact with each other to form a narrow extension distal to the top wide opening; and a circular element for securing the rooting structure, wherein the at least two vertical pieces comprise at least one ester-linked polymer. Also disclosed is a method of cultivating a plant, a method of manufacturing the hydroponic growth medium, and a kit relating to the hydroponic growth medium.

Description

ESTER-LINKED HYDROPONIC GROWTH MEDIUMFIELD

[0001] The present disclosure is directed to the field of hydroponic growth medium. In particular, the present disclosure provides a hydroponic growth medium comprising an ester-linked polymer.BACKGROUND

[0002] Hydroponics refers to the practice of growing plants without soil by providing a hydroponic growth medium, also referred to as a substrate, and an aqueous nutrient solution directly to the plants’ roots.

[0003] Current media utilized in hydroponics predominantly consist of organic materials such as mineral wool, clay pellets, and peat moss. The production and recycling of these substrates is highly energy-intensive. For instance, the creation of mineral wool involves melting minerals and rocks at approximately 1600 degrees Celsius, followed by aeration and spinning into a fibrous material. Similarly, clay pellets are formed by pretreating clay and then heating it in rotary kilns to around 1150 degrees Celsius. Such high-temperature manufacturing processes demand substantial energy consumption.

[0004] These substrates are largely non-biodegradable and have limited reusability leading to excess waste production and additional operational costs.SUMMARY

[0005] In accordance with one aspect, there is provided an ester-linked hydroponic growth medium that can be produced through additive manufacturing processes, including several tunable structural elements making it suitable for use in a wide variety of plant species, and have a structure that facilitates ease of removal from a plant, allowing for cleaning and re-use. In accordance with one aspect of this disclosure, provided herein is a hydroponic growth medium comprising: a) at least two vertical pieces, each comprising a top downwardly tapered portion and a bottom elongated portion, the pieces are capable of being assembled together to form a rooting structure comprising atop conical body with a bottom narrow extension, the top conical body comprises a top wide opening and gradually tapering downwards to a junction transitioning to the bottom narrow extension where the bottom elongated portions come into longitudinal contact with each other to form the narrow extension distal to the top wide opening; b) a circular element, positioned at or near the horizontal plane of the junction of the rooting structure, the circular element is configured to hold the at least two vertical pieces in place when assembled, securing the rooting structure; wherein the junction comprises atop surface with a shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice for receiving a seed or seedling, wherein the at least two vertical pieces are configured to be separable from at the junction to the distal end of the extension upon the growth of at least one root of a seed or seedling, and wherein the at least two vertical pieces comprise at least one ester-linked polymer.

[0006] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, provided herein is a hydroponic growth medium comprising : at least two vertical pieces comprising a first vertical piece having a top horizontal circular element, a downwardly tapered portion positioned below a segment of the circular element, and a bottom elongated portion beneath the tapered portion, wherein the top horizontal circular element comprises an overhang extending horizontally from the segment attached to the tapered portion, forming an opening configured to receive and secure at least one additional vertical piece comprising a top downwardly tapered portion and a bottom elongated portion; wherein the at least two vertical pieces are capable of being assembled together to form a rooting structure comprising a top conical body with a bottom narrow extension, the top conical body comprises a top wide opening and gradually tapering downwards to a junction transitioning to the bottom narrow extension where the bottom elongated portions come into longitudinal contact with each other to form the narrow extension distal to the top wide opening, wherein the junction comprises a top surface with a shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice for receiving a seed or seedling, wherein the vertical pieces are configured to be separable from at the junction to the distal end of the extension upon the growth of at least one root of a seed or seedling, and wherein the vertical pieces comprise at least one ester-linked polymer.

[0007] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, provided herein is a hydroponic growth medium comprising: at least two vertical pieces, each comprising a top downwardly tapered portion and a bottom elongated portion, the pieces are capable of being assembled together to form a rooting structure comprising a top conical body with a bottom narrow extension, the top conical body comprises a top wide opening and gradually tapering downwards to a junction transitioning to the bottom narrow extension where the bottom elongated portions come into longitudinal contact with each other to form the narrow extension distal to the top wide opening, the at least two vertical pieces are joined by coupling elements positioned at top portion of the rooting structure, the coupling elements are configured to hold the at least two vertical pieces in place when assembled, securing the rooting structure; wherein the junction comprises a top surface with a shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice for receiving a seed or seedling, wherein the at least two vertical pieces are configured to be separable from at the junction to the distal end of the extension upon the growth of at least one root of a seed or seedling, and wherein the at least two vertical pieces comprise at least one ester-linked polymer.

[0008] In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises two vertical pieces. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises three vertical pieces. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises four vertical pieces. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises five vertical pieces. In some embodiments, the at least one ester-linked polymer has a thermo-degradation temperature of at most 300 degrees Celsius. Other ranges may be contemplated, based on the targeted applications. In some embodiments, the at least one ester-linked polymer comprises at least one of Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Polycarbonate (PC), and / or Wood-PLA. In some embodiments, other materials, which may be compostable and / or biodegradable, may beused. The materials may be based on natural substances such as, for example and without being limitative, cellulosic materials, which may be natural or synthetic. In some embodiments, the materials may be made of or include, for example and without being limitative, meta-aramids (e.g., Nomex®), para-aramids (e.g., Kevlar®), polybenzimidazole (e.g., PBI®), melamine (e.g., Basofil®), polyamide (e.g., P84®), regenerated cellulose (e.g., Rayon, Viscose, modal, Lenzing® modal or lyocell fibers), polyacrylonitrile (e.g., PAN), carbon, or various combinations thereof. The material may be regenerated and / or multifilament. In some embodiments, the at least one ester-linked polymer is a biodegradable material comprising at least one of, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polycaprolactone (PCL), and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT). In some embodiments, the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice has a depth between about 0.5 mm and about 30 mm. In some embodiments, the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice is between about 0.5 mm and about 10 mm in diameter. In some embodiments, the top wide opening has an area between about 5 mm2and about 300 mm2. In some embodiments, the extension has a length of between about 10 mm and about 210 mm. In some embodiments, the at least two vertical pieces downwardly taper from the top at an interior angle of between about 1 degree and about 90 degrees. In some embodiments, the porosity of the at least one ester-linked polymer is no greater than about 80%. In some embodiments, the porosity may be higher than 80%. In some embodiments, the at least two vertical pieces are initially formed as an integrated unit connected by one or more detachable connecting elements. In some embodiments, the coupling elements comprise a polycap pin, a bayonet fitting, a hook, a loop, a clip, a snap-fit, a rivet, an interlocking joint, a flange, a hinge, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the at least two vertical pieces are connected by adhesive bonding. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium further comprises a growth regulator. In some embodiments, the growth regulator comprises a plant hormone, a biopesticide, or an antimicrobial agent. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium is formed by at least one of additive manufacturing and injection molding.

[0009] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, provided herein is a method of cultivating a plant comprising: a) providing a hydroponic growth medium described herein for supporting a seed or seedling; b) placing the seed or seedling in the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice of the hydroponic growth medium; c) delivering water, oxygen, light, and nutrients to the plant or seed; d) allowing the seed or seedling to grow.

[0010] In some embodiments, the plant is removed from the hydroponic growth medium without damaging the plant by separating the at least two vertical pieces of the hydroponic growth medium. In some embodiments, the method further comprises transferring the plant to a larger containment apparatus once it has reached a certain stage of its life cycle. In some embodiments, the method further comprises cleaning the at least two vertical pieces of for re-use.

[0011] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, provided herein is a method of manufacturing the hydroponic growth medium described herein, comprising: initiating additive manufacturing on a build plate; removing the hydroponic growth medium from the build plate.

[0012] In some embodiments, the additive manufacturing comprises 3D printing, fused-deposition modelling, stereolithography (SLA), multi-jet fusion, and / or polyjet printing. In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, provided herein is a kit comprising the hydroponic growth medium described herein and instructions for use. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises a reservoir, a water tank, a grow tray, water pump, an air pump, an air stone, a nutrient solution, a pH test kit, a pH adjuster, a grow light, a timer, a humidity dome, a thermometer, a hygrometer, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the light comprises LED or fluorescent light. In some embodiments, the nutrient solution comprises nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum, chlorine, nickel, sodium, silicon, cobalt, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises at least one plant seed. In some embodiments, the plant seed is the seed of a leafy green, an herb, a fruiting plant, a root vegetable, a floriculture plant, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the leafy green is a lettuce, a spinach, a kale, an arugula, a bok choy, a Swiss chard, a watercress, a water spinach, a stevia, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the herb is a basil, a mint, a cilantro, an oregano, a chive, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the fruiting plant is a tomato, a cucumber, a pepper, a berry, a blackberry, a raspberry, a strawberry, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the root vegetable is a carrot, a beet, a radish, a turnip, a sweet potato, a parsnip, a rutabaga, a celeriac, a yam, a daikon radish, a ginger, a horseradish, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the floriculture plant is a pansy, a petunia, an orchid, a chrysanthemum, a marigold, a rose, a lily, a geranium, a violet, a poinsettia, a begonia, a snapdragon, an impatiens, an African violet, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the seed is a pelleted seed.

[0013] These and other features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description taken together with the accompanying drawings. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred implementations of the present disclosure, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the disclosure will become apparent to those of skill in the art from this detailed description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] Further objects, features and advantages of the disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures showing illustrative embodiments of the disclosure, in which:

[0015] FIG. 1A shows a cross-sectional view of a hydroponic growth medium in an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure.

[0016] FIG. IB shows an isometric view of the hydroponic growth medium comprising two vertical pieces and a circular element medium in an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure.

[0017] FIG. 1C shows a cross-sectional view of the hydroponic growth medium in a closed configuration in an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure.

[0018] FIG. 1C shows a cross-sectional view of the hydroponic growth medium in an open configuration in an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure.

[0019] FIG.2 shows a hydroponic growth medium comprising a first vertical piece and at least one additional vertical piece in an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. The hydroponic grow medium comprises a circular element extending horizontally from the first vertical piece to form an overhang having an opening configured for receiving an additional vertical piece.

[0020] FIG. 3 shows a hydroponic growth medium comprising two vertical pieces held in place by two interlocking joint coupling elements in an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 4 shows an isometric view of a vertical piece. The vertical piece comprises a top downwardly tapered portion and a bottom elongated portion in an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 5 shows an isometric view of a rooting structure comprises two vertical pieces in an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure.

[0023] FIG. 6 shows a top view of two assembled vertical pieces in an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure.

[0024] FIG. 7A shows a side view of a circular element in an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure.

[0025] FIG. 7B shows a top view of the circular element shown in FIG.7A, in an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 7C shows an isometric view of the circular element shown in FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B, in an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure.

[0027] FIG. 8A shows an isometric view of a hydroponic grow medium comprising two vertical pieces held in place by two coupling elements in an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure.

[0028] FIG.8B shows a perspective view of a hydroponic growth medium comprising two vertical pieces and a coupling element in a closed configuration in an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure.

[0029] FIG. 8C shows a perspective view of the hydroponic growth medium shown in FIG. 8B in an open configuration in an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure.

[0030] FIG.8D shows an isometric view of the conical body of a hydroponic growth medium. The top conical body is formed by connecting two vertical pieces using clip coupling elements in an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure.

[0031] FIG. 8E shows an isometric view of a hydroponic growth medium in an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. The top conical body of the medium is formed by connecting two vertical pieces using snap-fit coupling elements.

[0032] FIG. 8F shows an isometric view of a hydroponic growth medium held in place by a flexible coupling element in an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure.

[0033] FIG. 9 shows a side view of a hydroponic growth medium in an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure.

[0034] Further aspects and features of the example embodiments described herein will appear from the following description taken together with the accompanying drawings.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS

[0035] The following is a detailed description provided to aid those skilled in the art in practicing the present disclosure. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. The terminology used in the description herein is for describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. All publications, patent applications, patents, figures and other references mentioned herein are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety.I. Definitions

[0036] As used herein, the following terms have meanings ascribed to them below, unless specified otherwise. However, it should be understood that other meanings that are known or understood by those having ordinary skill in the art are also possible, and within the scope of the present disclosure. In the case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

[0037] Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within the description. Ranges from any lower limit to any upper limit are contemplated. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges which can independently be included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within the description, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either both of those included limits are also included in the description.

[0038] The term “about” as used herein can be used to take into account experimental error and variations that would be expected by a person having ordinary skill in the art. For example, “about” can mean plus or minus 10%, or plus or minus 5%, of the indicated value to which reference is being made.

[0039] As used herein the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0040] The phrase "and / or”, as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean "either or both" of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with "and / or" should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., "one or more" of the elements so conjoined. Other elements can optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the "and / or" clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified.

[0041] As used herein in the specification and in the claims, "or" should be understood to have the same meaning as "and / or" as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, "or" or "and / or" shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as "only one of or "exactly one of or, when used in the claims, "consisting of will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term "or" as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e., "one or the other but not both") when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as "either”, "one of’, "only one of’, or "exactly one of."

[0042] As used herein, all transitional phrases such as "comprising”, "including”, "carrying”, "having”, "containing”, "involving”, "holding”, "composed of’, and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases "consisting of’ and "consisting essentially of’ shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively.

[0043] As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase "at least one”, in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements can optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase "at least one" refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. In addition, the phrase "at least two”, in reference to a list of two or more elements, should be understood to mean at least two elements selected from any two or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements can optionally be present other than the elements specifically identifiedwithin the list of elements to which the phrase "at least two" refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified.

[0044] It should also be understood that, in certain methods described herein that include more than one step or act, the order of the steps or acts of the method is not necessarily limited to the order in which the steps or acts of the method are recited unless the context indicates otherwise.

[0045] Further, the definitions and embodiments described in particular sections are intended to be applicable to other embodiments herein described for which they are suitable as would be understood by a person skilled in the art. For example, in the following passages, different aspects of the disclosure are defined in more detail. Each aspect so defined can be combined with any other aspect or aspects unless clearly indicated to the contrary. In particular, any feature indicated as being preferred or advantageous can be combined with any other feature or features indicated as being preferred or advantageous.II. Hydroponic growth medium

[0046] In accordance with one aspect, there is provided a hydroponic growth medium with improved reusability, water retention and stability. The hydroponic growth medium comprises at least two vertical pieces (102; 126; 132) capable of being assembled together to form a rooting structure 108. The hydroponic growth medium 100 can also comprise 3 vertical pieces (102; 126; 132) capable of being assembled to form a root structure. The hydroponic growth medium 100 can also comprise a plurality of vertical pieces (102; 126; 132). The vertical pieces 102 can be held in place using, for example, a circular element 118 or coupling elements 124. The structure of the hydroponic growth medium provides a stable support for cultivating a plant, seed or seedling. The different pieces (e.g. vertical pieces 102, circular element 118, coupling element 124) can be easily separated to facilitate ease of removal of plants cultivated in the hydroponic growth medium, reducing the risk of damage to the plant during the harvesting process. The hydroponic growth medium can be manufactured through additive manufacturing processes using a wide variety of materials making the hydroponic growth medium a more sustainable alternative to other organic mediums. For example, the hydroponic growth medium can be composed of materials that allow the hydroponic growth medium to be cleaned and re-used reducing waste output and cost.

[0047] Referring to FIG. 1A and FIG. IB, an example embodiment of a hydroponic growth medium comprising two vertical pieces 102 and a circular element 118 is shown. The following is a general discussion of a hydroponic growth medium, which provides a basis for understanding several of the features that are discussed herein. As discussed subsequently, each of the features can be used individually or in any particular combination or sub-combination in this or in other embodiments disclosed herein.

[0048] In accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure, a hydroponic growth medium 100 comprising at least two vertical pieces 102 is described. The hydroponic growth medium comprises at least two vertical pieces 102, each comprising a top downwardly tapered portion and a bottom elongated portion 106,the pieces are capable of being assembled together to form a rooting structure 108 comprising a top conical body 110 with a bottom narrow extension, the top conical body 110 comprises a top wide opening 114 and gradually tapering downwards to a junction 116 transitioning to the bottom narrow extension where the bottom elongated portions 106 come into longitudinal contact with each other to form the narrow extension distal to the top wide opening 114. The hydroponic growth medium further comprises a circular element 118 positioned at or near the horizontal plane of the junction 116 of the rooting structure 108, the circular element 118 configured to hold the at least two vertical pieces 102 in place when assembled, securing the rooting structure 108. The junction 116 comprises atop surface with a shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 for receiving a seed or seedling. The at least two vertical pieces 102 are configured to be separable from at the junction 116 to the distal end of the extension upon the growth of at least one root of a seed or seedling. The at least two vertical pieces 102 comprise at least one ester-linked polymer.

[0049] In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises two vertical pieces (102; 126; 132). In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises three vertical pieces (102; 126; 132). In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises four vertical pieces (102; 126; 132). In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises five vertical pieces (102; 126; 132). In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises at least two vertical pieces 102 and a circular element 118. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises at least two vertical pieces 102 and at least one coupling element 124. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises at least two vertical pieces 102 and at least two coupling elements 124. In some embodiments, the at least two vertical pieces (102; 126; 132) comprise atop downwardly tapered portion 104. In some embodiments, the at least two (102; 126; 132) comprise a bottom elongated portion 106. In some embodiments, the at least two vertical pieces (102; 126; 132) are capable of being assembled together to form a rooting structure 108. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 is configured to hold the at least two vertical pieces 102 in place when assembled, securing the rooting structure 108. In some embodiments, the rooting structure 108 comprises a top conical body 110 with a bottom narrow extension. In some embodiments, the top conical body 110 comprises a top wide opening 114. In some embodiments, the top wide opening 114 gradually tapers downwards to a junction 116. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 is positioned at or near the horizontal plane of the junction 116. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 is configured to hold the at least two vertical pieces 102 in place when assembled. In some embodiments, the top wide opening 114 tapers downwards to a junction 116 and transitions to the bottom narrow extension of the rooting structure 108. In some embodiments, the bottom elongated portions 106 of the at least two vertical pieces (102; 126; 132) come into longitudinal contact with each other to form the narrow extension distal to the wide opening 114.

[0050] In some embodiments, the top wide opening 114 has an area between about 5 mm2and about 300 mm2. In some embodiments, the top wide opening 114 has an area between about 5 mm2and about 25 mm2. In some embodiments, the top wide opening 114 has an area between about 25 mm2and about 50 mm2. In someembodiments, the top wide opening 114 has an area between about 50 mm2and about 75 mm2. In some embodiments, the top wide opening 114 has an area between about 75 mm2and about 100 mm2. In some embodiments, the top wide opening 114 has an area between about 100 mm 2 and about 125 mm2. In some embodiments, the top wide opening 114 has an area between about 125 mm 2 and about 150 mm2. In some embodiments, the top wide opening 114 has an area between about 150 mm 2 and about 175 mm2. In some embodiments, the top wide opening 114 has an area between about 175 mm 2 and about 200 mm2. In some embodiments, the top wide opening 114 has an area between about 200 mm 2 and about 225 mm2. In some embodiments, the top wide opening 114 has an area between about 225 mm 2 and about 250 mm2. In some embodiments, the top wide opening 114 has an area between about 250 mm 2 and about 275 mm2. In some embodiments, the top wide opening 114 has an area between about 275 mm2and about 300 mm2.

[0051] For example, FIG. 4 shows an example embodiment of a vertical piece 102 with an elongated bottom portion 106 and a top downwardly tapered portion 104.

[0052] FIG. 2 provides an example embodiment of a first vertical piece 118 and one additional vertical piece 132 being inserted through the horizontal circular element 118 having an opening 114 configured to receive an additional vertical piece 132.

[0053] For example, FIG. 1A shows an embodiment of the hydroponic growth medium 100 in an assembled form where the circular element 118 is configured to hold in place two vertical pieces 102. The shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 116 is visualized using dotted lines representing an example location of the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 116. The bottom narrow extension 112 of the hydroponic growth medium 100 can be inserted through the top of the circular element 118. The circular element 118 fits around the two vertical pieces 102 holding them in place. The circular element 118 is configured to have a diameter small enough that the two vertical pieces 102 do not fall through the circular element 118.

[0054] The circular element 118 described herein can be manufactured using additive manufacturing processes, extrusion, and / or molding techniques. The size of the circular element 118 can be varied to accommodate larger or smaller vertical pieces 102. A height of the circular element 118 less than about 2 mm can negatively affect the ease of handling or transferability between growth cycles of the hydroponic growth medium. A height of the circular element 118 greater than about 40 mm can jeopardize the separation of the separation of the vertical pieces 102. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 has a minimum height of about 2 mm. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 has a maximum height of about 40 mm. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 has a height of between about 2 mm and about 10 mm. In some embodiments, between about 10 mm and about 20 mm. In some embodiments, about 20 mm and about 30 mm. In some embodiments, about 30 mm and 40 about mm. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 has a height between about 2 mm to about 40 mm. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 has a height of about 2 mm, about 3 mm, about 4 mm, about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 7 mm, about 8 mm, about 9 mm, 10mm, about 11 mm, about 12 mm, about 13 mm, about 14 mm, about 15 mm, about 16 mm, about 17 mm, about 18 mm, about 19 mm, about 20 mm, about 21 mm, about 22 mm, about 23 mm, about 24 mm, about 25 mm, about 26 mm, about 27 mm, about 28 mm, about 29 mm, about 30 mm, about 31 mm, about 32 mm, about 33 mm, about 34 mm, about 35 mm, about 36 mm, about 37 mm, about 38 mm, about 39 mm, or about 40 mm.

[0055] Regarding the diameter of the circular element 118, a diameter of less than 10 mm can limit the separation of the bottom elongated portions 106, and a diameter of more than 100 mm can allow the vertical pieces 102 of the hydroponic soil to fall through the circular element 118 rather than being held in place. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 has a minimum diameter of about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 has a maximum diameter of about 100 mm . In some embodiments, the circular element 118 has a diameter between about 10 mm and about 100 mm. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 has a diameter between about 10 mm and about 20 mm. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 has a diameter between about 20 mm and about 30 mm. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 has a diameter between about 30 mm and about 40 mm. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 has a diameter between about 40 mm and about 50 mm. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 has a diameter between about 50 mm and about 60 mm. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 has a diameter between about 60 mm and about 70 mm. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 has a diameter between about 70 mm and about 80 mm. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 has a diameter between about 80 mm and about 90 mm. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 has a diameter between about 90 mm and about 100 mm. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 has a diameter of about 10 mm, about 11 mm, about 12 mm, about 13 mm, about 14 mm, about 15 mm, about 16 mm, about 17 mm, about 18 mm, about 19 mm, about 20 mm, about 21 mm, about 22 mm, about 23 mm, about 24 mm, about 25 mm, about 26 mm, about 27 mm, about 28 mm, about 29 mm, about 30 mm, about 31 mm, about 32 mm, about 33 mm, about 34 mm, about 35 mm, about 36 mm, about 37 mm, about 38 mm, about 39 mm, about 40 mm, about 41 mm, about 42 mm, about 43 mm, about 44 mm, about 45 mm, about 46 mm, about 47 mm, about 48 mm, about 49 mm, about 50 mm, about 51 mm, about 52 mm, about 53 mm, about 54 mm, about 55 mm, about 56 mm, about 57 mm, about 58 mm, about 59 mm, about 60 mm, about 61 mm, about 62 mm, about 63 mm, about 64 mm, about 65 mm, about 66 mm, about 67 mm, about 68 mm, about 69 mm, about 70 mm, about 71 mm, about 72 mm, about 73 mm, about 74 mm, about 75 mm, about 76 mm, about 77 mm, about 78 mm, about 79 mm, about 80 mm, about 81 mm, about 82 mm, about 83 mm, about 84 mm, about 85 mm, about 86 mm, about 87 mm, about 88 mm, about 89 mm, about 90 mm, about 91 mm, about 92 mm, about 93 mm, about 94 mm, about 95 mm, about 96 mm, about 97 mm, about 98 mm, about 99 mm, or about 100 mm.

[0056] For example, FIG. 7A shows a side view of an example embodiment of the circular element 118. FIG.7B shows a top view of an example embodiment of the circular element 118. FIG. 7C shows a perspective view of an example embodiment the circular element 118. The circular element can be configured to receive atleast two vertical pieces. The bottom elongated portion of the two or more pieces can be inserted through the top of the circular element and the circular element 118 can be secured around the at least two pieces. The circular element can be configured to have a diameter no larger than combined diameter of the assembled vertical pieces 102 to stop the vertical pieces 102 from falling through the circular element. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 is integrated into a first vertical piece 126. In some embodiments, in some embodiments, the circular element 118 is integrated into a first vertical piece 126 during an additive manufacturing process. In some embodiments, the first vertical piece 126 is configured to receive at least one additional vertical piece 132. In some embodiments, a segment of the circular element 118 comprises an overhang extending horizontally from the segment attached.

[0057] The vertical pieces (102; 126; 132) described herein can be manufactured using additive manufacturing processes allowing for variations in the dimensions of the vertical pieces 102. In some embodiments, the length of a vertical piece can be a minimum of about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the length of a vertical piece can be a maximum of about 500 mm. In some embodiments, the length of a vertical piece can be a maximum of about 400 mm. In some embodiments, the length of a vertical piece can be a maximum of about 300 mm. In some embodiments, the length of a vertical piece can be a maximum of about 200 mm. In some embodiments, the length of a vertical piece can be a maximum of about 100 mm . In some embodiments, the length of a vertical piece can be between about 10 mm and 100 mm. In some embodiments, the length of the extension 112 can be between about 10 mm and about 210 mm. In some embodiments, between about 10 mm and about 20 mm. In some embodiments, between about 20 mm and about 30 mm. In some embodiments, between about 30 mm and about 40 mm. In some embodiments, about 40 mm and about 50 mm. In some embodiments, about 50 mm and about 60 mm. In some embodiments, about 60 mm and about 70 mm. In some embodiments, about 70 mm and about 80 mm. In some embodiments, about 80 mm and about 90 mm. In some embodiments, about 90 mm and about 100 mm. In some embodiments, about 100 mm and about 110 mm. In some embodiments, about 110 mm and about 120 mm. In some embodiments, about 120 mm and about 130 mm. In some embodiments, about 130 mm and about 140 mm. In some embodiments, about 140 mm and about 150 mm. In some embodiments, about 150 mm and about 160 mm. In some embodiments, about 160 mm and about 170 mm. In some embodiments, about 170 mm and about 180 mm. In some embodiments, about 180 mm and about 190 mm. In some embodiments, about 190 mm and about 200 mm. In some embodiments, about 200 mm and about 210 mm. In some embodiments, the length of the extension is about 10 mm, about 11 mm, about 12 mm, about 13 mm, about 14 mm, about 15 mm, about 16 mm, about 17 mm, about 18 mm, about 19 mm, about 20 mm, about 21 mm, about 22 mm, about 23 mm, about 24 mm, about 25 mm, about 26 mm, about 27 mm, about 28 mm, about 29 mm, about 30 mm, about 31 mm, about 32 mm, about 33 mm, about 34 mm, about 35 mm, about 36 mm, about 37 mm, about 38 mm, about 39 mm, about 40 mm, about 41 mm, about 42 mm, about 43 mm, about 44 mm, about 45 mm, about 46 mm, about 47 mm, about 48 mm, about 49 mm, or about 50 mm, about 51 mm, about 52 mm, about 53 mm, about 54 mm, about 55 mm, about 56 mm, about 57 mm, about 58 mm, about 59mm, about 60 mm, about 61 mm, about 62 mm, about 63 mm, about 64 mm, about 65 mm, about 66 mm, about 67 mm, about 68 mm, about 69 mm, about 70 mm, about 71 mm, about 72 mm, about 73 mm, about 74 mm, about 75 mm, about 76 mm, about 77 mm, about 78 mm, about 79 mm, about 80 mm, about 81 mm, about 82 mm, about 83 mm, about 84 mm, about 85 mm, about 86 mm, about 87 mm, about 88 mm, about 89 mm, about 90 mm, about 91 mm, about 92 mm, about 93 mm, about 94 mm, about 95 mm, about 96 mm, about 97 mm, about 98 mm, about 99 mm, about 100 mm about 101 mm, about 102 mm, about 103 mm, about 104 mm, about 105 mm, about 106 mm, about 107 mm, about 108 mm, about 109 mm, about 110 mm, about 111 mm, about 112 mm, about 113 mm, about 114 mm, about 115 mm, about 116 mm, about 117 mm, about 118 mm, about 119 mm, about 120 mm, about 121 mm, about 122 mm, about 123 mm, about 124 mm, about 125 mm, about 126 mm, about 127 mm, about 128 mm, about 129 mm, about 130 mm, about 131 mm, about 132 mm, about 133 mm, about 134 mm, about 135 mm, about 136 mm, about 137 mm, about 138 mm, about 139 mm, about 140 mm, about 141 mm, about 142 mm, about 143 mm, about 144 mm, about 145 mm, about 146 mm, about 147 mm, about 148 mm, about 149 mm, about 150 mm, about 151 mm, about 152 mm, about 153 mm, about 154 mm, about 155 mm, about 156 mm, about 157 mm, about 158 mm, about 159 mm, about 160 mm, about 161 mm, about 162 mm, about 163 mm, about 164 mm, about 165 mm, about 166 mm, about 167 mm, about 168 mm, about 169 mm, about 170 mm, about 171 mm, about 172 mm, about 173 mm, about 174 mm, about 175 mm, about 176 mm, about 177 mm, about 178 mm, about 179 mm, about 180 mm, about 181 mm, about 182 mm, about 183 mm, about 184 mm, about 185 mm, about 186 mm, about 187 mm, about 188 mm, about 189 mm, about 190 mm, about 191 mm, about 192 mm, about 193 mm, about 194 mm, about 195 mm, about 196 mm, about 197 mm, about 198 mm, about 199 mm, about 200 mm, about 201 mm, about 202 mm, about 203 mm, about 204 mm, about 205 mm, about 206 mm, about 207 mm, about 208 mm, about 209 mm, or about 210 mm. In some embodiments, the vertical pieces are identical. In some embodiments, the vertical pieces have different lengths. In some embodiments, the at least two vertical pieces downwardly taper from the top at an interior angle of between about 1 degree and about 90 degrees. In some embodiments, the interior angle is between about 10 degrees and about 80 degrees. In some embodiments, the interior angle is between about 20 degrees and about 70 degrees. In some embodiments, the interior angle is between about 30 degrees and about 60 degrees. In some embodiments, the interior angle is between about 40 degrees and about 50 degrees. In some embodiments, the interior angle is about 40 degrees, about 41 degrees, about 42 degrees, about 43 degrees, about 44 degrees, about 45 degrees, about 46 degrees, about 47 degrees, about 48 degrees, about 49 degrees, or about 50 degrees.

[0058] In some embodiments, the at least two vertical pieces 102 can be held in place by a circular element 118. In some embodiments, the at least two vertical pieces 102 can be held in place by at least one coupling element 124. In some embodiments, the at least two vertical pieces 102 can be held in place by at least two coupling elements 124. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises two vertical pieces 102 held in place by two coupling elements 124. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth mediumcomprises two vertical pieces 102 held in place 3 or 4 coupling elements 124. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises 3 vertical pieces 102 held in place by 3 coupling elements 124. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises 3 vertical pieces 102 held in place by 4 to 6 coupling elements 124. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises 4 vertical pieces 102 held in place by 4 coupling elements 124. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises 4 vertical pieces 102 held in place by 5 to 8 coupling elements 124. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises 5 vertical pieces 102 held in place by 5 coupling elements 124. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises 5 vertical pieces 102 held in place by 6 to 10 coupling elements 124.

[0059] A variety of coupling elements 124 are suitable for use in the hydroponic growth medium. In some embodiments, the coupling element comprises a polycap pin, a bayonet fitting, a hook, a hinge, a loop, a clip, a snap-fit, a rivet, an interlocking joint, a flange, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the coupling element is or comprises at least one flexible component. In some embodiments, the coupling element comprises an elastic material, a thermoplastic and / or an ester-linked polymer. In some embodiments, the flexible component fits circumferentially about the conical body 110. In some embodiments, the flexible component is or comprises an elastic material fitting circumferentially about the conical body 110. In some embodiments, the elastic material is a rubber band. In some embodiments, the flexible component fits around the topmost end of the conical body 110.

[0060] For example, FIG. 8D shows an example embodiment of a snap-fit coupling element 124.

[0061] For example, FIG. 8E depicts an example embodiment of snap-fit coupling element 124.

[0062] For example, FIG.8F shows an example embodiments of a flexible coupling element 124. The flexible coupling element can fit around the topmost end of the conical body 110 and hold the two vertical pieces in place 102.

[0063] For example, FIG. 8G depicts an example embodiment of an interlocking joint coupling element 124 of the hydroponic growth medium 100.

[0064] In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises a first vertical piece configured to receive at least one additional vertical piece 132.

[0065] The first vertical piece 126 described herein can be manufactured using additive manufacturing processes allowing for variations in the dimensions of the vertical pieces 102. In some embodiments, the length of a first vertical piece 126 can be a minimum of about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the length of a first vertical piece 126 can be a maximum of about 100 mm. In some embodiments, the length of a first vertical piece 126 can be between about 10 mm and 100 mm. The first vertical piece 126 can be configured to receive at least one additional vertical piece 132. The at least one additional vertical piece 132 can be manufactured using additive manufacturing processes allowing for variations in the dimensions of the at least one additionalvertical piece 132. In some embodiments, the length of an additional vertical piece 132 can be a minimum of about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the length of an additional vertical piece 132 can be a maximum of about 100 mm. In some embodiments, the length of an additional vertical piece 132 can be between about 10 mm and 100 mm. In some embodiments, the length of the first vertical piece 126 is identical to the length of the at least one additional vertical piece 132. In some embodiments, the length of the first vertical piece 126 is different than the length of the at least one additional vertical piece 132.

[0066] The hydroponic growth medium described herein comprises a junction 116 comprising atop surface with a shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 for receiving a seed or seedling, see for example, FIG. 1A, FIG. IB, FIG. 1C, FIG. 6, FIG. 8A, FIG. 8F, and FIG 9 The shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 can be formed during assembly or the additive manufacturing process. The shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 can be configured to receive different seeds with different diameters. In some embodiments, the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 has a maximum depth of about 10 mm. In some embodiment, the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 has a minimum depth of about 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 has a depth of between about 0.5 mm and 30 mm. In some embodiments, the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 has a depth of between about 0.5 mm and 20 mm. In some embodiments, the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 has a depth of between about 0.5 mm and 10 mm. In some embodiments, the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 has a depth of about 0.5 mm, about 1 mm, about 2 mm, about 3 mm, about 4 mm, about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 7 mm, about 8 mm, about 9 mm, about 10 mm, about 11 mm, about 12 mm, about 13 mm, about 14 mm, about 15 mm, about 16 mm, about 17 mm, about 18 mm, about 19 mm, about 20 mm, about 21 mm, about 22 mm, about 23 mm, about 24 mm, about 25 mm, about 26 mm, about 27 mm, about 28 mm, about 29 mm, or about 30 mm. In some embodiments, the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 has a maximum diameter of about 30 mm. In some embodiments, the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 has a minimum diameter of about 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 has a diameter between about 0.5 mm and 30 mm. In some embodiments, the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 has a minimum diameter of about 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 has a diameter between about 0.5 mm and 50 mm. In some embodiments, the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 has a diameter of about 0.5 mm, about 1 mm, about 2 mm, about 3 mm, about 4 mm, about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 7 mm, about 8 mm, about 9 mm, about 10 mm, about 11 mm, about 12 mm, about 13 mm, about 14 mm, about 15 mm, about 16 mm, about 17 mm, about 18 mm, about 19 mm, about 20 mm, about 21 mm, about 22 mm, about 23 mm, about 24 mm, about 25 mm, about 26 mm, about 27 mm, about 28 mm, about 29 mm, about 30 mm, about 31 mm, about 32 mm, about 33 mm, about 34 mm, about 35 mm, about 36 mm, about 37 mm, about 38 mm, about 39 mm,about 40 mm, about 41 mm, about 42 mm, about 43 mm, about 44 mm, about 45 mm, about 46 mm, about 47 mm, about 48 mm, about 49 mm, or about 50 mm.

[0067] The seed nest described herein is versatile in receiving the type of seeds or seedling. In some embodiments, the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 can be configured to receive seeds of the following plants: a leafy green, an herb, a fruiting plant, a gourd, and a root vegetable. In some embodiments, the leafy green seed is for a lettuce, a spinach, a kale, an arugula, a dandelion, an endive, an amaranth, a purslane, a bok choy, Swiss chard, a watercress, a water spinach, a stevia, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the herb seed is for a basil, a mint, a dill, a parsley, a thyme, a mustard, a cilantro, an oregano, a lemon grass, a maqoram, a fennel, a savory, a chervil, a lovage, a bay laurel, a tarragon, a sage, a chive, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a fruiting plant seed is for a tomato, a cucumber, a pepper, a strawberry, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the root vegetable seed is for a carrot, a beet, a radish, a turmeric, a taro root, a turnip, a sweet potato, an onion, a shallot, a garlic, a scallion, a parsnip, a rutabaga, a celeriac, a yam, a daikon radish, a ginger, a horseradish, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the gourd seed is for a melon, watermelon, a pumpkin, a cucumber, a chayote, a muskmelon, a squash, a calabash, a cantaloupe, a zucchini, an ivy gourd, a bitter gourd, a ridge gourd, a bottle gourd, a sponge gourd, a snake gourd, a winter squash, a spine gourd, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the gourd seed is a melon seed. In some embodiments, the seedling is of a plant of a seed described herein.

[0068] In some embodiments, the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 can be configured to receive pelleted seeds of a plant. In some embodiments, the pelleted seed is or comprises the seed of a leafy green, an herb, a fruiting plant, a gourd, a root vegetable, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pelleted seed of the leafy green is or comprises the seed of a lettuce, a spinach, a kale, an arugula, a dandelion, an endive, an amaranth, a purslane, a bok choy, Swiss chard, a watercress, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pelleted seed of the herb is or comprises the seed of a basil, a mint, a dill, a parsley, a thyme, a mustard, a cilantro, an oregano, a lemon grass, a marjoram, a fennel, a savory, a chervil, a lovage, a bay laurel, a tarragon, a sage, a chive, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pelleted seed of a fruiting plant is or comprise the seed of a tomato, a cucumber, a pepper, a strawberry, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pelleted seed of a root vegetable is or comprises the seed of a carrot, a beet, a radish, a turmeric, a taro root, a turnip, a sweet potato, an onion, a shallot, a garlic, a scallion, a parsnip, a rutabaga, a celeriac, a yam, a daikon radish, a ginger, a horseradish, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the seed of the gourd is or comprises the seed of a melon, watermelon, a pumpkin, a cucumber, a chayote, a muskmelon, a squash, a calabash, a cantaloupe, a zucchini, an ivy gourd, a bitter gourd, a ridge gourd, a bottle gourd, a sponge gourd, a snake gourd, a winter squash, a spine gourd, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the seed of the gourd is or comprises a melon seed.

[0069] In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises a first vertical piece 126 and at least one additional vertical piece 132. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 can be integrated within the first vertical piece. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 comprises an opening to receive and secure the at least one additional vertical piece 132. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 has a minimum diameter of about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 has a maximum diameter of about 100 mm. In some embodiments, the circular element 118 has a diameter between about 5 mm and about 100 mm. In some embodiments, the diameter is between about 5 mm and about 51 mm. In some embodiments, the diameter is between about 10 mm to 100 mm. In some embodiments, the diameter is between about 10 mm and about 20 mm. In some embodiments, the diameter is between about 20 mm and about 30 mm. In some embodiments, the diameter is between about 30 mm and about 40 mm. In some embodiments, the diameter is between about 40 mm and about 50 mm. In some embodiments, the diameter is between about 50 mm and about 60 mm. In some embodiments, the diameter is between about 60 mm and about 70 mm. In some embodiments, the diameter is between about 70 mm and about 80 mm. In some embodiments, the diameter is between about 90 mm and about 100 mm. In some embodiments, the circular element has a diameter of about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 7 mm, about 8 mm, about 9 mm, about 10 mm, about 11 mm, about 12 mm, about 13 mm, about 14 mm, about 15 mm, about 16 mm, about 17 mm, about 18 mm, about 19 mm, about 20 mm, about 21 mm, about 22 mm, about 23 mm, about 24 mm, about 25 mm, about 26 mm, about 27 mm, about 28 mm, about 29 mm, about 30 mm, about 31 mm, about 32 mm, about 33 mm, about 34 mm, about 35 mm, about 36 mm, about 37 mm, about 38 mm, about 39 mm, about 40 mm, about 41 mm, about 42 mm, about 43 mm, about 44 mm, about 45 mm, about 46 mm, about 47 mm, about 48 mm, about 49 mm, or about 50 mm, about 51 mm, about 52 mm, about 53 mm, about 54 mm, about 55 mm, about 56 mm, about 57 mm, about 58 mm, about 59 mm, about 60 mm, about 61 mm, about 62 mm, about 63 mm, about 64 mm, about 65 mm, about 66 mm, about 67 mm, about 68 mm, about 69 mm, about 70 mm, about 71 mm, about 72 mm, about 73 mm, about 74 mm, about 75 mm, about 76 mm, about 77 mm, about 78 mm, about 79 mm, about 80 mm, about 81 mm, about 82 mm, about 83 mm, about 84 mm, about 85 mm, about 86 mm, about 87 mm, about 88 mm, about 89 mm, about 90 mm, about 91 mm, about 92 mm, about 93 mm, about 94 mm, about 95 mm, about 96 mm, about 97 mm, about 98 mm, about 99 mm, or about 100 mm. In some embodiments, the diameter of the top wide opening 114 of the top conical body 110 is about 25 mm tapering downward at about 30 degrees to about 30 degrees, optionally about 34 degrees, optionally about 33.7 degrees, the diameter of the circular element 118 is between about 20 mm and about 21 mm, optionally about 20.6 mm, and the height of the circular element is between about 6 mm and about 10 mm, optionally about 6 mm, optionally about 7 mm, optionally about 8 mm, optionally about 9 mm, or optionally about 10 mm.

[0070] The hydroponic growth medium 100 can be comprised of at least two vertical pieces (102; 126; 132). The vertical pieces 102 can be identical and capable of being assembled together to form a rooting structure 108 as shown in FIG. IB. Alternatively, the pieces can be complementary counter parts capable of beingassembled to form a rooting structure 108, for example, like the vertical pieces 126 and 132 shown in FIG. 2.In some embodiments, the vertical pieces 102 comprise complementary counterparts. In some embodiments, the vertical pieces 102 can be identical. In some embodiments, the identical vertical pieces are capable of being assembled together to form a rooting structure 108.

[0071] In some embodiments, the vertical pieces 102 can be non-identical and capable of being assembled together to form a rooting structure 108. For example, FIG. 5 shows an example of a rooting structure 108 comprising two vertical pieces 102.

[0072] The rooting structure can be formed by the assembly of at least two vertical pieces. The rooting structure can comprise a top conical body and a bottom elongated portion. The bottom elongated portion of the rooting structure 108 can be comprised of the two bottom elongated portions 106 of the vertical pieces (102; 126; 132). The bottom elongated portions 106 can be configured to interface about a junction 116.

[0073] The medium 100 can be in an initial closed configuration upon assembly of the vertical pieces (102; 126; 132) using any of the described circular elements 118 or coupling elements 124. The closed configuration can be the optimal configuration for receiving a seed or seedling as the medium 100 is capable of receiving the seed or seedling in the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122. In an exemplary embodiment, a hydroponic growth medium 100 comprising two vertical pieces 102 held in place by coupling elements 124 in a closed configuration (e.g. FIG. 1C). The medium 100 can be biased into an open configuration by forces generated by the growth of a seed or seedling. For example, a seed or seedling placed in the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 can be provided, water, sunlight, and nutrients, to allow the seed to grow and develop roots. In an exemplary embodiment, the roots of the seed or seedling can grow downward through the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 and in between the two longitudinally contacting bottom elongated portions 106 of the rooting structure 108 (e.g. FIG. 4 and FIG. 5). In some embodiments, the coupling element is a flexible coupling element (e.g. FIG. 8F). As the roots develop, the bottom elongated portions 106 of the rooting structure 108 separate forming a space for root growth. In some embodiments, the separation of the bottom elongated portions causes a pinching around the stem of a seedling or plant growing in the medium 100.

[0074] As shown in FIG. 2 the hydroponic growth medium can be formed by a first vertical piece 126 comprising a top horizontal circular element 118, a downwardly tapered portion 104 and a bottom elongated portion 106 beneath the tapered portion 104 wherein the top horizontal circular element 118 comprises an overhang 128 extending horizontally from the segment attached to the tapered portion 104, forming an opening 130 configured to receive and secure at least one additional vertical piece 132 comprising atop downwardly tapered portion 104 and a bottom elongated portion 106. The first vertical piece 126 and the at least additional vertical piece 132 are capable of being assembled together to form a rooting structure 108 comprising a top conical body 110 with a bottom narrow extension 112. The top conical body 110 comprises a top wide opening114 and gradually tapers downwards to a junction 116 transitioning to the bottom narrow extension 112 where the bottom elongated portions 106 come into longitudinal contact with each other to form the narrow extension 112 distal to the top wide opening 114. The junction 116 comprises a top surface with a shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 for receiving a seed or seedling 122. The first vertical piece 126 and the at least one additional piece 102 are configured to be separable from at the junction 116 to the distal end of the bottom narrow extension 112.

[0075] As shown in FIG. 3, the hydroponic growth medium can for example comprise at least two vertical pieces 102 held in place by coupling elements 126. The vertical pieces each comprising a top downwardly tapered portion 104 and a bottom elongated portion 106, the pieces 102 are capable of being assembled together to form a rooting structure 108 comprising a top conical body 110 with a bottom narrow extension 112, the top conical body 110 comprises a top wide opening 114 and gradually tapering downwards to a junction 116 transitioning to the bottom narrow extension 112 where the bottom elongated portions 106 come into longitudinal contact with each other to form the narrow extension 112 distal to the top wide opening 114, the at least two vertical pieces 102 are joined by coupling elements 124 positioned at top portion of the rooting structure 108, the coupling elements 124 are configured to hold the at least two vertical pieces 102 in place when assembled, securing the rooting structure 108. The junction 116 comprises a top surface 120 with a shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 for receiving a seed or seedling, The at least two vertical pieces 102 are configured to be separable from at the junction 116 to the distal end of the extension 112 upon the growth of at least one root of a seed or seedling. Of note, a string may be used simultaneously as a coating and a coupling element.

[0076] The hydroponic growth medium described herein can further be enriched with nutrients, modified for pH balance, and / or formulated with growth regulators, for example, auxins, gibberellins, peptides, peptoids, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, brassinosteroids, salicylic acid, jasmonates, strigolactones, or polyamines, and their derivatives, to promote root health and robust plant growth. For example, the incorporation of a growth regulator, such as a hormone, a biopesticide, or an antimicrobial agent, in the hydroponic growth medium can be by way of a coating or surface treatment, or it can be immobilized into the hydroponic growth medium during manufacturing, or onto the hydroponic growth medium through a coating or a gel. For example, N-halamine with dopamine functional groups can be used to coat the surface of a component of the hydroponic growth medium to prevent the growth of pathogenic bacterial and algal biofilms prominent in spinach hydroculture cultivation. In addition, any nutrient or growth regulator can be incorporated into the hydroponic growth medium by chemical treatment and be released upon a change in pH or surrounding chemical composition. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises a nutrient and / or a growth regulator. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises a nutrient. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises a growth regulator. In some embodiments, the growth regulator comprises a plant hormone, a biopesticide, or an antimicrobial agent. In some embodiments, the growthregulator is or comprises a plant hormone. In some embodiments, the growth regulator is or comprises a biopesticide. In some embodiments, the growth regulator is or comprises an antimicrobial. In some embodiments, the growth regulator is or comprises an auxin, a gibberellin, a peptide, a peptoid, a cytokinin, abscisic acid, an ethylene, a brassinosteroid, a salicylic acid, a jasmonate, a strigolactone, a polyamine, their derivatives thereof, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the nutrient and / or growth regulator is a coating or formulated as a gel. In some embodiments, the nutrient and / or growth regulator is a coating or a gel on the surface of the hydroponic growth medium. In some embodiments, the nutrient and / or growth regulator is immobilized in the hydroponic growth medium. In some embodiments, the nutrient and / or growth regulator is capable of being released upon a change in pH. In some embodiments, the nutrient and / or growth regulator is capable of being released upon a change in surrounding chemical composition. In some embodiments, a string is used as the coating and the string may be. In some embodiments, wicking materials or materials having at least one wicking property may be used. In some embodiments, water-retentive materials or materials having at least one water retention property may be used. In some embodiments hydrogels, which may include polymers, may be used.III. Materials

[0077] The hydroponic growth medium described herein can be composed of a variety of materials. The material composition of the hydroponic growth medium can be chosen based on their robustness and reusability. For example, the different components of the hydroponic growth medium can maintain their structure and can withstand degradation after a single-use growth cycle, or upon the application of physical pressure during a growth cycle, plant extraction, and / or cleaning procedures.

[0078] In some embodiments, the material or materials used for the hydroponic growth medium can be chosen based on at least one of the following parameters: ester linkage, thermo-degradation temperature, glass transition temperature, hardness, shore hardness, rigidity, strength, tensile strength, Young’s modulus, density, melting temperature, thermal degradation temperature, melting temperature (Tm), bond formation energy, bond formation temperature, bond formation time, bond degradation energy, bond degradation temperature, overall energy cost of bond formation and degradation, or a combination thereof. In particular, the vertical pieces described herewith comprises at least one ester-linked polymer which allows the separation of the pieces upon the growth of a root into the rooting structure, without requiring a dome or a diaphragm structure comprising flexible or elastic material to exert a force on the rooting structure to separate the vertical pieces.

[0079] The hydroponic growth medium 100 described herein comprises at least one ester-linked polymer. An ester-linked polymer can include a polymer having a chemical structure corresponding with the following polymer formula:R-C(-O)-O-R’ + H2O -> R-C(-O)-OH + R’-OH

[0080] In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium 100 comprises at least one ester-linked polymer. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium 100 comprises at least one ester-linked polymer and at least one other non-ester-linked polymer, for example a urethane linked polymer. In some embodiments, the ester-linked polymer is capable of being degraded in the presence of water and a catalyst. In some embodiments, the catalyst comprises or is a hydrolytic enzyme . A urethane linked polymer can be a polymer having a chemical structure corresponding with the following polymer formula:R-NH-CO-O-R’ + H2O R-NH2- HO-R’

[0081] In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium 100 does not comprise a urethane linked polymer.

[0082] Table 3 provides the thermal properties of ester-linked, urethane linked, and silicone linked polymers. In some embodiments, the ester-linked polymer has the thermal properties described in Table 3. In some embodiments, the ester-linked polymer has the thermal properties described in Table 3.

[0083] In some embodiments, the ester-linked polymer is at least one of Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Polycarbonate (PC), and / or Wood-PLA. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium 100, comprises a biodegradable material comprising at least one ester-linked polymer which can be at least one of, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and poly caprolactone (PCL) or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the ester-linked polymer is PLA having the physical properties described in Table 1. In some embodiments, the ester-linked polymer is PBAT having the physical properties described in Table 1. In some embodiments, the ester-linked polymer is PBS having the physical properties described in Table 1. In some embodiments, the ester-linked polymer is PHA having the physical properties described in Table 1. In some embodiments, the ester-linked polymer is PLA having the physical properties described in Table 1.

[0084] The advantage utilizing ester-linked polymers in the production of the medium 100 can include a low formation energy relative to urethane linked polymers. Ester-linked polymers have lower formation times (depending on reaction conditions) and lower bond degradation and formation energy. The lower degradation energy of ester-linked polymers makes them a suitable sustainable material that can be used in the hydroponic growth medium 100. The degradation temperature of ester bonds can be 20 degrees Celsius to 80 degrees Celsius, for example, for hydrolysis, compared to a degradation temperature of urethane bonds of 80 degrees Celsius to 150 degrees Celsius. The thermo-degradation temperature of an ester-linked polymer can be between about 200 degrees Celsius and about 300 degrees Celsius. The thermo-degradation temperature of a urethane linked polymer can be between about 250 degrees Celsius and about 350 degrees Celsius. The ester-linked polymers have lower degradation energies allowing for hydrolysis under milder conditions with faster degradation times than urethane linked polymers. These characteristics make ester-linked polymers a relativelysustainable material with a lowered cost of formation and degradation. Table 4 describes the differences between ester-linked polymers, urethane linked polymers, and silicon linked polymers. Ester-linked polymers can be advantageous in the production of the medium 100 described herein as they have a broad range of tensile strength (low to high) a higher susceptibility to hydrolysis, lower thermal stability, and a high hydrolytic degradability when compared to urethane linked and silicon linked polymers (Table 4). Table 5 provides the fatigue resistance values of ester-linked polymers, urethane linked polymers, and silicone linked polymers. In some embodiments, the ester-linked polymer has a typical fatigue life of between about 10, 000 and 100, 000 cycles. In some embodiments, the fatigue strength at 106cycles is between about 2 and 20 MPa.

[0085] A material of the hydroponic growth medium 100 can be selected based on its degradation temperature. A lower degradation temperature can allow a material to be broken down using simpler and less energy-intensive processes making the medium a more sustainable alternative to disposable media or media comprised primarily of urethane or silicone linked polymer materials. For example, the hydroponic growth media can be comprised of at least one ester-linked polymer having a degradation temperature of between about 200 degrees Celsius and about 300 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the ester-linked polymer has a thermodegradation temperature of between about 200 degrees Celsius and about 300 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the ester-linked polymer has a thermo-degradation temperature of at most 300 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the ester-linked polymer has a thermo-degradation temperature of at most 290 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the ester-linked polymer has a thermo-degradation temperature of at most 280 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the ester-linked polymer has a thermo-degradation temperature of at most 270 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the ester-linked polymer has a thermo-degradation temperature of at most 260 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the ester-linked polymer has a thermodegradation temperature of at most 250 degrees Celsius.

[0086] In some embodiments, the material is a thermoplastic. In some embodiments, the at least one thermoplastic material is a rigid material. In some embodiments, the thermoplastic material is a biodegradable material comprising at least one of thermoplastic starch-based plastic (TPS), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and polycaprolactone (PCL). In some embodiments, the thermoplastic material comprises at least one of high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Polycarbonate (PC), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), and / or Wood-PLA.

[0087] In some embodiments, material for the hydroponic growth medium can be chosen based on other structural material parameters including, but not limited to, rigidity, ductility, compressibility, shear strength, and / or tensile strength of the material. In some embodiments, the material has a minimum strength of 2 ksi. The strength of the material can improve the durability of the hydroponic growth medium or the vertical pieces(102; 126; 132). Materials having less than a minimum strength of 2 ksi are prone to cracking or other forms of damage or deformation which can be generated by a root or roots of a seed or seedling.

[0088] In some embodiments, the material composition of the hydroponic growth medium can also be chosen based on additional chemical, biological, and / or physical properties including, but not limited to, biodegradability, solubility in aqueous solution, hydrophobicity, cost, biocompatibility (e.g., materials that do not produce harmful environmental by-products), and / or sterility assurance level (SAL).

[0089] In some embodiments, the material used for the hydroponic growth medium, can be chosen based on melting temperature. The melting temperature can enable a material for use in additive manufacturing, such that the material can be extruded from a nozzle, and / or used in other forms of manufacturing such as injection molding. For example, the melting temperature of the material used for the hydroponic growth medium can be at least 100°C, and optionally can be in the range of about 100°C to about 300°C.

[0090] In some embodiments, the material used for the hydroponic growth medium can be chosen based on glass transition temperature. The glass transition temperature can enable a material for use in additive manufacturing, such that the material can be extruded from a nozzle, and / or used in other forms of manufacturing such as injection molding. Additionally, the glass transition temperature of the manufacturing material can dictate the temperature of the printing bed in the additive manufacturing process. The glass transition temperature can be in the range of, for example, -75°C to 150°C. For example, the following materials and corresponding glass transition ranges can be used: Thermoplastic Start (TPS) (-75°C to 10°C), Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) (2°C to 8°C), Polyactic Acid (PLA) (50°C to 80°C), Polybutylene Succinate (PBS) (-28.5°C), Polycaprolactone (PCL) (-60°C), and combinations thereof.

[0091] Suitable materials for use in the vertical pieces (102; 126; 132) can also be amenable to one or more manufacturing methods including, but not limited to, additive manufacturing, injection molding, extrusion, and / or casting. For example, the vertical pieces (102; 126; 132) can be formed by fused deposition modeling to accurately and repeatably create individual pieces of the hydroponic growth medium including the vertical piece or pieces. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium or components of the hydroponic growth medium can be formed through injection or microinjection molding. Injection molding can allow a plurality of hydroponic growth medium to be manufactured simultaneously, thereby improving the speed of manufacturing. Additionally, the use of a mold in injection molding can improve the repeatability of manufacturing of identical hydroponic growth medium. Of note, injection molding may require using higher or even much higher melting temperatures. For instance, in some embodiments, injection molding may require increasing the melting temperature above 100 to 200 degrees Celsius, which may facilitate or improve high-throughput melting and / or extrusion of the polymer.

[0092] Similarly, the hydroponic growth medium can be made of materials that enable easy separation of the hydroponic growth medium from the root structure of a plant organism after the growing process has begun.Additionally, once separated from the roots of the plant, the hydroponic growth medium can be cleaned. For example, the individual bodies can be cleaned and sterilized for re-use using products including, but not limited to, water, 70% ethanol, 30% KOH, or H2O2. Accordingly, materials can be selected that enable the hydroponic growth medium to be cleaned without structural degradation. The individual bodies can be cleaned to a sterility assurance level of that of similar medical and / or food grade devices. For example, the SAL can be less than about 10-2, optionally less than about 10-3. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium can be used for at least one growth cycle before needing to be replaced. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium can be used for 1-15 growth cycles before needing to be replaced. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium can be used for 1-25 growth cycles before needing to be replaced. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium can be used for 1-50 growth cycles before being replaced.

[0093] In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium comprises at least one material and / or characteristic described in Tables 1-5.V. Methods and Kits

[0094] The hydroponic growth medium 100 described herein can be used to cultivate a variety of plants or seedlings. Accordingly, a method of cultivating a plant can include:a) providing a hydroponic growth medium 100 for supporting a seed or seedling;b) placing the seed or seedling in the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 of the hydroponic growth medium 100;c) delivering water, oxygen, light, and nutrients to the plant or seed;d) allowing the seed or seedling to grow.

[0095] In some embodiments, the plant is removed from the hydroponic growth medium 100 without damaging the plant by separating the at least two vertical pieces (102; 126; 132) of the hydroponic growth medium 100. In some embodiments, the method comprises transferring the plant to a larger containment apparatus once it has reached a certain stage of its life cycle. In some embodiments, the method comprises cleaning the at least two vertical pieces (102; 126; 132) for re-use. In some embodiments, the method comprises.

[0096] In accordance with one or more aspects described herein, a hydroponic growth medium can be produced by additive manufacturing. Additive manufacturing refers to the process of sequentially layering materials to create three-dimensional shapes. Additive manufacturing can include, but is not limited to, 3D printing, fused-deposition modelling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA), multi -jet fusion, and / or polyjet printing.

[0097] Additive manufacturing can enable the use of materials that qualify as sustainable, thereby allowing for a sustainable substrate to be formed. Specifically, additive manufacturing is an energy-efficient manufacturing process that can be used to produce structurally robust hydroponics substrate bodies usingbiodegradable and / or pathogen resistant materials. Further, by utilizing the precision and repeatability of additive manufacturing, a substrate designer can optimize the yield and quality of plant growth by designing a growth medium with specific parameters suitable for use with a particular plant species.

[0098] A method of manufacturing the hydroponic growth medium 100 described herein can comprise initiating additive manufacturing on a build plate and subsequently removing the hydroponic growth medium 100 from the build plate. In some embodiments, the method of additive manufacturing comprises 3D printing, fused-deposition modelling, stereolithography (SLA), multi-jet fusion, and / or polyjet printing. In other embodiments, manufacturing methods including an extrusion process and / or a roll-to-roll process may be contemplated.

[0099] The hydroponic growth medium 100 described herein can be included in a kit comprising at least one hydroponic growth medium. The hydroponic growth medium 100 can come be included in the kit in a preassembled or unassembled form. In some embodiments, the hydroponic growth medium 100 is at least two vertical pieces 102 and a circular element 118. In some embodiments, at least two vertical pieces and at least one coupling element 124. In some embodiments, a first vertical piece 102 configured to receive at least one additional vertical piece 132 and at least one additional vertical piece.

[0100] In some embodiments, the kit comprises a hydroponic growth medium 100 described herein and instructions for use . In some embodiments, the kit comprises a reservoir, a water tank, a grow tray, water pump, an air pump, an air stone, a nutrient solution, a pH test kit, a pH adjuster, a grow light, a timer, a humidity dome, a thermometer, a hygrometer, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the growth light comprises LED or fluorescent light. In some embodiments, the nutrient solution comprises nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum, chlorine, nickel, sodium, silicon, cobalt, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the silicon is in the form of a silicate ion (SiOT or ^SiCL). In some embodiments, the nitrogen is in the form of nitrate (NOs ) or ammonium (NHL). In some embodiments, the phosphorus is in the form of phosphate (H2PO4 or HPCL2). In some embodiments, the potassium is in the form of potassium on (K+). In some embodiments, the calcium is in the form of calcium ion (Ca2+). In some embodiments, the magnesium is in the form of magnesium ion (Mg2+). In some embodiments, the sulfur is in the form of a sulfate ion (SO42). In some embodiments, the iron is in the form of ferric (Fe3+) or ferrous (Fe2+). In some embodiments, the manganese is in the form of a manganese ion (Mn2+). In some embodiments, the zinc is in the form of a zinc ion (Zn2+). In some embodiments, the copper is in the form of a copper ion (Cu2+). In some embodiments, the boron is in the form of a borate ion (BOs or B(0H)4). In some embodiments, the molybdenum is in the form of a molybdate ion (MoCL2). In some embodiments, the chlorine is in the form of a chloride ion (CL). In some embodiments, the nickel is in the form of a nickel ion (Ni2+). In some embodiments, the sodium is in the form of a sodium ion (Na+). In someembodiments, the Silicon: Silicate ions (SiO / or FLSiOfy In some embodiments, the cobalt is in the form of cobalamin (vitamin B12).

[0101] The kit described herein can contain a plant seed for use in cultivating a plant or sapling using the hydroponic growth medium 100. The hydroponic growth medium 100 described herein is compatible with a variety of seeds of different sizes. In some embodiments, the kit comprises at least one plant seed. In some embodiments, the plant seed is the seed of a leafy green, an herb, a fruiting plant, a gourd, a root vegetable, a floriculture plant, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the seed of the leafy green is a lettuce, a spinach, a kale, an arugula, a dandelion, an endive, an amaranth, a purslane, a bok choy, Swiss chard, a watercress, a water spinach, a stevia, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the herb seed of the seed of a basil, a mint, a dill, a parsley, a thyme, a mustard, a cilantro, an oregano, a lemon grass, a marjoram. a fennel, a savory, a chervil, a lovage, a bay laurel, a tarragon, a sage, a chive, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the fruiting plant seed is the seed of a tomato, a cucumber, a pepper, an eggplant, a berry, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the fruiting plant seed is a blueberry seed. In some embodiments, the fruiting plant seed is a raspberry seed. In some embodiments, the fruiting plant seed is a blackberry seed. In some embodiments, the fruiting plant seed is a strawberry seed. In some embodiments, the root vegetable seed is the seed of a carrot, a beet, a radish, a turmeric, a taro root, a turnip, a sweet potato, an onion, a shallot, a garlic, a scallion, a parsnip, a rutabaga, a celeriac, a yam, a daikon radish, a ginger, a horseradish, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the gourd seed is the seed of a melon, watermelon, a pumpkin, a cucumber, a chayote, a muskmelon, a squash, a calabash, a cantaloupe, a zucchini, an ivy gourd, a bitter gourd, a ridge gourd, a bottle gourd, a sponge gourd, a snake gourd, a winter squash, a spine gourd, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the plant seed is the seed of a floriculture plant. In some embodiments, the floriculture plant seed is a flowering plant seed or an ornamental plant seed. In some embodiments, the floriculture plant seed is the seed of a pansy, a petunia, an orchid, a chrysanthemum, a marigold, a rose, a lily, a geranium, a violet, a poinsettia, a begonia, a snapdragon, an impatiens, an African violet, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the gourd seed is a melon seed. In some embodiments, the seed a pelleted seed. In some embodiments, the kit comprises a plurality of seeds. In some embodiments, the kit comprises a seed of a plant with a taproot. In some embodiments, the kit comprises a seed of a plant with fibrous roots. In some embodiments, the kit comprises a seed of a plant with prop roots.

[0102] The hydroponic growth medium 100 included in the kits described herein can be optimized to the physical characteristics of a plant to be cultivated using the medium 100. For example, the depth or diameter of the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice 122 can be configured to fit seeds of different sizes. In some embodiments, the length of the vertical pieces (102; 126; 132) can be configured to fit different roots, including taproots.

[0103] To facilitate the ease of use of the medium 100 by a user to grow a particular plant organism, several vertical pieces (102; 126; 132) can be combined to form a kit made up of at least two vertical pieces (102; 126; 132) and at least one of a circular element 118 or one or more coupling elements 124. For example, a kit can be formed of any components shown in any one of figures shown herewith, or any embodiments described herewith. The kit can come with a set of instructions that explain how to assemble the different pieces to form the medium 100. The kit can include pre-assembled mediums 100. In some embodiments, the kits include preassembled mediums packaged with seeds pre-placed in the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice.

[0104] The features of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be used together in any suitable combination, unless specifically stated otherwise.EXAMPLES TABLE 1. Physical Properties of Individual Ester-linked PolymerPolymer Young's Elongation atShore Tensile Tg Tm Density Modulus Break (%) Hardness Strength (°C) (°C) (g / cm3) (MPa) (MPa)Polylactic Acid (PLA) 2,000- 2-10 Shore D 70-50-70 55- 160- -1.244,000 85 65 180 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 500-2,000 5-30 Shore D 50-10-40 -10 tol60- -1.2 (PHA) 75 -20 180 Thermoplastic Starch 5-50 100-400 Shore A 35-2-5 -50 N / A -1.0-1.1 (TPS) 60Polybutylene Succinate200-600 30-50 Shore D 40-20-40 -30 115- -1.25 (PBS) 60 125 Polycaprolactone (PCL) 300-500 300-600 Shore A 50-10-20 -60 60 -1.165Polybutylene Adipate 70-200 400-700 Shore A 70-10-40 -30 110- -1.2 Terephthalate (PBAT) 90 130 TABLE 2. Cost and Energy Requirements for Bond Formation and DegradationFactor Urethane Bonds Ester BondsFormation Energy High (requires energy-intensive Low to moderateisocyanate production)Formation Temperature 25-80°C, typically with catalysts 40-150°C, often with simpler acid / base catalystsFormation Time Moderate to high, depending on Faster with acid / base catalysis control conditionsDegradation Energy High (requires elevated Lower, with hydrolysis occurring temperatures or strong bases) under mild conditions Degradation Temperature 80-150°C (for hydrolysis); 20-80°C (for hydrolysis)>200°C for thermal breakdownDegradation Time Slower, especially under mild Faster under acidic or basic conditions conditionsOverall Cost (Formation & Higher due to energy and control Lower, with simpler, less energy-Degradation) requirements intensive processesTABLE 3. Thermal Properties of Ester, Urethane, and Silicon LinkagesLinkage Glass Transition Melting Temperature (Tm) Thermal Degradation Type Temperature (Tg) TemperatureEster -60°C to 85°C 60-220°C (depends on structure) 200-300°CLinkagesUrethane -50°C to 100°C Softens around 150-250°C (if 250-350°CLinkages semi-crystalline)Silicon -120°C to -60°C Gradual softening from 200- 300-500°CLinkages 300°CTABLE 4. Key Differences Between Ester, Urethane, and Silicon LinkagesProperty Ester Linkages Urethane Linkages Silicon Linkages Hydrolytic High, readily hydrolyzes under Moderate, requires Very low, highly Degradability acidic / basic conditions harsh conditions resistant Biodegradability Generally biodegradable Non-biodegradable Non-biodegradable Thermal Stability Moderate (200-300°C) High (250-350°C) Very high (300-500°C) Elasticity / Flexibility Moderate, varies widely by High, highly elastic Very high, remains polymer flexible at extremes Chemical Moderate, susceptible to hydrolysis Good, resistant to many Excellent, highly Resistance solvents resistantTensile Strength Varies; can range from low to high Moderate to high LowTABLE 5. Fatigue resistance valuesLinkage Typical Fatigue Life Typical Fatigue Fatigue Crack Growth Rate (da / dN) Type (Nf) Strength at 10A6CyclesEster 10,000 to 100,000 ~2-20 MPa for flexible Higher da / dN: Crack growth rates are higher, Linkages cycles (varies widely esters (e g., PBAT, and cracks tend to propagate quickly due to with polymer type) PCL); higher for PLA less flexible bondingUrethane 100,000 to >1,000,000 -5-50 MPa, depending Lower da / dN: Polyurethanes exhibit lower Linkages cycles for flexible on flexibility and cross- crack growth rates due to elasticity polyurethanes linkingSilicon 500,000 to >1,000,000 -1-10 MPa; varies with Very low da / dN: Silicones resist crack Linkages cycles for high-quality formulation and growth even under low stresses, which aids (Silicones) silicones flexibility in long-term fatigue resistance

Claims

CLAIMS1. A hydroponic growth medium comprising:a) at least two vertical pieces, each comprising a top downwardly tapered portion and a bottom elongated portion, the pieces are capable of being assembled together to form a rooting structure comprising a top conical body with a bottom narrow extension, the top conical body comprises a top wide opening and gradually tapering downwards to a junction transitioning to the bottom narrow extension where the bottom elongated portions come into longitudinal contact with each other to form the narrow extension distal to the top wide opening;b) a circular element, positioned at or near the horizontal plane of the junction of the rooting structure, the circular element is configured to hold the at least two vertical pieces in place when assembled, securing the rooting structure;wherein the junction comprises a top surface with a shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice for receiving a seed or seedling,wherein the at least two vertical pieces are configured to be separable from at the junction to the distal end of the extension upon the growth of at least one root of a seed or seedling, andwherein the at least two vertical pieces comprise at least one ester-linked polymer.

2. A hydroponic growth medium comprising:at least two vertical pieces comprising a first vertical piece having a top horizontal circular element, a downwardly tapered portion positioned below a segment of the circular element, and a bottom elongated portion beneath the tapered portion, wherein the top horizontal circular element comprises an overhang extending horizontally from the segment attached to the tapered portion, forming an opening configured to receive and secure at least one additional vertical piece comprising a top downwardly tapered portion and a bottom elongated portion;wherein the at least two vertical pieces are capable of being assembled together to form a rooting structure comprising a top conical body with a bottom narrow extension, the top conical body comprises a top wide opening and gradually tapering downwards to a junction transitioning to the bottom narrow extension where the bottom elongated portions come into longitudinal contact with each other to form the narrow extension distal to the top wide opening,wherein the junction comprises a top surface with a shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice for receiving a seed or seedling,wherein the vertical pieces are configured to be separable from at the junction to the distal end of the extension upon the growth of at least one root of a seed or seedling, andwherein the vertical pieces comprise at least one ester-linked polymer.

3. A hydroponic growth medium comprising:at least two vertical pieces, each comprising a top downwardly tapered portion and a bottom elongated portion, the pieces are capable of being assembled together to form a rooting structure comprising a top conical body with a bottom narrow extension, the top conical body comprises a top wide opening and gradually tapering downwards to a junction transitioning to the bottom narrow extension where the bottom elongated portions come into longitudinal contact with each other to form the narrow extension distal to the top wide opening, the at least two vertical pieces are joined by coupling elements positioned at top portion of the rooting structure, the coupling elements are configured to hold the at least two vertical pieces in place when assembled, securing the rooting structure;wherein the junction comprises a top surface with a shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice for receiving a seed or seedling,wherein the at least two vertical pieces are configured to be separable from at the junction to the distal end of the extension upon the growth of at least one root of a seed or seedling, andwherein the at least two vertical pieces comprise at least one ester-linked polymer.

4. The hydroponic growth medium of any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising two vertical pieces.

5. The hydroponic growth medium of any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising three vertical pieces.

6. The hydroponic growth medium of any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising four vertical pieces.

7. The hydroponic growth medium of any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising five vertical pieces.

8. The hydroponic growth medium of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the at least one ester-linked polymer has a thermo-degradation temperature of at most 300 degrees Celsius.

9. The hydroponic growth medium of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the at least one ester-linked polymer comprises at least one of Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Polycarbonate (PC), and / or Wood-PLA.

10. The hydroponic growth medium of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the at least one ester-linked polymer is a biodegradable material comprising at least one of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polycaprolactone (PCL), and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT).

11. The hydroponic growth medium of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice has a depth between about 0.5 mm and about 30 mm.

12. The hydroponic growth medium of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice is between about 0.5 mm and about 10 mm in diameter.

13. The hydroponic growth medium of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the top wide opening has an area between about 5 mm2and about 300 mm2.

14. The hydroponic growth medium of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the extension has a length of between about 10 mm and about 210 mm.

15. The hydroponic growth medium of any of claims 1 to 14, wherein the at least two vertical pieces downwardly taper from the top at an interior angle of between about 1 degree and about 90 degrees.

16. The hydroponic growth medium of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the porosity of the at least one ester-linked polymer is no greater than about 80%.

17. The hydroponic growth medium of any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the at least two vertical pieces are initially formed as an integrated unit connected by one or more detachable connecting elements.

18. The hydroponic growth medium of any one of claims 2 and 4 to 17, when dependent on claim 2, wherein the coupling elements comprise a polycap pin, a bayonet fitting, a hook, a loop, a clip, a snap- fit, a rivet, an interlocking joint, a flange, a hinge, a string, or a combination thereof.

19. The hydroponic growth medium of any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the at least two vertical pieces 102 are connected by adhesive bonding.

20. The hydroponic growth medium of any one of claims 1 to 19, further comprising a growth regulator.

21. The hydroponic growth medium of claim 20, wherein the growth regulator comprises a plant hormone, a biopesticide, or an antimicrobial agent.

22. The hydroponic growth medium of any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein the hydroponic growth medium is formed by at least one of additive manufacturing and injection molding.

23. A method of cultivating a plant comprising:a) providing a hydroponic growth medium 100 according to any one of claims 1 to 22 for supporting a seed or seedling;b) placing the seed or seedling in the shallow concave depression, indentation, or crevice of the hydroponic growth medium;c) delivering water, oxygen, light, and nutrients to the plant or seed;d) allowing the seed or seedling to grow.

24. The method of claim 22, wherein the plant is removed from the hydroponic growth medium without damaging the plant by separating the at least two vertical pieces of the hydroponic growth medium.

25. The method of claim 23, further comprises transferring the plant to a larger containment apparatus once it has reached a certain stage of its life cycle.

26. The method of any one of claims 23 to 25, further comprises cleaning the at least two vertical pieces of for re-use.

27. A method of manufacturing the hydroponic growth medium of any one of claims 1 to 22, the method comprising:initiating additive manufacturing on a build plate;removing the hydroponic growth medium from the build plate.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the additive manufacturing comprises 3D printing, fused-deposition modelling, stereolithography (SLA), multi -jet fusion, and / or polyjet printing.

29. A kit comprising the hydroponic growth medium of any one of claims 1 to 22 and instructions for use.

30. The kit of claim 29, further comprising a reservoir, a water tank, a grow tray, water pump, an air pump, an air stone, a nutrient solution, a pH test kit, a pH adjuster, a grow light, a timer, a humidity dome, a thermometer, a hygrometer, or a combination thereof.

31. The kit of claim 30, wherein the growth light comprises LED or fluorescent light.

32. The kit of claim 30, wherein the nutrient solution comprises nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum, chlorine, nickel, sodium, silicon, cobalt, or a combination thereof.

33. The kit of any one of claims 29 to 32, further comprising at least one plant seed.

34. The kit of claim 33, wherein the plant seed is the seed of a leafy green, an herb, a fruiting plant, a root vegetable, a floriculture plant, or a combination thereof.

35. The kit of claim 34, wherein the leafy green is a lettuce, a spinach, a kale, an arugula, a bok choy, a Swiss chard, a watercress, a water spinach, a stevia, or a combination thereof.

36. The kit of claim 34, wherein the herb is a basil, a mint, a cilantro, an oregano, a chive, or a combination thereof.

37. The kit of claim 34, wherein the fruiting plant is a tomato, a cucumber, a pepper, a berry, a blackberry, a raspberry, a strawberry, or a combination thereof.

38. The kit of claim 34, wherein the root vegetable is a carrot, a beet, a radish, a turnip, a sweet potato, a parsnip, a rutabaga, a celeriac, a yam, a daikon radish, a ginger, a horseradish, or a combination thereof.

39. The kit of claim 34, wherein the floriculture plant is a pansy, a petunia, an orchid, a chrysanthemum, a marigold, a rose, a lily, a geranium, a violet, a poinsettia, a begonia, a snapdragon, an impatiens, an African violet, or a combination thereof.

40. The kit of any one of claims 33 to 39, wherein the seed is a pelleted seed.

41. The hydroponic growth medium of claim 20, wherein the growth regulator is a coating covering at least a portion of one of the at least two vertical pieces.

42. The hydroponic growth medium of claim 41, wherein the coating covers at least a portion of the top downwardly tapered portion.

43. The hydroponic growth medium of claim 41 or 42, wherein the coating covers at least a portion of one of the bottom elongated portion.

44. The hydroponic growth medium of claim 20, wherein the growth regulator is a coating covering at least a portion of one of the at least two vertical pieces, at least a portion of the top downwardly tapered portion at least a portion of one of the bottom elongated portion, or any combinations thereof.

45. The hydroponic growth medium of claim 20, wherein the growth regulator is a coating comprising a sequence of different materials, each material being associated with a respective portion of the hydroponic growth medium or at least one component thereof.

46. The hydroponic growth medium of any one of claims 41 to 45, wherein the coating is formed using a surface treatment process.

47. A method of manufacturing the hydroponic growth medium of any one of claims 1 to 22, the method comprising:initiating an extrusion process with an extrusion system; andremoving the hydroponic growth medium from the extrusion system.

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