Communication network supporting spanning tree algorithm and protocol
The proposed solution supports spanning tree algorithms in 5G systems to prevent loops and enhance reliability in industrial Ethernet networks by calculating spanning tree results based on edge and non-edge ports, addressing the lack of support in existing 5G systems.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- NOKIA SOLUTIONS (SHANGHAI) CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-08
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-15
AI Technical Summary
The 5G system does not support spanning tree algorithms and protocols, which are crucial for integrating transparently into industrial Ethernet networks, leading to potential loops and reduced reliability in brownfield deployments.
A solution is proposed to support spanning tree algorithms and protocols by calculating a spanning tree result based on edge and non-edge ports in a communication network using configuration information, involving apparatuses that receive and transmit bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) to determine and update port states.
This solution enables efficient loop prevention and improved reliability in brownfield networks by supporting multiple spanning tree algorithms, allowing dynamic VLAN handling and reducing recovery times during topology changes.
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Figure CN2024131131_15052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
COMMUNICATION NETWORK SUPPORTING SPANNING TREE ALGORITHM AND PROTOCOLFIELD
[0001] Various example embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of telecommunication and in particular, to methods, devices, apparatuses and computer readable storage medium for communication network supporting spanning tree protocols.BACKGROUND
[0002] The enterprise fourth generation (4G) and fifth generation (5G) communication technology market are projected to increase rapidly in the future. The first deployment of 5G in industrial automation sector is expected to be for the brownfield deployments. These brownfield networks use mainly Ethernet based technology for communication. The industrial partners may consider the 5GS as an IEEE 802.1Q bridge due to the transparent nature of the bridge model with a well-defined external observable behavior similar to an industrial ethernet bridge. 5G system providing wireless communication service in the brownfield network should be able to integrate transparently in the industrial ethernet network. Functions and procedures to integrate 5G system (5GS) in industrial network by modelling 5GS as a bridge or a traffic signal control (TSC) system are being studied. Furthermore, functions and procedures related to 6G and future networks are also being studied.
[0003] The requirements to support rapid spanning tree algorithm and protocol (RSTP) has been specified. However, these requirements were not realized / implemented by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Service and System Aspects Working Group 2 (SA2) . It has been agreed to extend the spanning tree requirement to support also the multiple spanning tree algorithm and protocol as specified in IEC / IEEE 60802 for industrial internet of things (IIoT) networks.SUMMARY
[0004] In a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a first apparatus. The first apparatus comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first apparatus at least to: receive configuration information for a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network, wherein the configuration information is to be used in calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network; and obtain status information indicating the spanning tree result, wherein the status information is determined based on the configuration information.
[0005] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may transmit, to a second apparatus, the configuration information for the second apparatus to determine the spanning tree result; and receive the spanning tree result from the second apparatus.
[0006] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may comprise a network device implementing a Time Sensitive Networking Application Function (TSN AF) , and wherein the second apparatus may comprise a network device implementing at least one of: a user plane function (UPF) , or a network side time sensitive networking translator (NW-TT) .
[0007] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may identify the edge ports and the non-edge ports in the communication network; and determining the spanning tree result based on the configuration information and a result of the identifying.
[0008] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may receive, from a second apparatus, receiving (Rx) bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) corresponding to the respective the non-edge ports; determining an intermediate spanning tree result based on the Rx BPDUs; and determining the spanning tree result at least based on the intermediate spanning tree result.
[0009] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may transmit, to the second apparatus, an initial transmitting (Tx) BPDU for each of the non-edge ports; and / or transmitting, to the second apparatus, a Tx BPDU generated for a non-edge port based on the intermediate spanning tree result.
[0010] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may transmit, to the second apparatus, initial port state information for each of the non-edge ports; and / or transmitting, to the second apparatus, updated port state information for a non-edge port in accordance with a determination that the intermediate spanning tree result indicates an update of a port state of the non-edge port.
[0011] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises a network device implementing at least one of: a Time Sensitive Networking Application Function (TSN AF) , or Time-Sensitive Communication and Time Synchronization Services (TSCTSF) , and wherein the second apparatus comprises a network device implementing at least one of: a user plane function (UPF) , or a network side time sensitive networking translator (NW-TT) .
[0012] In some example embodiments, the configuration information may comprise at least one of: a set of network related parameters , a set of bridge related parameters , a set of port related parameters , or a set of protocol related parameters.
[0013] In some example embodiments, the configuration information is received from at least one of: a centralized network configuration element (CNC) , an operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM) node, a network management system (NMS) , or an element management (EM) system.
[0014] In some example embodiments, the status information may comprise at least one of: a set of configuration parameters comprising read and / or write parameters for a configuration of the calculation, a set of operational parameters indicating the spanning tree result, or a set of statistical parameters comprising at least one of a counter or a timer values.
[0015] In some example embodiments, the spanning tree result may comprise at least one of: a detection result of the edge ports based on a receiving (Rx) bridge protocol data unit (BPDU) , a port role and / or a port state of each of the non-edge ports, or a path cost comprising at least one of an internal path cost or an external path cost.
[0016] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may comprise a network device implementing a network function located in a control plane and / or a network function located in a management plane.
[0017] In a second aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a second apparatus. The second apparatus comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second apparatus at least to: receive, from a first apparatus, configuration information for a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network, wherein the configuration information is to be used in calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network; determine status information indicating the spanning tree result based on the configuration information; and transmit the status information to the first apparatus.
[0018] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus may identify the edge ports and the non-edge ports in the communication network; and determine the spanning tree result based on the configuration information and a result of the identification.
[0019] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus may receive receiving (Rx) bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) corresponding to the respective non-edge ports; determining an intermediate spanning tree result based on the Rx BPDUs; and determining the spanning tree result at least based on the intermediate spanning tree result.
[0020] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus may determine port state information for the non-edge ports, the port state information comprising at least one of: initialing port state information for each of the non-edge ports, or updated port state information for a non-edge port determined in accordance with a determination that the intermediate spanning tree result indicates an update of a port state of the non-edge port; and determining to discard or forward Ethernet frames based on the port state information.
[0021] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus may perform consistency check on the Rx BPDUs.
[0022] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus may transmit an initial transmitting (Tx) BPDU for each of the non-edge ports; and / or transmitting a Tx BPDU generated for a non-edge port based on the intermediate spanning tree result.
[0023] In some example embodiments, handling of Media Access Control (MAC) learning tables for Protocol Data Unit (PDU) sessions that are dedicated to a non-edge port at a terminal device may be performed at a third apparatus, and handling of MAC learning tables for PDU sessions that are dedicated to a non-edge port at the second apparatus may be performed at the second apparatus.
[0024] In some example embodiments, the third apparatus may comprise a network device implementing a session management function (SMF) .
[0025] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises a network device implementing a Time Sensitive Networking Application Function (TSN AF) , and wherein the second apparatus comprises a network device implementing at least one of: a user plane function (UPF) , or a network side time sensitive networking translator (NW-TT) .
[0026] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises a network device implementing a network function located in a control plane and / or a network function located in a management plane, and wherein the second apparatus comprises a network device implementing a network function located in a control plane and / or a network function located in a user plane.
[0027] In a third aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a further second apparatus. The second apparatus comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second apparatus at least to: receive, from a first apparatus, port state information for at least one non-edge port in a communication network and / or a transmitting (Tx) bridge protocol data unit (BPDU) for the at least one non-edge port, the Tx BPDU being associated with a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) ; obtain a receiving (Rx) BPDU associated with the Tx BPDU; and transmit, to the first apparatus, the Rx BPDU which corresponds to the at least one non-edge port for calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network.
[0028] In some example embodiments, the port state information may comprise at least one of: initial port state information for the at least one non-edge port, or updated port state information for the at least one non-edge port.
[0029] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus may determine to discard or forward Ethernet frames based on the port state information.
[0030] In some example embodiments, the received Tx BPDU may comprise at least one of: an initial Tx BPDU for each of the non-edge ports; and / or a Tx BPDU generated for a non-edge port based on an intermediate spanning tree result for determining the spanning tree result.
[0031] In a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method. The method comprises: receiving configuration information for a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network, wherein the configuration information is to be used in calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network; and obtaining status information indicating the spanning tree result, wherein the status information is determined based on the configuration information.
[0032] In a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method. The method comprises: receiving, from a first apparatus, configuration information for a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network, wherein the configuration information is to be used in calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network; determining status information indicating the spanning tree result based on the configuration information; and transmitting the status information to the first apparatus.
[0033] In a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method. The method comprises: receiving, from a first apparatus, port state information for at least one non-edge port in a communication network and / or a transmitting (Tx) bridge protocol data unit (BPDU) for the at least one non-edge port, the Tx BPDU being associated with a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) ; obtaining a receiving (Rx) BPDU associated with the Tx BPDU; and transmitting, to the first apparatus, the Rx BPDU which corresponds to the at least one non-edge port for calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network.
[0034] In a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a first apparatus. The first apparatus comprises means for receiving configuration information for a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network, wherein the configuration information is to be used in calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network; and means for obtaining status information indicating the spanning tree result, wherein the status information is determined based on the configuration information.
[0035] In an eighth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a second apparatus. The second apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a first apparatus, configuration information for a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network, wherein the configuration information is to be used in calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network; means for determining status information indicating the spanning tree result based on the configuration information; and means for transmitting the status information to the first apparatus.
[0036] In a ninth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a further second apparatus. The second apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a first apparatus, port state information for at least one non-edge port in a communication network and / or a transmitting (Tx) bridge protocol data unit (BPDU) for the at least one non-edge port, the Tx BPDU being associated with a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) ; means for obtaining a receiving (Rx) BPDU associated with the Tx BPDU; and means for transmitting, to the first apparatus, the Rx BPDU which corresponds to the at least one non-edge port for calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network.
[0037] In a tenth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer readable medium. The computer readable medium comprises instructions stored thereon for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method according to the fourth aspect.
[0038] In an eleventh aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer readable medium. The computer readable medium comprises instructions stored thereon for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method according to the fifth aspect.
[0039] In a twelfth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer readable medium. The computer readable medium comprises instructions stored thereon for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method according to the sixth aspect.
[0040] It is to be understood that the Summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0041] Some example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, where:
[0042] FIG. 1 illustrates an example communication environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0043] FIG. 2 illustrates a signaling flow of a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0044] FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram of spanning tree sub-functions in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0045] FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic diagram of an example architecture of the STP in a communication network in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0046] FIG. 5 illustrates a signaling flow of an example of a STP in a communication network in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0047] FIG. 6 illustrates a signaling flow of a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0048] FIG. 7 illustrates a schematic diagram of an example architecture of the STP in a communication network in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0049] FIG. 8 illustrates a signaling flow of an example of a STP in a communication network in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0050] FIG. 9 illustrates a schematic diagram of an example architecture of the STP in a communication network in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0051] FIG. 10 illustrates a signaling flow of an example of a STP in a communication network in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0052] FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a first apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0053] FIG. 12 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a second apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0054] FIG. 13 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a further second apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0055] FIG. 14 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0056] FIG. 15 illustrates a block diagram of an example computer readable medium in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0057] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0058] Principles of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0059] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0060] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0061] It shall be understood that although the terms “first, ” “second, ” …, etc. in front of noun (s) and the like may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another and they do not limit the order of the noun (s) . For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0062] As used herein, “at least one of the following: <a list of two or more elements>” and “at least one of <a list of two or more elements>” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or” , mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.
[0063] As used herein, unless stated explicitly, performing a step “in response to A” does not indicate that the step is performed immediately after “A” occurs and one or more intervening steps may be included.
[0064] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0065] As used in this application, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following:
[0066] (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and
[0067] (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable) :
[0068] (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software / firmware and
[0069] (ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and
[0070] (c) hardware circuit (s) and or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) , that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.
[0071] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
[0072] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as New Radio (NR) , Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and so on.Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) , 5.5G, the sixth generation (6G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.
[0073] As used herein, the term “network device” refers to a node in a communication network via which a terminal device accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , an NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, an Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) node, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, a non-terrestrial network (NTN) or non-ground network device such as a satellite network device, a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite and a geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) satellite, an aircraft network device, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. In some example embodiments, radio access network (RAN) split architecture comprises a Centralized Unit (CU) and a Distributed Unit (DU) at an IAB donor node. An IAB node comprises a Mobile Terminal (IAB-MT) part that behaves like a UE toward the parent node, and a DU part of an IAB node behaves like a base station toward the next-hop IAB node.
[0074] The term “terminal device” refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communication. By way of example rather than limitation, a terminal device may also be referred to as a communication device, user equipment (UE) , a Subscriber Station (SS) , a Portable Subscriber Station, a Mobile Station (MS) , or an Access Terminal (AT) . The terminal device may include, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , portable computers, desktop computer, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery) , an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. The terminal device may also correspond to a Mobile Termination (MT) part of an IAB node (e.g., a relay node) . In the following description, the terms “terminal device” , “communication device” , “terminal” , “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.
[0075] As used herein, the term “resource, ” “transmission resource, ” “resource block, ” “physical resource block” (PRB) , “uplink resource, ” or “downlink resource” may refer to any resource for performing a communication, for example, a communication between a terminal device and a network device, such as a resource in time domain, a resource in frequency domain, a resource in space domain, a resource in code domain, or any other combination of the time, frequency, space and / or code domain resource enabling a communication, and the like. In the following, unless explicitly stated, a resource in both frequency domain and time domain will be used as an example of a transmission resource for describing some example embodiments of the present disclosure. It is noted that example embodiments of the present disclosure are equally applicable to other resources in other domains.
[0076] A core network function as described herein may be implemented as a core network entity or device that includes a combination of hardware processing circuit and software and / or firmware comprising machine-readable instructions, or software comprising machine-readable instructions that are executable by at least one processor of hardware processing circuit of an apparatus. A hardware processing circuit includes at least one processor and at least one memory storing machine-readable instructions that are executable by the at least one processor of the hardware processing circuit. A processor includes any or some combination of an accelerator, a microprocessor, a core of a multi-core microprocessor, a microcontroller, a programmable integrated circuit, a programmable gate array, a digital signal processor, a central processing unit, a graphic processing unit, a tensor processing unit. Memory includes any or some combination of volatile or non-volatile memory (e.g., a flash memory, cache, a random-access memory (RAM) , and / or a read-only memory (ROM) ) . The memory stores the machine-readable instructions of the software and / or firmware for execution by the at least one processor of the hardware processing circuit. The machine-readable instructions are executable by the at least one processor of the hardware processing circuit cause the hardware processing circuit to perform the actions or operations of the methods described herein. For example, the session management function described herein may be implemented as a session management entity and the session management policy control function described herein may be implemented as a session management policy control entity, respectively.
[0077] FIG. 1 illustrates an example communication environment 100 in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. The communication environment 100 involves a plurality of communication devices, including a 5GS bridge, a network entity 102, a network entity 104, and bridges that conforms the IEEE 802.1Q standard (also referred as to “IEEE 802.1Q bridges” ) .
[0078] The 5GS bridge may include a time sensitive networking (TSN) application function (AF) device (also referred to as “TSN AF” ) 110, a user plane function (UPF) device 120, a RAN 130, and a UE 140. As illustrated, the network entity 104 may be implemented as a centralized network configuration element (CNC) . The network entity 102 may be implemented as a bridge to other devices or an end station. The UE 140 may communicate with the RAN 130 via a Uu interface. The RAN 130 may communicate with the UPF 120 via a N3 interface.
[0079] Moreover, the TSN AF 110 may be in the 5GS control plane. The network side TSN translator (NW-TT) and device side TSN translator (DS-TT) are located at the UPF 120 and the UE 140 side. As shown in FIG. 1, the NW-TT and the DS-TT models the 5G system as an IEEE 802.1Q bridge by supporting the necessary protocols towards the network entity 102 (e.g. another IEEE 802.1Q bridge or an IEEE 802.1 end station) . For the functioning of the NW-TT and DS-TT, the necessary configuration parameters are provided by the TSN AF 110 through two containers namely, port management information container (PMIC) and user plane node management information container (UMIC) . These containers are transparently transferred between the control-plane (C-plane) and the user-plane (U-plane) and used to exchange IEEE 802.1 relevant information between TSN AF 110 and the NW-TT or the DS-TT.
[0080] Furthermore, the NW-TT may be implemented as a physical port at the UPF 120 (also referred to as “UPF / NW-TT” or “UPF-NW-TT” ) . The DS-TT may be implemented as a physical port at the UE 140. Whether the DS-TT and the UE 140 are combined or separate may be up to the implementation (also referred to as “UE 140-DS-TT”or “UE 140 / DS-TT” ) .
[0081] Additionally, the 5GS may provide support for time synchronization, network discovery (LLDP) , time aware scheduling (Qbv) , and per stream filtering and policing (PSFP) .
[0082] In some implementations, the 5GS bridge may be included in a management plane (M-plane) . The 5GS bridge may include a 5GS network management system. The TSN AF 110 and the network entity 104 may be included in the control plane (C-plane) . The network entity 102, the UE 140, the RAN 130, and the UPF 120 may be included in the user plane (U-plane) .
[0083] As shown in FIG. 1, protocol data unit (PDU) sessions may be associated with the UE 140, the RAN 130, or the UPF 120.
[0084] It is to be understood that the number of devices and their connections shown in FIG. 1 are only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitation. The communication environment 100 may include any suitable number of devices configured to implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0085] Communications in the communication environment 100 may be implemented according to any proper communication protocol (s) , comprising, but not limited to, cellular communication protocols, wireless local network communication protocols such as Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and the like, and / or any other protocols currently known or to be developed in the future. Moreover, the communication may utilize any proper wireless communication technology, comprising but not limited to: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) , Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) , Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) , Time Division Duplex (TDD) , Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) , Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple (OFDM) , Discrete Fourier Transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) and / or any other technologies currently known or to be developed in the future.
[0086] The 5G system as it is currently specified in 3GPP do not support any variant of spanning tree algorithms and protocols. This may restrict massively the deployment options required for a typical brownfield integration. If current deployment options need to be covered without restrictions but STP is not supported, problems may occur. For example, for any Ethernet packet sent through the 5G system, if no explicit forwarding rule (namely static forwarding entry in the filter database) is configured, the packet will be dropped, sent according to the MAC learning tables, or flooded through all the ports that are contained in the VLAN port map. This may lead to loops in brownfield networks. Loop prevention is one of the most important functionalities of an IEEE 802.1Q compliant bridge.
[0087] Additionally, reduced reliability may occur when the topology changes due to link failures or outage of network entities as such situation require longer recovery times for operations administration and maintenance (OAM) device based reconfiguration. Such situations as well as planned addition and removal of network entities as specified in IEC / IEEE 60802 (Industrial Automation profile) will also require additional measures to avoid unexpected behavior in brownfield deployments that support multiple configuration domains.
[0088] Among the IEEE Std 802.1Q spanning tree algorithm and protocol family a solution is required that also supports the multiple spanning tree algorithm and protocol (MSTP) variant specified in IEC / IEEE 60802, which adds the capability to allow dynamic virtual local area network (VLAN) handling for industrial automation (IA) streams within a configuration domain without changing the common and internal spanning tree (CIST) .
[0089] Therefore, it is to be studied to enable the 5GS as specified in TS 23.501 to support spanning tree algorithms and protocols as defined in IEEE Std 802.1Q-2022 and IEC / IEEE 60802.
[0090] In accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided a solution for support spanning tree algorithms and protocols. In the solution, configuration information for a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network is proposed. The configuration information is to be used in calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network. Status information indicating the spanning tree result is obtained based on the configuration information.
[0091] Example embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0092] Reference is made to FIG. 2, a signaling flow 200 of a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The signaling flow 200 involves a first apparatus 210 and a second apparatus 220. In some embodiments, the first apparatus 210 may be implemented as or included in the TSN AF 110 in FIG. 1. The second apparatus 220 may be implemented as or included in the UPF 120 in FIG. 1. For the purposes of discussion, the signaling flow 200 will be discussed with reference to FIG. 1.
[0093] In the signaling flow 200, the first apparatus 210 receives (2010) configuration information for a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network. The configuration information is to be used in calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network.
[0094] Specifically, the first apparatus 210 may transmit (2020) , to the second apparatus 220, the configuration information for the second apparatus 220 to determine the spanning tree result. Correspondingly, the second apparatus 220 receives (2030) , from the first apparatus 210, the configuration information. The first apparatus 210 may include a network device implementing a Time Sensitive Networking Application Function (TSN AF) . The second apparatus may include a network device implementing a user plane function (UPF) , or a network side time sensitive networking translator (NW-TT) .
[0095] Specifically, the configuration information may include, for example, but not limited to, a set of network related parameters, a set of bridge related parameters, a set of port related parameters, or a set of protocol related parameters. Additionally, the configuration information may be received from a centralized network configuration element (CNC) , an operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM) node, a network management system (NMS) , or an element management (EM) system.
[0096] In some implementations, the first apparatus 210 may include a network device implementing a network function located in a control plane and / or a network function located in a management plane.
[0097] Furthermore, the first apparatus 210 may identify the edge ports and the non-edge ports in the communication network. Additionally, the first apparatus 210 may determine the spanning tree result based on the configuration information and the result of the identifying.
[0098] In some embodiments, the first apparatus 210 may receive, from the second apparatus 220, receiving (Rx) bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) corresponding to the respective the non-edge ports. The first apparatus 210 may determine an intermediate spanning tree result based on the Rx BPDUs. Moreover, the first apparatus 210 may determine the spanning tree result at least based on the intermediate spanning tree result.
[0099] Furthermore, the first apparatus 210 may transmit, to the second apparatus 220, an initial transmitting (Tx) BPDU for each of the non-edge ports. Alternatively or in addition, the first apparatus 210 may transmit, to the second apparatus 220, a Tx BPDU generated for a non-edge port based on the intermediate spanning tree result.
[0100] In some implementations, the first apparatus 210 may transmit, to the second apparatus 220, initial port state information for each of the non-edge ports. Alternatively or in addition, the first apparatus 210 may transmit, to the second apparatus 220, updated port state information for a non-edge port if the intermediate spanning tree result indicates an update of a port state of the non-edge port.
[0101] Moreover, the second apparatus 220 determines (2040) status information indicating the spanning tree result based on the configuration information. The second apparatus 220 may identify the edge ports and the non-edge ports in the communication network. Furthermore, the second apparatus 220 may determine the spanning tree result based on the configuration information and the result of the identifying.
[0102] In some implementations, the second apparatus 220 may receive receiving (Rx) bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) corresponding to the respective non-edge ports. Moreover, the second apparatus 220 may determine an intermediate spanning tree result based on the Rx BPDUs. The second apparatus 220 may determine the spanning tree result at least based on the intermediate spanning tree result.
[0103] In these cases, the second apparatus 220 may determine port state information for the non-edge ports. The port state information may include, for example, but not limited to, initial port state information for each of the non-edge ports, or updated port state information for a non-edge port determined if the intermediate spanning tree result indicates an update of a port state of the non-edge port. Furthermore, the second apparatus 220 may determine to discard or forward Ethernet frames based on the port state information. Additionally, the first apparatus 210 may perform consistency check on the Rx BPDUs.
[0104] Furthermore, the second apparatus 220 may transmit an initial transmitting (Tx) BPDU for each of the non-edge ports. Alternatively or additionally, the second apparatus 220 may transmit a Tx BPDU generated for a non-edge port based on the intermediate spanning tree result.
[0105] Moreover, the handling of Media Access Control (MAC) learning tables for Protocol Data Unit (PDU) sessions that are dedicated to a non-edge port at a terminal device may be performed at a third apparatus. In these cases, handling of MAC learning tables for PDU sessions that are dedicated to a non-edge port at the second apparatus may be performed at the second apparatus. Specifically, the third apparatus may include a network device implementing a session management function (SMF) .
[0106] In some embodiments, the first apparatus 210 may include a network device implementing, for example, but not limited to, a Time Sensitive Networking Application Function (TSN AF) , or Time-Sensitive Communication and Time Synchronization Services (TSCTSF) . The second apparatus may include a network device implementing, for example, but not limited to, a user plane function (UPF) , or a network side time sensitive networking translator (NW-TT) .
[0107] Furthermore, the second apparatus 220 transmits (2050) the status information to the first apparatus 210 indicating the spanning tree result. The spanning tree result may be determined or calculated based on the configuration information. The spanning tree result may include a detection result of at least one edge port via a receiving bridge protocol data unit (BPDU) , a port role and / or a port state of each non-edge port, or a path cost comprising at least one of an internal path cost or an external path cost. Upon receiving (2060) the status information, the first apparatus 210 obtains the spanning tree result accordingly.
[0108] In some example embodiments, the status information may indicate or include, for example, but not limited to, a set of configuration parameters including read and / or write parameters for a configuration of the calculation, a set of operational parameters indicating the spanning tree result, or a set of statistical parameters including at least one of a counter or a timer values.
[0109] In this way, the STP may be supported in a communication network in a flexible way. Thus, the efficiency of the communication network is improved.
[0110] More details will be discussed below, where a set of spanning tree (ST) sub-functions are provided. The ST sub-functions may realize the external observable functionality of a selected STP variant and allow the mapping to Network Functions (NF) sin the 3GPP architecture. It is to be understood that the spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) may be any of the existing versions. The multiple spanning tree algorithm and protocol as defined in IEC / IEEE 60802. Moreover, any new one or derived one that will be introduced with future versions.
[0111] Now more detailed embodiments will be further discussed below. FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram 300 of spanning tree sub-functions in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the diagram 300 will be discussed with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. The schematic diagram 300 involves an information sub-function (also referred to as “information” or “information function” or “ (A) information” ) 310, a calculation sub-function (also referred to as “calculation” or “calculation function” or “ (B) calculation” ) 320, an execution sub-function (also referred to as “execution” or “execution function” or “ (C) execution” ) 330, and an exchange sub-function (also referred to as “exchange” or “exchange function” or “ (D) exchange” ) 340. Moreover, the schematic diagram 300 also involves 3GPP ethernet frame handling in U-plane. As shown in FIG. 3, the information 310 is denoted as “A” , the calculation 320 is denoted as “B” , the execution 330 is denoted as “C” , and the exchange 340 is denoted as “D” .
[0112] In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the sub-functions 310, 320, 330, and 340 may be implemented at the devices in FIG. 1. For example, the information 310 may be implemented in the TSN AF 110 in FIG. 1. Moreover, the calculation 320, the execution 330, and the exchange 340 may be implemented in the UPF 120. Alternatively, the information 310 and the calculation 320 may be implemented in the TSN AF 110 in FIG. 1. The execution 330 and the exchange 340 may be implemented in the UPF 120. In some implementations, at least one of the sub-functions 310, 320, 330, and 340 may be divided into more than one parts of sub functions.
[0113] Moreover, the sub-functions 310, 320, 330, and 340 may be grouped by types. For example, the information 310 may be a type 1 ST sub-function that allows to perform the respective ST sub-function either in a 3GPP NF device located in the C-plane (e.g., application function (AF) , or network exposure function (NEF) ) and / or in an OAM function device located in the Management Plane (M-plane) . As the status information directly relates to the configuration information a type 1 ST Sub-function may be always assigned to a single 3GPP NF in the C-plane or OAM Function in the M-plane.
[0114] In some embodiments, the exchange 340 and the execution 330 may communicated with the ethernet frame via the 3GPP ethernet frame handling in U-plane. Specifically, the exchange 340 and the execution 330 may transmit ethernet frame or receive ethernet frame via the 3GPP ethernet frame handling in U-plane.
[0115] Additionally, the calculation 320 may be a type 2 ST sub-function that allows to perform the respective ST sub-function either in a NF located in the C-plane (e.g., AF device, Time-Sensitive Communication and Time Synchronization Services (TSCTSF) device, or SMF device) and / or in a NF located in the U-plane (e.g. UPF / NW-TT, RAN, or UE / DS-TT) . Due to the functional complexity of a spanning tree algorithm a type 2 ST sub-function may be performed in a single 3GPP NF.
[0116] The execution 330 and the exchange 340 may be type 3 ST sub-functions that allows to perform the respective ST sub-function either in a NF located in the C-plane (e.g., AF device, TSCTSF device, or SMF device) and / or in a NF located in the U-plane (e.g. UPF / NW-TT, RAN node, UE / DS-TT) . To support special spanning tree realizations in 3GPP, for example, allowing the reuse or extension of existing interfaces between the 3GPP NFs, a type 3 ST sub-function may be split in different ST sub-function parts (denoted as P1 to Pn) . This may allow to perform the type 3 ST sub-function parts P1 to Pn in a distributed way, i.e., each type 3 ST sub-function part may be performed in a dedicated 3GPP NF even if the 3GPP NFs are located in different planes. For example, a first type 3 ST sub-function part P1 may be mapped to a 3GPP NF located in the U-plane and a second type 3 ST sub-function part P2 may be mapped to a 3GPP NF located in the C-plane.
[0117] Specifically, the ST sub-function information 310 may realize two main tasks. In a first task, configuration information may be collected from 5GS and external network entities (e.g. CNC in fully centralized model, network configuration protocol (Netconf) / yet another next generation (YANG) and simple network management protocol (SNMP) / management information base (MIB) network management system, management agents, etc. ) . The configuration information may contain network related parameters (e.g. configuration name of the configuration domain) , bridge related parameters (e.g. bridge priority of the BridgeID, VLAN configuration) , port related parameters (e.g. edge-port configuration, port priority, internal and external path costs etc. ) , and protocol related parameters (e.g. protocol version, max number of hops, forward delay, timers, etc. ) and may be provided to the ST sub-function calculation 320.
[0118] Moreover, in the second task, ST sub-function information 310 may receive status information from sub-function calculation 320 and provide it to 5GS and external network entities.
[0119] In some embodiments, the ST sub-function calculation 320 may realize for a selected spanning tree algorithm and protocol (e.g., rapid spanning tree algorithm and protocol (RSTP) , multiple spanning tree algorithm and protocol (MSTP) , or shortest path bridging (SPB) according to IEC / IEEE 60802, etc. ) . The calculation of the spanning tree (s) results as defined in IEEE Std 802.1Q may be obtained by using the received information from the ST sub-function information 310.
[0120] Furthermore, the calculation 320 may be used for identification of the edge ports and non-edge ports where each port may be a physical port at an UPF, UPF / NW-TT or a physical port at the UE, UE / DS-TT, where each UE, UE / DS-TT port is associated with an individual PDU session terminating at the UPF, UPF / NW-TT. Additionally, the exchange 330 may be used for generation of initial port states, port roles, and according to the selected spanning tree algorithm and protocol respective protocol specific initial Tx BPDUs.
[0121] In addition, sending for each port except the identified edge ports the initial port state information “Discarding” to the ST sub-function “execution 330” may be performed by the calculation 320. Moreover, sending for each port except the identified edge ports the initial Tx BPDUs to the ST sub-function “exchange 330” may be performed by the calculation 320.
[0122] The calculation 320 may receive the Rx BPDUs from the ST sub-function exchange 330 from the non-edge ports. Moreover, the calculation 320 may perform the iteration process as specified in IEEE Std 802.1Q to derive the current spanning tree result. Specifically, the current spanning tree result may include edge port detection if configuration asks to detect edge ports automatically via the Rx BPDU, port role and port state of each non-edge port, and current path costs (including internal path costs and external path costs when MSTP is selected) .
[0123] In some embodiments, the calculation 320 may generate, for each non-edge port with port role “Designated” and for each non-edge port with port role “Alternate” , “Backup” , “Master” , and “Root” based on the Rx BPDU which was received from ST sub-function “Exchange” , a port specific Tx BPDU based on current spanning tree algorithm result. Furthermore, the calculation 320 may send the state information for each port respective port to the ST sub-function execution 330 when the current spanning tree algorithm result indicates an update of the port state.
[0124] Additionally, the calculation 320 may send the Tx BPDUs generated as described above to the ST sub-function exchange 340 and send the current spanning tree result updates are detected as status information to the ST sub-function information 310.
[0125] In some embodiments, the process performed by the calculation 320 may be optimized to reduce communication overhead when for example the sub-function information 310 is mapped to a 3GPP NF in the C-plane and the sub-function calculation 320 is mapped to a 3GPP NF in the U-plane. This may be achieved by introducing a state “STP in progress” in the ST sub-functions information 310 and calculation 320 which allows the ST sub-function calculation 320 to omit the status information until the spanning tree algorithm has calculated the spanning tree with its port roles and port states. Then the state “STP in progress” may be reset and the spanning tree algorithm result is provided as Status to the ST sub-function information 310. Both ST sub-functions information 310 and calculation 320 may initiate the state “STP in progress” again when for example the Spanning Tree changes due to re-configuration, or a Topology change is detected.
[0126] Furthermore, the process performed by the calculation 320 may be repeated periodically until ST sub-function calculation 320 receives a configuration from the ST sub-function information 310 to stop the STP process.
[0127] In some embodiments, the ST sub-function execution 330 may receive the specific port state information for each non-edge port from ST sub-function calculation 320. The specific port state information may be used to steer the discarding and forwarding of ethernet frames in the “3GPP Ethernet Frame Handling in the U-plane” according to the specification in IEEE Std 802.1Q-2022, clauses 8.4 and 8.6. For example, the MAC learning table may be activated, deactivated, and deleted in the “3GPP Ethernet Frame Handling in the U-plane” . Moreover, ethernet frames may be discarded and forwarded in the “3GPP Ethernet Frame Handling in the U-plane” .
[0128] Additionally, the ST sub-function execution 330 may consider the different approaches for handling of the MAC learning tables for UPF / NW-TT ports and UE / DS-TT ports in the “3GPP Ethernet Frame Handling in the U-plane” . While UPF / NE-TT ports are handled locally at the UPF / NW-TT, each UE / DS-TT port may be handled via the dedicated PDU session, that is managed at the Session Management Function (SMF) in the C-plane.
[0129] For PDU sessions that are dedicated to a non-edge port at UE / DS-TT, the ST sub-function execution 330 may not inform the SMF about the MAC Learning Mechanism instead stores the information locally. The ST subfunction execution 330 may be split to a part P1 in the U-plane and a part P2 in the C-plane, which allows to provide the activate, deactivate, and delete MAC learning Table information via a N4 extension to the SMF.
[0130] The ST sub-function exchange 340 may receive port specific Tx BPDU from ST sub-function “Calculation” for each port that is not identified as edge port . The Tx BPDU may either request from the neighbor a Rx BPDU when the port state is “Designated” or answer a received Rx BPDU. If the ethernet header is not contained, the ST sub-function exchange 340 may generate the ethernet header for the Tx BPDU and transmit it via the defined port.
[0131] When a Rx BPDU is received, the ST sub-function exchange 340 may perform the consistency check for the STP BPDU and transfers the Rx BPDU together with the Rx port information to the ST sub-function calculation 320. The transfer may be performed via in-band signaling or via a transparent container exchange. The ethernet header may be typically not required by the ST sub-function calculation 320 and may be removed from the received Rx BPDU and added in the U-plane for Tx BPDU.
[0132] In some embodiments, for ST sub-functions in 3GPP NFs, information 310 may be a type 1 ST sub-function and may be mapped to the 3GPP NF AF device in the C-plane or to a device implementing the OAM function in the M-plane. The 3GPP NF and the device implementing the OAM function may provide the configuration information to 3GPP NFs in the U-plane (e.g., a UPF, a UPF / NW-TT, a RAN, a UE, or a UE / DS-TT) and / or C-plane (e.g., a SMF device (also referred as to “SMF” ) , a TSCTSF device (also referred as to “TSCTSF” ) , or an AF device (also referred as to “AF” ) ) , which are stored there as local configuration information.
[0133] Moreover, the calculation 320 may be a type 2 ST sub-function and may be mapped to one 3GPP NF in the C-plane (e.g. a SMF device, a TSCTSF device, or an AF device) or to one 3GPP NF in the U-plane (e.g., a UPF, a UPF / NW-TT, or a RAN) . A split to multiple 3GPP NFs may not be recommended for 3GPP due to the functional complexity of the spanning tree algorithm (e.g. Timer, Port role and state changing rules, path cost calculations, etc. ) .
[0134] The execution 330 may be a type 3 ST sub-function and may be mapped to one or multiple 3GPP NF (s) in the U-plane (e.g., a UPF, a UPF / NW-TT, a RAN, a UE, or a UE / DS-TT) and C-plane (e.g., “SMF” , “TSCTSF” , “AF” ) . For the reuse of the UMIC and PMIC exchange at least one ST sub-function execution 330 (C1) part may run at the U-plane (e.g., on the UPF / NW-TT if UPF / NW-TT acts on behalf of the UE / DS-TT) . Furthermore, the execution 330 (C2) part may run at the U-plane (e.g. to enable “Discarding” , and “Forwarding” of ethernet frames in uplink direction at UE / DS-TT) . Alternatively or in addition, the execution 330 (C2) part may run at the C-plane (e.g. to steer the MAC learning tables for PDU sessions at the SMF) .
[0135] For example, when a ST sub-function part is used to discard ethernet frames in uplink at UE / DS-TT and when the port state derived in the ST sub-function part is set to “Discarding” , the radio resources may be saved.
[0136] Additionally, the exchange 340 may be a type 3 ST sub-function and may be mapped to the 3GPP NF in the U-plane (e.g., a UPF, a UPF / NW-TT, a RAN, a UE, or a UE / DS-TT) . The ST sub-function exchange 340 may be mapped to run completely on the “UPF / NW-TT” , if “UPF / NW-TT” operates on behalf of the UE / DS-TT and the UMIC / PMIC exchange is selected. When an in band signaling method is selected, the ST sub-function exchange 340 may be split to a ST sub-function part P1 that runs in the C-plane (e.g., TSN AF) and a ST sub-function part P2 that runs in the U-plane (e.g., UPF / NW-TT) .
[0137] In this way, ST sub-functions may be implemented and mapped to the NFs in a communication network. Thus, it is enabled to support STP in the communication network.
[0138] Now more detailed embodiments will be further discussed below. FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic diagram 400 of an example architecture of the STP in a communication network in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the diagram 400 will be discussed with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3. The schematic diagram 400 involves a plurality of communication devices, including a 5GS bridge, a network entity 102, a network entity 104, and other bridges that conforms the IEEE 802.1Q standard (also referred as to “IEEE 802.1Q bridges” ) .
[0139] The 5GS bridge may include a time sensitive networking (TSN) application function (AF) device (also referred to as “TSN AF” ) 110, a user plane function (UPF) device 120, a RAN 130, and a UE 140. As illustrated, the network entity 104 may be implemented as a centralized network configuration element (CNC) . The network entity 102 may be implemented as a bridge to other devices or an end station. The UE 140 may communicate with the RAN 130 via a Uu interface. The RAN 130 may communicate with the UPF 120 via an N3 interface.
[0140] As illustrated, the ST sub-function information 310 may be implemented in the TSN AF 110 in FIG. 4. The ST sub-functions calculation 320, execution 330 and exchange 340 may be implemented in the UPF 120, for example, in the NW-TT included in the UPF 120.
[0141] In the embodiment of FIG. 4, the MSTP according to IEC / IEEE 60802 may be implemented at the 5GS bridge. In some implementations, other STP algorithms and protocols like STP, or RSTP may be used. Each of the 4 defined ST sub-functions (information 310, calculation 320, execution 330, and exchange 340) may be mapped to a single 3GPP network function (NF) . To keep the efforts for interface and functional extensions as small as possible, a further splitting of the ST sub-functions may be not foreseen in this example. Further, the ST sub-function information 310 may be mapped to the TSN AF 110 at the C-Plane and the ST sub-functions calculation 320, execution 330, and exchange 340 are mapped to the UPF / NW-TT at the U-Plane.
[0142] The ST sub-functions calculation 320, execution 330, and exchange 340 may be added to the 3GPP NF UPF / DS-TT and the information exchange between these three ST sub-functions may be handled locally without need to use external interfaces (e.g. UPF / NW-TT ports, N3, N4, N6 reference points, etc. ) . Therefore, the provisioning of port states from calculation 320 to execution 330 as well as the exchange of Tx / Rx BPDUs between calculation 320 and exchange 340 may not require 3GPP standardization as it is within the UPF / DS-TT implementation specific. Moreover, it may be assumed that the UPF / NW-TT operates on behalf of the UE / DS-TT to avoid specific adjustments and mappings for MSTP at the UE / DS-TT.
[0143] Furthermore, the container mechanism between TSN AF 110 and UPF 120 / NW-TT introduced in 3GPP may be reused and extended to transfer configuration as well as status between information 310 at TSN AF 110 and the calculation 320 at UPF 120 / NW-TT whereby DS-TT port related information are transferred via UMIC and NW-TT port related information via PMIC.
[0144] The NW-TT may be implemented as stateful and thus support the storage of MAC learning results for the affected UPF / NW-TT as well as UE / DS-TT non-edge ports. MAC learning results of non-edge ports may not be provided as a packet forwarding control protocol (PFCP) session report via N4 interface to the SMF as described in 3GPP TS 29.244. Alternatively, if provided from SMF to UPF / NW-TT, the MAC learning results may be ignored.
[0145] The MAC learning results of non-edge ports may not be provided as a PFCP session report via N4 interface to the SMF as described in 3GPP TS 29.244. Alternatively, if the MAC learning results provided from SMF to UPF / NW-TT as a PFCP session modification, the MAC learning results may be ignored.
[0146] The TSN AF 110 may integrate the ST sub-function information 310. Therefore, the TSN AF 110 may collect the MSTP configuration and provides the MSTP status in compliance with IEEE Std 802.1Q-2022 / IEEE P 802.1Qdy via SNMP / MIB or Netconf / YANG from / to an external network management entity (e.g., the network entity 104 implemented as a CNC) . The configuration information may be provided via PMIC and UMIC from ST sub-function information 310 at the TSN AF 110 to the ST sub-function calculation 320 for MSTP according to IEC / IEEE60802. The configuration information may include, network related parameters (e.g. Configuration Name of the configuration domain) , 5GS bridge related parameters (e.g. bridge identification with bridge priority, VLAN configuration including the MSTP Configuration Table information to derive) , port related parameters (e.g. edge-port configuration, port priority, internal and external path costs etc. ) , and protocol related parameters (e.g. protocol version, max number of hops, forward delay time, Hello time, maximum aging time, etc. ) .
[0147] In some embodiment, the edge port configuration may also be derived from an IEEE Std. 802.1AB compliant implementation of LLDP in 5GS which supports the Basic Mgmt. LLDP set. For the realization of MSTP according to IEC / IEEE 60802 MSTP, all non-stream VIDs may be assigned to the Internal Spanning Tree (IST) with multiple spanning tree (MST) identification (MSTID) equals to 0. Therefore, only the parameterization for the IST and the common spanning tree (CST) that connects the MST regions may need to be considered.
[0148] Moreover, the MSTP may allow to omit some configuration parameters in the PMIC / UMIC. For example, reduction of the MSTP configuration set, for example, the configuration digest signature key of the MST configuration Identifier (MCID) may be set to a fixed value (as defined in IEEE Std 802.1Q-2022, clause 13.8, table 13-2) . Additionally, protocol version may be configured to a fixed value. The usage of default values for initial port specific internal and external path costs may be included in the configuration parameters.
[0149] Furthermore, the second task of the information 310 as an integral part of the TSN AF 110 may be to provide the status of the calculation 320 to the external Network management entity, for example, the CNC via SNMP / MIB or Netconf / YANG according to IEEE Std 802.1Q-2022 and IEEE P802.1Qdy. In particular, the status information may be provided via PMIC and UMIC from ST sub-function calculation 320 at UPF / NW-TT to ST sub-function information 310 for MSTP. The status information may include, for example, but not limited to, configuration parameters provided as read / write parameters so that current configuration of calculation 320 may be read out. Moreover, the status information may include operational parameters for providing the current result of the spanning tree calculus, (e.g. PortRole, PortStates, EdgePort, etc. ) . Optionally, the status information may include statistical parameters that provides counter and timer values (e.g. TimeSinceTopologyChange, PortUptime, etc. ) .
[0150] In this way, ST sub-functions may be implemented and mapped to the TSN AF and UPF in a communication network. Thus, it is enabled to support STP in the communication network.
[0151] Now more detailed embodiments will be further discussed below. FIG. 5 illustrates a signaling flow 500 of an example of a STP in a communication network in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the diagram 500 will be discussed with reference to FIGS. 1 to 4.
[0152] The signaling flow 500 involves a CNC / OAM device (also referred to as “CNC / OAM” ) 510, a TSN AF 110, a UPF 120, a RAN 130, a UE 140, a DCF device (also referred to as “DCF” ) 520, and a SMF device (also referred to as “SMF” ) 530. The TSN AF 110 may be an implementation of the first apparatus 210 in FIG. 2, and the UPF 120 may be an implementation of the second apparatus 220 in FIG. 2. Moreover, the NW-TT port may be included in the UPF 120. The DS-TT port may be included in the UE 140.
[0153] As illustrated, the information is exchanged between the 3GPP Network functions when the new ST sub-function A (e.g., information 310 in FIG. 3) is implemented in the TSN AF 110 (c-plane) while the other ST sub-functions (e.g., calculation 320, execution 330, and exchange 340 in FIG. 3) are implemented in the UPF / NW-TT. With respect to 3GPP definitions, the dotted arrows may represent Network Function internal information exchanges which don’t require respective interface specifications. The MSTP information may be exchanged periodically. That is, when the calculation 320 receives new information at 5190, the signaling flow may be triggered again with the received information.
[0154] The STP in the embodiment of FIG. 5 may be MSTP. It is to be understood that the spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) may be any of the existing versions. The multiple spanning tree algorithm and Protocol as defined in IEC / IEEE 60802. Moreover, any new one or derived one that will be introduced with future versions.
[0155] As shown in FIG. 5, at 5002, the PDU sessions may be established, and LLDP may be up and running according to TS 23.502 Annex F. 1 (that is, at 5002, PDU session established, LLDP is up and running (TS 23.502 Annex F. 1) ) . At 5010, the CNC / OAM 510 may transmit, to the TSN AF 110, configure MSTP parameters according to the IEC / IEEE 60802 (that is, at 5010, configure MSTP parameters according to IEC / IEEE 60802) . At 5020, the TSN AF 110 may transmit the MSTP configuration information in the container UMIC to UPF 120 via NW-TT (that is, at 5020, send UMIC (MSTP configuration information) to UPF / NW-TT) . Moreover, the DCF 520 and the SMF 530 may also receive the configuration information. At 5030, the UPF 120 may obtain the MSTP configuration information (that is, at 5030, MSTP configuration information) . Furthermore, the procedures of 5010, 5020, and 5030 may be considered as the process performed by the ST sub-function information.
[0156] Moreover, at 5040, the ST sub-function calculation 320 in UPF 120 may calculate current internal spanning tree (IST) and common spanning tree (CST) and BPDU parameters for MSTP (that is, at 5040, calculate current IST and CST and BPDU parameters for MSTP) . At 5050, the calculation 320 in UPF 120 may send port role and port state information for each non-edge port to the ST sub-function execution 330 in UPF 120 (that is, at 5050, send port role and port state information for each non-edge port) . It is to be understood that the transmission between the calculation 320 and the execution 330 is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above.
[0157] At 5060, the calculation 320 in UPF 120 may send, to the ST sub-function exchange 340 in the UPF 120, a list of information on pairs of port and MSTP BPDU (that is, at 5060, list of (port + MSTP BPDU pairs) ) . For example, the list may include the identification (ID) of ports and the MSTP BPDU of each port. At 5070, UPF 120 may obtain MSTP status result information for each UE / DS-TT port and NW-TT port (that is, at 5070, MSTP status result information for each UE / DS-TT port and NW-TT port) .
[0158] Moreover, at 5080, the UPF 120 may transmit, to the TSN AF 110, MSTP status result information for UE / DS-TT ports in the container UMIC and MSTP status result information for each NW-TT port in the container PMIC (that is, at 5080, UMIC (MSTP status result information for UE / DS-TT ports) and PMIC (MSTP status result information for each NW-TT port) ) . Moreover, the SMF 530 and the DCF 520 may also receive the information. In some embodiments, the procedures of 5040 to 5080 may be considered as performed by the calculation 320.
[0159] Furthermore, at 5090, the ST sub-function execution 330 in UPF 120 may generate ethernet frame processing rules for the UPF / NW-TT according to the MSTP algorithm defined in IEEE STD 802.1Q-2022 (that is, at 5090, generate ethernet frame processing rules for UPF / NW-TT according to the MSTP algorithm defined in IEEE STD 802.1Q-2022) . At 5100, the UPF 120 may obtain the ethernet frame processing rules from the execution 330 (that is, at 5100, ethernet frame processing rules) . In some implementations, the procedures of 5090 and 5100 may be considered performed by the execution 330.
[0160] At 5110, the UPF 120 may obtain the list of information on pairs of port and MSTP frame from the exchange 340 (that is, at 5110, list of (port + MSTP frame pairs) ) . At 5120, the UPF 120 may transmit the MSTP frame to an external network device via the NW-TT port (that is, at 5120, MSTP frame via NW-TT port) . At 5130, the UPF 120 may transmit the MSTP frame to external network device via PDU session of UE / DS-TT port (that is, at 5130, MSTP frame via PDU session of UE / DS-TT port) . Moreover, the MSTP frame may be transmitted via the RAN 130 and the UE 140. In some embodiments, the procedures of 5110 to 5130 may be considered performed by the exchange 340 for transmitting.
[0161] At 5140, the UPF 120 may receive ethernet frame from external device via the UE 140 and the RAN 130 (that is, at 5140, ethernet frame) . Moreover, the UPF 120 may receive, at 5150, ethernet frame from an external device on the other side of the 5GS bridge (that is, at 5150 ethernet frame) .
[0162] At 5160, the UPF 120 may identify ethernet frame in UPF / NW-TT and process ethernet frame according to IEEE STD 802.1Q-2022 (that is, at 5160, identify ethernet frame in UPF / NW-TT and process ethernet frame according to IEEE STD 802.1Q-2022) . At 5170, the UPF 120 may perform ethernet frame processing considering PDR / FAR and IEEE STD 802.1 standards, for example, SFE, MAC learning port roles and states, etc (that is, at 5170, ethernet frame processing at UPF / NW-TT considering PDR / FAR and IEEE STD 802.1 standards (e.g., SFE, MAC learning, port roles and states, etc. ) ) .
[0163] At 5180, the exchange 340 in the UPF 120 may obtain the ingress port number and MSTP BPDU (that is, at 5180, ingress port number MSTP BPDU) . At 5190, the calculation 320 may obtain the ingress port number and MSTP BPDU (that is, at 5190, ingress port number + MSTP BPDU) . In some embodiments, the procedures of 5180 and 5190 may be considered performed by the exchange 340 for receiving.
[0164] In this way, a communication network may support implementing STP in data transmission via mapping the ST sub-functions in the NFs. Thus, the efficiency of the communication network is improved.
[0165] Reference is made to FIG. 6, a signaling flow 600 of a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The signaling flow 600 involves a first apparatus 610 and a second apparatus 620. In some embodiments, the first apparatus 610 may include or may be implemented as a network device implementing a TSN AF, e.g., the TSN AF 110 in FIG. 1, or implement Time-Sensitive Communication and Time Synchronization Services (TSCTSF) . The second apparatus may include or may be implemented as a network device implementing a UPF, or a network side time sensitive networking translator (NW-TT) , e.g., the UPF 120 in FIG. 1. For the purposes of discussion, the signaling flow 600 will be discussed with reference to FIG. 1.
[0166] In the signaling flow 600, the first apparatus 610 receives (6010) configuration information for a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network. The configuration information is to be used in calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network.
[0167] Specifically, the first apparatus 610 may transmit, to the second apparatus 620, the configuration information for the second apparatus 620 to determine the spanning tree result. Correspondingly, the second apparatus 620 receives, from the first apparatus 610, the configuration information.
[0168] Specifically, the configuration information may include, for example, but not limited to, a set of network related parameters, a set of bridge related parameters, a set of port related parameters, or a set of protocol related parameters. Additionally, the configuration information may be received from a centralized network configuration element (CNC) , an operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM) node, a network management system (NMS) , or an element management (EM) system.
[0169] In some implementations, the first apparatus 610 may include a network device implementing a network function located in a control plane and / or a network function located in a management plane.
[0170] Moreover, the first apparatus 610 may transmit (6020) , to the second apparatus 620, the port state information for at least one non-edge port in a communication network and / or a transmitting (Tx) bridge protocol data unit (BPDU) for the at least one non-edge port, the Tx BPDU being associated with a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) . Correspondingly, the second apparatus 620 receives (6030) , from the first apparatus 610, the port state information. The received Tx BPDU may include an initial Tx BPDU for each of the non-edge ports. Alternatively or in addition, the received Tx BPDU may include a Tx BPDU generated for a non-edge port based on an intermediate spanning tree result for determining the spanning tree result.
[0171] Specifically, the port state information may include initial port state information for the at least one non-edge port, or updated port state information for the at least one non-edge port. Furthermore, the second apparatus 620 may determine to discard or forward Ethernet frames based on the port state information.
[0172] Furthermore, the first apparatus 610 may identify the edge ports and the non-edge ports in the communication network. Additionally, the first apparatus 610 may determine the spanning tree result based on the configuration information and the result of the identifying.
[0173] In some embodiments, the first apparatus 610 may receive, from the second apparatus 620, receiving (Rx) bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) corresponding to the respective the non-edge ports. The first apparatus 610 may determine an intermediate spanning tree result based on the Rx BPDUs. Moreover, the first apparatus 610 may determine the spanning tree result at least based on the intermediate spanning tree result. This may be achieved in an iterative way. In particular, at first, the first apparatus 610 may transmit, to the second apparatus 620, an initial transmitting (Tx) BPDU for each of the non-edge ports. During the iteration (s) , the first apparatus 610 may transmit, to the second apparatus 620, a Tx BPDU generated for a non-edge port based on the intermediate spanning tree result.
[0174] In some implementations, the first apparatus 610 may transmit, to the second apparatus 620, initial port state information for each of the non-edge ports at the beginning of the iteration (s) . During the iteration (s) , the first apparatus 610 may transmit, to the second apparatus 620, updated port state information for a non-edge port if the intermediate spanning tree result indicates an update of a port state of the non-edge port.
[0175] Moreover, the second apparatus 620 obtains (6040) a receiving (Rx) BPDU associated with the Tx BPDU.
[0176] In some implementations, the second apparatus 620 may receive the Rx BPDUs corresponding to the respective non-edge ports. Moreover, the second apparatus 620 may determine an intermediate spanning tree result based on the Rx BPDUs. The second apparatus 620 may determine the spanning tree result at least based on the intermediate spanning tree result.
[0177] Furthermore, in some example embodiments, the second apparatus 620 may send out the initial Tx BPDU for each of the non-edge ports at the beginning of the iteration (s) . Alternatively or additionally, during the iteration (s) , the second apparatus 620 may send out the Tx BPDU generated for a non-edge port based on the intermediate spanning tree result.
[0178] Moreover, the handling of Media Access Control (MAC) learning tables for Protocol Data Unit (PDU) sessions that are dedicated to a non-edge port at a terminal device may be performed at a third apparatus. In these cases, handling of MAC learning tables for PDU sessions that are dedicated to a non-edge port at the second apparatus may be performed at the second apparatus. Specifically, the third apparatus may include a network device implementing a session management function (SMF) .
[0179] In some embodiments, the first apparatus 610 may include a network device implementing, for example, but not limited to, a Time Sensitive Networking Application Function (TSN AF) , or Time-Sensitive Communication and Time Synchronization Services (TSCTSF) . The second apparatus may include a network device implementing, for example, but not limited to, a user plane function (UPF) , or a network side time sensitive networking translator (NW-TT) .
[0180] Furthermore, the second apparatus 620 transmits (6050) , to the first apparatus 610, the Rx BPDU which corresponds to the at least one non-edge port for calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network. Correspondingly, the first apparatus 610 may receive (6060) the Rx BPDU.
[0181] Moreover, the first apparatus 610 obtains (6070) status information indicating the spanning tree result. The status information is determined based on the configuration information. The spanning tree result may include a detection result of at least one edge port via a receiving bridge protocol data unit (BPDU) , a port role and / or a port state of each non-edge port, or a path cost comprising at least one of an internal path cost or an external path cost.
[0182] In this way, the STP may be supported in a communication network in a flexible way. Thus, the efficiency of the communication network is improved.
[0183] Now more detailed embodiments will be further discussed below. FIG. 7 illustrates a schematic diagram 700 of an example architecture of the STP in a communication network in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the diagram 700 will be discussed with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3. The schematic diagram 700 involves a plurality of communication devices, including a 5GS bridge, a network entity 102, a network entity 107, and bridges that conforms the IEEE 802.1Q standard (also referred as to “IEEE 802.1Q bridges” ) .
[0184] The 5GS bridge may include a time sensitive networking (TSN) application function (AF) device (also referred to as “TSN AF” ) 110, a user plane function (UPF) device 120, a RAN 130, and a UE 140. As illustrated, the network entity 107 may be implemented as a centralized network configuration element (CNC) . The network entity 102 may be implemented as a bridge to other devices or an end station. The UE 140 may communicate with the RAN 130 via a Uu interface. The RAN 130 may communicate with the UPF 120 via a N3 interface.
[0185] As illustrated, the ST sub-function information 310 and the ST sub-functions calculation 320 may be implemented in the TSN AF 110 in FIG. 7. The ST sub-functions execution 330 and exchange 340 may be implemented in the UPF 120, for example, in the NW-TT included in the UPF 120.
[0186] In the embodiment of FIG. 7, The STP may be MSTP. It is to be understood that the spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) may be any of the existing versions. The multiple spanning tree algorithm and protocol as defined in IEC / IEEE 60802. Moreover, any new one or derived one that will be introduced with future versions.
[0187] In some embodiments, each of the 4 defined ST sub-functions (information 310, calculation 320, execution 330, and exchange 340) may be mapped to 3GPP network functions (NF) . The ST sub-functions information 310 and calculation 320 may be mapped to the TSN AF 110 at the C-Plane and the ST sub-functions exchange 340 and execution 330 may be mapped at the UPF / NW-TT at the U-Plane. The calculation 220 at the C-Plane may affects the information exchange via PMIC and UMIC between U-Plane and C-Plane network functions.
[0188] The sub-functions information 310 and calculation 320 may be added to the 3GPP NF TSN AF 110. Therefore, the exchange of information between the two sub-functions may be handled locally without the need to use external interfaces (e.g. the N3, N4, N6 reference points, etc. ) . Therefore, the exchange of configuration / status between information 310 and calculation 320 may not require 3GPP standardization as it is within the TSN AF 110 implementation specific.
[0189] The information 310 may collect the MSTP configuration and provide the MSTP status in compliance with IEC / IEEE 60802, IEEE Std 802.1Q-2022 and IEEE P 802.1Qdy via SNMP / MIB or Netconf / YANG from / to an external Network management entity (e.g., the CNC implemented in the network entity 104) . If a MIB data model is used, the information 310 may support the objects in the MSTP MIB according to IEEE Std 802.1Q-2022, cause 17.7.3 on IEEE8021-Spanning-Tree-MIB which supplements the IEEE8021-Q-BRIDGE-MIB defined in IEEE Std 802.1Q-2022, cause 17.7.2. The interface between the network management entity 104 and the TSN AF 110 may be not subject to standardization. The Netconf / YANG objects may be defined in IEEE P 802.1Qdy.
[0190] Moreover, The UPF / NW-TT may act on behalf of the UE / DS-TT. Therefore, the execution 330 may be completely mapped as a singular instance to the UPF / NW-TT and the existing container mechanism between TSN AF 110. Additionally, the UPF / NW-TT may be reused and extended to transfer the specific port role and state information from the calculation 320 at the TSN AF 110 to the execution 330 at the UPF / NW-TT.
[0191] Additionally, the exchange 340 may run completely on the UPF / NW-TT which also implies UPF / NW-TT operation on behalf of the UE / DS-TT. Additionally, the exchange of (Tx / Rx PortID, Tx / Rx BPDU) pairs between the exchange 340 at UPF / NW-TT and calculation 320 at TSN AF 110 may be based on an appropriately extended UMIC and PMIC mechanism. The UMIC and PMIC mechanism is specified in 3GPP TS 23.501.
[0192] In some embodiments, if an in-band signaling approach is selected, the exchange 330 may be split to a ST sub-function part P1 that runs on TSN AF 110 and may be responsible for the handling of the in-band signaling approach on the C-Plane. Moreover, the ST sub-function part P1 may take care of the assembly of the ethernet frames for the transmission of Tx BPDUs and the extraction of the BPDUs from the received ethernet frames. The ST sub-function part P2 runs at the UPF / NW-TT and implements the in-band signaling method on the U-Plane.
[0193] The UPF / NW-TT may be implemented as stateful and may support the storage of MAC learning results for the non-edge ports. For UE / DS-TT ports, the MAC learning may be performed for the PDU sessions which are stateless. The mechanism as described above may be used for the non-edge ports. That is, for non-edge bridge ports, the handling may be stateful. The current mechanism to report the MAC learning result to the SMF may be reused. In these cases, the ST sub-function execution 330 may be responsible to coordinate the spanning tree results with the MAC learning reporting.
[0194] In this way, ST sub-functions may be implemented and mapped to the TSN AF and UPF in a communication network. Thus, it is enabled to support STP in the communication network.
[0195] Now more detailed embodiments will be further discussed below. FIG. 8 illustrates a signaling flow 800 of an example of a STP in a communication network in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the diagram 800 will be discussed with reference to FIGS. 1, 3, 6, and 7.
[0196] The signaling flow 800 involves a CNC / OAM device (also referred to as “CNC / OAM” ) 810, a TSN AF 110, a UPF 120, a RAN 130, a UE 140, a DCF device (also referred to as “DCF” ) 820, and a SMF device (also referred to as “SMF” ) 830. The TSN AF 110 may be an implementation of the first apparatus 610 in FIG. 6, and the UPF 120 may be an implementation of the second apparatus 620 in FIG. 6. Moreover, the NW-TT port may be included in the UPF 120. The DS-TT port may be included in the UE 140.
[0197] The STP in the embodiment of FIG. 8 may be MSTP. It is to be understood that the spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) may be any of the existing versions. The multiple spanning tree algorithm and protocol as defined in IEC / IEEE 60802. Moreover, any new one or derived one that will be introduced with future versions.
[0198] As illustrated, the information is exchanged between the 3GPP network functions when the new ST sub-functions A and B (e.g., information 310 and calculation 320 in FIG. 3) are implemented in TSN AF 110 (c-plane) while the other ST sub-functions (e.g., execution 330 and exchange 340 in FIG. 3) are implemented in the UPF / NW-TT.With respect to 3GPP definitions, the dotted arrows may represent network function internal information exchanges which don’t require respective interface specifications. The MSTP information may be exchanged periodically. That is, when calculation 320 receives new information in 8190, the signaling flow may be triggered again with the received information.
[0199] As shown in FIG. 8, at 8002, the PDU sessions may be established, and LLDP may be up and running according to TS 23.502 Annex F. 1 (that is, at 8002, PDU session established, LLDP is up and running (TS 23.502 Annex F. 1) ) . At 8010, the CNC / OAM 810 may transmit, to TSN AF 110, configure MSTP parameters according to the IEC / IEEE 60802 (that is, at 8010, configure MSTP parameters according to IEC / IEEE 60802) . At 8020, the information 310 in the TSN AF 110 may transmit the MSTP configuration information to the calculation 320 (that is, at 8020, MSTP configuration information) . Furthermore, the procedures of 8010, and 8020 may be considered as the process performed by the ST sub-function information 310.
[0200] Moreover, at 8030, the calculation 320 in the TSN AF 110 may calculate current IST and CST and BPDU parameters for MSTP (that is, at 8030, calculate current IST and CST and BPDU parameters for MSTP) . At 8040, the calculation 320 may send, to the UPF 120, the port role and port state information for each non-edge port in the containers UMIC and PMIC (that is, at 8040, send UMIC+PMIC with port role and port state information for each non-edge port) . At 8050, the UPF 120 may transmit, to the execution 340, the port role and port state information for each non-edge port (that is, at 8050, port role and port state information for each non-edge port) .
[0201] At 8060, the UPF 120 may send, to the calculation 320 in the TSN AF 110, information on pairs of port and MSTP BPDU in the containers UMIC and PMIC (that is, at 8060, send UMIC+PMIC containing port + MSTP BPDU pairs) . Moreover, at 8070, the UPF 120 may transmit a list of pairs of port and MSTP BPDU to the exchange 330 in UPF 120 (that is, at 8070, list of (port + MSTP BPDU pairs) ) . At 8080, the calculation 320 in the TSN AF 110 may transmit, to the information 310 in TSN AF 110, MSTP status result information for each non-edge port (that is, at 8080, MSTP status result information for each non-edge port) . In some implementations, the procedures of 8030 to 8080 may be considered related to the calculation 320.
[0202] Furthermore, at 8090, the execution 330 in UPF 120 may generate ethernet frame processing rules for UPF / NW-TT according to the MSTP algorithm defined in IEEE STD 802.1Q-2022 (that is, at 8090, generate ethernet frame processing rules for UPF / NW-TT according to the MSTP algorithm defined in IEEE STD 802.1Q-2022) . At 8100, the execution 330 may transmit the ethernet frame processing rules to the UPF 120 (that is, at 8100, ethernet frame processing rules) . In some implementations, the procedures of 8090 and 8100 may be considered related to the execution 330.
[0203] At 8110, the exchange 340 may transmit the list of pairs of port and MSTP frame to the UPF 120 (that is, at 8110, list of (port + MSTP frame pairs) ) . At 8120, the exchange 340 may transmit the MSTP frame to external network devices via the NW-TT port (that is, at 8120, MSTP frame via NW-TT port) . At 8130, the exchange 340 may transmit the MSTP frame to external network devices via the PDU session of the UE / DS-TT port (that is, at 8130, MSTP frame via PDU session of UE / DS-TT port) . Moreover, the exchange 340 may also transmit the MSTP frame to the RAN 130 and the UE 140. In some embodiments, the procedures of 8110 to 8130 may be considered related to the exchange 340 for transmitting.
[0204] At 8140, the exchange 340 may receive an ethernet frame from external network devices, for example, the network entity 102 in FIG. 7 (that is, at 8140, ethernet frame) . Moreover, the RAN 130 and the UE 140 may also receive the ethernet frame. At 8150, the exchange 340 may receive ethernet frame from the other side of the 5GS bridge, for example, the network entity 104 in FIG. 7 (that is, at 8150, ethernet frame) .
[0205] At 8160, the exchange 340 may identify the ethernet frame in UPF / NW-TT and process ethernet frame according to IEEE STD 802.1Q-2022 (that is, at 8160, identify ethernet frame in UPF / NW-TT and process ethernet frame according to IEEE STD 802.1Q-2022) . At 8170, the exchange 340 may process the ethernet frame at UPF / NW-TT considering PDR / FAR and IEEE STD 802.1 standards, for example, SFE, MAC learning, port roles and states, etc. (that is, at 8170, ethernet frame processing at UPF / NW-TT considering PDR / FAR and IEEE STD 802.1 standards (e.g., SFE, MAC learning, port roles and states, etc. ) ) .
[0206] At 8180, the UPF 120 may transmit ingress port number and MSTP BPDU to the exchange 340 (that is, at 8180, ingress port number + MSTP BPDU) . At 8190, the exchange 340 may transmit ingress port number and MSTP BPDU in the containers UMIC and PMIC to the calculation 320 in TSN AF 110 (that is, at 8190, UMIC+PMIC containing ingress port number + MSTP BPDU) .
[0207] In this way, a communication network may support implementing STP in data transmission via mapping the ST sub-functions in the NFs. Thus, the efficiency of the communication network is improved.
[0208] Now more detailed embodiments will be further discussed below. FIG. 9 illustrates a schematic diagram 900 of an example architecture of the STP in a communication network in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the diagram 900 will be discussed with reference to FIGS. 1, 3, and 6.The schematic diagram 900 involves a plurality of communication devices, including a time sensitive communication (TSC) system, a network entity 102, a network entity 109, and bridges that conforms the IEEE 802.1Q standard (also referred as to “IEEE 802.1Q bridges” ) .
[0209] The TSC system may include a time sensitive networking (TSN) application function (AF) device (also referred to as “TSN AF” ) 110, a user plane function (UPF) device 120, a RAN 130, and a UE 140. As illustrated, the network entity 107 may be implemented as a centralized network configuration element (CNC) . The network entity 102 may be implemented as a bridge to other devices or an end station. The UE 140 may communicate with the RAN 130 via a Uu interface. The RAN 130 may communicate with the UPF 120 via a N3 interface.
[0210] In the embodiment of FIG. 9, The STP may be RSTP. It is to be understood that the spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) may be any of the existing versions. The multiple spanning tree algorithm and protocol as defined in IEC / IEEE 60802. Moreover, any new one or derived one that will be introduced with future versions.
[0211] As illustrated, the ST sub-function information 310 in FIG. 3 may be split into 2 parts (denoted as “A1 312” and “A2 314” ) . The first part of the ST sub-function information 312 may be included in a 5GS network management system / element manager. The second part of the ST sub-function information 314 may be included in the TSN AF 110. Moreover, the ST sub-function execution 330 in FIG. 3 may be split into 2 parts (denoted as “C1 332” and “C2 334” ) . The first part of the ST sub-function execution 332 may be included in the UPF 120. The second part of the ST sub-function execution 334 may be included in the SMF.
[0212] In the embodiment of FIG. 9, the DS-TT and NW-TT may be optional components of a TSC system and may require some modifications at the UE 140 and the UPF 120. As this aspect is mainly relevant for the message flow and implementation of the UE 140 and functionality of the UPF 120, the DS-TT and NW-TT may be used in the further description.
[0213] The TSC architecture may support a time sensitive communication and time synchronization function (TSCTSF) at the c-plane, which may be selected to perform the operation of the ST sub-function calculation 320 in FIG. 3. The exchange of port states or Tx / Rx BPDUs between C-plane and U-plane may be included in the TSCTSF instead of the TSN AF 110 via exchanging the information in the UMICs and PMICs with the UPF / NW-TT. Compared with the NW-TT in the 5GS bridge, the NW-TT for TSC is optional and may have limited IEEE 802.1 functionality, i.e., no LLDP support, no scheduling, no frame preemption, etc..
[0214] In some implementations, the information 310 in FIG. 3 may be split into two parts to provide the respective RSTP configuration from a 5GS Network Management System (NMS) or an OAM element manager hosting the first part of the ST sub function A1 312 to the TSCTSF hosting the second part of the ST sub function A2 314.
[0215] The ST sub-function execution 330 in FIG. 3 may be split into ST sub-function C1 332 located in the UPF / NW-TT and ST sub-function C2 located in the SMF. The ST sub-function C1 332 may be used to process the received port role and port state information of the non-edge ports. To allow the reuse of the 3GPP MAC learning information reporting from UPF / NW-TT to SMF for non-edge ports, the management of MAC learning tables may need to be added for the spanning tree functionality. Therefore, the ST sub-function C1 332 may use the port role and port state information to detect if the MAC learning table in the SMF needs to be synchronized with the local UPF / NW-TT MAC learning tables and informs ST sub-function C2 334 via a transparent container about required MAC learning table updates. The ST sub-function C2 334 may initiate then the updates at the SMF according to the received container information.
[0216] The execution 330 in FIG. 3 is used to steer the discarding and forwarding of ethernet frames according to the specification in IEEE STD 802.1Q-2022, clauses 8.4 and 8.6. The discarding and forwarding may be operated by the ST sub-function C1 332 on the UPF / NW-TT.
[0217] In this way, ST sub-functions may be implemented and mapped to NFs in a communication network. Moreover, the sub-functions may be split into more than one parts and each part may be implemented in different NFs in the communication network in a flexible way. Thus, the flexibility of the communication network supporting STP is improved.
[0218] Now more detailed embodiments will be further discussed below. FIG. 10 illustrates a signaling flow 1000 of an example of a STP in a communication network in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the diagram 1000 will be discussed with reference to FIGS. 1, 3, 6, and 9.
[0219] The signaling flow 1000 involves a 5GS NMS / EM device (also referred to as “5GS NMS / EM” ) 1010, a TSN AF 110, a UPF 120, a RAN 130, a UE 140, a DCF device (also referred to as “DCF” ) 1020, and a SMF device (also referred to as “SMF” ) 1030. The TSN AF 110 may be an implementation of the first apparatus 610 in FIG. 6, and the UPF 120 may be an implementation of the second apparatus 620 in FIG. 6. Moreover, the NW-TT port may be included in the UPF 120. The DS-TT port may be included in the UE 140.
[0220] The STP in the embodiment of FIG. 10 may be RSTP. It is to be understood that the spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) may be any of the existing versions. The multiple spanning tree algorithm and protocol as defined in IEC / IEEE 60802. Moreover, any new one or derived one that will be introduced with future versions.
[0221] As illustrated, the information is exchanged between the 3GPP Network functions when the new ST sub-functions A1 312 may be mapped to the 5GS NMS 1010 in the M-Plane. A2 314 and B 320 may be mapped to the TSCTSF on the C-plane. C1 332 and D 340 may be mapped to the UPF / NW-TT on the U-plane. C2 may be mapped to the SMF 1030 in the C-Plane. With respect to 3GPP definitions, the dotted arrows may represent network function internal information exchanges which don’t require respective interface specifications. The RSTP information may be exchanged periodically. That is, when calculation 320 receives new information in 10250, the signaling flow may be triggered again with the received information.
[0222] As shown in FIG. 10, at 10002, the PDU sessions may be established, and LLDP may be up and running according to TS 23.502 Annex F. 1 (that is, at 10002, PDU session established, LLDP is up and running (TS 23.502 Annex F. 1) ) . At 10010, the first part of the ST sub-function information (also referred to as “A1” ) 312 in the 5GS NMS / EM 1010 may configure the RSTP parameters according to IEEE STD 802.1Q-2022 (that is, at 10010, configure RSTP parameters according to IEEE STD 802.1Q-2022) . For example, the A1 312 may transmit the RSTP parameters to the second part of the ST sub-function information (also referred to as “A2” ) 314 in the TSN AF 110. At 10020, the A2 314 may transmit RSTP configuration information to the calculation 320 in TSN AF 110 (that is, at 10020, RSTP configuration information) . In some embodiments, the procedures of 10010 and 10020 may be considered related to the ST sub-function A2 314.
[0223] At 10030, the calculation 320 in TSN AF 110 may calculate current IST and BPDU parameters for RSTP (that is, at 10030, calculate current IST and BPDU parameters for RSTP) . At 10040, the calculation 320 may send, to the UPF 120, port role and port state information for each non-edge port in the containers UMIC and PMIC (that is, at 10040, send UMIC+PMIC with port role and port state information for each non-edge port) . At 10050, the UPF 120 may transmit port role and port state information for each non-edge port to the first part of the ST sub-function (also referred to as “C1” ) 332 (that is, at 10050, port role and port state information for each non-edge port) . At 10060, the calculation 320 may send, to the UPF 120, information on pairs of port and RSTP BPDU in the containers UMIC and PMIC (that is, at 10060, send UMIC + PMIC containing port + RSTP BPDU pairs) . At 10070, the UPF 120 may transmit a list of pairs of port and RSTP BPDU (that is, at 10070, list of (port + RSTP BPDU pairs) ) . At 10080, the calculation 320 in the TSN AF 110 may transmit RSTP port parameter information to the A2 314 (that is, at 10080, RSTP port parameter information) . In some embodiments, the procedures of 10030 to 10080 may be considered related to calculation 320.
[0224] At 10090, the C1 332 in UPF 120 may generate ethernet frame processing rules for UPF / NW-TT according to the MSTP algorithm defined in IEEE STD 802.1Q-2022 (that is, at 10090, generate ethernet frame processing rules for UPF / NW-TT according to the MSTP algorithm defined in IEEE STD 802.1Q-2022) . At 10100, the C1 332 may transmit the ethernet frame processing rules request to the UPF 120 (that is, at 10100, ethernet frame processing rules request) . At 10110, the UPF 120 may transmit the ethernet frame processing rules response to the C1 332 (that is, at 10110, ethernet frame processing rules response) . At 10120, the C1 332 may update MAC learning tables of non-edge UE / DS-TT ports according to the ethernet frame processing rules (that is, at 10120, update MAC learning tables of non-edge UE / DS-TT ports according to the ethernet frame processing rules) . At 10130, the UPF 120 may update the MAC learning tables of non-edge UE / DS-TT ports in the container (that is, at 10130, container (update MAC learning tables of non-edge UE / DS-TT ports) ) . Moreover, the UPF 120 may transmit the MAC learning tables to the SMF 1030. At 10140, the SMF 1030 may update the MAC learning tables of non-edge UE / DS-TT ports according to the ethernet frame processing rules (that is, at 10140, update MAC learning tables of non-edge UE / DS-TT ports according to the ethernet frame processing rules) . Moreover, the SMF 1030 may transmit the MAC learning tables to the C2 334. In some implementations, the procedures of 10090 to 10140 may be considered related to the ST sub-function execution.
[0225] At 10150, the exchange 340 may transmit a list of pairs of port and RSTP frame (that is, at 10150, list of (port + RSTP frame pairs) ) . At 10160, the exchange 340 may transmit RSTP frame to external network devices (e.g., the network entity 104 in FIG. 9) via NW-TT port (that is, at 10160, RSTP frame via NW-TT port) . At 10170, the exchange 340 may transmit the RSTP frame to the other side of the TSC system (e.g., the network entity 102 in FIG. 9) via PDU session of UE / DS-TT port (that is, at 10170, RSTP frame via PDU session of UE / DS-TT port) . Moreover, the exchange 340 may also transmit the RSTP frame to the UE 140 and the RAN 130. In some embodiments, the procedures of 10150 to 10170 may be considered related to exchange 340 for transmitting.
[0226] At 10180, the external network device (e.g., the network entity 102 in FIG. 9) may transmit ethernet frame to the UPF 120 (that is, at 10180, ethernet frame) . Moreover, the UE 140 and the RAN 130 may also receive the ethernet frame. At 10190, the external network device from the other side of the TSC system (e.g., the network entity 104 in FIG. 9) may transmit ethernet frame to the UPF 120 (that is, at 10190, ethernet frame) . At 10200, the UPF 120 may identify ethernet frame in UPF / NW-TT and process ethernet frame according to IEEE STD 802.1Q-2022 (that is, at 10200 identify ethernet frame in UPF / NW-TT and process ethernet frame according to IEEE STD 802.1Q-2022) . At 10210, the UPF 120 may process the ethernet frame at UPF / NW-TT considering PDR / FAR and IEEE STD 802.1 standards, for example, SFE, MAC learning, port roles and states, etc. (that is, at 10210, ethernet frame processing at UPF / NW-TT considering PDF / FAR and IEEE STD 802.1 standards (e.g., SFE, MAC learning, port roles and states, etc. ) ) .
[0227] At 10220, the UPF 120 may transmit ingress port number and RSTP frame to the exchange 340 (that is, at 10220, ingress port number + RSTP frame) . At 10230, the exchange 340 may transmit ingress port number and RSTP BPDU to the UPF 120 (that is, at 10230, ingress port number + RSTP BPDU) . At 10240, the UPF 120 may transmit ingress port number and RSTP BPDU in the containers UMIC and PMIC to the DCF 1020 and the TSN AF 110 (that is, at 10240, UMIC + PMIC containing ingress port number + RSTP BPDU) . At 10250, the TSN AF 110 may transmit ingress port number and RSTP BPDU to the calculation 320 (that is, at 10250 ingress port number + RSTP BPDU) . In some embodiments, the procedures of 10220 to 10250 may be considered related to the exchange 340.
[0228] In this way, a communication network may support implementing STP in data transmission via mapping the ST sub-functions in the NFs. Moreover, the sub-functions may be split into more than one part and each part may be implemented in different NFs in the communication network in a flexible way. Thus, the efficiency and flexibility of the communication network is improved.
[0229] FIG. 11 shows a flowchart of an example method 1100 implemented at a first apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1100 will be described from the perspective of the first apparatus 210 in FIG. 2 or the first apparatus 610 in FIG. 6.
[0230] At block 1110, the first apparatus receives configuration information for a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network, wherein the configuration information is to be used in calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network.
[0231] At block 1120, the first apparatus obtains status information indicating the spanning tree result, wherein the status information is determined based on the configuration information.
[0232] In this way, the STP may be supported in a communication network in a flexible way. Thus, the efficiency of the communication network is improved.
[0233] In some example embodiments, the method 1100 may further include: transmitting, to a second apparatus, the configuration information for the second apparatus to determine the spanning tree result; and receiving the spanning tree result from the second apparatus. As such, the first apparatus may provide the configuration information for performing the “calculation” subfunction to another node, without performing the calculation locally.
[0234] In this way, the first apparatus may just perform the “information” subfunction, while the second apparatus may perform other subfunctions such as “calculation” , “exchange” and / or “execution” .
[0235] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may include a network device implementing a Time Sensitive Networking Application Function (TSN AF) , and the second apparatus may include a network device implementing at least one of: a user plane function (UPF) , or a network side time sensitive networking translator (NW-TT) .
[0236] In some example embodiments, the method 1100 may further include: identifying the edge ports and the non-edge ports in the communication network; and determining the spanning tree result based on the configuration information and the result of the identifying. In this case, the first apparatus may perform the “calculation” subfunction by itself, without the need to transmit the configuration information to other nodes.
[0237] In some example embodiments, the method 1100 may further include: receiving, from a second apparatus, receiving (Rx) bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) corresponding to the respective the non-edge ports; determining an intermediate spanning tree result based on the Rx BPDUs; and determining the spanning tree result at least based on the intermediate spanning tree result.
[0238] In some example embodiments, the method 1100 may further include: transmitting, to the second apparatus, an initial transmitting (Tx) BPDU for each of the non-edge ports; and / or transmitting, to the second apparatus, a Tx BPDU generated for a non-edge port based on the intermediate spanning tree result.
[0239] In some example embodiments, the method 1100 may further include: transmitting, to the second apparatus, initial port state information for each of the non-edge ports; and / or transmitting, to the second apparatus, updated port state information for a non-edge port in accordance with a determination that the intermediate spanning tree result indicates an update of a port state of the non-edge port.
[0240] In this way, the first apparatus which performs the “information” and “calculation” subfunctions may communicate or exchange data with the “exchange” and / or “execution” subfunctions on the second apparatus. In this case, the first apparatus may include a network device implementing at least one of: a Time Sensitive Networking Application Function (TSN AF) , or Time-Sensitive Communication and Time Synchronization Services (TSCTSF) , and wherein the second apparatus comprises a network device implementing at least one of: a user plane function (UPF) , or a network side time sensitive networking translator (NW-TT) .
[0241] In some example embodiments, the configuration information may include at least one of: a set of network related parameters, a set of bridge related parameters, a set of port related parameters, or a set of protocol related parameters.
[0242] In some example embodiments, the configuration information may be received from at least one of: a centralized network configuration element (CNC) , an operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM) node, a network management system (NMS) , or an element management (EM) system.
[0243] In some example embodiments, the status information may include at least one of: a set of configuration parameters comprising read and / or write parameters for a configuration of the calculation, a set of operational parameters indicating the spanning tree result, or a set of statistical parameters comprising at least one of a counter or a timer values.
[0244] In some example embodiments, the spanning tree result may include at least one of: a detection result of the edge ports based on a receiving (Rx) bridge protocol data unit (BPDU) , a port role and / or a port state of each of the non-edge ports, or a path cost comprising at least one of an internal path cost or an external path cost.
[0245] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may include a network device implementing a network function located in a control plane and / or a network function located in a management plane.
[0246] FIG. 12 shows a flowchart of an example method 1200 implemented at a second apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1200 will be described from the perspective of the second apparatus 220 in FIG. 2.
[0247] At block 1210, the second apparatus 220 receives, from a first apparatus, configuration information for a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network, wherein the configuration information is to be used in calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network.
[0248] At block 1220, the second apparatus 220 determines status information indicating the spanning tree result based on the configuration information.
[0249] At block 1230, the second apparatus 220 transmits the status information to the first apparatus.
[0250] In some example embodiments, the method 1200 may further include: identifying the edge ports and the non-edge ports in the communication network; and determining the spanning tree result based on the configuration information and the result of the identifying.
[0251] In some example embodiments, the method 1200 may further include: receiving Rx BPDUs corresponding to the respective non-edge ports; determining an intermediate spanning tree result based on the Rx BPDUs; and determining the spanning tree result at least based on the intermediate spanning tree result.
[0252] In some example embodiments, the method 1200 may further include: determining port state information for the non-edge ports, the port state information comprising at least one of: initial port state information for each of the non-edge ports, or updated port state information for a non-edge port determined in accordance with a determination that the intermediate spanning tree result indicates an update of a port state of the non-edge port; and determining to discard or forward Ethernet frames based on the port state information.
[0253] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may perform consistency check on the Rx BPDUs.
[0254] In some example embodiments, the method 1200 may further include: transmitting an initial transmitting (Tx) BPDU for each of the non-edge ports; and / or transmitting a Tx BPDU generated for a non-edge port based on the intermediate spanning tree result.
[0255] In some example embodiments, handling of Media Access Control (MAC) learning tables for Protocol Data Unit (PDU) sessions that are dedicated to a non-edge port at a terminal device may be performed at a third apparatus, and wherein handling of MAC learning tables for PDU sessions that are dedicated to a non-edge port at the second apparatus is performed at the second apparatus.
[0256] In some example embodiments, the third apparatus may include a network device implementing a session management function (SMF) .
[0257] In some example embodiments, the configuration information may include at least one of: a set of network related parameters, a set of bridge related parameters, a set of port related parameters, or a set of protocol related parameters.
[0258] In some example embodiments, the configuration information may be received from at least one of: a centralized network configuration element (CNC) , an operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM) node, a network management system (NMS) , or an element management (EM) system.
[0259] In some example embodiments, the status information may include at least one of: a set of configuration parameters comprising read and / or write parameters for a configuration of the calculation, a set of operational parameters indicating the spanning tree result, or a set of statistical parameters comprising at least one of a counter or a timer values.
[0260] In some example embodiments, the spanning tree result may include at least one of: a detection result of at least one edge port via a receiving bridge protocol data unit (BPDU) , a port role and / or a port state of each non-edge port, or a path cost comprising at least one of an internal path cost or an external path cost.
[0261] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may include a network device implementing a Time Sensitive Networking Application Function (TSN AF) , and wherein the second apparatus comprises a network device implementing at least one of: a user plane function (UPF) , or a network side time sensitive networking translator (NW-TT) .
[0262] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may include a network device implementing a network function located in a control plane and / or a network function located in a management plane, and wherein the second apparatus comprises a network device implementing a network function located in a control plane and / or a network function located in a user plane.
[0263] FIG. 13 shows a flowchart of an example method 1300 implemented at a second apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1300 will be described from the perspective of the second apparatus 620 in FIG. 6.
[0264] At block 1310, the second apparatus 620 receives, from a first apparatus, port state information for at least one non-edge port in a communication network and / or a transmitting (Tx) bridge protocol data unit (BPDU) for the at least one non-edge port, the Tx BPDU being associated with a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) .
[0265] At block 1320, the second apparatus 620 obtains a receiving (Rx) BPDU associated with the Tx BPDU.
[0266] At block 1330, the second apparatus 620 transmits, to the first apparatus, the Rx BPDU which corresponds to the at least one non-edge port for calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network.
[0267] In some example embodiments, the port state information may include at least one of: initial port state information for the at least one non-edge port, or updated port state information for the at least one non-edge port.
[0268] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus 620 may determine to discard or forward Ethernet frames based on the port state information.
[0269] In some example embodiments, the received Tx BPDU may include at least one of: an initial Tx BPDU for each of the non-edge ports; and / or a Tx BPDU generated for a non-edge port based on an intermediate spanning tree result for determining the spanning tree result.
[0270] In some example embodiments, handling of Media Access Control (MAC) learning tables for Protocol Data Unit (PDU) sessions that are dedicated to a non-edge port at a terminal device may be performed at a third apparatus, and wherein handling of MAC learning tables for PDU sessions that are dedicated to a non-edge port at the second apparatus is performed at the second apparatus.
[0271] In some example embodiments, the third apparatus may include a network device implementing a session management function (SMF) .
[0272] In some example embodiments, the spanning tree result may include at least one of: a detection result of at least one edge port via a receiving BPDU, a port role and / or a port state of each non-edge port, or a path cost comprising at least one of an internal path cost or an external path cost.
[0273] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may include a network device implementing at least one of:a Time Sensitive Networking Application Function (TSN AF) , or Time-Sensitive Communication and Time Synchronization Services (TSCTSF) , and wherein the second apparatus comprises a network device implementing at least one of: a user plane function (UPF) , or a network side time sensitive networking translator (NW-TT) .
[0274] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may include a network device implementing a network function located in a control plane and / or a network function located in a management plane, and wherein the second apparatus comprises a network device implementing a network function located in a control plane and / or a network function located in a user plane.
[0275] In some example embodiments, a first apparatus capable of performing the method 1100 (for example, the first apparatus 210 in FIG. 2 or the first apparatus 610 in FIG. 6) may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 1100. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module. The first apparatus may be implemented as or included in the first apparatus 210 in FIG. 2 or the first apparatus 610 in FIG. 6.
[0276] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises means for receiving configuration information for a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network, wherein the configuration information is to be used in calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network; and means for obtaining status information indicating the spanning tree result, wherein the status information is determined based on the configuration information.
[0277] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises: means for transmitting, to a second apparatus, the configuration information for the second apparatus to determine the spanning tree result; and means for receiving the spanning tree result from the second apparatus.
[0278] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises a network device implementing a Time Sensitive Networking Application Function (TSN AF) , and wherein the second apparatus comprises a network device implementing at least one of: a user plane function (UPF) , or a network side time sensitive networking translator (NW-TT) .
[0279] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises: means for identifying the edge ports and the non-edge ports in the communication network; and means for determining the spanning tree result based on the configuration information and the result of the identifying.
[0280] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises: means for receiving, from a second apparatus, receiving (Rx) bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) corresponding to the respective the non-edge ports; means for determining an intermediate spanning tree result based on the Rx BPDUs; and means for determining the spanning tree result at least based on the intermediate spanning tree result.
[0281] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises: means for transmitting, to the second apparatus, an initial transmitting (Tx) BPDU for each of the non-edge ports; and / or means for transmitting, to the second apparatus, a Tx BPDU generated for a non-edge port based on the intermediate spanning tree result.
[0282] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises: means for transmitting, to the second apparatus, initial port state information for each of the non-edge ports; and / or means for transmitting, to the second apparatus, updated port state information for a non-edge port in accordance with a determination that the intermediate spanning tree result indicates an update of a port state of the non-edge port.
[0283] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises a network device implementing at least one of: a Time Sensitive Networking Application Function (TSN AF) , or Time-Sensitive Communication and Time Synchronization Services (TSCTSF) , and wherein the second apparatus comprises a network device implementing at least one of: a user plane function (UPF) , or a network side time sensitive networking translator (NW-TT) .
[0284] In some example embodiments, the configuration information comprises at least one of: a set of network related parameters, a set of bridge related parameters, a set of port related parameters, or a set of protocol related parameters.
[0285] In some example embodiments, the configuration information is received from at least one of: a centralized network configuration element (CNC) , an operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM) node, a network management system (NMS) , or an element management (EM) system.
[0286] In some example embodiments, the status information comprises at least one of: a set of configuration parameters comprising read and / or write parameters for a configuration of the calculation, a set of operational parameters indicating the spanning tree result, or a set of statistical parameters comprising at least one of a counter or a timer values.
[0287] In some example embodiments, the spanning tree result comprises at least one of: a detection result of the edge ports based on a receiving (Rx) bridge protocol data unit (BPDU) , a port role and / or a port state of each of the non-edge ports, or a path cost comprising at least one of an internal path cost or an external path cost.
[0288] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises a network device implementing a network function located in a control plane and / or a network function located in a management plane.
[0289] In some example embodiments, a second apparatus capable of performing the method 1200 (for example, the second apparatus 220 in FIG. 2) may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 1200. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module. The second apparatus may be implemented as or included in the second apparatus 220 in FIG. 2.
[0290] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a first apparatus, configuration information for a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network, wherein the configuration information is to be used in calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network; means for determining status information indicating the spanning tree result based on the configuration information; and means for transmitting the status information to the first apparatus.
[0291] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises: means for identifying the edge ports and the non-edge ports in the communication network; and means for determining the spanning tree result based on the configuration information and a result of the identifying.
[0292] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises: means for receiving Rx bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) corresponding to the respective non-edge ports; means for determining an intermediate spanning tree result based on the Rx BPDUs; and means for determining the spanning tree result at least based on the intermediate spanning tree result.
[0293] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises: means for determining port state information for the non-edge ports, the port state information comprising at least one of: initial port state information for each of the non-edge ports, or updated port state information for a non-edge port determined in accordance with a determination that the intermediate spanning tree result indicates an update of a port state of the non-edge port; and means for determining to discard or forward Ethernet frames based on the port state information.
[0294] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises: means for performing consistency check on the Rx BPDUs.
[0295] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises: means for transmitting an initial transmitting (Tx) BPDU for each of the non-edge ports; and / or means for transmitting a Tx BPDU generated for a non-edge port based on the intermediate spanning tree result.
[0296] In some example embodiments, handling of Media Access Control (MAC) learning tables for Protocol Data Unit (PDU) sessions that are dedicated to a non-edge port at a terminal device is performed at a third apparatus, and handling of MAC learning tables for PDU sessions that are dedicated to a non-edge port at the second apparatus is performed at the second apparatus.
[0297] In some example embodiments, the third apparatus comprises a network device implementing a session management function (SMF) .
[0298] In some example embodiments, the configuration information comprises at least one of: a set of network related parameters, a set of bridge related parameters, a set of port related parameters, or a set of protocol related parameters.
[0299] In some example embodiments, the configuration information is received from at least one of: a centralized network configuration element (CNC) , an operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM) node, a network management system (NMS) , or an element management (EM) system.
[0300] In some example embodiments, the status information comprises at least one of: a set of configuration parameters comprising read and / or write parameters for a configuration of the calculation, a set of operational parameters indicating the spanning tree result, or a set of statistical parameters comprising at least one of a counter or a timer values.
[0301] In some example embodiments, the spanning tree result comprises at least one of: a detection result of at least one edge port via a receiving bridge protocol data unit (BPDU) , a port role and / or a port state of each non-edge port, or a path cost comprising at least one of an internal path cost or an external path cost.
[0302] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises a network device implementing a Time Sensitive Networking Application Function (TSN AF) , and wherein the second apparatus comprises a network device implementing at least one of: a user plane function (UPF) , or a network side time sensitive networking translator (NW-TT) .
[0303] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises a network device implementing a network function located in a control plane and / or a network function located in a management plane, and the second apparatus comprises a network device implementing a network function located in a control plane and / or a network function located in a user plane.
[0304] In some example embodiments, a second apparatus capable of performing the method 1300 (for example, the second apparatus 620 in FIG. 6) may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 1300. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module. The second apparatus may be implemented as or included in the second apparatus 620 in FIG. 6.
[0305] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a first apparatus, port state information for at least one non-edge port in a communication network and / or a transmitting (Tx) bridge protocol data unit (BPDU) for the at least one non-edge port, the Tx BPDU being associated with a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) ; means for obtaining a receiving (Rx) BPDU associated with the Tx BPDU; and means for transmitting, to the first apparatus, the Rx BPDU which corresponds to the at least one non-edge port for calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network.
[0306] In some example embodiments, the port state information comprises at least one of: initial port state information for the at least one non-edge port, or updated port state information for the at least one non-edge port.
[0307] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus is caused to: means for determining to discard or forward Ethernet frames based on the port state information.
[0308] In some example embodiments, the received Tx BPDU comprises at least one of: an initial Tx BPDU for each of the non-edge ports; and / or a Tx BPDU generated for a non-edge port based on an intermediate spanning tree result for determining the spanning tree result.
[0309] In some example embodiments, handling of Media Access Control (MAC) learning tables for Protocol Data Unit (PDU) sessions that are dedicated to a non-edge port at a terminal device is performed at a third apparatus, and handling of MAC learning tables for PDU sessions that are dedicated to a non-edge port at the second apparatus is performed at the second apparatus.
[0310] In some example embodiments, the third apparatus comprises a network device implementing a session management function (SMF) .
[0311] In some example embodiments, the spanning tree result comprises at least one of: a detection result of at least one edge port via a receiving BPDU, a port role and / or a port state of each non-edge port, or a path cost comprising at least one of an internal path cost or an external path cost.
[0312] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises a network device implementing at least one of: a Time Sensitive Networking Application Function (TSN AF) , or Time-Sensitive Communication and Time Synchronization Services (TSCTSF) , and wherein the second apparatus comprises a network device implementing at least one of: a user plane function (UPF) , or a network side time sensitive networking translator (NW-TT) .
[0313] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises a network device implementing a network function located in a control plane and / or a network function located in a management plane, and the second apparatus comprises a network device implementing a network function located in a control plane and / or a network function located in a user plane.
[0314] FIG. 14 is a simplified block diagram of a device 1400 that is suitable for implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 1300 may be provided to implement a communication device, for example, the first apparatus 210 or the second apparatus 220 as shown in FIG. 2 or the second apparatus 620 in FIG. 6. As shown, the device 1400 includes one or more processors 1410, one or more memories 1420 coupled to the processor 1410, and one or more communication modules 1440 coupled to the processor 1410.
[0315] The communication module 1440 is for bidirectional communications. The communication module 1440 has one or more communication interfaces to facilitate communication with one or more other modules or devices. The communication interfaces may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements. In some example embodiments, the communication module 1440 may include at least one antenna.
[0316] The processor 1410 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may include one or more of the following: general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 1400 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0317] The memory 1420 may include one or more non-volatile memories and one or more volatile memories. Examples of the non-volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a Read Only Memory (ROM) 1424, an electrically programmable read only memory (EPROM) , a flash memory, a hard disk, a compact disc (CD) , a digital video disk (DVD) , an optical disk, a laser disk, and other magnetic storage and / or optical storage. Examples of the volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a random-access memory (RAM) 1422 and other volatile memories that will not last in the power-down duration.
[0318] A computer program 1430 includes computer executable instructions that are executed by the associated processor 1410. The instructions of the program 1430 may include instructions for performing operations / acts of some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The program 1430 may be stored in the memory, e.g., the ROM 1424. The processor 1410 may perform any suitable actions and processing by loading the program 1430 into the RAM 1422.
[0319] The example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by means of the program 1430 so that the device 1400 may perform any process of the disclosure as discussed with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 13. The example embodiments of the present disclosure may also be implemented by hardware or by a combination of software and hardware.
[0320] In some example embodiments, the program 1430 may be tangibly contained in a computer readable medium which may be included in the device 1400 (such as in the memory 1420) or other storage devices that are accessible by the device 1400. The device 1400 may load the program 1430 from the computer readable medium to the RAM 1422 for execution. In some example embodiments, the computer readable medium may include any types of non-transitory storage medium, such as ROM, EPROM, a flash memory, a hard disk, CD, DVD, and the like. The term “non-transitory, ” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM) .
[0321] FIG. 15 shows an example of the computer readable medium 1500 which may be in the form of CD, DVD or other optical storage disk. The computer readable medium 1500 has the program 1430 stored thereon.
[0322] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, and other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. Although various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representations, it is to be understood that the block, apparatus, system, technique or method described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0323] Some example embodiments of the present disclosure also provide at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a computer readable medium, such as a non-transitory computer readable medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target physical or virtual processor, to carry out any of the methods as described above. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0324] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. The program code may be provided to a processor or controller of a general-purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program code, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0325] In the context of the present disclosure, the computer program code or related data may be carried by any suitable carrier to enable the device, apparatus or processor to perform various processes and operations as described above. Examples of the carrier include a signal, computer readable medium, and the like.
[0326] The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the computer readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random-access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
[0327] Further, although operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, although several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Unless explicitly stated, certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, unless explicitly stated, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in a plurality of embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0328] Although the present disclosure has been described in languages specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.A first apparatus comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first apparatus at least to:receive configuration information for a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network, wherein the configuration information is to be used in calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network; andobtain status information indicating the spanning tree result, wherein the status information is determined based on the configuration information.2.The first apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first apparatus is caused to:transmit, to a second apparatus, the configuration information for the second apparatus to determine the spanning tree result; andreceive the spanning tree result from the second apparatus.3.The first apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first apparatus comprises a network device implementing a Time Sensitive Networking Application Function (TSN AF) , andwherein the second apparatus comprises a network device implementing at least one of: a user plane function (UPF) , or a network side time sensitive networking translator (NW-TT) .4.The first apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first apparatus is caused to:identify the edge ports and the non-edge ports in the communication network; anddetermine the spanning tree result based on the configuration information and a result of the identifying.5.The first apparatus of claim 4, wherein the first apparatus is caused to:receive, from a second apparatus, receiving (Rx) bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) corresponding to the respective the non-edge ports;determine an intermediate spanning tree result based on the Rx BPDUs; anddetermine the spanning tree result at least based on the intermediate spanning tree result.6.The first apparatus of claim 5, wherein the first apparatus is caused to:transmit, to the second apparatus, an initial transmitting (Tx) BPDU for each of the non-edge ports; and / ortransmit, to the second apparatus, a Tx BPDU generated for a non-edge port based on the intermediate spanning tree result.7.The first apparatus of claim 5 or 6, wherein the first apparatus is caused to:transmit, to the second apparatus, initial port state information for each of the non-edge ports; and / ortransmit, to the second apparatus, updated port state information for a non-edge port in accordance with a determination that the intermediate spanning tree result indicates an update of a port state of the non-edge port.8.The first apparatus of any of claims 4 to 7, wherein the first apparatus comprises a network device implementing at least one of:a Time Sensitive Networking Application Function (TSN AF) , orTime-Sensitive Communication and Time Synchronization Services (TSCTSF) , andwherein the second apparatus comprises a network device implementing at least one of: a user plane function (UPF) , or a network side time sensitive networking translator (NW-TT) .9.The first apparatus of any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the configuration information comprises at least one of:a set of network related parameters ,a set of bridge related parameters ,a set of port related parameters , ora set of protocol related parameters.10.The first apparatus of any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the configuration information is received from at least one of:a centralized network configuration element (CNC) ,an operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM) node,a network management system (NMS) , oran element management (EM) system.11.The first apparatus of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the status information comprises at least one of:a set of configuration parameters comprising read and / or write parameters for a configuration of the calculation,a set of operational parameters indicating the spanning tree result, ora set of statistical parameters comprising at least one of a counter or a timer values.12.The first apparatus of any of claims 1 to 11, wherein the spanning tree result comprises at least one of:a detection result of the edge ports based on a receiving (Rx) bridge protocol data unit (BPDU) ,a port role and / or a port state of each of the non-edge ports, ora path cost comprising at least one of an internal path cost or an external path cost.13.The first apparatus of any of claims 1 to 12, wherein the first apparatus comprises a network device implementing a network function located in a control plane and / or a network function located in a management plane.14.A second apparatus comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second apparatus at least to:receive, from a first apparatus, configuration information for a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network, wherein the configuration information is to be used in calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network;determine status information indicating the spanning tree result based on the configuration information; andtransmit the status information to the first apparatus.15.The second apparatus of claim 14, wherein the second apparatus is caused to:identify the edge ports and the non-edge ports in the communication network; anddetermine the spanning tree result based on the configuration information and a result of the identifying.16.The second apparatus of claim 15, wherein the second apparatus is caused to:receive receiving (Rx) bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) corresponding to the respective non-edge ports;determine an intermediate spanning tree result based on the Rx BPDUs; anddetermine the spanning tree result at least based on the intermediate spanning tree result.17.The second apparatus of claim 16, wherein the second apparatus is caused to:determine port state information for the non-edge ports, the port state information comprising at least one of:initial port state information for each of the non-edge ports, orupdated port state information for a non-edge port determined in accordance with a determination that the intermediate spanning tree result indicates an update of a port state of the non-edge port; anddetermine to discard or forward Ethernet frames based on the port state information.18.The second apparatus of claim 16, wherein the first apparatus is caused to:perform consistency check on the Rx BPDUs.19.The second apparatus of any of claims 16 to 18, wherein the second apparatus is caused to:transmit an initial transmitting (Tx) BPDU for each of the non-edge ports; and / ortransmit a Tx BPDU generated for a non-edge port based on the intermediate spanning tree result.20.The second apparatus of any of claims 14 to 19, wherein handling of Media Access Control (MAC) learning tables for Protocol Data Unit (PDU) sessions that are dedicated to a non-edge port at a terminal device is performed at a third apparatus, andwherein handling of MAC learning tables for PDU sessions that are dedicated to a non-edge port at the second apparatus is performed at the second apparatus.21.The second apparatus of claim 20, wherein the third apparatus comprises a network device implementing a session management function (SMF) .22.The second apparatus of any of claims 14 to 21, wherein the configuration information comprises at least one of:a set of network related parameters ,a set of bridge related parameters ,a set of port related parameters , ora set of protocol related parameters.23.The second apparatus of any of claims 14 to 22, wherein the configuration information is received from at least one of:a centralized network configuration element (CNC) ,an operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM) node,a network management system (NMS) , oran element management (EM) system.24.The second apparatus of any of claims 14 to 23, wherein the status information comprises at least one of:a set of configuration parameters comprising read and / or write parameters for a configuration of the calculation,a set of operational parameters indicating the spanning tree result, ora set of statistical parameters comprising at least one of a counter or a timer values.25.The second apparatus of any of claims 14 to 24, wherein the spanning tree result comprises at least one of:a detection result of at least one edge port via a receiving bridge protocol data unit (BPDU) ,a port role and / or a port state of each non-edge port, ora path cost comprising at least one of an internal path cost or an external path cost.26.The second apparatus of any of claims 14 to 25, wherein the first apparatus comprises a network device implementing a Time Sensitive Networking Application Function (TSN AF) , andwherein the second apparatus comprises a network device implementing at least one of: a user plane function (UPF) , or a network side time sensitive networking translator (NW-TT) .27.The second apparatus of any of claims 14 to 26, wherein the first apparatus comprises a network device implementing a network function located in a control plane and / or a network function located in a management plane, andwherein the second apparatus comprises a network device implementing a network function located in a control plane and / or a network function located in a user plane.28.A second apparatus comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second apparatus at least to:receive, from a first apparatus, port state information for at least one non-edge port in a communication network and / or a transmitting (Tx) bridge protocol data unit (BPDU) for the at least one non-edge port, the Tx BPDU being associated with a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) ;obtain a receiving (Rx) BPDU associated with the Tx BPDU; andtransmit, to the first apparatus, the Rx BPDU which corresponds to the at least one non-edge port for calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network.29.The second apparatus of claim 28, wherein the port state information comprises at least one of:initial port state information for the at least one non-edge port, orupdated port state information for the at least one non-edge port.30.The second apparatus of claim 28, wherein the second apparatus is caused to:determine to discard or forward Ethernet frames based on the port state information.31.The second apparatus of claim 28, wherein the received Tx BPDU comprises at least one of:an initial Tx BPDU for each of the non-edge ports; and / ora Tx BPDU generated for a non-edge port based on an intermediate spanning tree result for determining the spanning tree result.32.The second apparatus of any of claims 28 to 31, wherein handling of Media Access Control (MAC) learning tables for Protocol Data Unit (PDU) sessions that are dedicated to a non-edge port at a terminal device is performed at a third apparatus, andwherein handling of MAC learning tables for PDU sessions that are dedicated to a non-edge port at the second apparatus is performed at the second apparatus.33.The second apparatus of any of claims 28 to 32, wherein the third apparatus comprises a network device implementing a session management function (SMF) .34.The second apparatus of any of claims 28 to 33, wherein the spanning tree result comprises at least one of:a detection result of at least one edge port via a receiving BPDU,a port role and / or a port state of each non-edge port, ora path cost comprising at least one of an internal path cost or an external path cost.35.The second apparatus of any of claims 28 to 34, wherein the first apparatus comprises a network device implementing at least one of:a Time Sensitive Networking Application Function (TSN AF) , orTime-Sensitive Communication and Time Synchronization Services (TSCTSF) , andwherein the second apparatus comprises a network device implementing at least one of: a user plane function (UPF) , or a network side time sensitive networking translator (NW-TT) .36.The second apparatus of any of claims 28 to 35, wherein the first apparatus comprises a network device implementing a network function located in a control plane and / or a network function located in a management plane, andwherein the second apparatus comprises a network device implementing a network function located in a control plane and / or a network function located in a user plane.37.A method comprising:receiving configuration information for a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network, wherein the configuration information is to be used in calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network; andobtaining status information indicating the spanning tree result, wherein the status information is determined based on the configuration information.38.A method comprising:receiving, from a first apparatus, configuration information for a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network, wherein the configuration information is to be used in calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network;determining status information indicating the spanning tree result based on the configuration information; andtransmitting the status information to the first apparatus.39.A method comprising:receiving, from a first apparatus, port state information for at least one non-edge port in a communication network and / or a transmitting (Tx) bridge protocol data unit (BPDU) for the at least one non-edge port, the Tx BPDU being associated with a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) ;obtaining a receiving (Rx) BPDU associated with the Tx BPDU; andtransmitting, to the first apparatus, the Rx BPDU which corresponds to the at least one non-edge port for calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network.40.A first apparatus comprising:means for receiving configuration information for a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network, wherein the configuration information is to be used in calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network; andmeans for obtaining status information indicating the spanning tree result, wherein the status information is determined based on the configuration information.41.A second apparatus comprising:means for receiving, from a first apparatus, configuration information for a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) in a communication network, wherein the configuration information is to be used in calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network;means for determining status information indicating the spanning tree result based on the configuration information; andmeans for transmitting the status information to the first apparatus.42.A second apparatus comprising:means for receiving, from a first apparatus, port state information for at least one non-edge port in a communication network and / or a transmitting (Tx) bridge protocol data unit (BPDU) for the at least one non-edge port, the Tx BPDU being associated with a spanning tree algorithm and protocol (STP) ;means for obtaining a receiving (Rx) BPDU associated with the Tx BPDU; andmeans for transmitting, to the first apparatus, the Rx BPDU which corresponds to the at least one non-edge port for calculation of a spanning tree result based on edge ports and non-edge ports in the communication network.43.A computer readable medium comprising instructions stored thereon for causing an apparatus at least to perform the method of claim 37 or the method of claim 38 or the method of claim 39.