Tag grouping
Grouping ambient IoT devices by identifiers and adjusting monitoring periodicity based on device quantity addresses power conservation and communication efficiency issues, improving reliability and reducing collisions.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- QUALCOMM INC
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-08
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-15
AI Technical Summary
Ambient IoT devices face challenges with power conservation and communication efficiency due to high monitoring frequencies and potential collisions in large environments with numerous devices, leading to increased power consumption and reduced reliability.
Implementing a method to group ambient IoT devices based on identifiers and adjust monitoring periodicity according to the quantity of groups, allowing devices to conserve power by reducing monitoring occasions and increasing successful response transmission probabilities.
This approach reduces power consumption and enhances communication reliability by minimizing unnecessary monitoring and collisions, enabling more successful responses to reader queries.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024130727_15052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
TAG GROUPING
[0001] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication and specifically relate to techniques, apparatuses, and methods associated with grouping ambient internet of things (IoT) devices, such as, for example, tags.BACKGROUND
[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various services, which may involve carrying or supporting voice, text, other messaging, video, data, and / or other traffic. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access radio access technologies (RATs) capable of supporting communication among multiple wireless communication devices including user devices or other devices by sharing the available system resources (for example, time domain resources, frequency domain resources, spatial domain resources, and / or device transmit power, among other examples) . Such multiple-access RATs are supported by technological advancements that have been adopted in various telecommunication standards, which define common protocols that enable different wireless communication devices to communicate on a local, municipal, national, regional, or global level.
[0004] An example telecommunication standard is New Radio (NR) . NR, which may also be referred to as 5G, is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . NR (and other RATs beyond NR) may be designed to better support enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, Internet of things (IoT) networks or reduced capability device deployments, and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) applications. To support these verticals, NR systems may be designed to implement a modularized functional infrastructure, a disaggregated and service-based network architecture, network function virtualization, network slicing, multi-access edge computing, millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies including massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) , licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployments, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication technologies (for example, cellular vehicle-to-everything (CV2X) communication) , multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, and / or radio frequency (RF) sensing, among other examples. As the demand for connectivity continues to increase, further improvements in NR may be implemented, and other RATs, such as 6G and beyond, may be introduced to enable new applications and facilitate new use cases.SUMMARY
[0005] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by ambient internet of things (IoT) device. The method may include receiving information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and information associated with a first periodicity, wherein the first periodicity corresponds to a periodicity at which a signal is transmitted, a periodicity at which the ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal, or a combination thereof. The method may include receiving the signal based at least in part on monitoring for the signal in accordance with a second periodicity, wherein the second periodicity is determined based at least in part on the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the first periodicity.
[0006] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by a reader. The method may include transmitting information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and information associated with a first periodicity, wherein the first periodicity corresponds to a periodicity at which a signal is transmitted, a periodicity at which an ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal, or a combination thereof, and wherein the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices includes a first group of ambient IoT devices and a second group of ambient IoT devices. The method may include performing a first transmission of the signal. The method may include receiving a first group of responses from only the first group of ambient IoT devices.
[0007] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by an ambient IoT device. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the ambient IoT device, may cause the ambient IoT device to receive information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and information associated with a first periodicity, wherein the first periodicity corresponds to a periodicity at which a signal is transmitted, a periodicity at which the ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal, or a combination thereof. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the ambient IoT device, may cause the ambient IoT device to receive the signal based at least in part on monitoring for the signal in accordance with a second periodicity, wherein the second periodicity is determined based at least in part on the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the first periodicity.
[0008] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by a reader. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the reader, may cause the reader to transmit information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and information associated with a first periodicity, wherein the first periodicity corresponds to a periodicity at which a signal is transmitted, a periodicity at which an ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal, or a combination thereof, and wherein the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices includes a first group of ambient IoT devices and a second group of ambient IoT devices. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the reader, may cause the reader to perform a first transmission of the signal. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the reader, may cause the reader to receive a first group of responses from only the first group of ambient IoT devices.
[0009] Some aspects described herein relate to a ambient IoT device for wireless communication. The ambient IoT device may include one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be configured to receive information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and information associated with a first periodicity, wherein the first periodicity corresponds to a periodicity at which a signal is transmitted, a periodicity at which the ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal, or a combination thereof. The one or more processors may be configured to receive the signal based at least in part on monitoring for the signal in accordance with a second periodicity, wherein the second periodicity is determined based at least in part on the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the first periodicity.
[0010] Some aspects described herein relate to a reader for wireless communication. The reader may include one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be configured to transmit information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and information associated with a first periodicity, wherein the first periodicity corresponds to a periodicity at which a signal is transmitted, a periodicity at which an ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal, or a combination thereof, and wherein the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices includes a first group of ambient IoT devices and a second group of ambient IoT devices. The one or more processors may be configured to perform a first transmission of the signal. The one or more processors may be configured to receive a first group of responses from only the first group of ambient IoT devices.
[0011] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for receiving information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and information associated with a first periodicity, wherein the first periodicity corresponds to a periodicity at which a signal is transmitted, a periodicity at which the ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal, or a combination thereof. The apparatus may include means for receiving the signal based at least in part on monitoring for the signal in accordance with a second periodicity, wherein the second periodicity is determined based at least in part on the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the first periodicity.
[0012] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for transmitting information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and information associated with a first periodicity, wherein the first periodicity corresponds to a periodicity at which a signal is transmitted, a periodicity at which an ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal, or a combination thereof, and wherein the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices includes a first group of ambient IoT devices and a second group of ambient IoT devices. The apparatus may include means for performing a first transmission of the signal. The apparatus may include means for receiving a first group of responses from only the first group of ambient IoT devices.
[0013] Aspects of the present disclosure may generally be implemented by or as a method, apparatus, system, computer program product, non-transitory computer-readable medium, user equipment, base station, network node, network entity, wireless communication device, and / or processing system as substantially described with reference to, and as illustrated by, this specification and accompanying drawings.
[0014] The foregoing paragraphs of this section have broadly summarized some aspects of the present disclosure. These and additional aspects and associated advantages will be described hereinafter. The disclosed aspects may be used as a basis for modifying or designing other aspects for carrying out the same or similar purposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent aspects do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. Characteristics of the aspects disclosed herein, both their organization and method of operation, together with associated advantages, will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] The appended drawings illustrate some aspects of the present disclosure but are not limiting of the scope of the present disclosure because the description may enable other aspects. Each of the drawings is provided for purposes of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims. The same or similar reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.
[0016] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication network, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0017] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated network node architecture, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0018] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating examples associated with different types of ambient internet of things (IoT) devices.
[0019] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with backscatter communications.
[0020] Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a duty cycle for an ambient IoT device, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0021] Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with ambient IoT device querying, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0022] Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with tag grouping, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0023] Fig. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with tag grouping, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0024] Fig. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with tag grouping, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0025] Fig. 10 is a diagram illustrating examples associated with tag grouping, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0026] Fig. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, for example, at an ambient IoT device or an apparatus of an ambient IoT device, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0027] Fig. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, for example, at a reader or an apparatus of a reader, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0028] Fig. 13 is a diagram of an example apparatus for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0029] Fig. 14 is a diagram of an example apparatus for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0030] Various aspects of the present disclosure are described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, aspects of the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms. The present disclosure is not to be construed as limited to any specific aspect illustrated by or described with reference to an accompanying drawing or otherwise presented in this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. One skilled in the art may appreciate that the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein, whether implemented independently of or in combination with any other aspect of the disclosure. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using various combinations or quantities of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover an apparatus having, or a method that is practiced using, other structures and / or functionalities in addition to or other than the structures and / or functionalities with which various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein may be practiced. Any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0031] Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques. These methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes, or algorithms (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0032] Some wireless communication devices may be considered internet of things (IoT) devices, such as ambient IoT devices (sometimes referred to as ultra-light IoT devices) , or similar IoT devices. In ambient IoT, a terminal (for example, a radio frequency identification (RFID) device, a tag, or a similar device) may not include a battery. Instead, the ambient IoT device may harvest (e.g., accumulate and / or store) energy from an external source, such as from radio signaling and / or the environment.
[0033] In some cases, an ambient IoT device may have less processing capability for decoding signals than other types of user equipment (UEs) . Some ambient IoT devices may lack some radio frequency (RF) components, such as a local oscillator. An ambient IoT device may detect an amplitude shift keying (ASK) or a phase shift keying (PSK) modulated signal transmitted by a reader, which may be a type of UE or a type of network node, that transmits signals to and receives signals from ambient IoT devices.
[0034] In some cases, an ambient IoT device may be configured or designed to have a peak power consumption of less than a few hundred microwatts (μW) or, in some cases, less than 1 μW. To further minimize power, uplink communications transmitted by an ambient IoT device may be backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally (e.g., by a reader) . In some cases, the uplink communications may be transmitted to a network, either directly or indirectly via a network node.
[0035] In one use case, ambient IoT devices may be used as tags for inventory tracking, such as within a warehouse or factory environment, and a reader may be used to periodically perform an inventory of items by reading available ambient IoT devices. During inventorying, a reader may transmit an initial signal (e.g., a query, a paging signal, or an initial message of an access procedure, among other examples) to a group of ambient IoT devices (e.g., a group of tags) and each ambient IoT device may attempt to transmit a response that includes information associated with the ambient IoT device, such as a device identifier or a position identifier.
[0036] Some operating environments may have hundreds or thousands of ambient IoT devices with hundreds or thousands of readers to read the ambient IoT devices. In these operating environments, hundreds of ambient IoT devices may monitor a communication channel to detect an initial signal transmitted by a reader. Upon detecting the initial signal, each of the ambient IoT devices may attempt to transmit a response to the reader, which may result in collisions (e.g., multiple ambient IoT devices attempting to transmit a response via a same resource) and / or congestion at the reader.
[0037] In some cases, a congestion control mechanism may be utilized to reduce the number of ambient IoT devices attempting to transmit a response to a single query and / or to provide multiple opportunities (e.g., a reader may transmit multiple initial signals or queries) for the ambient IoT devices to provide a response. For example, the initial signal may include information identifying an access ratio. However, because an ambient IoT device may have a limited amount of stored power, the ambient IoT device may utilize all of its stored power monitoring for multiple initial queries and / or attempting to transmit multiple responses prior to being able to successfully transmit a response to a reader.
[0038] Various aspects relate generally to groups of ambient IoT devices utilizing an increased monitoring periodicity. Some aspects more specifically relate to an ambient IoT device monitoring for an initial signal in accordance with a monitoring periodicity that is determined based at least in part on a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices. In some aspects, the monitoring periodicity may be an integer multiple of a periodicity at which an initial signal is transmitted. In some aspects, the integer corresponds to the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0039] In some aspects, the quantity of groups is configured by a reader and / or a network node. In some aspects, ambient IoT devices may be formed into groups based at least in part on an identifier associated with the ambient IoT device. For example, an ambient IoT device associated with an identifier starting or ending with a first value (e.g., 0) may be included in a first group and an ambient IoT device associated with an identifier starting or ending in a second value (e.g., 1) may be included in a second group.
[0040] In some aspects, an ambient IoT device may randomly select a group. In some aspects, the ambient IoT device may select a group based at least in part on the ambient IoT device transitioning from a sleep state to an active state. The ambient IoT device may monitor for a next transmission of an initial signal based at least in part on transitioning to the active state. In some aspects, the initial signal may include information identifying the group of ambient IoT devices to which the initial signal is intended. The ambient IoT device may select the group of ambient IoT devices identified by the initial signal.
[0041] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, the described techniques can be used to reduce a quantity of monitoring occasions during which an ambient IoT device monitors for an initial signal. Reducing the quantity of monitoring occasions during which the ambient IoT device monitors for an initial signal may conserve an amount of power that would otherwise be utilized by the ambient IoT device monitoring for an initial signal during every monitoring occasion. The amount of power conserved by the ambient IoT device may enable the ambient IoT device to perform additional attempts to transmit a response to an initial signal (e.g., relative to a quantity of attempts that the ambient IoT device is able to perform when monitoring for an initial signal during every monitoring occasion) . Enabling an ambient IoT device to perform additional attempts to transmit a response to an initial signal, may increase a probability of the ambient IoT device successfully transmitting a response to a reader, thereby increasing a reliability associated with communications between the reader and the ambient IoT device.
[0042] As described above, wireless communication systems may be deployed to provide various services, which may involve carrying or supporting voice, text, other messaging, video, data, and / or other traffic. Some wireless communications systems may employ multiple-access radio access technologies (RATs) . The multiple-access RATs may be capable of supporting communication with multiple wireless communication devices by sharing the available system resources (for example, time domain resources, frequency domain resources, spatial domain resources, and / or device transmit power, among other examples) . Examples of such multiple-access RATs include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0043] Multiple-access RATs are supported by technological advancements that have been adopted in various telecommunication standards, which define common protocols that enable wireless communication devices to communicate on a local, municipal, enterprise, national, regional, or global level. For example, 5G New Radio (NR) is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . 5G NR may support enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, IoT networks or reduced capability (RedCap) device deployments, ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) applications, and / or massive machine-type communication (mMTC) , among other examples.
[0044] To support these and other target verticals, a wireless communication system may be designed to implement a modularized functional infrastructure, a disaggregated and service-based network architecture, network function virtualization, network slicing, multi-access edge computing, millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies including massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) , beamforming, IoT device or RedCap device connectivity and management, industrial connectivity, licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication (for example, cellular vehicle-to-everything (CV2X) communication) , frequency spectrum expansion, overlapping spectrum use, small cell deployments, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployments, device aggregation, advanced duplex communication (for example, sub-band full-duplex (SBFD) ) , multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, RF sensing, network energy savings (NES) , low-power signaling and radios, and / or artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) , among other examples.
[0045] The foregoing and other technological improvements may support use cases, such as wireless fronthauls, wireless midhauls, wireless backhauls, wireless data centers, extended reality (XR) and metaverse applications, meta services for supporting vehicle connectivity, holographic and mixed reality communication, autonomous and collaborative robots, vehicle platooning and cooperative maneuvering, sensing networks, gesture monitoring, human-brain interfacing, digital twin applications, asset management, and universal coverage applications using non-terrestrial and / or aerial platforms, among other examples.
[0046] As the demand for connectivity continues to increase, further improvements in NR may be implemented, and other RATs, such as 6G and beyond, may be introduced to enable new applications and facilitate new use cases. The methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques described herein may enable one or more of the foregoing technologies or new technologies and / or support one or more of the foregoing use cases or new use cases.
[0047] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication network 100, in accordance with the present disclosure. The wireless communication network 100 may be or may include elements of a 5G (or NR) network or a 6G network, among other examples. The wireless communication network 100 may include multiple network nodes 110. For example, in Fig. 1, the wireless communication network 100 includes a network node (NN) 110a, a network node 110b, and a network node 110c. The network nodes 110 may support communications with multiple UEs 120. For example, in Fig. 1, the network nodes 110 support communication with a UE 120a, a UE 120b, a UE 120c, a UE 120d, and a UE 120e. In some examples, a UE 120 may also communicate with other UEs 120 and a network node 110 may communicate with a core network and with other network nodes 110.
[0048] The network nodes 110 and the UEs 120 of the wireless communication network 100 may communicate using the electromagnetic spectrum, which may be subdivided by frequency or wavelength into various classes, bands, carriers, and / or channels. For example, devices of the wireless communication network 100 may communicate using one or more operating bands. In some aspects, multiple wireless communication networks 100 may be deployed in a given geographic area. Each wireless communication network 100 may support a particular RAT (which may also be referred to as an air interface) and may operate on one or more carrier frequencies in one or more frequency bands or ranges. In some examples, when multiple RATs are deployed in a given geographic area, each RAT in the geographic area may operate on different frequencies to avoid interference with other RATs. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the wireless communication network 100 may implement dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) , in which multiple RATs are implemented with dynamic bandwidth allocation (for example, based on user demand) in a single frequency band. In some examples, the wireless communication network 100 may support communication over unlicensed spectrum, where access to an unlicensed channel is subject to a channel access mechanism. For example, in a shared or unlicensed frequency band, a transmitting device may perform a channel access procedure, such as a listen-before-talk (LBT) procedure, to contend against other devices for channel access before transmitting on a shared or unlicensed channel.
[0049] Various operating bands have been defined as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz through 7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz through 52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz through 24.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz through 71 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz through 114.25 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz through 300 GHz) . Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “sub-6 GHz” band in some documents and articles. Similarly, FR2 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in some documents and articles, despite being different than the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz through 300 GHz) , which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band. The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies, which include FR3. Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 or FR2 into the mid-band frequencies. Thus, “sub-6 GHz, ” if used herein, may broadly refer to frequencies that are less than 6 GHz, that are within FR1, and / or that are included in mid-band frequencies. Similarly, the term “millimeter wave, ” if used herein, may broadly refer to mid-band frequencies or to frequencies that are within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, FR5, and / or the EHF band. Higher frequency bands may extend 5G NR operation, 6G operation, and / or other RATs beyond 52.6 GHz.
[0050] A network node 110 and / or a UE 120 may include one or more devices, components, or systems that enable communication with other devices, components, or systems of the wireless communication network 100. For example, a UE 120 and a network node 110 may each include one or more chips, system-on-chips (SoCs) , chipsets, packages, or devices that individually or collectively constitute or comprise a processing system, such as a processing system 140 of the UE 120 or a processing system 145 of the network node 110. A processing system (for example, the processing system 140 and / or the processing system 145) includes processor (or “processing” ) circuitry in the form of one or multiple processors, microprocessors, processing units (such as central processing units (CPUs) , graphics processing units (GPUs) , neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) , and / or digital signal processors (DSPs) ) , processing blocks, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “processor” or collectively as “the processor” or “the processor circuitry” ) . Such processors may be individually or collectively configurable or configured to perform various functions or operations described herein. A group of processors collectively configurable or configured to perform a set of functions may include a first processor configurable or configured to perform a first function of the set and a second processor configurable or configured to perform a second function of the set. In some other examples, each of a group of processors may be configurable or configured to perform a same set of functions.
[0051] The processing system 140 and the processing system 145 may each include memory circuitry in the form of one or multiple memory devices, memory blocks, memory elements, or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry, each of which may include or implement tangible storage media such as random-access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM) , or combinations thereof (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “memory” or collectively as “the memory” or “the memory circuitry” ) . One or more of the memories may be coupled (for example, operatively coupled, communicatively coupled, electronically coupled, or electrically coupled) with one or more of the processors and may individually or collectively store processor-executable code or instructions (such as software) that, when executed by one or more of the processors, may configure one or more of the processors to perform various functions or operations described herein. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, one or more of the processors may be configured to perform various functions or operations described herein without requiring configuration by software. “Software” shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, or functions, among other examples, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.
[0052] The processing system 140 and the processing system 145 may each include or be coupled with one or more modems (such as a cellular (for example, a 5G or 6G compliant) modem) . In some examples, one or more processors of the processing system 140 and / or the processing system 145 include or implement one or more of the modems. The processing system 140 and the processing system 145 may also include or be coupled with multiple radios (collectively “the radio” ) , multiple RF chains, or multiple transceivers, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more of multiple antennas. In some examples, one or more processors of the processing system 140 and / or the processing system 145 include or implement one or more of the radios, RF chains, or transceivers. An RF chain may include one or more filters, mixers, oscillators, amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) , and / or other devices that convert between an analog signal (such as for transmission or reception via an air interface) and a digital signal (such as for processing by the processing system 140 of the UE 120 or by the processing system 145 of the network node 110) .
[0053] A network node 110 and a UE 120 may each include one or multiple antennas or antenna arrays. Typical network nodes 110 and UEs 120 may include multiple antennas, which may be organized or structured into one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. As used herein, the term “antenna” can refer to one or more antennas, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays. The term “antenna panel” can refer to a group of antennas (such as antenna elements) arranged in an array or panel, which may facilitate beamforming by manipulating parameters associated with the group of antennas. The term “antenna module” may refer to circuitry including one or more antennas as well as one or more other components (such as filters, amplifiers, or processors) associated with integrating the antenna module into a wireless communication device such as the network node 110 and the UE 120.
[0054] A network node 110 may be, may include, or may also be referred to as an NR network node, a 5G network node, a 6G network node, a Node B, a gNB, an access point (AP) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a network entity, a network element, a network equipment, and / or another type of device, component, or system included in a radio access network (RAN) . In various deployments, a network node 110 may be implemented as a single physical node (for example, a single physical structure) or may be implemented as two or more physical nodes (for example, two or more distinct physical structures) . For example, a network node 110 may be a device or system that implements a part of a radio protocol stack, a device or system that implements a full radio protocol stack (such as a full gNB protocol stack) , or a collection of devices or systems that collectively implement the full radio protocol stack. For example, and as shown, a network node 110 may be an aggregated network node having an aggregated architecture, meaning that the network node 110 may implement a full radio protocol stack that is physically and logically integrated within a single physical structure in the wireless communication network 100. For example, an aggregated network node 110 may consist of a single standalone base station or a single TRP that operates with a full radio protocol stack to enable or facilitate communication between a UE 120 and a core network of the wireless communication network 100.
[0055] Alternatively, and as also shown, a network node 110 may be a disaggregated network node (sometimes referred to as a disaggregated base station) , having a disaggregated architecture, meaning that the network node 110 may operate with a radio protocol stack that is physically distributed and / or logically distributed among two or more nodes in the same geographic location or in different geographic locations. An example disaggregated network node architecture is described in more detail below with reference to Fig. 2. In some deployments, disaggregated network nodes 110 may be used in an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, in an open radio access network (O-RAN) (such as a network configuration in compliance with the O-RAN Alliance) , or in a virtualized radio access network (vRAN) , also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) , to facilitate scaling by separating network functionality into multiple units or modules that can be individually deployed.
[0056] The network nodes 110 of the wireless communication network 100 may include one or more central units (CUs) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , and one or more radio units (RUs) . A CU may host one or more higher layers, such as a radio resource control (RRC) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, and a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer, among other examples. A DU may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and / or one or more higher physical (PHY) layers depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as a functional split defined by the 3GPP. In some examples, a DU also may host a lower PHY layer that is configured to perform functions, such as a fast Fourier transform (FFT) , an inverse FFT (IFFT) , beamforming, and / or physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, among other examples. An RU may perform RF processing functions or lower PHY layer functions, such as an FFT, an IFFT, beamforming, or PRACH extraction and filtering, among other examples, according to a functional split, such as a lower layer split (LLS) . In such an architecture, each RU can be operated to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 120. In some examples, a single network node 110 may include a combination of one or more CUs, one or more DUs, and / or one or more RUs. In some examples, a CU, a DU, and / or an RU may be implemented as a virtual unit, such as a virtual central unit (VCU) , a virtual distributed unit (VDU) , or a virtual radio unit (VRU) , among other examples, which may be implemented as a virtual network function, such as in a cloud deployment.
[0057] Some network nodes 110 (for example, a base station, an RU, or a TRP) may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area. The term “cell” can refer to a coverage area of a network node 110 or to a network node 110 itself, depending on the context in which the term is used. A network node 110 may support one or more cells (for example, each cell may support communication within an angular (for example, 60 degree) range around the network node) . In some examples, a network node 110 may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, or another type of cell. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (for example, several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with associated service subscriptions. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may also allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with associated service subscriptions. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographic area (for example, a home) and may allow restricted access by UEs 120 having association with the femto cell (for example, UEs 120 in a closed subscriber group (CSG) ) . In some examples, a cell may not necessarily be stationary. For example, the geographic area of the cell may move according to the location of an associated mobile network node 110 (for example, a train, a satellite, an unmanned aerial vehicle, or an NTN network node) .
[0058] The wireless communication network 100 may be a heterogeneous network that includes network nodes 110 of different types, such as macro network nodes, pico network nodes, femto network nodes, relay network nodes, aggregated network nodes, and / or disaggregated network nodes, among other examples. Various different types of network nodes 110 may generally transmit at different power levels, serve different coverage areas (for example, a cell 130a, a cell 130b, and a cell 130c) , and / or have different impacts on interference in the wireless communication network 100 than other types of network nodes 110.
[0059] The UEs 120 may be physically dispersed throughout the coverage area of the wireless communication network 100, and each UE 120 may be stationary or mobile. A UE 120 may be, may include, or may also be referred to as an access terminal, a mobile station, or a subscriber unit. A UE 120 may be, include, or be coupled with a cellular phone (for example, a smart phone) , a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a tablet, a camera, a netbook, a smartbook, an ultrabook, a medical device, a biometric device, a wearable device (for example, a smart watch, smart clothing, smart glasses, a smart wristband, or smart jewelry) , a gaming device, an entertainment device (for example, a music device, a video device, or a satellite radio) , an XR device, a vehicular component or sensor, a smart meter or sensor, industrial manufacturing equipment, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) device (such as a Global Positioning System device or another type of positioning device) , a UE function of a network node, and / or any other suitable device or function that may communicate via a wireless medium.
[0060] Some UEs 120 may be classified according to different categories in association with different complexities and / or different capabilities. UEs 120 in a first category may facilitate massive IoT in the wireless communication network 100, and may offer low complexity and / or cost relative to UEs 120 in a second category. UEs 120 in a second category may include mission-critical IoT devices, legacy UEs, baseline UEs, high-tier UEs, advanced UEs, full-capability UEs, and / or premium UEs that are capable of URLLC, eMBB, and / or precise positioning in the wireless communication network 100, among other examples. A third category of UEs 120 may have mid-tier complexity and / or capability (for example, a capability between that of the UEs 120 of the first category and that of the UEs 120 of the second capability) . A UE 120 of the third category may be referred to as a reduced capability UE ( “RedCap UE” ) , a mid-tier UE, an NR-Light UE, and / or an NR-Lite UE, among other examples. RedCap UEs may bridge a gap between the capability and complexity of NB-IoT devices and / or eMTC UEs, and mission-critical IoT devices and / or premium UEs. RedCap UEs may include, for example, wearable devices, IoT devices, industrial sensors, or cameras that are associated with a limited bandwidth, power capacity, and / or transmission range, among other examples. RedCap UEs may support healthcare environments, building automation, electrical distribution, process automation, transport and logistics, or smart city deployments, among other examples.
[0061] Some IoT devices, such as ambient IoT (A-IoT) devices (sometimes referred to as ultra-light IoT devices) , may be associated with a relatively simple hardware design that may be designed to use low power and be implementable at low cost. A-IoT technology may include passive IoT (such as NR passive IoT for 5G Advanced) , semi-passive IoT, active IoT, or ultra-light IoT. In passive IoT, a terminal (such as a tag or a similar device) may not include a battery or other long-term energy storage, and the terminal may accumulate energy from radio signaling. In some examples, the terminal may accumulate solar or other energy to supplement accumulated energy from radio signaling. To achieve further cost reduction and zero-power communication, backscattering communication may be implemented at a type of passive IoT device referred to as an “ambient backscatter device” or a “backscatter device, ” which may modulate a reflecting radio signal from an RF source to convey data. Some IoT devices may be referred to as semi-passive IoT devices. At a semi-passive IoT device, communication between a reader and the IoT device does not need to be preceded by an energy harvesting waveform. For example, a semi-passive IoT device may include a battery or similar energy source that can power the semi-passive IoT device. Some IoT devices may be referred to as active IoT devices. An active IoT device may have a battery or similar energy source and an active radio, allowing for active transmission and reception without energy harvesting or backscattering. A-IoT technology may be useful in connection with industrial sensors, for which battery replacement may be prohibitively difficult or undesirable (such as for safety monitoring or fault detection in smart factories, infrastructures, or environments) . Additionally, features of A-IoT devices, such as low cost, small size, simple or infrequent maintenance, durability, and long lifespan, may facilitate smart logistics and warehousing (for example, in connection with automated asset management) . Furthermore, A-IoT technology may be useful in connection with smart home networks for household item management, wearable devices, or similar applications.
[0062] In some examples, a network node 110 may be, may include, or may operate as an RU, a TRP, or a base station that communicates with one or more UEs 120 via a radio access link (which may be referred to as a “Uu” link) . The radio access link may include a downlink and an uplink. “Downlink” (or “DL” ) refers to a communication direction from a network node 110 to a UE 120, and “uplink” (or “UL” ) refers to a communication direction from a UE 120 to a network node 110. Downlink and uplink resources may include time domain resources (for example, frames, subframes, slots, and symbols) , frequency domain resources (for example, frequency bands, component carriers (CCs) , subcarriers, resource blocks, and resource elements) , and spatial domain resources (for example, particular transmit directions or beams) .
[0063] Frequency domain resources may be subdivided into bandwidth parts (BWPs) . A BWP may be a block of frequency domain resources (for example, a continuous set of resource blocks (RBs) within a full component carrier bandwidth) that may be configured at a UE-specific level. A UE 120 may be configured with both an uplink BWP and a downlink BWP (which may be the same or different) . Each BWP may be associated with its own numerology (indicating a sub-carrier spacing (SCS) and cyclic prefix (CP) ) . A BWP may be dynamically configured or activated (for example, by a network node 110 transmitting a downlink control information (DCI) configuration to the one or more UEs 120) and / or reconfigured (for example, in real-time or near-real-time) according to changing network conditions in the wireless communication network 100 and / or specific requirements of one or more UEs 120. An active BWP defines the operating bandwidth of the UE 120 within the operating bandwidth of the serving cell. The use of BWPs enables more efficient use of the available frequency domain resources in the wireless communication network 100 because fewer frequency domain resources may be allocated to a BWP for a UE 120 (which may reduce the quantity of frequency domain resources that a UE 120 is required to monitor and reduce UE power consumption by enabling the UE to monitor fewer frequency domain resources) , leaving more frequency domain resources to be spread across multiple UEs 120. Thus, BWPs may also assist in the implementation of lower-capability (for example, RedCap) UEs 120 by facilitating the configuration of smaller bandwidths for communication by such UEs 120 and / or by facilitating reduced UE power consumption.
[0064] As used herein, a downlink signal may be or include a reference signal, control information, or data. For example, downlink reference signals include a primary synchronization signal (PSS) , a secondary SS (SSS) , an SS block (SSB) (for example, that includes a PSS, an SSS, and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) ) , a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS) , a tracking reference signal (TRS) , and a channel state information (CSI) reference signal (CSI-RS) , among other examples. A downlink signal carrying control information or data may be transmitted via a downlink channel. Downlink channels may include one or more control channels for transmitting control information and one or more data channels for transmitting data. Downlink reference signals may be transmitted in addition to, or multiplexed with, downlink control channel communications and / or downlink data channel communications. A downlink control channel may be specifically used to transmit DCI from a network node 110 to a UE 120. DCI generally contains the information the UE 120 needs to identify RBs in a subsequent subframe and how to decode them, including a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) or redundancy version parameters. Different DCI formats carry different information, such as scheduling information in the form of downlink or uplink grants, slot format indicators (SFIs) , preemption indicators (PIs) , transmit power control (TPC) commands, hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) information, new data indicators (NDIs) , among other examples. A downlink data channel may be used to transmit downlink data (for example, user data associated with a UE 120) from a network node 110 to a UE 120. Downlink control channels may include physical downlink control channels (PDCCHs) , and downlink data channels may include physical downlink shared channels (PDSCHs) . Control information or data communications may be transmitted on a PDCCH and PDSCH, respectively. For example, a PDCCH can carry DCI, while a PDSCH can carry a MAC control element (MAC-CE) , an RRC message, or user data, among other examples. Each PDSCH may carry one or more transport blocks (TBs) of data.
[0065] As used herein, an uplink signal may include a reference signal, control information, or data. For example, uplink reference signals include a sounding reference signal (SRS) , a PTRS, and a DMRS, among other examples. An uplink signal carrying control information or data may be transmitted via an uplink channel. An uplink channel may include one or more control channels for transmitting control information and one or more data channels for transmitting data. Uplink reference signals may be transmitted in addition to, or multiplexed with, uplink control channel communications and / or uplink data channel communications. An uplink control channel may be specifically used to transmit uplink control information (UCI) from a UE 120 to a network node 110. An uplink data channel may be used to transmit uplink data (for example, user data associated with a UE 120) from a UE 120 to a network node 110. Uplink control channels may include physical uplink control channels (PUCCHs) , and uplink data channels may include physical uplink shared channels (PUSCHs) . Control information or data communications may be transmitted on a PUCCH and PUSCH, respectively. For example, a PUCCH can carry UCI, while a PUSCH can carry a MAC-CE, an RRC message, or user data, among other examples. UCI can include a scheduling request (SR) , HARQ feedback information (for example, a HARQ acknowledgement (ACK) indication or a HARQ negative acknowledgement (NACK) indication) , uplink power control information (for example, an uplink TPC parameter) , and / or CSI, among other examples. CSI can include a channel quality indicator (CQI) (indicative of downlink channel conditions to facilitate selection of transmission parameters, such as an MCS, by a network node 110) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI) (for example, indicative of a beam used to transmit a CSI-RS) , an SS / PBCH resource block indicator (SSBRI) (for example, indicative of a beam used to transmit an SSB) , a layer indicator (LI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and / or measurement information (for example, a layer 1 (L1) -reference signal received power (RSRP) parameter, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) parameter, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) parameter, among other examples) which can be used for beam management, among other examples. Each PUSCH may carry one or more TBs of data.
[0066] The information (for example, data, control information, or reference signal information) transmitted by a network node 110 to a UE 120, or vice versa, may be represented as a sequence of binary bits that are mapped (for example, modulated) to an analog signal waveform (for example, a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) -spread-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform or a CP-OFDM waveform) that is transmitted by the network node 110 or UE 120 over a wireless communication channel. In some examples, the network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 145 or the processing system 140, respectively) may select an MCS (for example, an order of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) , such as 64-QAM, 128-QAM, or 256-QAM, among other examples) for a downlink signal or an uplink signal. For example, the network node 110 may select an MCS for a downlink signal in accordance with UCI received from the UE 120. The network node 110 may transmit, to the UE 120, an indication of the selected MCS for the downlink signal, such as via DCI that schedules the downlink signal. As another example, the network node 110 may transmit, and the UE 120 may receive, an indication of an MCS to be applied for the one or more uplink signals, such as via DCI scheduling transmission of the one or more uplink signals.
[0067] The network node 110 or the UE 120 (such as by using the processing system 145 or the processing system 140, respectively, and / or one or more coupled modems) may perform signal processing on the information (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, an IFFT operation, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, and / or encoding, among other examples) to generate a processed signal in accordance with the selected MCS. In some examples, the network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 145 or the processing system 140, respectively, and / or one or more coupled encoders or modems) may perform a channel coding operation or a forward error correction (FEC) operation to control errors in transmitted information. For example, the network node 110 or the UE 120 may perform an encoding operation to generate encoded information (such as by selectively introducing redundancy into the information, typically using an error correction code (ECC) , such as a polar code or a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code) . The network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 145 and / or one or more modems) may further perform spatial processing (for example, precoding) on the encoded information to generate one or more processed or precoded signals for downlink or uplink transmission, respectively. In some examples, the network node 110 or the UE 120 may perform codebook-based precoding or non-codebook-based precoding. Codebook-based precoding may involve selecting a precoder (for example, a precoding matrix) using a codebook. For example, the network node 110 may provide precoding information indicating which precoder, defined by the codebook, is to be used by the UE 120. Non-codebook-based precoding may involve selecting or deriving a precoder based on, or otherwise associated with, one or more downlink or uplink signal measurements. The network node 110 or the UE 120 may transmit the processed downlink or uplink signals, respectively, via one or more antennas.
[0068] The network node 110 or the UE 120 may receive uplink signals or downlink signals, respectively, via one or more antennas. The network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 145 or the processing system 140, respectively, and / or one or more coupled modems) may perform signal processing (for example, in accordance with the MCS) on the received uplink or downlink signals, respectively (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, an FFT operation, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, de-mapping, equalization, interference cancellation, and / or decoding, among other examples) , to map the received signal (s) to a sequence of binary bits (for example, received information) that estimates the information transmitted by the network node 110 or the UE 120 via the downlink or uplink signals. The network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 145 or the processing system 140, respectively, and / or a coupled decoder or one or more modems) may decode the received information (such as by using an ECC, a decoding operation, and / or an FEC operation) to detect errors and / or correct bit errors in the received information to generate decoded information. The decoded information may estimate the information transmitted via the downlink or uplink signals.
[0069] In some examples, a UE 120 and a network node 110 may perform MIMO communication. “MIMO” generally refers to transmitting or receiving multiple signals (such as multiple layers or multiple data streams) simultaneously over the same time and frequency resources. MIMO techniques generally exploit multipath propagation. A network node 110 and / or UE 120 may communicate using massive MIMO, multi-user MIMO, or single-user MIMO, which may involve rapid switching between beams or cells. For example, the amplitudes and / or phases of signals transmitted via antenna elements and / or sub-elements may be modulated and shifted relative to each other (such as by manipulating a phase shift, a phase offset, and / or an amplitude) to generate one or more beams, which is referred to as beamforming. For example, the network node 110b may generate one or more beams 160a, and the UE 120b may generate one or more beams 160b. The term “beam” may refer to a directional transmission of a wireless signal toward a receiving device or otherwise in a desired direction, a directional reception of a wireless signal from a transmitting device or otherwise in a desired direction, a direction associated with a directional transmission or directional reception, a set of directional resources associated with a signal transmission or signal reception (for example, an angle of arrival, a horizontal direction, and / or a vertical direction) , a set of parameters that indicate one or more aspects of a directional signal, a direction associated with the signal, and / or a set of directional resources associated with the signal, among other examples.
[0070] MIMO may be implemented using various spatial processing or spatial multiplexing operations. In some examples, MIMO may include a massive MIMO technique which may be associated with an increased (for example, “massive” ) quantity of antennas at the network node 110 and / or at the UE 120, such as in a network implementing mmWave technology. Massive MIMO may improve communication reliability by enabling a network node 110 and / or a UE 120 to communicate the same data across different propagation (or spatial) paths. In some examples, MIMO may support simultaneous transmission to multiple receivers, referred to as multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) . Some RATs may employ MIMO techniques, such as multi-TRP (mTRP) operation (including redundant transmission or reception on multiple TRPs) , reciprocity in the time domain or the frequency domain, single-frequency-network (SFN) transmission, or non-coherent joint transmission (NC-JT) .
[0071] To support MIMO techniques, the network node 110 and the UE 120 may perform one or more beam management operations, such as an initial beam acquisition operation, one or more beam refinement operations, and / or a beam recovery operation. For example, an initial beam acquisition operation may involve the network node 110 transmitting signals (for example, SSBs, CSI-RSs, or other signals) via respective beams (for example, of the beams 160a of the network node 110) and the UE 120 receiving and measuring the signal (s) via respective beams of multiple beams (for example, from the beams 160b of the UE 120) to identify a best beam (or beam pair) for communication between the UE 120 and the network node 110. For example, the UE 120 may transmit an indication (for example, in a message associated with a random access channel (RACH) operation) of a (best) identified beam of the network node 110 (for example, by indicating an SSBRI or other identifier associated with the beam) . A beam refinement operation may involve a first device (for example, the UE 120 or the network node 110) transmitting signal (s) via a subset of beams (for example, identified based on, or otherwise associated with, measurements reported as part of one or more other beam management operations) . A second device (for example, the network node 110 or the UE 120) may receive the signal (s) via a single beam (for example, to identify the best beam for communication from the subset of beams) . The beam (s) may be identified via one or more spatial parameters, such as a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state and / or a quasi co-location (QCL) parameter, among other examples. The network node 110 and the UE 120 may increase reliability and / or achieve efficiencies in throughput, signal strength, and / or other signal properties for massive MIMO operations by performing the beam management operations.
[0072] Some aspects and techniques as described herein may be implemented, at least in part, using an artificial intelligence (AI) program (for example, referred to herein as an “AI / ML model” ) , such as a program that includes a machine learning (ML) model and / or an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The AI / ML model may be deployed at one or more devices 165 (for example, a network node 110 and / or UEs 120) . For example, the one or more devices 165 may include a UE 120 (for example, the processing system 140) , a network node 110 (for example, the processing system 145) , one or more servers, and / or one or more components of a cloud computing network, among other examples. In some examples, the AI / ML model (or an instance of the AI / ML model) may be deployed at multiple devices (for example, a first portion of the AI / ML model may be deployed at a UE 120 and a second portion of the AI / ML model may be deployed at a network node 110) . In other examples, a first AI / ML model may be deployed at a UE 120 and a second AI / ML model may be deployed at a network node 110. The AI / ML model (s) may be configured to enhance various aspects of the wireless communication network 100. For example, the AI / ML model (s) may be trained to identify patterns or relationships in data corresponding to the wireless communication network 100, a device, and / or an air interface, among other examples. The AI / ML model (s) may support operational decisions relating to one or more aspects associated with wireless communications devices, networks, or services.
[0073] In some aspects, an ambient IoT device may include a communication manager 150. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 150 may receive information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and information associated with a first periodicity, wherein the first periodicity corresponds to a periodicity at which a signal is transmitted, a periodicity at which the ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal, or a combination thereof; and receive the signal based at least in part on monitoring for the signal in accordance with a second periodicity, wherein the second periodicity is determined based at least in part on the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the first periodicity. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 150 may perform one or more other operations described herein.
[0074] In some aspects, the reader may include a communication manager 150 or a communication manager 155. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 150 or the communication manager 155 may transmit information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and information associated with a first periodicity, wherein the first periodicity corresponds to a periodicity at which a signal is transmitted, a periodicity at which an ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal, or a combination thereof, and wherein the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices includes a first group of ambient IoT devices and a second group of ambient IoT devices; perform a first transmission of the signal; and receive a first group of responses from only the first group of ambient IoT devices. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 150 or the communication manager 155 may perform one or more other operations described herein.
[0075] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated network node architecture 200, in accordance with the present disclosure. One or more components of the example disaggregated network node architecture 200 may be, may include, or may be included in one or more network nodes (such one or more network nodes 110) . The disaggregated network node architecture 200 may include a CU 210 that can communicate directly with a core network 220 via a backhaul link, or that can communicate indirectly with the core network 220 via one or more disaggregated control units, such as a non-real-time (Non-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 250 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 260 and / or a near-real-time (Near-RT) RIC 270 (for example, via an E2 link) . The CU 210 may communicate with one or more DUs 230 via respective midhaul links, such as via F1 interfaces. Each of the DUs 230 may communicate with one or more RUs 240 via respective fronthaul links. Each of the RUs 240 may communicate with one or more UEs 120 via respective RF access links. In some deployments, a UE 120 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 240.
[0076] Each of the components of the disaggregated network node architecture 200, including the CUs 210, the DUs 230, the RUs 240, the Near-RT RICs 270, the Non-RT RICs 250, and the SMO Framework 260, may include one or more interfaces or may be coupled with one or more interfaces for receiving or transmitting signals, such as data or information, via a wired or wireless transmission medium.
[0077] In some aspects, the CU 210 may be logically split into one or more CU user plane (CU-UP) units and one or more CU control plane (CU-CP) units. A CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with a CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 210 may be deployed to communicate with one or more DUs 230, as necessary, for network control and signaling. Each DU 230 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 240. For example, a DU 230 may host various layers, such as an RLC layer, a MAC layer, or one or more PHY layers, such as one or more high PHY layers or one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (which also may be referred to as a module) may be implemented with an interface for communicating signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 230, or for communicating signals with the control functions hosted by the CU 210. Each RU 240 may implement lower layer functionality. In some aspects, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU (s) 240 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 230.
[0078] The SMO Framework 260 may support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 260 may support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface, such as an O1 interface. For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 260 may interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) platform 290) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface, such as an O2 interface. A virtualized network element may include, but is not limited to, a CU 210, a DU 230, an RU 240, a non-RT RIC 250, and / or a Near-RT RIC 270. In some aspects, the SMO Framework 260 may communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, a 5G NR RAN, and / or a 6G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 280, via an O1 interface. Additionally or alternatively, the SMO Framework 260 may communicate directly with each of one or more RUs 240 via a respective O1 interface. In some deployments, this configuration can enable each DU 230 and the CU 210 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0079] The Non-RT RIC 250 may include or may implement a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, AI / ML workflows including model training and updates, and / or policy-based guidance of applications and / or features in the Near-RT RIC 270. The Non-RT RIC 250 may be coupled to or may communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 270. The Near-RT RIC 270 may include or may implement a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions via an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 210, one or more DUs 230, and / or an O-eNB 280 with the Near-RT RIC 270.
[0080] In some aspects, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 270, the Non-RT RIC 250 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 270 and may be received at the SMO Framework 260 or the Non-RT RIC 250 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 250 or the Near-RT RIC 270 may tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 250 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and may employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions via the SMO Framework 260 (such as reconfiguration via an O1 interface) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 interface policies) .
[0081] The network node 110, the processing system 145 of the network node 110, the UE 120, the processing system 140 of the UE 120, the CU 210, the DU 230, the RU 240, or any other component (s) of Fig. 1 and / or Fig. 2 may implement one or more techniques or perform one or more operations associated with tag grouping, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. For example, the processing system 145 of the network node 110, the processing system 140 of the UE 120, the CU 210, the DU 230, or the RU 240 may perform or direct operations of, for example, process 1100 of Fig. 11, process 1200 of Fig. 12, or other processes as described herein (alone or in conjunction with one or more other processors) . In some aspects, the reader described herein is the network node 110, is included in the network node 110, or includes one or more components of the network node 110 shown in Fig. 1. In some aspects, the reader described herein is the UE 120, is included in the UE 120, or includes one or more components of the UE 120 shown in Fig. 1. In some aspects, the ambient IoT device described herein is the UE 120, is included in the UE 120, or includes one or more components of the UE 120 shown in Fig. 1. Memory of the network node 110 may store data and program code (or instructions) for the network node 110, the CU 210, the DU 230, or the RU 240. In some examples, the memory of the network node 110 may store data relating to a UE 120, such as RRC state information or a UE context. Memory of a UE 120 may store data and program code (or instructions) for the UE 120, such as context information. In some examples, the memory of the UE 120 or the memory of the network node 110 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication. For example, the set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors (for example, of the processing system 145 or the processing system 140) of the network node 110, the UE 120, the CU 210, the DU 230, or the RU 240, may cause the one or more processors to perform process 1100 of Fig. 11, process 1200 of Fig. 12, or other processes as described herein. In some examples, executing instructions may include running the instructions, converting the instructions, compiling the instructions, and / or interpreting the instructions, among other examples.
[0082] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating examples 300, 310, and 320 associated with different types of ambient IoT devices.
[0083] Example 300 illustrates components of a passive ambient IoT device. As shown, passive ambient IoT devices may include a passive radio 330. For example, the passive radio 330 may be configured to backscatter a carrier wave (CW) .
[0084] Example 310 illustrates components of a semi-passive ambient IoT device. As shown, semi-passive ambient IoT devices may include an energy harvester 340, an energy storage 350, and / or a low-complexity semi-passive radio 360. For example, the low-complexity semi-passive radio 360 may be configured to harvest energy from a CW using the energy harvester 340, store energy from a CW using the energy storage 350, and / or backscatter a CW.
[0085] Example 320 illustrates components of an active ambient IoT device. As shown, active ambient IoT devices may include an energy harvester 340, an energy storage 350, and / or a low-complexity (for example, low-cost) active radio 370. For example, the low-complexity active radio 370 may be configured to harvest energy from a CW using the energy harvester 340, store energy from a CW using the energy storage 350, and / or backscatter a CW.
[0086] Ambient IoT devices may be categorized into at least three types of devices: device 1, device 2a, and device 2b. Device 1 type ambient IoT devices may include at least some passive and / or semi-passive devices. A device 1 type ambient IoT device may have approximately 1 μW peak power consumption, support energy storage, use an initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10X ppm (for example, where X can be any suitable value) , and communicate uplink transmissions by backscattering externally-provided CWs.
[0087] Device 2a type ambient IoT devices may include at least some semi-passive devices, and device 2b type ambient IoT devices may include active devices. Both device 2a and device 2b type ambient IoT devices may have less than or equal to a few hundred μW peak power consumption, support energy storage, and use an initial SFO up to 10X ppm. A device 2a type ambient IoT device may communicate uplink transmissions by backscattering externally-provided CWs. A device 2b type ambient IoT device may communicate uplink transmissions by internally generating the uplink transmission.
[0088] In some examples, device 1, device 2a, and / or device 2b type ambient IoT devices that are located indoors may support a maximum distance of 10-50 m, a range which may be sub-selected. In Topology 1 (for example, in which an ambient IoT device may directly and bidirectionally communicate with one or more network nodes 110) and in Topology 2 (for example, in which an ambient IoT device may communicate bidirectionally with an intermediate node between the ambient IoT device and a network node 110) , device 1, device 2a, and / or device 2b type ambient IoT devices may not support RRC states, mobility (for example, cell-selection / re-selection-like functionality) , automatic repeat request (ARQ) , or HARQ.
[0089] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example 400 associated with backscatter communications.
[0090] Some wireless communication devices may be considered IoT devices, such as ambient IoT devices (sometimes referred to as ultra-light IoT devices) , or similar IoT devices. In ambient IoT, a terminal (for example, an RFID device, a tag, or a similar device) may not include a battery, and the terminal may accumulate energy from radio signaling. To achieve further cost reduction and zero-power communication, wireless networks may utilize a type of ambient IoT device referred to as an “ambient backscatter device” or a “backscatter device. ”
[0091] As shown in Fig. 4, a backscatter device 405 (for example, a tag or a sensor, among other examples) , which may be one example of an ambient IoT device such as a passive, semi-passive, or active ambient IoT device described with regard to Fig. 3, may employ a simplified hardware design (for example, including a power splitter, an energy harvester, and a microcontroller) that does not include a battery, such that the backscatter device 405 relies on energy harvesting for power, and that does not include a radio wave generation circuit, such that the backscatter device 405 is capable of transmitting information only by reflecting a radio wave. More particularly, the backscatter device 405 communicates with a reader 408 (for example, a UE 120, a network node 110, or another network device) by modulating a reflecting radio signal from an RF source 410 (for example, a network node 110, a UE 120, or another network device) . In some examples, the RF source 410 and the reader 408 may be the same device and / or may be co-located. For example, in some instances, the reader 408 and the RF source 410 may be associated with the same network node 110.
[0092] To facilitate communication of the backscatter device 405, the RF source 410 may transmit an energy harvesting wave to the backscatter device 405. The energy harvesting wave may be transmitted for a sufficient duration in order to enable a communication phase for a target range between the reader 408 and the backscatter device 405. Additionally or alternatively, in some instances, a range between the RF source 410 and the backscatter device 405 may be limited by a minimum received power for triggering energy harvesting at the backscatter device 405, such as -20 decibel milliwatts (dBm) .
[0093] Once energy is sufficiently accumulated at the backscatter device 405, the backscatter device 405 may begin to reflect the radio wave that is radiated onto the backscatter device 405 via a backscatter link 415. For example, the RF source 410 may initiate a communication session (sometimes referred to as a query-response communication) with a query, which may be a modulating envelope of a carrier wave (CW) . The backscatter device 405 may respond by backscattering of the CW. The communication session may include multiple rounds, such as for purposes of contention resolution when multiple backscatter devices respond to a query. A channel between the RF source 410 and the backscatter device 405 of the backscatter link 415 may be associated with a first backscatter link channel response value (sometimes referred to as a first backscatter link channel coefficient or a first backscatter link gain value) , hBD. As described below, the backscatter device 405 may have reflection-on periods and reflection-off periods that follow a pattern that is based at least in part on the transmission of information bits by the backscatter device 405. The reader 408 may detect the reflection pattern of the backscatter device 405 and obtain the backscatter communication information via the backscatter link 415. A channel between the reader 408 and the backscatter device 405 of the backscatter link 415 may be associated with a second backscatter link channel response value (sometimes referred to as a second backscatter link channel coefficient or a second backscatter link channel gain value) , hDU. In addition, the RF source 410 and the reader 408 may communicate (for example, reference signals and / or data signals) via a direct link 420. A channel between the RF source 410 and the reader 408 of the direct link 420 may be associated with a direct link channel response value (sometimes referred to as a direct link channel coefficient or a direct link channel gain value) , hBU.
[0094] Thus, the resulting signal received at the reader 408, which is the superposition of the signal received via the direct link 420 (shown by reference number 425) and the signal received via the backscatter link 415, may be denoted as y (n) . This signal, y (n) , is shown by reference number 435. As shown, when s (n) =0 (indicated by reference number 440 in the plot shown at reference number 430) , the backscatter device 405 may switch off reflection, and thus the reader 408 receives only the direct link 420 signal. When s (n) =1 (indicated by reference number 445 in the plot shown at reference number 430) , the backscatter device 405 may switch on reflection, and thus the reader 408 receives a superposition of both the direct link 420 signal and the backscatter link 415 signal. To receive the information bits transmitted by the backscatter device 405, the reader 408 may first decode x (n) based at least in part on the direct link channel response value of hBU (n) by treating the backscatter link 415 signal as interference. The reader 408 may then detect the existence of the signal component.
[0095] Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example 500 of a duty cycle for an ambient IoT device, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0096] As shown in Fig. 5, and by example 500, an ambient IoT device (e.g., a UE 120) may be associated with a duty cycle. A duty cycle may consist of an ambient IoT device transitioning between an off period and an on period.
[0097] During the off period, the ambient IoT device may be in a sleep state in which the ambient IoT device conserves power and / or harvests energy from the environment. For example, during the off period, the ambient IoT device may deactivate or power off one or more hardware components and / or may perform one or more processes for harvesting energy from the environment.
[0098] As shown in Fig. 5, during a first duty cycle (e.g., duty cycle1, as shown in Fig. 5) , the off period during which the ambient IoT device is in a sleep state may begin at a first time (e.g., t (0) , as shown in Fig. 5) and may end at a second time (e.g., t (2) , as shown in Fig. 5) . While in the sleep state, the ambient IoT device may harvest energy from the environment to increase an amount of energy stored in a battery of the ambient IoT device. For example, as shown in Fig. 5, the amount of energy stored in the battery of the ambient IoT device may increase from a first amount of stored energy (e.g., E (2) , as shown in Fig. 5) to a second amount of stored energy (e.g., E (4) , as shown in Fig. 5) .
[0099] During the on period, the ambient IoT device may be in an active state in which the ambient IoT device monitors for a signal transmitted by a reader and / or transmits a response to a received signal. In some cases, the active state may be associated with the ambient IoT device activating the one or more hardware components that were deactivated during the off period and / or terminating the process for harvesting energy from the environment.
[0100] As shown in Fig. 5, during the first duty cycle, the on period may start at the end of the off period (e.g., t (2) , as shown in Fig. 5) and may end at a time (e.g., t (3) , as shown in Fig. 5) corresponding to an expiration of a configured time period, at time at which an amount of stored energy satisfies (e.g., is less than) an energy threshold, and / or a time associated with an occurrence of an event (e.g., transmitting data to a reader) , among other examples. While in the active state, the ambient IoT device may consume energy. For example, as shown in Fig. 5, an amount of energy stored by the ambient IoT device may be reduced from a first amount (e.g., E (4) , as shown in Fig. 5) to a second, lesser amount (e.g., E (1) , as shown in Fig. 5) .
[0101] In some cases, at the end of the on period, the ambient IoT device may transition to the sleep state for a duration of an next off period. In some cases, the next off period may be associated with a next duty cycle (e.g., duty cycle2, as shown in Fig. 5) . In some cases, the ambient IoT device may transition between the sleep state and the active state in accordance with the duty cycle in a manner similar to that described above.
[0102] As indicated above, Fig. 5 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 5.
[0103] Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example 600 associated with ambient IoT device querying, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 6, an ambient IoT device may be configured with a duty cycle having an off period during which the ambient IoT device is a sleep state and an on period during which the ambient IoT device is in an active state. A periodicity for the duty cycle may include a time period X, during which there is an on period for a time period Y. In some cases, during the time period Y, the ambient IoT operates in an active state to attempt to receive a signal (e.g., a wake-up signal, a paging signal, a query, or the like) during a monitoring occasion corresponding to a time period Z. During a remainder of the time period X, the ambient IoT device operates in a sleep state, in which the ambient IoT device does not monitor for a signal and / or harvest energy.
[0104] In some cases, a reader (e.g., a network node 110 or a UE 120) may transmit a first query (e.g., Q1, as shown in Fig. 6) . In some cases, the first query may include an initial signal, a trigger signal, a msg-0 of an access procedure, or an ambient IoT device paging signal, among other examples.
[0105] In some cases, the first query may indicate a set of resources 605 and an access ratio associated with a group of ambient IoT devices 610 transmitting a response to the first query. In some cases, as shown in Fig. 6, the access ratio (AR) indicated by the first query may indicate that each of the ambient IoT devices 610 are to transmit a response to the first query (e.g., AR=1, as shown in Fig. 6) .
[0106] In some cases, the quantity of ambient IoT devices 610 may be greater than a quantity of resources included in the set of resources 605. In these cases, each of the ambient IoT devices 610 may attempt to transmit a response in the set of resources 605. For example, each of the ambient IoT devices 610 may select (e.g., randomly) a resource included in the set of resources 605 and may attempt to transmit a response to the first query via the selected resource.
[0107] In some cases, because the quantity of ambient IoT devices 610 is greater than a quantity of resources included in the set of resources 605, each resource included in the set of resources 605 may be selected by at least two ambient IoT devices 610. In these cases, the responses may collide. The collisions of the responses (e.g., two or more responses being transmitted via a same resource) may prevent the reader from successfully receiving the responses, thereby resulting in a failure (e.g., indicated by “F” in Fig. 6) of all of the attempts to transmit a response.
[0108] In some cases, as shown in Fig. 6, the reader may transmit a second query (e.g., Q2, as shown in Fig. 6) . The second query may indicate a set of resources 615 and an access ratio. In some cases, the access ratio may be configured to reduce a quantity of the ambient IoT devices 610 attempting to transmit a response to the second query. For example, the access ratio may be configured to cause only one-half of the ambient IoT devices 610 to attempt to transmit a response to the second query (e.g., AR=0.5, as shown in Fig. 6) .
[0109] In some cases, the reader may reduce the aspect ratio based at least in part on a ratio of a quantity of unused resources of the set of resources 605 to a total quantity of resources included in the set of resources 605. For example, the reader may reduce the access ratio based at least in part on the ratio of the quantity of unused resources of the set of resources 605 to the total quantity of resources included in the set of resources 605 satisfying (e.g., being less than) a threshold.
[0110] In some cases, a subset of ambient IoT devices 620 (e.g., four ambient IoT devices, as shown in Fig. 6) of the ambient IoT devices 610 may attempt to transmit a response to the second query based at least in part on the access ratio indicated by the second query. In some cases, as shown in Fig. 6, two of the subset of ambient IoT devices 620 may select a resource that is not selected by another ambient IoT device, thereby resulting in the responses being successfully transmitted to the reader (e.g., indicated by an “S” in Fig. 6) .
[0111] In some cases, as shown in Fig. 6, two other ambient IoT devices of the subset of ambient IoT devices 620 may select a same resource. The selection of the same resource by the two other ambient IoT devices may result in a collision, which may prevent the reader from successfully receiving the responses.
[0112] In some cases, as shown in Fig. 6, the reader may transmit a third query (e.g., Q3, as shown in Fig. 6) . The third query may indicate a set of resources 625 and an access ratio. In some cases, the access ratio may be the same as the access ratio included in the second query.
[0113] In some cases, the reader may determine not to modify the aspect ratio based at least in part on a ratio of a quantity of unused resources of the set of resources 615 to a total quantity of resources included in the set of resources 615. For example, the reader may determine not to modify the access ratio based at least in part on the ratio of the quantity of unused resources of the set of resources 605 to the total quantity of resources included in the set of resources 605 satisfying (e.g., being greater than or equal to) a threshold.
[0114] In some cases, a subset of ambient IoT devices (e.g., four ambient IoT devices, as shown in Fig. 6) of the ambient IoT devices 610 may attempt to transmit a response to the third query based at least in part on the access ratio indicated by the third query. In some cases, as shown in Fig. 6, two of the subset of ambient IoT devices (indicated by reference number 630 in Fig. 6) may select a resource that is not selected by another ambient IoT device, thereby resulting in the responses being successfully transmitted to the reader (e.g., indicated by an “S” in Fig. 6) .
[0115] In some cases, the remaining two of the subset of ambient IoT devices (indicated by reference number 635 in Fig. 6) may be unable to transmit a response to the third query. In some cases, an amount of stored energy of the remaining two of the subset of ambient IoT devices may be insufficient for transmitting a response to the third query. For example, an amount of energy utilized by the remaining ambient IoT devices to monitor for and attempt to transmit a response to the first and second queries may be greater than an amount of energy harvested during the off periods of the duty cycles, which may result in the remaining two of the subset of ambient IoT devices having a sufficient amount of stored energy for monitoring for, and / or transmitting a response to, the third query.
[0116] Some aspects described herein generally relate to groups of ambient IoT devices utilizing an increased monitoring periodicity. Some aspects more specifically relate to an ambient IoT device monitoring for an initial signal in accordance with a monitoring periodicity that is determined based at least in part on a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices. In some aspects, the monitoring periodicity may be an integer multiple of a periodicity at which an initial signal is transmitted. In some aspects, the integer corresponds to the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0117] In some aspects, the quantity of groups is configured by a reader and / or a network node. In some aspects, ambient IoT devices may be formed into groups based at least in part on an identifier associated with the ambient IoT device. For example, an ambient IoT device associated with an identifier starting or ending with a first value (e.g., 0) may be included in a first group and an ambient IoT device associated with an identifier starting or ending in a second value (e.g., 1) may be included in a second group.
[0118] In some aspects, an ambient IoT device may randomly select a group. In some aspects, the ambient IoT device may select a group based at least in part on the ambient IoT device transitioning from a sleep state to an active state. The ambient IoT device may monitor for a next transmission of an initial signal based at least in part on transitioning to the active state. In some aspects, the initial signal may include information identifying the group of ambient IoT devices to which the initial signal is intended. The ambient IoT device may select the group of ambient IoT devices identified by the initial signal.
[0119] In some examples, the described techniques can be used to reduce a quantity of monitoring occasions during which an ambient IoT device monitors for an initial signal. Reducing the quantity of monitoring occasions during which the ambient IoT device monitors for an initial signal may conserve an amount of power that would otherwise be utilized by the ambient IoT device monitoring for an initial signal during every monitoring occasion. The amount of power conserved by the ambient IoT device may enable the ambient IoT device to perform additional attempts to transmit a response to an initial signal (e.g., relative to a quantity of attempts that the ambient IoT device is able to perform when monitoring for an initial signal during every monitoring occasion) . Enabling an ambient IoT device to perform additional attempts to transmit a response to an initial signal, may increase a probability of the ambient IoT device successfully transmitting a response to a reader, thereby increasing a reliability associated with communications between the reader and the ambient IoT device.
[0120] As indicated above, Fig. 6 are provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 6.
[0121] Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example 700 associated with tag grouping, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 7, example 700 includes communication between a reader 705 (e.g., a wireless communication device such as a network node 110 or a UE 120, a reader 408, an RF source 410, an intermediate node (shown in Fig. 4) , and / or an assisting node (shown in Fig. 4) ) and an ambient IoT device 710 (e.g., a UE 120) .
[0122] As further shown in Fig. 7, and by reference number 715, the reader 705 may transmit, and the ambient IoT device 710 may receive, a signal (e.g., a first message, as shown in Fig. 7) . In some aspects, the reader 705 may transmit one or more first messages that convey information from the reader 705 to the ambient IoT device 710. For example, the one or more first messages may include an initial message of an access procedure (e.g., a msg0 of an ambient IoT access procedure) , a synchronization signal, a paging message (e.g., an ambient IoT device paging message) , a wake up signal, or a query (e.g., an inventory query) , among other examples. In some aspects, the one or more first messages may indicate a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, a periodicity at which the one or more first messages are to be transmitted, a set of resources for transmitting a response to the one or more first messages, a particular group of ambient IoT devices that are to transmit a response to the one or more first messages, an offset associated with a monitoring occasion during which the ambient IoT device 710 is to monitor for a first message, and / or a set of monitoring occasions associated with a group of ambient IoT devices, as described in greater detail elsewhere herein.
[0123] As shown by reference number 720, the ambient IoT device 710 may transmit a second message. In some aspects, the second message may comprise a response to a first message, of the one or more first messages, that is associated with a group of ambient IoT devices with which the ambient IoT device 710 is associated. For example, the ambient IoT device 710 may monitor for and / or transmit a response to a first message, of the one or more first messages, based at least in part on the first message being associated with a group of ambient IoT devices with which the ambient IoT device 710 is associated, as described in greater detail elsewhere herein.
[0124] In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 710 may be multiplexed with other communications on a channel (e.g., to improve read performance and reduce contention) . For example, the ambient IoT device 710 may backscatter a transmission of the second message with a frequency shift applied to achieve frequency division multiplexing (FDM) with other ambient IoT devices that are transmitting second messages. In this case, other ambient IoT devices may transmit other respective second messages with other frequency shifts applied. Additionally, or alternatively, the ambient IoT device 710 may backscatter a transmission of the second message with a sequence applied to achieve code division multiplexing (CDM) . In this case, the ambient IoT device 710 may apply a first sequence (e.g., a Hadamard sequence with ASK or PSK) and other ambient IoT devices may apply other respective sequences.
[0125] In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 710 may apply a frequency shift or a sequence based on a function. For example, the ambient IoT device 710 may use a hash function, with a parameter as an input (e.g., an identifier associated with the ambient IoT device 710 or a query identifier) , to select a frequency shift or a sequence for the ambient IoT device 710. In this case, other ambient IoT devices, using the hash function with other parameters as inputs, may select other frequency shifts or sequences, thereby reducing contention and improving read performance. In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 710 may select a transmission resource based on a power level. For example, the ambient IoT device 710 may determine CW or RS power level quanta and may use the power level quanta to select a frequency shift resource.
[0126] As shown by reference number 725, the reader 705 may transmit, and the ambient IoT device 710 may receive, a third message. In some aspects, the third message may indicate a set of resources for transmitting data (e.g., inventory data) to the reader 705. For example, the ambient IoT device 710 may receive a read scheduling message. In this case, the read scheduling message may include information identifying a set of scheduling resources for a group of ambient IoT devices that transmitted a response to the first message.
[0127] In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 710 may receive resource allocation information. For example, the ambient IoT device 710 may receive, from the reader 705, information identifying a resource allocation that is based on a frequency shift or a sequence decoded by the reader 705. In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 710 may receive information identifying the resource allocation via a particular type of message. For example, the ambient IoT device 710 may receive DCI with a format configured for conveying a frequency shift or sequence. In other words, the ambient IoT device 710 may receive a frequency shift or sequence type of DCI. Additionally, or alternatively, the ambient IoT device 710 may receive another format of DCI (e.g., a common DCI) that includes information identifying resource allocations. In this case, the common DCI may include a table with a set of frequency shifts and / or sequences and a set of corresponding resource allocations. In other words, the ambient IoT device 710 may determine that a first resource allocation is assigned for a first frequency shift and a second resource allocation is assigned for a second frequency shift.
[0128] As shown by reference number 730, the ambient IoT device 710 may transmit a fourth message. For example, the ambient IoT device 710 may transmit data associated with the ambient IoT device 710 to the reader 705. In some aspects, the data may data monitored by the ambient IoT device 710. For example, the ambient IoT device 710 may be configured to track a quantity of items and the fourth message may include information indicating a current quantity of the items tracked by the ambient IoT device 710.
[0129] In some aspects, the data may include information associated with the ambient IoT device 710. For example, the data may include an identifier of the ambient IoT device 710, information identifying a state of the ambient IoT device 710, such as a location of the ambient IoT device 710 or a battery level of the ambient IoT device 710, among other examples.
[0130] In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 710 may use backscattering to transmit the data. For example, the ambient IoT device 710 may backscatter a transmission of a continuous wave from the reader 705 to transmit the data. Additionally, or alternatively, the ambient IoT device 710 may use active transmission to transmit the data (e.g., using battery resources of the ambient IoT device 710) .
[0131] In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 710 may transition to a sleep state upon transmitting the data to the reader 705 and the process may repeat in a manner similar to that described above. In some other aspects, the reader 705 may be configured to transmit a message indicating whether the data was successfully received by the reader 705.
[0132] In these other aspects, as shown by reference number 735, the reader 705 may transmit, and the ambient IoT device 710 may receive, a fifth message. For example, the ambient IoT device 710 may receive an acknowledgment message from the reader 705. In this case, the acknowledgment message may indicate successful reception of the data by the reader 705. Alternatively, when the ambient IoT device 710 does not receive the acknowledgment message from the reader 705, the ambient IoT device 710 may retransmit the data or perform another action. In some aspects, the fifth message may include information identifying one or more ambient IoT devices for which the fifth message applies. For example, the fifth message may include information identifying a list of frequency shifts, sequences, resource allocations, group identifiers, and / or device identifiers for ambient IoT devices that are being acknowledged by the acknowledgment included in the fifth message. In these aspects, the ambient IoT device 710 may parse the fifth message to determine whether the reader 705 has successfully received the data from the ambient IoT device 710. In some aspects, when the reader 705 has not acknowledged the ambient IoT device 710 (e.g., the acknowledgment message does not include an identifier associated with a group of ambient IoT devices that includes the ambient IoT device 710) , the ambient IoT device 710 may determine that a collision (or other communication interruption) has occurred, and may determine to retransmit the data (e.g., based at least in part on transmitting a response to another first message) .
[0133] As indicated above, Fig. 7 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 7.
[0134] Fig. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example 800 associated with tag grouping, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 8, example 800 includes communication of a plurality of first messages transmitted by a reader (e.g., a reader 705) to groups of ambient IoT devices (e.g., a first group of ambient IoT device and a second group of ambient IoT devices, as shown in Fig. 8) .
[0135] In some aspects, the plurality of first messages correspond to the one or more first messages described above with respect to Fig. 7. As shown in Fig. 8, the plurality of first messages may include a first message Q0. In some aspects, the first message Q0 may comprise an initial signal that is transmitted to each ambient IoT device of a plurality of ambient IoT devices associated with the reader (e.g., to the first group of ambient IoT devices and the second group of ambient IoT devices) .
[0136] In some aspects, the first message Q0 may include information indicating a first periodicity at which the plurality of first messages are to be transmitted by the reader (e.g., TQ, as shown in Fig. 8) .
[0137] In some aspects, the information indicating the first periodicity may indicate a pattern associated with an ambient IoT device transitioning between an active state and a sleep state. For example, the first message Q0 may indicate a total of a duty cycle associated with the ambient IoT device, a duration of an off period during which the ambient IoT device is to be in a sleep state, and / or a duration of an on period during which the ambient IoT device is to be in an active state.
[0138] In some aspects, the first message Q0 may indicate a plurality of patterns and / or a group of ambient IoT devices associated with each pattern. For example, the first message Q0 may indicate a first pattern associated with a first group of ambient IoT devices transitioning between an active state and a sleep state and a second pattern associated with a second group of ambient IoT devices transitioning between an active state and a sleep state.
[0139] In some aspects, the first message Q0 may include information enabling each ambient IoT device to identify a group of ambient IoT devices with which the ambient IoT device is associated. In aspects, each ambient IoT device may be associated with an identifier (e.g., a device identifier associated with the ambient IoT device, a group identifier associated with a group of ambient IoT devices that includes the ambient IoT device, a hardware identifier associated with the ambient IoT device, and / or an application identifier associated with the ambient IoT device, among other examples) and the first message may include information enabling each ambient IoT device to identify a group of ambient IoT devices with which the ambient IoT device is associated with based at least in part on the identifier associated with each ambient IoT device.
[0140] In some aspects, the first message Q0 may indicate that ambient IoT devices associated with an identifier having a particular characteristic are associated with a particular group of ambient IoT devices. In some aspects, the particular characteristic may comprise a first value of the identifier associated with the ambient IoT device. For example, the first message may indicate that ambient IoT devices associated with an identifier that has a “0” as a first value are associated with a first group of ambient IoT devices and / or that ambient IoT devices associated with an identifier that has a “1” as a first value are associated with a second group of ambient IoT devices.
[0141] In some aspects, the particular characteristic may comprise a last value of the identifier associated with the ambient IoT device. For example, the first message may indicate that ambient IoT devices associated with an identifier that has a “0” as a last value are associated with a first group of ambient IoT devices and / or that ambient IoT devices associated with an identifier that has a “1” as a last value are associated with a second group of ambient IoT devices.
[0142] In some aspects, the first message Q0 may indicate an offset associated with a group of ambient IoT devices. In some aspects, the offset value may correspond to a time period starting at a time at which the first message Q0 is received and ending at a time at which a group of ambient IoT devices (e.g., the first group of ambient IoT devices or the second group of ambient IoT devices) are to begin monitoring for a transmission of a first message intended for that group of ambient IoT devices.
[0143] For example, the first message Q0 may indicate a first offset associated with the first group of ambient IoT devices. The first offset may correspond to a period of time starting at a time at which the first message Q0 is received by the first group of ambient IoT devices and ending at a time at which the first group of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for a next transmission of a first message (e.g., first message Q1, as shown in Fig. 8) . In some aspects, the first message Q0 may not indicate the first offset and the first group of ambient IoT devices may determine that the first offset corresponds to the first periodicity.
[0144] Additionally, or alternatively, the first message Q0 may indicate a second offset associated with the second group of ambient IoT devices. In some aspects, the second offset may correspond to a period of time starting at a time at which the first message Q0 is received by the second group of ambient IoT devices and ending at a time at which the second group of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for a next transmission of a first message (e.g., first message Q2, as shown in Fig. 8) .
[0145] In some aspects, the time at which the second group of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for a next transmission of a first message may be determined based at least in part on the second offset and the first periodicity. For example, the second offset may correspond to a period of time starting at a time at which the first group of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for a next transmission of a first message and ending at a time at which the second group of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for a next transmission of a first message. In some aspects, the second group of ambient IoT devices may determine a time at which the first group of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for the next transmission of a first message based at least in part on the first periodicity and may determine the time at which the second group of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for the next transmission of a first message based at least in part on by adding the second offset to a value to the time corresponding to when the first group of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for a next transmission of the first message.
[0146] In some aspects, the first message Q0 may indicate a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices. For example, the reader may determine the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices prior to transmitting the first message Q0 and may include an indication of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices in the first message Q0.
[0147] In some aspects, the reader may determine the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices based at least in part on information received from another device. For example, a network node associated with the reader (e.g., an ambient IoT controller included in a core network) may determine the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and may transmit information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices to the reader.
[0148] Additionally, or alternatively, the information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices may be included in one or more subsequent transmissions of the first message (e.g., one or more first messages 1-8, as shown in Fig. 8) . In some aspects, the information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices may not be included in the first message Q0. For example, each of the plurality of ambient IoT devices may transmit a response to the first message Q0 and the reader may determine a quantity of ambient IoT devices included in the plurality of ambient IoT devices based at least in part on the responses transmitted to, and / or received by, the reader. The reader may determine the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices based at least in part on the quantity of ambient IoT devices included in the plurality of ambient IoT devices.
[0149] In some aspects, as shown in Fig. 8, the reader may transmit a first message Q1 according to the first periodicity. In some aspects, the first message Q1 may be transmitted during an on duration of a duty cycle of the first group of ambient IoT devices. For example, the first group of ambient IoT devices may transition from an active state to a sleep state based at least in part on receiving the first message Q0 and / or transmitting a response to the first message Q0. The first group of ambient IoT devices may determine an expiration of a time period corresponding to the first periodicity and may transition from the sleep state to an active state based at least in part on the expiration of the time period. The first group of ambient IoT devices may begin monitoring for and / or may receive the first message Q1 based at least in part on transitioning to the active state.
[0150] In some aspects, the first message Q1 may indicate that the first message Q1 is intended for the first group of ambient IoT devices. For example, the first message Q1 may include information indicating a characteristic of an identifier associated with the ambient IoT devices included in the first group of ambient IoT devices. In some aspects, the first group of ambient IoT devices may transmit a response to the first message Q0 (e.g., a second message, as described above with respect to Fig. 7) based at least in part on the first message Q1 indicating that the first message Q1 is intended for the first group of ambient IoT devices.
[0151] In some aspects, the first message Q1 may include information indicating a second periodicity. In some aspects, the second periodicity may correspond to a periodicity at which the first group of ambient IoT devices is to monitor for transmissions of first messages.
[0152] In some aspects, the second periodicity may be greater than the first periodicity. In some aspects, the first message Q1 may include information indicating an integer (e.g., N) and the second periodicity may be an integer multiple of the first periodicity (e.g., NTQ, as shown in Fig. 8) . In some aspects, the integer may correspond to a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices (e.g., N=2 based at least in part on the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices including two groups of ambient IoT devices) .
[0153] In some aspects, the second periodicity may be an integer multiple of the first periodicity to enable the first group of ambient IoT devices to monitor for only certain transmissions of first messages. For example, the second periodicity may be two times the first periodicity to enable the first group of ambient IoT devices to only monitor for every other transmission of a first message.
[0154] In some aspects, the information indicating the second periodicity may include information indicating a pattern associated with the first group of ambient IoT devices. In some aspects, the pattern may be associated with a duty cycle of the first group of ambient IoT devices. For example, the first message Q1 may indicate a total of a duty cycle associated with the first group of ambient IoT devices, a duration of an off period during which the first group of ambient IoT devices are to be in a sleep state, and / or a duration of an on period during which the first group of ambient IoT devices are to be in an active state.
[0155] In some aspects, the first group of ambient IoT devices may determine the second periodicity based at least in part on the first message Q1 and may monitor for subsequent first messages (e.g., the first message Q3 and the first message Q5, as shown in Fig. 8) in accordance with the second periodicity. In some aspects, the first group of ambient IoT devices may monitor for the subsequent first messages in accordance with the second periodicity based at least in part on successfully transmitting a response to the first message Q1.
[0156] In some aspects, an ambient IoT device included in the first group of ambient IoT devices may fail to successfully transmit a response to the first message Q1. For example, a response transmitted by the ambient IoT device may collide with a response transmitted by another ambient IoT device included in the first group of ambient IoT devices.
[0157] In some aspects, the ambient IoT device may monitor for the subsequent first messages in accordance with the second periodicity even though the ambient IoT device failed to successfully transmit a response to the first message Q1. In some aspects, the ambient IoT device may monitor for a next transmission of a first message (e.g., first message Q3, as shown in Fig. 8) based at least in part on failing to successfully transmit a response to the first message Q1. In these aspects, the ambient IoT device may begin monitoring for transmissions for subsequent first messages with the second group of ambient IoT devices, as described below, or may switch back to monitoring for transmissions of subsequent first messages with the first group of ambient IoT devices.
[0158] In some aspects, the first message Q1 may include information indicating an offset associated with the second group of ambient IoT devices. For example, the first message Q0 may include information indicating the first periodicity. In some aspects, the second group of ambient IoT devices may transition from an active state to a sleep state based at least in part on receiving the first message Q0 and / or transmitting a response to the first message Q0. The second group of ambient IoT devices may determine an expiration of a time period corresponding to the first periodicity and may transition from the sleep state to an active state based at least in part on the expiration of the time period. The second group of ambient IoT devices may begin monitoring for and / or may receive the first message Q1 based at least in part on transitioning to the active state.
[0159] In some aspects, the first message Q1 may indicate that the first message Q1 is intended for the first group of ambient IoT devices. For example, the first message Q1 may include information indicating a characteristic of an identifier associated with the ambient IoT devices included in the first group of ambient IoT devices. In some aspects, the second group of ambient IoT devices may refrain from transmitting a response to the first message Q0 (e.g., a second message, as described above with respect to Fig. 7) based at least in part on the first message Q1 indicating that the first message Q1 is intended for the first group of ambient IoT devices.
[0160] In some aspects, the second group of ambient IoT devices may determine a time at which the second group of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for a subsequent transmission of a first message (e.g., first message Q2, as shown in Fig. 8) based at least in part on the offset indicated in the first message Q1. The second group of ambient IoT devices may transition to a sleep state for a time period corresponding to the offset based at least in part on receiving the first message Q1. The second group of ambient IoT devices may transition from the sleep state to an active state upon an expiration of the time period. The second group of ambient IoT devices may monitor for the first message Q2 based at least in part on transitioning to the active state.
[0161] In some aspects, the second group of ambient IoT devices may refrain from monitoring for, and / or receiving, the first message Q1. For example, the time at which the second group of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for a subsequent transmission of a first message may be indicated in the first message Q0 and the second group of ambient IoT devices may remain in the sleep state until the time at which the second group of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for a subsequent transmission of a first message.
[0162] In some aspects, the first message Q2 may include information indicating a third periodicity. In some aspects, the third periodicity may correspond to a periodicity at which the second group of ambient IoT devices is to monitor for transmissions of first messages. In some aspects, the third periodicity may be the same as the second periodicity. In some aspects, the third periodicity may be different than the second periodicity.
[0163] In some aspects, the third periodicity may be greater than the first periodicity. In some aspects, the first message Q2 may include information indicating the integer (e.g., N) and the second periodicity may be an integer multiple of the first periodicity (e.g., NTQ, as shown in Fig. 8) .
[0164] In some aspects, the third periodicity may be an integer multiple of the first periodicity to enable the second group of ambient IoT devices to monitor for only certain transmissions of first messages. For example, the third periodicity may be three times the first periodicity to enable the second group of ambient IoT devices to only monitor for every third transmission of a first message.
[0165] In some aspects, the information indicating the third periodicity may include information indicating a pattern associated with the second group of ambient IoT devices. In some aspects, the pattern may be associated with a duty cycle of the second group of ambient IoT devices. For example, the first message Q2 may indicate a total of a duty cycle associated with the second group of ambient IoT devices, a duration of an off period during which the second group of ambient IoT devices are to be in a sleep state, and / or a duration of an on period during which the second group of ambient IoT devices are to be in an active state.
[0166] In some aspects, the second group of ambient IoT devices may determine the third periodicity based at least in part on the first message Q2 and may monitor for subsequent first messages (e.g., the first message Q4, as shown in Fig. 8) in accordance with the second periodicity.
[0167] As indicated above, Fig. 8 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 8.
[0168] Fig. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example 900 associated with tag grouping, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 9, example 900 includes communication of a plurality of first messages between a reader (e.g., a reader 705) and groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0169] In some aspects, the plurality of first messages correspond to the one or more first messages described above with respect to Fig. 7. In some aspects, the reader may not configure groups of ambient IoT devices into a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and each ambient IoT device may randomly select a group of ambient IoT devices. For example, a first ambient IoT device (e.g., ambient IoT device 905, as shown in Fig. 9) may begin monitoring for a transmission of a first message based at least in part on transitioning from a sleep state to an active state in a manner similar to that described elsewhere herein.
[0170] As shown in Fig. 9, the ambient IoT device 905 may receive a first message Q2 based at least in part on monitoring for the transmission of a first message. In some aspects, the first message Q2 may include information indicating a first periodicity at which first messages are transmitted by the reader and the ambient IoT device 905. In some aspects, the first message Q2 may include information identifying an integer multiple associated with the ambient IoT device 905 monitoring for subsequent transmissions may select a group of ambient IoT devices
[0171] In some aspects, the first message Q2 may including information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, information indicating a group of ambient IoT devices to which the first message Q2 is intended (e.g., Group 2, as shown in Fig. 9) , information indicating a first periodicity at which first messages are transmitted by the reader, and / or information indicating a second periodicity at which a group of ambient IoT devices are to monitor for subsequent transmissions of first messages.
[0172] In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 905 may select the group of ambient IoT devices to which the first message Q2 is intended. For example, the ambient IoT device may select Group 2 based at least in part on receiving the first message Q2 and based at least in part on the first message Q2 being intended for ambient IoT devices included in Group 2.
[0173] In some aspects, the first message Q2 may include the information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices (e.g., four, as shown in Fig. 9) and the ambient IoT device 905 may randomly select one of the four groups of ambient IoT devices. In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 905 may select a group of ambient IoT devices based at least in part on one or more factors.
[0174] In some aspects, the one or more factors may include a duty cycle associated with the ambient IoT device 905. For example, the ambient IoT device 905 may select a group of ambient IoT device based on a duty cycle associated with the ambient IoT device 905 (e.g., to align a time at which the ambient IoT device 905 is to monitor for a transmission of a first message with an on period of the duty cycle) .
[0175] In some aspects, the one or more factors may include an energy state of the ambient IoT device 905. In some aspects, an energy state of the ambient IoT device 905 may be associated with an available energy level of the ambient IoT device 905. For example the energy state may be associated with an amount of energy stored in a battery of the ambient IoT device 905, a size of a capacitor of the ambient IoT device 905, and / or a voltage of stored energy, among other examples.
[0176] In some aspects, the energy state may be associated with a duty cycle of the ambient IoT device 905. For example, the energy state may be associated with an amount of time the ambient IoT device 905 can remain in an active state, an amount of time the ambient IoT device 905 has been in the active state, an amount of time that the ambient IoT device 905 is able to monitor a communication channel, and / or an amount of time the ambient IoT device 905 has been monitoring a communication channel, among other example.
[0177] In some aspects, the energy state may be associated with a device type of the ambient IoT device 905. For example, the energy state may be associated with whether the ambient IoT device 905 is a device 1, device 2a, or a device 2b type ambient IoT device. A device 1 type of ambient IoT device may comprise an ambient IoT device with approximately 1 μW peak power consumption, includes an energy storage capability, has an initial SFO up to 10x pulses per minute (ppm) , has neither downlink nor uplink amplification, and communicates uplink transmissions via backscattering on an externally provided carrier wave.
[0178] A device 2a type of ambient IoT device may comprise an ambient IoT device with less than, or equal to, a few hundred μW peak power consumption, includes an energy storage capability, has an initial SFO up to 10x ppm, has downlink and / or uplink amplification, and generates uplink transmissions internally. A device 2b type of ambient IoT device may comprise an ambient IoT device with less than, or equal to, a few hundred μW peak power consumption, includes an energy storage capability, has an initial SFO up to 10x ppm, has downlink and / or uplink amplification, and communicates uplink transmissions via backscattering on an externally provided carrier wave.
[0179] In some aspects, the energy state may be associated with a charging rate and / or a discharge rate associated with the ambient IoT device 905. For example, the energy state may be associated with a rate at which the ambient IoT device 905 is able to harvest energy, a quantity of active components (e.g., a power amplifier and / or a tunnel diode, among other examples) included on the ambient IoT device 905, whether an active component can be deactivated, whether an active component can be switched from an active, and / or an amount of energy associated with transmitting and / or receiving a message (e.g., based at least in part on a distance between the ambient IoT device 905 and the reader, an RSRP, an RSRQ, and / or an RSSI, among other examples) .
[0180] In some aspects, the energy state may be implicitly indicated by a threshold. For example, the ambient IoT device 905 may determine that the ambient IoT device 905 is associated with a first energy state or a second energy state based at least in part on whether a key performance indicator (KPI) satisfies (e.g., is greater than) a KPI threshold.
[0181] In some aspects, the first message Q2 may indicate an integer multiple associated with the group of ambient IoT devices for which the first message Q2 is intended. In these aspects, the ambient IoT device 905 may determine a second periodicity at which the ambient IoT device 905 is to monitor for transmissions of subsequent first messages based at least in part on the integer multiple indicated by the first message Q2.
[0182] In some aspects, the first message Q2 may not include information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices or information indicating a group of ambient IoT devices for which the first message Q2 is intended. In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 905 may randomly select an initial first message and may monitor for subsequent for transmissions of first messages based at least in part on an integer multiple of a periodicity at which first messages are transmitted by the reader and based at least in part on a time at which the initial first message is received by the ambient IoT device.
[0183] In some aspects, the ambient IoT device 905 may determine the integer multiple based at least in part on one or more factors. For example, the ambient IoT device 905 may determine the integer multiple based at least in part on a duty cycle of the ambient IoT device 905 and / or an energy state associated with the ambient IoT device 905. For example, the ambient IoT device 905 may determine a first integer multiple (e.g., N=2) based at least in part on the ambient IoT device 905 comprising a first energy state and the ambient IoT device 905 may determine a second, different integer multiple (e.g., N=3) based at least in part on the ambient IoT device 905 comprising a second energy state.
[0184] As indicated above, Fig. 9 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 9.
[0185] Fig. 10 is a diagram illustrating examples 1000, 1050 associated with tag grouping, in accordance with the present disclosure. In some aspects, one or more characteristics associated with a reader (e.g., a reader 705) transmitting first messages to an ambient IoT device (e.g., ambient IoT device 705) may not be known by the ambient IoT device. For example, an ambient IoT device may not receive or be configured with information indicating whether a reader is configured to transmit messages periodically or aperiodically, whether a message will be transmitted during a particular time period and / or when a message is to be transmitted during a particular time period, among other examples.
[0186] In some aspects, the reader may refrain from transmitting information indicating a first periodicity at which first messages are to be transmitted to the ambient IoT device based at least in part on the reader being configured to vary or modify one or more characteristics associated with the reader transmitting messages to the ambient IoT device. For example, a reader may be configured to periodically transmit messages to an ambient IoT device based at least in part on one or more first conditions (e.g., an energy state of the ambient IoT device, an energy state of the reader, a network condition (e.g., a SINR, an RSRP, or the like) , and / or a quantity of responses successfully received in response to a previously transmitted message, among other examples) satisfying (and / or failing to satisfy) one or more first criteria and / or one or more first thresholds. The reader may be configured to transmit the messages aperiodically (e.g., by refraining to transmit one or more of the periodically transmitted messages) and / or to modify a periodicity (e.g., increase or decrease the periodicity) based at least in part on one or more second conditions satisfying (and / or failing to satisfy) one or more second criteria and / or one or more second thresholds.
[0187] In some aspects, the one or more first conditions may be the same as the one or more first conditions. In some aspects, the one or more first conditions may be different from the one or more second conditions. In some aspects, the one or more first criteria and / or the one or more first thresholds may be the same as the one or more second criteria and / or the one or more second thresholds. In some aspects, the one or more first criteria and / or the one or more first thresholds may be different than the one or more second criteria and / or the one or more second thresholds.
[0188] In some aspects, the reader may transmit information indicating a monitoring periodicity based at least in part on the one or more characteristics associated with the reader transmitting first messages to the ambient IoT device not being known by the ambient IoT device. For example, the reader may transmit a first message (e.g., a first message Q0, a first message Q1, a first message Q2, and / or the like) that includes information indicating a monitoring periodicity at which the ambient IoT device is to monitor for transmissions of first messages based at least in part on the reader being configured to selectively refrain from transmitting an instance of a periodic transmission of the first messages and / or based at least in part on the reader being configured to vary a periodicity (e.g., a first periodicity) at which the first messages are transmitted to the ambient IoT device.
[0189] In some aspects, the information indicating the monitoring periodicity may indicate a pattern associated with an ambient IoT device transitioning between an active state and a sleep state. For example, the first message may indicate a total of a duty cycle associated with the ambient IoT device, a duration of an off period during which the ambient IoT device is to be in a sleep state, and / or a duration of an on period during which the ambient IoT device is to be in an active state in a manner similar to that described elsewhere herein.
[0190] In some aspects, the first message may indicate a plurality of patterns and / or a group of ambient IoT devices associated with each pattern. For example, the first message Q0 may indicate a first pattern associated with a first group of ambient IoT devices transitioning between an active state and a sleep state and a second pattern associated with a second group of ambient IoT devices transitioning between an active state and a sleep state in a manner similar to that described elsewhere herein.
[0191] In some aspects, the first message may indicate an offset associated with a group of ambient IoT devices. In some aspects, the offset value may correspond to a time period starting at a time at which the first message is received and ending at a time at which a group of ambient IoT devices (e.g., the first group of ambient IoT devices or the second group of ambient IoT devices) are to begin monitoring for a transmission of a first message intended for that group of ambient IoT devices in a manner similar to that described elsewhere herein.
[0192] Additionally, or alternatively, the first message Q0 may indicate a second offset associated with the second group of ambient IoT devices. In some aspects, the second offset may correspond to a period of time starting at a time at which the first message Q0 is received by the second group of ambient IoT devices and ending at a time at which the second group of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for a next transmission of a first message in a manner similar to that described elsewhere herein.
[0193] In some aspects, the time at which the second group of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for a next transmission of a first message may be determined based at least in part on the second offset and the monitoring periodicity. For example, the second offset may correspond to a period of time starting at a time at which the first group of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for a next transmission of a first message and ending at a time at which the second group of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for a next transmission of a first message. In some aspects, the second group of ambient IoT devices may determine a time at which the first group of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for the next transmission of a first message based at least in part on the monitoring periodicity and may determine the time at which the second group of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for the next transmission of a first message based at least in part on by adding the second offset to a value to the time corresponding to when the first group of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for a next transmission of the first message.
[0194] In some aspects, the first message may include information indicating an integer (e.g., N) and the monitoring periodicity may be an integer multiple of a periodicity at which the first message can be transmitted. In some aspects, the integer may correspond to a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices (e.g., N=2 based at least in part on the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices including two groups of ambient IoT devices) .
[0195] In some aspects, the ambient IoT device may determine the integer in a manner similar to that described elsewhere herein. In some aspects, the ambient IoT device may determine the monitoring periodicity in a manner similar to that described elsewhere herein with respect to the second periodicity.
[0196] Additionally, or alternatively, the reader may transmit a first message (e.g., a first message Q0, a first message Q1, a first message Q2, and / or the like) that includes information indicating a set of monitoring occasions (MOs) during which the ambient IoT device is to monitor for a transmission of a first message based at least in part on the one or more characteristics associated with the reader transmitting first messages to the ambient IoT device not being known by the ambient IoT device. For example, the reader may transmit a first message that includes information indicating the set of monitoring occasions based at least in part on the reader being configured to transmit the first messages aperiodically and / or based at least in part on the reader being configured to vary the transmission of the first messages between periodic and aperiodic transmissions.
[0197] In some aspects, the set of monitoring occasions may correspond to an aperiodic transmission of the plurality of first messages. In some aspects, an ambient IoT device may receive an initial signal indicating a set of monitoring occasions for groups of ambient IoT devices. As shown in Fig. 10, examples 1000 and 1050 include a set of monitoring occasions associated with groups of ambient IoT devices monitoring for transmissions of first messages transmitted by a reader (e.g., a reader 705) . In some aspects, the initial signal may indicate a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, an MO associated with each group of ambient IoT devices, a duration of the monitoring occasion associated with each group of ambient IoT devices, a monitoring occasion periodicity corresponding to a time period during which the set of monitoring occasions occur, and / or an offset associated with one or more of the monitoring occasions.
[0198] In some aspects, as shown by example 1000, the set of monitoring occasions may be contiguous in time. In these aspects, the offset may indicate a time at which a first monitoring occasion (e.g., MO1, as shown in Fig. 10) begins during the time period corresponding to the monitoring occasion periodicity.
[0199] In some aspects, one or more monitoring occasions included in the set of monitoring occasions may overlap (e.g., fully or partially) with one or more other monitoring occasion included in the set of monitoring occasions. For example, a monitoring occasion associated with a first group of ambient IoT devices may partially overlap with a monitoring occasion associated with a second group of ambient IoT devices.
[0200] In some aspects, as shown by example 1050, the set of monitoring occasions may be non-contiguous in time. In these aspects, the initial signal may comprise a plurality of offsets. For example, each offset of the plurality of offsets may indicate a time at which one of the monitoring occasions begins during the time period corresponding to the monitoring occasion periodicity. As an example, as shown in Fig. 10 and by example 1050, the initial signal may indicate a first offset (e.g., offset1, as shown in Fig. 10) indicating a start of a first monitoring occasion (e.g., MO1, as shown in Fig. 10) associated with a first group of ambient IoT devices (e.g., Group 1, as shown in Fig. 10) . As further shown in Fig. 10 and by example 1050, the initial signal may indicate a second offset (e.g., offset2, as shown in Fig. 10) indicating a start of a second monitoring occasion (e.g., MO2, as shown in Fig. 10) associated with a second group of ambient IoT devices (e.g., Group 2, as shown in Fig. 10) . As further shown in Fig. 10 and by example 1050, the initial signal may indicate a third offset (e.g., offset3, as shown in Fig. 10) indicating a start of a third monitoring occasion (e.g., MO3, as shown in Fig. 10) associated with a third group of ambient IoT devices (e.g., Group 3, as shown in Fig. 10) .
[0201] In some aspects, the initial signal may comprise reader-to-device signaling transmitted by the reader to one or more ambient IoT devices of a plurality of ambient IoT devices associated with the reader. In some aspects, the initial signal may comprise a first message (e.g., an initial first message) transmitted by the reader to one or more ambient IoT devices of a plurality of ambient IoT devices associated with the reader. For example, the reader may transmit an initial signal to each ambient IoT device associated with the reader (e.g., a first message Q0, as described above with respect to Fig. 8) .
[0202] In some aspects, determine a group of ambient IoT devices with which the ambient IoT device is associated based at least in part on information included in the initial signal. For example, an ambient IoT device may determine a group of ambient IoT devices with which the ambient IoT device is associated based at least in part on information included in a first message Q0 and / or a subsequent transmission of a first message (e.g., a first message Q1 or a first message Q2) in a manner similar to that described elsewhere herein.
[0203] In some aspects, the ambient IoT device may determine a monitoring occasion associated with the determined group of ambient IoT devices based at least in part on information included in the initial signal and may monitor for a transmission of a first message during the monitoring occasion associated with the determined group of ambient IoT devices. In some aspects, the ambient IoT device may monitor for the transmission of the first message in a manner similar to that described elsewhere herein.
[0204] As indicated above, Fig. 10 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 10.
[0205] Fig. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1100 performed, for example, at an ambient IoT device or an apparatus of an ambient IoT device, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 1100 is an example where the apparatus or the ambient IoT device (e.g., ambient IoT device 710) performs operations associated with tag grouping.
[0206] As shown in Fig. 11, in some aspects, process 1100 may include receiving information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and information associated with a first periodicity, wherein the first periodicity corresponds to a periodicity at which a signal is transmitted, a periodicity at which the ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal, or a combination thereof (block 1110) . For example, the ambient IoT device (e.g., using reception component 1302 and / or communication manager 1306, depicted in Fig. 13) may receive information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and information associated with a first periodicity, wherein the first periodicity corresponds to a periodicity at which a signal is transmitted, a periodicity at which the ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal, or a combination thereof, as described above.
[0207] As further shown in Fig. 11, in some aspects, process 1100 may include receiving the signal based at least in part on monitoring for the signal in accordance with a second periodicity, wherein the second periodicity is determined based at least in part on the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the first periodicity (block 1120) . For example, the ambient IoT device (e.g., using reception component 1302 and / or communication manager 1306, depicted in Fig. 13) may receive the signal based at least in part on monitoring for the signal in accordance with a second periodicity, wherein the second periodicity is determined based at least in part on the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the first periodicity, as described above.
[0208] Process 1100 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0209] In a first aspect, the signal comprises a query, a message-0 (msg-0) associated with an access procedure, an ambient IoT paging message, or a combination thereof.
[0210] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, the information associated with the first periodicity includes information indicating a pattern associated with the ambient IoT device transitioning between an active state and a sleep state.
[0211] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the second periodicity is an integer multiple of the first periodicity.
[0212] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, the integer multiple corresponds to the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0213] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, the signal includes information identifying a particular group of ambient IoT devices, of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, to which the signal is intended.
[0214] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, the information identifying the particular group of ambient IoT devices comprises a group identifier associated with the particular group of ambient IoT devices, information indicating a characteristic of an identifier associated with the ambient IoT device, or a combination thereof.
[0215] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, the information indicating the characteristic of the identifier associated with the ambient IoT device comprises information indicating a value of a portion of the identifier associated with the ambient IoT device.
[0216] In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, the information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the information associated with the first periodicity are received via a first transmission of the signal, wherein the first transmission of the signal is transmitted to each ambient IoT device included in the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0217] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, process 1100 includes receiving information identifying a respective offset value associated with each group of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, wherein the respective offset value associated with each group of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices corresponds to a time period that starts at a time at which the information identifying the respective offset value is received and ends at a time when each group of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for a subsequent transmission of the signal.
[0218] In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, the subsequent transmission of the signal includes the information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, the information associated with the first periodicity, information associated with the second periodicity, or a combination thereof.
[0219] In an eleventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through tenth aspects, process 1100 includes receiving a subsequent transmission of the signal, wherein the subsequent transmission of the signal is associated with a group of ambient IoT devices that does not include the ambient IoT device, and wherein the ambient IoT device monitors for the subsequent transmission of the signal based at least in part on failing to successfully transmit a response to the signal.
[0220] In a twelfth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eleventh aspects, process 1100 includes receiving a first transmission of the signal, wherein the first transmission of the signal is transmitted to each ambient IoT device included in the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, and wherein the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices is determined based at least in part on a group of responses transmitted by ambient IoT devices included in the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0221] In a thirteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twelfth aspects, the signal indicates a value that is less than one to indicate information other than the information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the information associated with the first periodicity.
[0222] In a fourteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through thirteenth aspects, the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices is determined by a device included in a core network associated with the ambient IoT device.
[0223] In a fifteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourteenth aspects, process 1100 includes selecting a group of ambient IoT devices from the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, and monitoring for the signal in accordance with the second periodicity based at least in part on selecting the group of ambient IoT devices.
[0224] In a sixteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifteenth aspects, the group of ambient IoT devices is randomly selected from the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0225] In a seventeenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixteenth aspects, the information indicating the quantity of groups and the information associated with the first periodicity is received based at least in part selecting a monitoring occasion and based at least in part monitoring for a transmission of the signal during the monitoring occasion.
[0226] In an eighteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventeenth aspects, whether to transition from a sleep state to an active state is determined in accordance with the first periodicity.
[0227] In a nineteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighteenth aspects, a probability associated with the ambient IoT device determining whether to transition from the sleep state to the active state is based at least in part the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0228] In a twentieth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through nineteenth aspects, the information associated with the first periodicity comprises information indicating a respective monitoring occasion for each group of ambient IoT devices included in the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0229] In a twenty-first aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twentieth aspects, the information indicating the respective monitoring occasion for each group of ambient IoT devices includes information indicating an offset associated with the respective monitoring occasion, a duration of the respective monitoring occasion, a periodicity associated with the respective monitoring occasion, or a combination thereof.
[0230] In a twenty-second aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twenty-first aspects, an offset associated with a monitoring occasion for a group of ambient IoT devices, of the quantity of ambient IoT devices, is determined based at least in part on an identifier associated with the ambient IoT device, wherein the ambient IoT device is included in the group of ambient IoT devices.
[0231] In a twenty-third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twenty-second aspects, the respective monitoring occasion for each group of ambient IoT devices are contiguous in a time domain.
[0232] In a twenty-fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twenty-third aspects, the respective monitoring occasion for each group of ambient IoT devices are noncontiguous in a time domain.
[0233] In a twenty-fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twenty-fourth aspects, the second periodicity is determined further based at least in part on an energy state of the ambient IoT device.
[0234] In a twenty-sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twenty-fifth aspects, process 1100 includes receiving information indicating a relationship between the energy state of the ambient IoT device and the second periodicity, wherein the second periodicity is determined based at least in part on the relationship.
[0235] In a twenty-seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twenty-sixth aspects, a duration of a monitoring occasion during which the ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal is determined based at least in part on an energy state of the ambient IoT device.
[0236] In a twenty-eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twenty-seventh aspects, process 1100 includes receiving information indicating a relationship between the energy state of the ambient IoT device and the duration of the monitoring occasion, wherein the duration of the monitoring occasion is determined based at least in part on the relationship.
[0237] In a twenty-ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twenty-eighth aspects, the second periodicity is determined further based at least in part on a quantity of failed random access attempts.
[0238] In a thirtieth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twenty-ninth aspects, the second periodicity is modified based at least in part on whether a ratio of the quantity of failed random access attempts to a total quantity of random access attempts satisfies a threshold.
[0239] In a thirty-first aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through thirtieth aspects, the second periodicity is modified based at least in part on whether a quantity of consecutive failed random access attempts satisfies a threshold.
[0240] Although Fig. 11 shows example blocks of process 1100, in some aspects, process 1100 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Fig. 11. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1100 may be performed in parallel.
[0241] Fig. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1200 performed, for example, at a reader or an apparatus of a reader, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 1200 is an example where the apparatus or the reader (e.g., reader 705) performs operations associated with tag grouping.
[0242] As shown in Fig. 12, in some aspects, process 1200 may include transmitting information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and information associated with a first periodicity, wherein the first periodicity corresponds to a periodicity at which a signal is transmitted, a periodicity at which an ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal, or a combination thereof, and wherein the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices includes a first group of ambient IoT devices and a second group of ambient IoT devices (block 1210) . For example, the reader (e.g., using transmission component 1404 and / or communication manager 1406, depicted in Fig. 14) may transmit information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and information associated with a first periodicity, wherein the first periodicity corresponds to a periodicity at which a signal is transmitted, a periodicity at which an ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal, or a combination thereof, and wherein the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices includes a first group of ambient IoT devices and a second group of ambient IoT devices, as described above.
[0243] As further shown in Fig. 12, in some aspects, process 1200 may include performing a first transmission of the signal (block 1220) . For example, the reader (e.g., using transmission component 1404 and / or communication manager 1406, depicted in Fig. 14) may perform a first transmission of the signal, as described above.
[0244] As further shown in Fig. 12, in some aspects, process 1200 may include receiving a first group of responses from only the first group of ambient IoT devices (block 1230) . For example, the reader (e.g., using reception component 1402 and / or communication manager 1406, depicted in Fig. 14) may receive a first group of responses from only the first group of ambient IoT devices, as described above.
[0245] Process 1200 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0246] In a first aspect, process 1200 includes performing a second transmission of the signal, and receiving a second group of responses from only the second group of ambient IoT devices.
[0247] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, the signal comprises a query, a message-0 (msg-0) associated with a RACH procedure, an ambient IoT paging message, or a combination thereof.
[0248] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the information associated with the first periodicity includes information indicating a pattern associated with the ambient IoT device transitioning between an active state and a sleep state.
[0249] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, the first transmission of the signal includes information identifying the first group of ambient IoT devices.
[0250] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, the information identifying the first group of ambient IoT devices comprises a group identifier associated with the first group of ambient IoT devices, information indicating a characteristic of an identifier associated with a ambient IoT device included in the first group of ambient IoT devices, or a combination thereof.
[0251] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, the information indicating the characteristic of the identifier associated with the ambient IoT device comprises information indicating a value of a portion of the identifier associated with the ambient IoT device.
[0252] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, the information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the information associated with the first periodicity are received via a first transmission of the signal, wherein the first transmission of the signal is transmitted to each ambient IoT device included in the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0253] In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, process 1200 includes transmitting information identifying a respective offset value associated with each group of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, wherein the respective offset value associated with each group of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices corresponds to a time period that starts at a time at which the information identifying the respective offset value is received and ends at a time when each group of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for a subsequent transmission of the signal.
[0254] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, the subsequent transmission of the signal includes the information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, the information associated with the first periodicity, information associated with a second periodicity at which a ambient IoT device is to monitor for the signal, or a combination thereof.
[0255] In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, process 1200 includes performing a second transmission of the signal, wherein the second transmission of the signal is associated with the second group of ambient IoT devices, and receiving a second group of responses, wherein the second group of responses includes a response transmitted by a ambient IoT device included in the first group of ambient IoT devices based at least in part on the ambient IoT device failing to successfully transmit a response to the first transmission of the signal.
[0256] In an eleventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through tenth aspects, process 1200 includes performing an initial transmission of the signal, wherein the initial transmission of the signal is transmitted to each ambient IoT device included in the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, and receiving a group of responses from the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, wherein the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices is determined based at least in part on the group of responses received from the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0257] In a twelfth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eleventh aspects, process 1200 includes performing a second transmission of the signal, wherein the second transmission of the signal indicates a value that is less than one to indicate information other than the information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the information associated with the first periodicity.
[0258] In a thirteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twelfth aspects, process 1200 includes receiving, from a network node, information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0259] In a fourteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through thirteenth aspects, the information associated with the first periodicity comprises information indicating a respective monitoring occasion for each group of ambient IoT devices included in the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0260] In a fifteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourteenth aspects, the information indicating the respective monitoring occasion for each group of ambient IoT devices includes information indicating an offset associated with the respective monitoring occasion, a duration of the respective monitoring occasion, a periodicity associated with the respective monitoring occasion, or a combination thereof.
[0261] In a sixteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifteenth aspects, an offset associated with a monitoring occasion for the first group of ambient IoT devices is determined based at least in part on an identifier associated with a ambient IoT device included in the first group of ambient IoT devices.
[0262] In a seventeenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixteenth aspects, the respective monitoring occasion for each group of ambient IoT devices are contiguous in a time domain.
[0263] In an eighteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventeenth aspects, the respective monitoring occasion for each group of ambient IoT devices are noncontiguous in a time domain.
[0264] In a nineteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighteenth aspects, process 1200 includes transmitting information indicating a relationship between an energy state of a ambient IoT device and a second periodicity at which the ambient IoT device monitors for the signal.
[0265] In a twentieth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through nineteenth aspects, a duration of a monitoring occasion during which a ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal is determined based at least in part on an energy state of the ambient IoT device.
[0266] In a twenty-first aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twentieth aspects, process 1200 includes transmitting information indicating a relationship between the energy state of the ambient IoT device and the duration of the monitoring occasion.
[0267] Although Fig. 12 shows example blocks of process 1200, in some aspects, process 1200 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Fig. 12. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1200 may be performed in parallel.
[0268] Fig. 13 is a diagram of an example apparatus 1300 for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure. The apparatus 1300 may be an ambient IoT device (e.g., an ambient IoT device 710, a UE 120) , or an ambient IoT device may include the apparatus 1300. In some aspects, the apparatus 1300 includes a reception component 1302, a transmission component 1304, and / or a communication manager 1306, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses and / or one or more other components) . In some aspects, the communication manager 1306 is the communication manager 150 described in connection with Fig. 1. As shown, the apparatus 1300 may communicate with another apparatus 1308, such as a UE or a network node (such as a CU, a DU, an RU, or a base station) , using the reception component 1302 and the transmission component 1304. The communication manager 1306 may be included in, or implemented via, a processing system (for example, the processing system 140 described in connection with Fig. 1) of the ambient IoT device.
[0269] In some aspects, the apparatus 1300 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with Figs. 3-10. Additionally, or alternatively, the apparatus 1300 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 1100 of Fig. 11. In some aspects, the apparatus 1300 and / or one or more components shown in Fig. 13 may include one or more components of the UE 120 described in connection with Fig. 1. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components shown in Fig. 13 may be implemented within one or more components described in connection with Fig. 1. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in one or more memories. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by one or more controllers or one or more processors to perform the functions or operations of the component.
[0270] The reception component 1302 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, from the apparatus 1308. The reception component 1302 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 1300. In some aspects, the reception component 1302 may perform signal processing on the received communications, and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components of the apparatus 1300. In some aspects, the reception component 1302 may include one or more components of the ambient IoT device described above in connection with Fig. 1, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the UE 120.
[0271] The transmission component 1304 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, to the apparatus 1308. In some aspects, one or more other components of the apparatus 1300 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to the transmission component 1304 for transmission to the apparatus 1308. In some aspects, the transmission component 1304 may perform signal processing on the generated communications, and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 1308. In some aspects, the transmission component 1304 may include one or more components of the UE 120 described above in connection with Fig. 1, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the UE 120 described in connection with Fig. 1. In some aspects, the transmission component 1304 may be co-located with the reception component 1302.
[0272] The communication manager 1306 may support operations of the reception component 1302 and / or the transmission component 1304. For example, the communication manager 1306 may receive information associated with configuring reception of communications by the reception component 1302 and / or transmission of communications by the transmission component 1304. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 1306 may generate and / or provide control information to the reception component 1302 and / or the transmission component 1304 to control reception and / or transmission of communications.
[0273] The reception component 1302 may receive information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and information associated with a first periodicity, wherein the first periodicity corresponds to a periodicity at which a signal is transmitted, a periodicity at which the ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal, or a combination thereof.
[0274] The reception component 1302 may the signal based at least in part on monitoring for the signal in accordance with a second periodicity, wherein the second periodicity is determined based at least in part on the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the first periodicity.
[0275] The reception component 1302 may receive information identifying a respective offset value associated with each group of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, wherein the respective offset value associated with each group of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices corresponds to a time period that starts at a time at which the information identifying the respective offset value is received and ends at a time when each group of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for a subsequent transmission of the signal.
[0276] The reception component 1302 may receive a subsequent transmission of the signal, wherein the subsequent transmission of the signal is associated with a group of ambient IoT devices that does not include the ambient IoT device, and wherein the ambient IoT device monitors for the subsequent transmission of the signal based at least in part on failing to successfully transmit a response to the signal.
[0277] The reception component 1302 may receive a first transmission of the signal, wherein the first transmission of the signal is transmitted to each ambient IoT device included in the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, and wherein the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices is determined based at least in part on a group of responses transmitted by ambient IoT devices included in the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0278] The communication manager 1306 may select a group of ambient IoT devices from the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0279] The communication manager 1306 may monitor for the signal in accordance with the second periodicity based at least in part on selecting the group of ambient IoT devices.
[0280] The reception component 1302 may receive information indicating a relationship between the energy state of the ambient IoT device and the second periodicity, wherein the second periodicity is determined based at least in part on the relationship.
[0281] The reception component 1302 may receive information indicating a relationship between the energy state of the ambient IoT device and the duration of the monitoring occasion, wherein the duration of the monitoring occasion is determined based at least in part on the relationship.
[0282] The number and arrangement of components shown in Fig. 13 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in Fig. 13. Furthermore, two or more components shown in Fig. 13 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in Fig. 13 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in Fig. 13 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in Fig. 13.
[0283] Fig. 14 is a diagram of an example apparatus 1400 for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure. The apparatus 1400 may be a reader (e.g., reader 705, a UE 120, a network node 110) , or a reader may include the apparatus 1400. In some aspects, the apparatus 1400 includes a reception component 1402, a transmission component 1404, and / or a communication manager 1406, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses and / or one or more other components) . In some aspects, the communication manager 1406 is the communication manager 150 or the communication manager 155 described in connection with Fig. 1. As shown, the apparatus 1400 may communicate with another apparatus 1408, such as a UE or a network node (such as a CU, a DU, an RU, or a base station) , using the reception component 1402 and the transmission component 1404. The communication manager 1406 may be included in, or implemented via, a processing system (for example, the processing system 140 or the processing system 145 described in connection with Fig. 1) of the reader.
[0284] In some aspects, the apparatus 1400 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with Figs. 3-10. Additionally, or alternatively, the apparatus 1400 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 1200 of Fig. 12. In some aspects, the apparatus 1400 and / or one or more components shown in Fig. 14 may include one or more components of the UE 120 or the network node 110 described in connection with Fig. 1. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components shown in Fig. 14 may be implemented within one or more components described in connection with Fig. 1. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in one or more memories. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by one or more controllers or one or more processors to perform the functions or operations of the component.
[0285] The reception component 1402 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, from the apparatus 1408. The reception component 1402 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 1400. In some aspects, the reception component 1402 may perform signal processing on the received communications, and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components of the apparatus 1400. In some aspects, the reception component 1402 may include one or more components of the UE 120 or the network node 110 described above in connection with Fig. 1, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the UE 120 or the network node 110.
[0286] The transmission component 1404 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, to the apparatus 1408. In some aspects, one or more other components of the apparatus 1400 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to the transmission component 1404 for transmission to the apparatus 1408. In some aspects, the transmission component 1404 may perform signal processing on the generated communications, and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 1408. In some aspects, the transmission component 1404 may include one or more components of the UE 120 or the network node 110 described above in connection with Fig. 1, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the UE 120 or the network node 110 described in connection with Fig. 1. In some aspects, the transmission component 1404 may be co-located with the reception component 1402.
[0287] The communication manager 1406 may support operations of the reception component 1402 and / or the transmission component 1404. For example, the communication manager 1406 may receive information associated with configuring reception of communications by the reception component 1402 and / or transmission of communications by the transmission component 1404. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 1406 may generate and / or provide control information to the reception component 1402 and / or the transmission component 1404 to control reception and / or transmission of communications.
[0288] The transmission component 1404 may transmit information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and information associated with a first periodicity, wherein the first periodicity corresponds to a periodicity at which a signal is transmitted, a periodicity at which an ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal, or a combination thereof, and wherein the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices includes a first group of ambient IoT devices and a second group of ambient IoT devices. The communication manager 1406 may perform a first transmission of the signal. The reception component 1402 may receive a first group of responses from only the first group of ambient IoT devices.
[0289] The communication manager 1406 may perform a second transmission of the signal.
[0290] The reception component 1402 may receive a second group of responses from only the second group of ambient IoT devices.
[0291] The transmission component 1404 may transmit information identifying a respective offset value associated with each group of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, wherein the respective offset value associated with each group of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices corresponds to a time period that starts at a time at which the information identifying the respective offset value is received and ends at a time when each group of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for a subsequent transmission of the signal.
[0292] The communication manager 1406 may perform a second transmission of the signal, wherein the second transmission of the signal is associated with the second group of ambient IoT devices.
[0293] The reception component 1402 may receive a second group of responses, wherein the second group of responses includes a response transmitted by a ambient IoT device included in the first group of ambient IoT devices based at least in part on the ambient IoT device failing to successfully transmit a response to the first transmission of the signal.
[0294] The communication manager 1406 may perform an initial transmission of the signal, wherein the initial transmission of the signal is transmitted to each ambient IoT device included in the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0295] The reception component 1402 may receive a group of responses from the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, wherein the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices is determined based at least in part on the group of responses received from the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0296] The communication manager 1406 may perform a second transmission of the signal, wherein the second transmission of the signal indicates a value that is less than one to indicate information other than the information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the information associated with the first periodicity.
[0297] The reception component 1402 may receive, from a network node, information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0298] The transmission component 1404 may transmit information indicating a relationship between an energy state of a ambient IoT device and a second periodicity at which the ambient IoT device monitors for the signal.
[0299] The transmission component 1404 may transmit information indicating a relationship between the energy state of the ambient IoT device and the duration of the monitoring occasion.
[0300] The number and arrangement of components shown in Fig. 14 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in Fig. 14. Furthermore, two or more components shown in Fig. 14 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in Fig. 14 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in Fig. 14 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in Fig. 14.
[0301] The following provides an overview of some Aspects of the present disclosure:
[0302] Aspect 1: A method of wireless communication performed by ambient IoT device, comprising: receiving information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and information associated with a first periodicity, wherein the first periodicity corresponds to a periodicity at which a signal is transmitted, a periodicity at which the ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal, or a combination thereof; and receiving the signal based at least in part on monitoring for the signal in accordance with a second periodicity, wherein the second periodicity is determined based at least in part on the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the first periodicity.
[0303] Aspect 2: The method of Aspect 1, wherein the signal comprises a query, a message-0 (msg-0) associated with an access procedure, an IoT paging message, or a combination thereof.
[0304] Aspect 3: The method of any of Aspects 1-2, wherein the information associated with the first periodicity includes information indicating a pattern associated with the ambient IoT device transitioning between an active state and a sleep state.
[0305] Aspect 4: The method of any of Aspects 1-3, wherein the second periodicity is an integer multiple of the first periodicity.
[0306] Aspect 5: The method of Aspect 4, wherein the integer multiple corresponds to the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0307] Aspect 6: The method of any of Aspects 1-5, wherein the signal includes information identifying a particular group of ambient IoT devices, of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, to which the signal is intended.
[0308] Aspect 7: The method of Aspect 6, wherein the information identifying the particular group of ambient IoT devices comprises a group identifier associated with the particular group of ambient IoT devices, information indicating a characteristic of an identifier associated with the ambient IoT device, or a combination thereof.
[0309] Aspect 8: The method of Aspect 7, wherein the information indicating the characteristic of the identifier associated with the ambient IoT device comprises information indicating a value of a portion of the identifier associated with the ambient IoT device.
[0310] Aspect 9: The method of any of Aspects 1-8, wherein the information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the information associated with the first periodicity are received via a first transmission of the signal, wherein the first transmission of the signal is transmitted to each ambient IoT device included in the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0311] Aspect 10: The method of any of Aspects 1-9, further comprising: receiving information identifying a respective offset value associated with each group of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, wherein the respective offset value associated with each group of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices corresponds to a time period that starts at a time at which the information identifying the respective offset value is received and ends at a time when each group of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for a subsequent transmission of the signal.
[0312] Aspect 11: The method of Aspect 10, wherein the subsequent transmission of the signal includes the information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, the information associated with the first periodicity, information associated with the second periodicity, or a combination thereof.
[0313] Aspect 12: The method of any of Aspects 1-11, further comprising: receiving a subsequent transmission of the signal, wherein the subsequent transmission of the signal is associated with a group of ambient IoT devices that does not include the ambient IoT device, and wherein the ambient IoT device monitors for the subsequent transmission of the signal based at least in part on failing to successfully transmit a response to the signal.
[0314] Aspect 13: The method of any of Aspects 1-12, further comprising: receiving a first transmission of the signal, wherein the first transmission of the signal is transmitted to each ambient IoT device included in the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, and wherein the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices is determined based at least in part on a group of responses transmitted by ambient IoT devices included in the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0315] Aspect 14: The method of any of Aspects 1-13, wherein the signal indicates a value that is less than one to indicate information other than the information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the information associated with the first periodicity.
[0316] Aspect 15: The method of any of Aspects 1-14, wherein the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices is determined by a device included in a core network associated with the ambient IoT device.
[0317] Aspect 16: The method of any of Aspects 1-15, further comprising: selecting a group of ambient IoT devices from the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices; and monitoring for the signal in accordance with the second periodicity based at least in part on selecting the group of ambient IoT devices.
[0318] Aspect 17: The method of Aspect 16, wherein the group of ambient IoT devices is randomly selected from the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0319] Aspect 18: The method of any of Aspects 1-17, wherein the information indicating the quantity of groups and the information associated with the first periodicity is received based at least in part selecting a monitoring occasion and based at least in part monitoring for a transmission of the signal during the monitoring occasion.
[0320] Aspect 19: The method of any of Aspects 1-18, wherein whether to transition from a sleep state to an active state is determined in accordance with the first periodicity.
[0321] Aspect 20: The method of Aspect 19, wherein a probability associated with the ambient IoT device determining whether to transition from the sleep state to the active state is based at least in part the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0322] Aspect 21: The method of any of Aspects 1-20, wherein the information associated with the first periodicity comprises information indicating a respective monitoring occasion for each group of ambient IoT devices included in the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0323] Aspect 22: The method of Aspect 21, wherein the information indicating the respective monitoring occasion for each group of ambient IoT devices includes information indicating an offset associated with the respective monitoring occasion, a duration of the respective monitoring occasion, a periodicity associated with the respective monitoring occasion, or a combination thereof.
[0324] Aspect 23: The method of Aspect 21, wherein an offset associated with a monitoring occasion for a group of ambient IoT devices, of the quantity of ambient IoT devices, is determined based at least in part on an identifier associated with the ambient IoT device, wherein the ambient IoT device is included in the group of ambient IoT devices.
[0325] Aspect 24: The method of Aspect 21, wherein the respective monitoring occasion for each group of ambient IoT devices are contiguous in a time domain.
[0326] Aspect 25: The method of Aspect 21, wherein the respective monitoring occasion for each group of ambient IoT devices are noncontiguous in a time domain.
[0327] Aspect 26: The method of any of Aspects 1-25, wherein the second periodicity is determined further based at least in part on an energy state of the ambient IoT device.
[0328] Aspect 27: The method of Aspect 26, further comprising: receiving information indicating a relationship between the energy state of the ambient IoT device and the second periodicity, wherein the second periodicity is determined based at least in part on the relationship.
[0329] Aspect 28: The method of any of Aspects 1-27, wherein a duration of a monitoring occasion during which the ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal is determined based at least in part on an energy state of the ambient IoT device.
[0330] Aspect 29: The method of Aspect 28, further comprising: receiving information indicating a relationship between the energy state of the ambient IoT device and the duration of the monitoring occasion, wherein the duration of the monitoring occasion is determined based at least in part on the relationship.
[0331] Aspect 30: The method of any of Aspects 1-29, wherein the second periodicity is determined further based at least in part on a quantity of failed random access attempts.
[0332] Aspect 31: The method of Aspect 30, wherein the second periodicity is modified based at least in part on whether a ratio of the quantity of failed random access attempts to a total quantity of random access attempts satisfies a threshold.
[0333] Aspect 32: The method of any of Aspects 1-31, wherein the second periodicity is modified based at least in part on whether a quantity of consecutive failed random access attempts satisfies a threshold.
[0334] Aspect 33: A method of wireless communication performed by a reader, comprising: transmitting information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and information associated with a first periodicity, wherein the first periodicity corresponds to a periodicity at which a signal is transmitted, a periodicity at which an ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal, or a combination thereof, and wherein the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices includes a first group of ambient IoT devices and a second group of ambient IoT devices; performing a first transmission of the signal; and receiving a first group of responses from only the first group of ambient IoT devices.
[0335] Aspect 34: The method of Aspect 33, further comprising: performing a second transmission of the signal; and receiving a second group of responses from only the second group of ambient IoT devices.
[0336] Aspect 35: The method of any of Aspects 33-34, wherein the signal comprises a query, a message-0 (msg-0) associated with a RACH procedure, an ambient IoT paging message, or a combination thereof.
[0337] Aspect 36: The method of any of Aspects 33-35, wherein the information associated with the first periodicity includes information indicating a pattern associated with the ambient IoT device transitioning between an active state and a sleep state.
[0338] Aspect 37: The method of any of Aspects 33-36, wherein the first transmission of the signal includes information identifying the first group of ambient IoT devices.
[0339] Aspect 38: The method of Aspect 37, wherein the information identifying the first group of ambient IoT devices comprises a group identifier associated with the first group of ambient IoT devices, information indicating a characteristic of an identifier associated with a ambient IoT device included in the first group of ambient IoT devices, or a combination thereof.
[0340] Aspect 39: The method of Aspect 38, wherein the information indicating the characteristic of the identifier associated with the ambient IoT device comprises information indicating a value of a portion of the identifier associated with the ambient IoT device.
[0341] Aspect 40: The method of any of Aspects 33-39, wherein the information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the information associated with the first periodicity are received via a first transmission of the signal, wherein the first transmission of the signal is transmitted to each ambient IoT device included in the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0342] Aspect 41: The method of any of Aspects 33-40, further comprising: transmitting information identifying a respective offset value associated with each group of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, wherein the respective offset value associated with each group of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices corresponds to a time period that starts at a time at which the information identifying the respective offset value is received and ends at a time when each group of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for a subsequent transmission of the signal.
[0343] Aspect 42: The method of Aspect 41, wherein the subsequent transmission of the signal includes the information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, the information associated with the first periodicity, information associated with a second periodicity at which a ambient IoT device is to monitor for the signal, or a combination thereof.
[0344] Aspect 43: The method of any of Aspects 33-42, further comprising: performing a second transmission of the signal, wherein the second transmission of the signal is associated with the second group of ambient IoT devices; and receiving a second group of responses, wherein the second group of responses includes a response transmitted by a ambient IoT device included in the first group of ambient IoT devices based at least in part on the ambient IoT device failing to successfully transmit a response to the first transmission of the signal.
[0345] Aspect 44: The method of any of Aspects 33-43, further comprising: performing an initial transmission of the signal, wherein the initial transmission of the signal is transmitted to each ambient IoT device included in the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices; and receiving a group of responses from the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, wherein the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices is determined based at least in part on the group of responses received from the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0346] Aspect 45: The method of any of Aspects 33-44, further comprising: performing a second transmission of the signal, wherein the second transmission of the signal indicates a value that is less than one to indicate information other than the information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the information associated with the first periodicity.
[0347] Aspect 46: The method of any of Aspects 33-45, further comprising: receiving, from a network node, information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0348] Aspect 47: The method of any of Aspects 33-46, wherein the information associated with the first periodicity comprises information indicating a respective monitoring occasion for each group of ambient IoT devices included in the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.
[0349] Aspect 48: The method of Aspect 47, wherein the information indicating the respective monitoring occasion for each group of ambient IoT devices includes information indicating an offset associated with the respective monitoring occasion, a duration of the respective monitoring occasion, a periodicity associated with the respective monitoring occasion, or a combination thereof.
[0350] Aspect 49: The method of Aspect 47, wherein an offset associated with a monitoring occasion for the first group of ambient IoT devices is determined based at least in part on an identifier associated with a ambient IoT device included in the first group of ambient IoT devices.
[0351] Aspect 50: The method of Aspect 47, wherein the respective monitoring occasion for each group of ambient IoT devices are contiguous in a time domain.
[0352] Aspect 51: The method of Aspect 47, wherein the respective monitoring occasion for each group of ambient IoT devices are noncontiguous in a time domain.
[0353] Aspect 52: The method of any of Aspects 33-51, further comprising: transmitting information indicating a relationship between an energy state of a ambient IoT device and a second periodicity at which the ambient IoT device monitors for the signal.
[0354] Aspect 53: The method of any of Aspects 33-52, wherein a duration of a monitoring occasion during which a ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal is determined based at least in part on an energy state of the ambient IoT device.
[0355] Aspect 54: The method of Aspect 53, further comprising: transmitting information indicating a relationship between the energy state of the ambient IoT device and the duration of the monitoring occasion.
[0356] Aspect 55: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more processors; one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors; and instructions stored in the one or more memories and executable by the one or more processors to cause the apparatus to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-54.
[0357] Aspect 56: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-54.
[0358] Aspect 57: An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising at least one means for performing the method of one or more of Aspects 1-54.
[0359] Aspect 58: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-54.
[0360] Aspect 59: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication, the set of instructions comprising one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-54.
[0361] Aspect 60: A device for wireless communication, the device comprising a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-54.
[0362] Aspect 61: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors individually or collectively configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-54.
[0363] The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the aspects. No element, act, or instruction described herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such.
[0364] It will be apparent that systems or methods described herein may be implemented in different forms of hardware or a combination of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software used to implement these systems or methods is not limiting of the aspects. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems or methods are described herein without reference to specific software code, because those skilled in the art will understand that software and hardware can be designed to implement the systems or methods based, at least in part, on the description herein. A component being configured to perform a function means that the component has a capability to perform the function, and does not require the function to be actually performed by the component, unless noted otherwise.
[0365] As used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to refer to one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more” or “at least one. ” Further, as used herein, the article “the” is intended to include one or more items referenced in connection with the article “the” and may be used interchangeably with “the one or more. ” Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Where only one item is intended, the phrase “only one” or “asingle one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has, ” “have, ” “having, ” “comprise, ” “comprising, ” “include” and “including, ” and derivatives thereof or similar terms are intended to be open-ended terms that do not limit an element that they modify (for example, an element “having” A may also have B) . Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and / or, ” unless explicitly stated otherwise (for example, if used in combination with “either” or “only one of” ) . As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a + b, a + c, b + c, and a + b + c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (for example, a + a, a + a + a, a + a + b, a + a + c, a + b + b, a + c + c, b + b, b + b + b, b + b + c, c + c, and c + c + c, or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0366] As used herein, the term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, estimating, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure) , searching, inferring, ascertaining, and / or measuring, among other possibilities. Also, “determining” can include receiving (such as receiving information) , accessing (such as accessing data stored in memory) or transmitting (such as transmitting information) , among other possibilities. Additionally, “determining” can include resolving, selecting, obtaining, choosing, establishing, and / or other such similar actions.
[0367] As used herein, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based at least in part on” or “based on or otherwise in association with” unless explicitly stated otherwise. As used herein, “satisfying a threshold” may, depending on the context, refer to a value being greater than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, or not equal to the threshold, among other examples.
[0368] Even though particular combinations of features are recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the scope of all aspects described herein. Many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification. The disclosure of various aspects includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set.
Claims
1.An ambient internet of things (IoT) device for wireless communication, comprising:one or more memories; andone or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, configured to cause the ambient IoT device to:receive information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and information associated with a first periodicity, wherein the first periodicity corresponds to a periodicity at which a signal is transmitted, a periodicity at which the ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal, or a combination thereof; andreceive the signal based at least in part on monitoring for the signal in accordance with a second periodicity, wherein the second periodicity is determined based at least in part on the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the first periodicity.2.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein the signal comprises a query, a message-0 (msg-0) associated with an access procedure, an IoT paging message, or a combination thereof.3.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein the information associated with the first periodicity includes information indicating a pattern associated with the ambient IoT device transitioning between an active state and a sleep state.4.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein the second periodicity is an integer multiple of the first periodicity.5.The ambient IoT device of claim 4, wherein the integer multiple corresponds to the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.6.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein the signal includes information identifying a particular group of ambient IoT devices, of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, to which the signal is intended.7.The ambient IoT device of claim 6, wherein the information identifying the particular group of ambient IoT devices comprises a group identifier associated with the particular group of ambient IoT devices, information indicating a characteristic of an identifier associated with the ambient IoT device, or a combination thereof.8.The ambient IoT device of claim 7, wherein the information indicating the characteristic of the identifier associated with the ambient IoT device comprises information indicating a value of a portion of the identifier associated with the ambient IoT device.9.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein the information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the information associated with the first periodicity are received via a first transmission of the signal, wherein the first transmission of the signal is transmitted to each ambient IoT device included in the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.10.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to cause the ambient IoT device to:receive information identifying a respective offset value associated with each group of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, wherein the respective offset value associated with each group of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices corresponds to a time period that starts at a time at which the information identifying the respective offset value is received and ends at a time when each group of the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices is to begin monitoring for a subsequent transmission of the signal.11.The ambient IoT device of claim 10, wherein the subsequent transmission of the signal includes the information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, the information associated with the first periodicity, information associated with the second periodicity, or a combination thereof.12.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to cause the ambient IoT device to:receive a subsequent transmission of the signal, wherein the subsequent transmission of the signal is associated with a group of ambient IoT devices that does not include the ambient IoT device, and wherein the ambient IoT device monitors for the subsequent transmission of the signal based at least in part on failing to successfully transmit a response to the signal.13.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to cause the ambient IoT device to:receive a first transmission of the signal, wherein the first transmission of the signal is transmitted to each ambient IoT device included in the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices, and wherein the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices is determined based at least in part on a group of responses transmitted by ambient IoT devices included in the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.14.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein the signal indicates a value that is less than one to indicate information other than the information indicating the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the information associated with the first periodicity.15.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices is determined by a device included in a core network associated with the ambient IoT device.16.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to cause the ambient IoT device to:select a group of ambient IoT devices from the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices; andmonitor for the signal in accordance with the second periodicity based at least in part on selecting the group of ambient IoT devices.17.The ambient IoT device of claim 16, wherein the group of ambient IoT devices is randomly selected from the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices.18.The ambient IoT device of claim 1, wherein the information indicating the quantity of groups and the information associated with the first periodicity is received based at least in part selecting a monitoring occasion and based at least in part monitoring for a transmission of the signal during the monitoring occasion.19.A reader for wireless communication, comprising:one or more memories; andone or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, configured to cause the reader to:transmit information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and information associated with a first periodicity, wherein the first periodicity corresponds to a periodicity at which a signal is transmitted, a periodicity at which the ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal, or a combination thereof, and wherein the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices includes a first group of ambient IoT devices and a second group of ambient IoT devices;perform a first transmission of the signal; andreceive a first group of responses from only the first group of ambient IoT devices.20.A method of wireless communication performed by ambient internet of things (IoT) device, comprising:receiving information indicating a quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and information associated with a first periodicity, wherein the first periodicity corresponds to a periodicity at which a signal is transmitted, a periodicity at which an ambient IoT device monitors for a transmission of the signal, or a combination thereof; andreceiving the signal based at least in part on monitoring for the signal in accordance with a second periodicity, wherein the second periodicity is determined based at least in part on the quantity of groups of ambient IoT devices and the first periodicity.