Terminal device, network node, and methods therein for coverage enhancement
By providing explicit or implicit indications for PDCCH, SI message, and PDSCH repetition, the coverage issues in existing technologies are addressed, achieving enhanced communication performance in challenging scenarios.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET LM ERICSSON (PUBL)
- Filing Date
- 2025-11-07
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-15
AI Technical Summary
Existing communication technologies do not support effective coverage enhancement for common or cell-specific PDCCHs, SI messages, and PDSCH, particularly in scenarios like Non Terrestrial Networks (NTN) where higher Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR) are required, and current specifications lack predictability in SI message repetition.
Implementing methods in terminal devices and network nodes to provide explicit or implicit indications for PDCCH, SI message, and PDSCH repetition, allowing for enhanced coverage by configuring and monitoring these channels with additional repetitions using physical resources.
Enhances coverage for PDCCH, SI messages, and PDSCH, meeting the SNR requirements of scenarios like NTN with minimal specification impact, ensuring predictable and effective channel repetition.
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Figure CN2025133437_15052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
TERMINAL DEVICE, NETWORK NODE, AND METHODS THEREIN FOR COVERAGE ENHANCEMENTTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to communication technology, and more particularly, to network nodes and methods therein for coverage enhancement.BACKGROUND
[0002] In initial access of a User Equipment (UE) , there may be different common or cell-specific search spaces for Downlink Control Information (DCI) transmission. Common Search Space 0 (CSS0) contains DCI scheduling System Information Block 1 (SIB1) . After receiving SIB1, the UE can be configured with one or more CORESETs for CSSs carrying information for Random Access Response (RAR) , paging, etc.
[0003] Conventionally, for obtaining CCS0 configuration, the UE follows the procedures described in the 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 38.213, V18.4.0, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, as follows (see clause 13) :
[0004] Ifduring cell search a UE determines from Master Information Block (MIB) that a CORESET for Type0-PDCCH CSS set is present, as described in clause 4.1, the UE determines a number of consecutive resource blocks and a number of consecutive symbols for the CORESET of the Type0-PDCCH CSS set from controlResourceSetZero in pdcch-ConfigSIB1, as described in Tables 13-0 through 13-10, for operation without shared spectrum channel access in FR1 and FR2-1, or as described in Tables 13-1A and 13-4A for operation with shared spectrum channel access in FR1, or as described in Table 13-10A for FR2-2, and determines PDCCH monitoring occasions from searchSpaceZero in pdcch-ConfigSIB1, included in MIB, as described in Tables 13-11 through 13-15A. SFN_c and n_c are the SFN and slot index within a frame of the CORESET based on SCSof the CORESET and SFN_ (SSB, i) and n_ (SSB, i) are the SFN and slot index based on SCS of the CORESET, respectively, where the SS / PBCH block with index i overlaps in time with system frame SFN_ (SSB, i) and slot n_ (SSB, i) . The symbols of the CORESET associated with pdcch-ConfigSIB1 in MIB or with searchSpaceSIB1 in PDCCH-ConfigCommon have normal cyclic prefix.
[0005] For operation without shared spectrum channel access and for the SS / PBCH block and CORESET multiplexing pattern 1, a UE monitors PDCCH in the Type0-PDCCH CSS set over two slots. For SS / PBCH block with index i, the UE determines an index of slot n0 as that is in a flame with system flame number (SFN) SFNC satisfying or in a frame with SFN satisfying where μ ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6} based on the SCS for PDCCH receptions in the CORESET.
[0006] The cell-specific PDCCH is configured by SIB1 and Radio Resource Control (RRC) parameters as specified in the 3GPP TS 38.331, V18.3.0, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, as follows: SUMMARY
[0007] Conventionally, common or cell-specific PDCCHs do not support repetition from one Transmit / Receive Point (TRP) and cannot use more physical resources. However, in some scenario, it may be desirable to provide coverage enhancement for common or cell-specific PDCCHs. For example, in a Non Terrestrial Network (NTN) , Low Earth Orbit (LEO) 600km set 1-3 Frequency Range 1 (FR1) in S-band requires -8 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) , but using the maximum common PDCCH resource can only achieve -6.4 dB SNR, with a gap of more than 1 dB.
[0008] There is also a similar problem in transmission of System Information (SI) messages containing other SIBs than SIB1, e.g. SIB19. In New Radio (NR) , SIBs other than SIB1 are transmitted in SI messages and each SI message has its own repetitive SI window in which the SI message is transmitted. All SIBs with the same broadcast periodicity are placed in the same SI message. Hence, the SI window associated with an SI message has the same periodicity as SIBs in the SI message. This is configured in SIB1. The current 5G NR specifications allow the network to repeat an SI message a number of times within its SI window. However, this is an option that depends on network implementation. SI message repetition within an SI window may be leveraged for SIB coverage extension, but then the repetitions should be predictable in the sense that the UE should know in which cells repetition will certainly be used (i.e., not only optionally depending on network implementation) and how many repetitions (or the least number of repetitions) the network will transmit for an SI message within each of the SI message′s repetitive SI windows.
[0009] The same also applies to transmission of Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) , e.g., PDSCH Message 4 (Msg4) in a random access procedure.
[0010] Therefore, there is a need for supporting PDCCH CSS link level coverage enhancement for all types of CSSs (PDCCHs) , including for common or cell-specific PDCCHs such as Type-O, Type-0A, Type-1, Type-2, and / or Type-3 PDCCH. There is also a need for supporting coverage enhancement for SI message and PDSCH.
[0011] It is an object of the present disclosure to provide network nodes and methods therein, capable of supporting PDCCH coverage enhancement, especially for common or cell-specific PDCCHs, and / or supporting SI message or PDSCH coverage enhancement.
[0012] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, a method in a terminal device is provided. The method includes receiving, from a network node, a first indication of PDCCH repetition and / or a second indication of a number of PDCCH repetitions.
[0013] According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, a method in a terminal device is provided. The method includes receiving, from a network node, an indication of SI message repetition and / or an indication of a number of SI message repetitions.
[0014] According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, a method in a terminal device is provided. The method includes receiving, from a network node, an indication of Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) repetition and / or an indication of a number of PDSCH repetitions.
[0015] According to a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, a method in a network node is provided. The method includes transmitting, to a terminal device, a first indication of PDCCH repetition and / or a second indication of a number of PDCCH repetitions.
[0016] According to a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, a method in a network node is provided. The method includes transmitting, to a terminal device, an indication of SI message repetition and / or an indication of a number of SI message repetitions.
[0017] According to a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, a method in a network node is provided. The method includes transmitting, to a terminal device, an indication of PDSCH repetition and / or an indication of a number of PDSCH repetitions.
[0018] According to a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, a terminal device is provided. The terminal device includes a transceiver, a processing circuitry, and a memory. The terminal device is configured to perform the method according to any of the first, second, or third aspect.
[0019] According to an eighth aspect of the present disclosure, a network node is provided. The network node includes a communication interface, a processing circuitry, and a memory. The network node is configured to perform the method according to any of the fourth, fifth, or sixth aspect.
[0020] According to a ninth aspect of the present disclosure, a computer-readable storage medium is provided. The computer-readable storage medium includes instructions that, when executed by a processing circuitry, configure the processing circuitry to perform the method according to any of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, or sixth aspect.
[0021] According to a tenth aspect of the present disclosure, a computer program product is provided. The computer program product includes instructions that, when executed by a processing circuitry, configure the processing circuitry to perform the method according to any of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, or sixth aspect.
[0022] With certain embodiments of the present disclosure, a terminal device can receive, from a network node, an indication of PDCCH repetition (or SI message repetition or PDSCH repetition) and / or an indication of a number of PDCCH repetitions (or SI message repetitions or PDSCH repetitions) . In this way, the PDCCH coverage (or SI message coverage or PDSCH coverage) can be extended, which can satisfy the coverage requirements of e.g., NTN scenarios, with minimized specification impact.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0023] The above and other objects, features and advantages will be more apparent from the following description of embodiments with reference to the figures, in which:
[0024] Fig. 1 is a flowchart illustrating a method in a terminal device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0025] Figs. 2A-2D are schematic diagrams each showing an example of PDCCH repetition according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0026] Fig. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a method in a network node according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0027] Fig. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method in a terminal device according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0028] Fig. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a method in a network node according to another embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0029] Fig. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method in a terminal device according to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0030] Fig. 7 is a flowchart illustrating a method in a network node according to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0031] Fig. 8 is a block diagram of a terminal device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0032] Fig. 9 is a block diagram of a network node according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0033] Fig. 10 shows an example of a communication system in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0034] Fig. 11 shows an exemplary User Equipment (UE) in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0035] Fig. 12 shows an exemplary network node in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0036] Fig. 13 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary virtualization environment in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0037] As used herein, the term “network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as NR, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , LTE, Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network node in the network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) , Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) , Long Term Evolution (LTE) , and / or other suitable 1G (the first generation) , 2G (the second generation) , 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G (the third generation) , 4G (the fourth generation) , 4.5G, 5G (the fifth generation) communication protocols, wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the IEEE 802.11 standards; and / or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) , Bluetooth, and / or ZigBee standards, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future.
[0038] The term “network node” or "network device" refers to a device in a wireless communication network via which a terminal device accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The network node or network device refers to a base station (BS) , an access point (AP) , or any other suitable device in the wireless communication network. The BS may be, for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , or a (next) generation NodeB (gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, and so forth. Yet further examples of the network node may include multi-standard radio (MSR) radio equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs) , base transceiver stations (BTSs) , transmission points, transmission nodes. More generally, however, the network device may represent any suitable device (or group of devices) capable, configured, arranged, and / or operable to enable and / or provide a terminal device access to the wireless communication network or to provide some service to a terminal device that has accessed the wireless communication network.
[0039] The term "terminal device" or “UE” refers to any end device that can access a wireless communication network and receive services therefrom. By way of example and not limitation, the terminal device refers to a mobile terminal, user equipment (UE) , or other suitable devices. The UE may be, for example, a Subscriber Station (SS) , a Portable Subscriber Station, a Mobile Station (MS) , or an Access Terminal (AT) . The terminal device may include, but not limited to, portable computers, desktop computers, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, tablets, personal digital assistants (PDAs) , wearable terminal devices, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) and the like. In the following description, the terms "terminal device" , "terminal" , "user equipment" and "UE" may be used interchangeably. As one example, a terminal device may represent a UE configured tor communication in accordance with one or more communication standards promulgated by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) , such as 3GPP′s GSM, UMTS, LTE, and / or 5G standards. As used herein, a "user equipment" or "UE" may not necessarily have a "user" in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the relevant device. In some embodiments, a terminal device may be configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a terminal device may be designed to transmit information to a network on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the wireless communication network. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but that may not initially be associated with a specific human user.
[0040] References in the specification to "one embodiment, " "an embodiment, " "an example embodiment, " and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0041] It shall be understood that although the terms "first" and "second" etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term "and / or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed terms.
[0042] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms "a" , "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises" , "comprising" , "has" , "having" , "includes" and / or "including" , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0043] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0044] Fig. 1 is a flowchart illustrating a method 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 100 can be performed by a terminal device, e.g., a UE.
[0045] At block 110, the terminal device receives, from a network node, a first indication of PDCCH repetition (e.g., indication of PDCCH repetition being enabled or applied) and / or a second indication of a number of PDCCH repetitions.
[0046] Here, at least one of the first indication and the second indication may be explicit or implicit. For example, the presence of the second indication may imply the first indication, e.g., imply that the PDCCH repetition is enabled or applied. In another example, the presence of the first indication may imply that a default number of PDCCH repetitions is to be applied.
[0047] In an example, the first indication and / or the second indication may be for common or cell-specific PDCCH.
[0048] For example, the first indication and / or the second indication may be for Type-0 PDCCH.
[0049] In an example, the first indication and / or the second indication may be carried in PBCH, and / or the first indication and / or the second indication may be derived (i.e., implicitly indicated) from a sync raster frequency at which a Synchronization Signal / PBCH (SS / PBCH) is received.
[0050] In an example, the terminal device may further receive, from the network node, information from which physical resources for monitoring the PDCCH repetitions are derivable. The physical resources may be configured, e.g., dynamically, by the network node, or may be indicated by the network node, e.g., via an index, from a number ofpreconfigured physical resources. The terminal device may monitor the PDCCH repetitions according to the first indication and / or second indication over the physical resources.
[0051] For example, the physical resources may include physical resources of a plurality of search spaces or a plurality of CORESETs for monitoring the PDCCH repetitions. The plurality of search spaces or the plurality of CORESETs may have same Aggregation Level (AL) same starting monitoring symbols, and / or same CORESET length.
[0052] In an example, the plurality of search spaces or the plurality of CORESETs may be in one, two, or more consecutive slots.
[0053] Referring to Figs. 2A-2D for example, the network node may schedule PDCCH repetitions in a given set of physical resources. The UE can expect to receive PDCCH repetitions at different instances in the time domain or at the same instance in the time domain but at different locations in the fiequency domain or in any combination thereof. For example, PDCCH repetitions may be scheduled across consecutive slots or may be scheduled within the same slot (e.g., across quasi-consecutive Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols) or are scheduled using adjacent Resource Element Groups (REGs) in the frequency domain, depending on the availability of time or frequency resources. Fig. 2A shows an inter-slot PDCCH repetition with a number of repetitions being 2; Fig. 2B shows an inter-slot PDCCH repetition in the time domain with a number of repetitions being 2; Fig. 2C shows an inter-slot PDCCH repetition with a number of repetitions being 4; and Fig. 2D shows an inter-slot PDCCH repetition in the frequency domain with a number of repetitions being 2.
[0054] In an example, one of the plurality of search spaces or the plurality of CORESETs may start from a first symbol index in one slot and another one of the plurality of search spaces or the plurality of CORESETs may start from a second symbol index in the one slot.
[0055] For example, the terminal device may monitor preconfigured physical resources for PDCCH repetition. The procedure in the 3GPP TS 38.213 can be extended as follows to result in an Inter-Slot scheme with 2 repetitions:
[0056] For operation without shared spectrum channel access and for the SS / PBCH block and CORESET multiplexing pattern 1, a UE monitors PDCCH in the Type0-PDCCH CSS set over two slots and for an NTN cell when PDCCH repetition is indicated the UE can expect to receive Type0-PDCCH CSS over the two slots.
[0057] Following the legacy specification procedures (e.g., Table 13-11 in TS 38.213) , the UE may monitor slots nO and n0+1 and it may start monitoring for PDCCH repetitions from the “First symbol index” within nO and within n0+1 respectively, and the UE may expect that a PDCCH and its corresponding repetition is to be received at slots nO and n0+1.
[0058] Here, “when PDCCH repetition is indicated” may mean that an indication of one bit is provided, e.g., in PBCH, indicating that PDCCH repetition is enabled (or otherwise disabled) . When enabled, it implicitly indicates 2 PDCCH repetitions since the UE monitors and expects to receive PDCCH repetitions in slots n0 and n0+1.
[0059] In another example, “when PDCCH repetition is indicated” may mean that an indication of one bit is provided, e.g., in PBCH, indicating 2 PDCCH repetitions (or otherwise 1 repetition (i.e., no repetition) ) . When 2 repetitions are indicated, the UE monitors and expects to receive PDCCH repetitions in slots n0 and n0+1.
[0060] In yet another example, “when PDCCH repetition is indicated” may mean that such indication can be provided implicitly provided or inferred from a sync raster frequency where an Synchronization Signal / PBCH Block (SSB) is received. That is, receiving SSB at one or more sync raster frequency points may imply that PDCCH repetition is enabled, which implicitly indicates the use of 2 PDCCH repetitions since the UE monitors and expects to receive PDCCH repetitions in slots n0 and n0+1.
[0061] In an example, the terminal device may be configured to monitor X+1 consecutive slots from n0, where n0 is defined in TS 38.213 clause 13 and X may be a preconfigured value equal to or larger than 0. From slots n0+1 to n0+X, the search spaces can use the same or similar configuration with the search space in slot n0.
[0062] In an example, in addition of the “First symbol index” in Table 13-11 of TS 38.213, a “Second symbol index” can be added in such a way that within slots n0 and n0+1, the UE can monitor for PDCCH repetitions first from the “First symbol index” and then from the “Second symbol index” , respectively. This results in having Type0-PDCCH CSS present twice within n0 and twice within n0+1 which represents a Hybrid Inter-Slot / Intra-Slot scheme, allowing up to 4 repetitions for lower ALs.
[0063] Accordingly, the procedure in the 3GPP TS 38.213 can be extended as follows:
[0064] For operation without shared spectrum channel access and for the SS / PBCH block and CORESET multiplexing pattern 1, a UE monitors PDCCH in the Type0-PDCCH CSS set over two slots and for an NTN cell when PDCCH repetition is indicated the UE can expect to receive Type0-PDCCH CSS over the two slots.
[0065] And a new column can be added in Table 13-11 of TS 38.213 for including the indication of “Second symbol index” (for illustration purposes the update is performed on SS / PBCH block indices used for CASE A as described in TS 38.213 with 15 kHz SCS) , as shown in Table 1 below.
[0066] Table 1: Parameters for PDCCH monitoring occasions for Type0-PDCCH CSS set -SS / PBCH block and CORESET multiplexing pattern 1 and FR1
[0067] Here the “Second symbol index” may only be applicable for a cell (optionally restricted to NTN cell) when PDCCH repetition is indicated, and the value of x may be an integer number larger than 3 (recall that the number of CORESET#0 symbols can be 2 or 3) .
[0068] In another example, the PDCCH repetition may be mandatorily applied only when beam hopping / cell Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) / Discontinuous Reception (DRX) is used in the cell. In this case the procedure in the 3GPP TS 38.213 can be extended as follows:
[0069] For operation without shared spectrum channel access and for the SS / PBCH block and CORESET multiplexing pattern 1, a UE monitors PDCCH in the Type0-PDCCH CSS set over two slots and for a cell where beam hopping is applied when PDCCH repetition is indicated the UE can expect to receive Type0-PDCCH CSS over the two slots.
[0070] or
[0071] For operation without shared spectrum channel access and for the SS / PBCH block and CORESET multiplexing pattern 1, a UE monitors PDCCH in the Type0-PDCCH CSS set over two slots and for a cell where cell DTX / DRX is applied when PDCCH repetition is indicated the UE can expect to receive Type0-PDCCH CSS over the two slots.
[0072] or
[0073] For operation without shared spectrum channel access and for the SS / PBCH block and CORESET multiplexing pattern 1, a UE monitors PDCCH in the Type0-PDCCH CSS set over two slots and for an NTN cell where beam hopping is applied when PDCCH repetition is indicated the UE can expect to receive Type0-PDCCH CSS over the two slots.
[0074] or
[0075] For operation without shared spectrum channel access and for the SS / PBCH block and CORESET multiplexing pattern 1, a UE monitors PDCCH in the Type0-PDCCH CSS set over two slots and for an NTN cell where cell DTX / DRX is applied when PDCCH repetition is indicated the UE can expect to receive Type0-PDCCH CSS over the two slots.
[0076] In another example, the PDCCH repetition may be mandatorily applied only when explicitly indicated. In this case the procedure in the 3GPP TS 38.213 can be extended as follows:
[0077] For operation without shared spectrum channel access and for the SS / PBCH block and CORESET multiplexing pattern 1, a UE monitors PDCCH in the Type0-PDCCH CSS set over two slots and when PDCCH repetition is indicated the UE can expect to receive Type0-PDCCH CSS over the two slots.
[0078] Here, “when PDCCH repetition is indicated” may mean that one bit can be provided, e.g., in PBCH (e.g., using one of the reserved / unused PBCH payload bits and (where A in the index represents the size of the MIB) ) , indicating that PDCCH repetition is enabled (or otherwise disabled) . When enabled, it may implicitly indicate the use of 4 PDCCH repetitions since the UE monitors and expects to receive PDCCH repetitions at both first and second symbol indices in slots n0 and n0+1 respectively.
[0079] In another example, “when PDCCH repetition is indicated” may mean that the indication can be provided by using one or more bits e.g., in PBCH (e.g. using one or both of the reserved / unused PBCH payload bits and (where A in the index represents the size of the MIB) ) , indicating that PDCCH repetition is 1 repetition (no repetition) or 2 repetitions or 4 repetitions. When 2 repetitions are indicated, the UE monitors and expects to receive PDCCH repetitions at the first symbol index (or alternatively second symbol index) in slots n0 and n0+1 respectively, whereas when 4 repetitions are indicated, the UE monitors and expects to receive PDCCHs at both first and second symbol indices in both slots n0 and n0+1 respectively.
[0080] In another example, “when PDCCH repetition is indicated” may mean that the indication can be provided by using two bits e.g., in PBCH (e.g. using the reserved / unused PBCH payload bits and (where A in the index represents the size of the MIB) ) . One of the two bits may be used to indicate whether PDCCH repetition is applied (and the number of repetitions may e.g., be specified in a standard) . The other one of the two bits may be used to indicate whether the new table column in Table 1 above (i.e. the table column containing “second symbol index” ) should be used.
[0081] In another example, “when PDCCH repetition is indicated” may mean that the indication can be provided implicitly provided or inferred from a sync raster frequency where the SS / PBCH block (SSB) is received. That is, receiving SSB at one or more sync raster frequency points may imply that PDCCH repetition is enabled, which implicitly indicates the use of 4 PDCCH repetitions since the UE monitors and expects to receive PDCCHs at both first and second symbol indices in both slots n0 and n0+1 respectively.
[0082] In another example, “when PDCCH repetition is indicated” may mean that the indication can be provided implicitly provided or inferred from a sync raster frequency where the SS / PBCH block (SSB) is received. That is, receiving SS / PBCH at one or more sync raster frequency points may imply that PDCCH repetition is enabled, where a first set of sync raster frequency points implicitly indicates the use of 2 PDCCH repetitions, whereas a second set of sync raster frequency points implicitly indicates the use of 4 PDCCH repetitions.
[0083] In an example, the indication of the plurality of search spaces for monitoring PDCCH repetition may be jointly coded with other information in an SSB or may be separately coded in an SSB.
[0084] In an example, for operation with the plurality of search spaces, one or more entries in Table 13-11 of the 3GPP TS 38.213 may require updating of the column “Number of search space sets per slot” with a value larger than 1.
[0085] In another example, in a deployment where the maximum number of SSBs (and thus the maximum number of SSB indexes) is smaller than 10 (i.e., according to current standard specifications, in a deployment using non-shared spectrum with carrier frequencies ≤ 6 GHz) , the reserved / unused PBCH payload bits and (where A in the index represents the size of the MIB) may indicate whether PDCCH is enabled or not and the number of PDCCH repetitions, see Table 2 below.
[0086] Table 2
[0087] In another example, only one of PBCH payload bits and may be used to indicate PDCCH repetition (aconfigured or specified number of repetitions) or no PDCCH repetition.
[0088] In an example, the terminal device can expect receive same DCI information in resources for PDCCH repetition, then terminal device will decode PDCCH candidates for PDCCH repetition individually and / or jointly. For example, the terminal device may decode two PDCCH candidates by soft-combined way.
[0089] In an example, the terminal device may further receive, from the network node, a third indication of PDCCH repetition for Type-0A, Type-1, Type-2, or Type-3 PDCCH. The third indication may indicate that the PDCCH repetition for Type-0A, Type-1, Type-2, or Type-3 PDCCH uses the same number of PDCCH repetitions as the Type-0 PDCCH.
[0090] That is, common or cell-specific PDCCH repetition (e.g., Type-0A / 1 / 2 / 3 PDCCH) after MIB may follow same configurations as PDCCH repetition for Type 0-PDCCH It means that if Type-0 PDCCH repetition is enabled and the repetition number has been configured, Type-0A / l / 2 / 3 PDCCH may also be enabled and use the same repetition number.
[0091] In an example, the third indication may be carried in RRC signaling or SIB1, either explicitly or implicitly.
[0092] For example, in PDCCH-ConfigCommon, the network node may configure SearchSpaceLinkingID optionally. If this field exists, it indicates PDCCH repetition is enabled. The searchspaceIDList will contains a group of search space IDs. For example, this group of search space IDs contains a paging search space ID and other Y-1 search space IDs, and it implicitly indicates Type-2 PDCCH has a number Y of repetitions. The network node may transmit same DCI on the linked search spaces. An example is given below:
[0093] Fig. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a method 300 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 300 can be performed by a network node, e.g., a gNB.
[0094] At block 210, the network node transmits, to a terminal device, a first indication of PDCCH repetition and / or a second indication of a number of PDCCH repetitions.
[0095] In an example, at least one of the first indication and the second indication may be explicit or implicit.
[0096] In an example, the first indication and / or the second indication may be for common or cell-specific PDCCH.
[0097] In an example, the first indication and / or the second indication may be for Type-0 PDCCH.
[0098] In an example, the first indication and / or the second indication may be carried in PBCH, and / or the first indication and / or the second indication may be derivable from a sync raster frequency at which an SSB is transmitted.
[0099] In an example, the network node may further transmit, to the terminal device, information from which physical resources for monitoring the PDCCH repetitions are derivable.
[0100] In an example, the physical resources may include physical resources of a plurality of search spaces or a plurality of CORESETs for monitoring the PDCCH repetitions.
[0101] In an example, the plurality of search spaces or the plurality of CORESETs may have same Aggregation Level (AL) same starting monitoring symbols, and / or same CORESET length.
[0102] In an example, the plurality of search spaces or the plurality of CORESETs may be in one, two, or more consecutive slots.
[0103] In an example, one of the plurality of search spaces or the plurality of CORESETs may start from a first symbol index in one slot and another one of the plurality of search spaces or the plurality of CORESETs may start from a second symbol index in the one slot.
[0104] In an example, the network node may further transmit, to the terminal device, a third indication of PDCCH repetition for Type-0A, Type-1, Type-2, or Type-3 PDCCH, the third indication indicating that the PDCCH repetition for Type-0A, Type-1, Type-2, or Type-3 PDCCH uses the same number of PDCCH repetitions as the Type-0 PDCCH.
[0105] In an example, the third indication may be carried in SIB1.
[0106] The method 300 on the network side corresponds to the method 100 on the UE side, and details described above in connection with the method 100 also apply to the method 300.
[0107] Fig. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method 400 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 400 can be performed by a terminal device, e.g., a UE.
[0108] At block 410, the terminal device receives, from a network node, an indication of SI message repetition and / or an indication of a number of SI message repetitions.
[0109] In an example, the SI message repetition may be for an SIB other than SIB1.
[0110] In an example, the indication of SI message repetition and / or the indication of the number of SI message repetitions may be tied to a type of cell or network, or may be carried in SIB1, PBCH and / or DCI.
[0111] In an example, similar solutions like those described above in connection with the method 100 can be applicable when intending to repeat a PDCCH scheduling a PDSCH carrying SIBs other than SIB1. For example, a UE that monitors the entire system information window within a system information period can receive an explicit or implicit indication informing the UE that one or more repetitions of a PDCCH can be expected to be received within the system information window, e.g., for common or cell-specific PDCCH repetition before SIB1.
[0112] In an example, the procedure in the 3GPP TS 38.331 can be extended as follows:
[0113] SIBs other than SIB1 and posSIBs are carried in SystemInformation (SI) messages, which are transmitted on the DL-SCH. Only SIBs or posSIBs having the same periodicity can be mapped to the same SI message. SIBs and posSIBs are mapped to different SI messages, i.e. an SI message contains either only SIBs or only posSIBs. Each SI message is transmitted within periodically occurring time domain windows (referred to as SI-windows with same length for all SI messages) . Each SI message is associated with an SI-window and the SI-windows of different SI messages do not overlap. That is, within one SI-window only the corresponding SI message is transmitted. An SI message may be repeated with the same content a number of times within the SI-window or PDCCH and PDSCH associated to an SI message will be repeated as indicated in Information-A with the same content a number of times within the SI-window. Any SIB or posSIB except SIB1 can be configured to be cell specific or area specific, using an indication in SIB1. The cell specific SIB is applicable only within a cell that provides the SIB while the area specific SIB is applicable within an area referred to as SI area, which consists of one or several cells and is identified by systemInformationAreaID;
[0114] For example, Information-A above may correspond to an information element, e.g., SI-SchedulingInfo in SIB1.
[0115] In another example, Information-A may correspond to one bit in PBCH (e.g. using one of the reserved / unused PBCH payload bits and ) , indicating that SI message repetition is enabled, in which case the UE can expect to receive e.g., two PDCCHs and two PDSCHs associated with an SI message within the SI-window. Other predefined number of repetitions are not precluded.
[0116] In another example, Information-A may correspond to one or more bits in PBCH indicating the number of times that PDCCH is to be repeated (e.g., 0, 2, 4, 8) , the UE can expect to receive the indicated number of repeated PDCCHs and PDSCHs associated with an SI message within the SI-window.
[0117] In another example, Information-A may correspond to two bits in PBCH (e.g. using the reserved / unused PBCH payload bits and ) , indicating the number of SI message repetitions (or the least number of SI message repetitions) , e.g. 1, 2, 4, 8, that the network will transmit, and thus also indicating that SI message repetition is applied. The UE can then expect to receive the indicated number of repetitions of an SI message in an SI-window, which means receiving the indicated number of repetitions of PDCCH (with a downlink scheduling assignment addressed to System Information Radio Network Temporary Identity (SI-RNTI) ) as well as, in accordance with the downlink scheduling assignment, the indicated number of repetitions of the PDSCH transmission of the actual SI message.
[0118] In an example, application of SI message repetition and (in some example) the number of SI message repetitions (or the least number of SI message repetitions) that the network will apply may be configured in SIB1. There are different ways that this configuration information can be included in SIB1.
[0119] The following Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN. 1) code example (based on the ASN. 1 code in 3GPP TS 38.331) illustrates a way to include the configuration information in SIB1 where the configuration information is included in the SI-SchedulingInfo IE.
[0120] In the above ASN. 1 code, the field noOfSI-MessageRepetitions-rl9 indicates the number of repetitions (or the least number of repetitions) of an SI message within an SI-window (and absence of the field means that SI message repetition is not used (where this optionally could mean that the network may still apply repetition, but only on network implementation basis) ) . As a variant of this, the noOfSI-MessageRepetitions-r19 field may be replaced by a simpler field indicating only whether SI message repetition is applied or not (in which case the number of SI repetitions would e.g. be specified in a standard specification) , and this field e.g. could be denoted as si-MessageRepetitionApplied-r19 and could be of ASN. 1 type BOOLEAN or ASN. 1 type ENUMERATED with the only possible value being “true” (in which case the field would have to be OPTIONAL so that absence of the field can indicate “no repetition” (where no repetition optionally could mean that the network may still apply repetition, but only on network implementation basis) ) . This variant is illustrated by the following ASN. 1 code example (based on the ASN. 1 code in 3GPP TS 38.331) .
[0121] The following is a different ASN. 1 code example (based on the ASN. 1 code in 3GPP TS 38.331) of how the SI-SchedulingInfo IE can be extended to indicate the number of SI message repetitions per SI message.
[0122] In the above, absence of the noOfSI-Repetitions-r19 field in a PerSI-MessageRepetitionConfig-r19 IE indicates that repetition is not applied for the associated SI message (where this optionally could mean that the network may still apply repetition, but only on network implementation basis) ) . Absence of the si-MessageRepetitionConfig-r19 field indicates that repetition is not applied to any SI message (where this optionally could mean that the network may still apply repetition, but only on network implementation basis) ) . The order of the per SI message repetition configuration should match the order in which the SI messages are configured (each SchedulingInfo IE represents an SI message) .
[0123] The following ASN. 1 code example (based on the ASN. 1 code in 3GPP TS 38.331) illustrates a modified version of the above example, where the per SI message repetition configuration is changed from an indication of the number of repetitions to a simple indication of whether SI message repetition is applied.
[0124] The following ASN. 1 code example (based on the ASN. 1 code in 3GPP TS 38.331) illustrates a way to include the configuration information in SIB1 where the configuration information is included in a new SIB1-v1900-IEs IE, which is introduced using the nonCriticalExtension mechanism.
[0125] In the above, absence of the noOfSI-Repetitions-r19 field in a PerSI-MessageRepetitionConfig-r19 IE indicates that repetition is not applied for the associated SI message (where this optionally could mean that the network may still apply repetition, but only on network implementation basis) ) . Absence of the SIB1-v1900-IEs IE in SIB1 indicates that repetition is not applied to any SI message (where this optionally could mean that the network may still apply repetition, but only on network implementation basis) ) . The order of the per SI message repetition configuration should match the order in which the SI messages are configured (each SchedulingInfo IE represents an SI message) .
[0126] The following ASN. 1 code example (based on the ASN. 1 code in 3GPP TS 38.331) illustrates a modified version of the above example, where the per SI message repetition configuration is changed from an indication of the number of repetitions to a simple indication of whether SI message repetition is applied.
[0127] In other embodiments, the application of SI message repetition may indicated in presently unused bit (s) in the DCI on the PDCCH including the downlink scheduling assignment for the SI message transmission on the PDSCH.
[0128] As one option, one bit in the DCI could be used to indicate that repetition is used for the PDSCH transmission scheduled by the downlink scheduling assignment in the DCI. With this option, the number of repetitions may be specified in a standard specification. Another way is that this option is combined with one of the previously described examples where the number of SI message repetitions is configured in SIB1 or an example where the number of repetitions is configured in the PBCH. Then the indication in the DCI that repetition is applied would mean that the number of repetitions is the number that is configured in SIB1 or in the PBCH (i.e. the indication in the DCI “activates” the configuration of the number of repetitions in SIB1 or in the PBCH) .
[0129] As another option, a plurality of bits, e.g., two bits, in the DCI could be used to indicate the number of repetitions used for the PDSCH transmission scheduled by the downlink scheduling assignment in the DCI. In one variant of this option, the number of repetitions indicated by the multiple bits in the DCI is the same in each repetition of the DCI (and its associated PDSCH transmission) . In another variant of the option, the indicated number of repetitions is decremented for each successive repetition of the DCI (and its associated PDSCH transmission) .
[0130] In an example, the application of SI message repetition is per standard specification tied to a type of cell or type of network or to the presence of certain features in the cell. For instance, the standard specification may stipulate that SI message repetition is applied:
[0131] - in NTN cells,
[0132] - in cells where beam hopping is applied,
[0133] - in cells where cell DTX / DRX is applied,
[0134] - in NTN cells served by a satellite with an orbit altitude that is higher than a certain specified threshold value, and / or
[0135] - in cells where certain coverage extension feature (s) is (are) configured or supported.
[0136] The solution embodiments and variants described above in this section may be applied also to posSIBs, i.e. SIBs with information related to positioning.
[0137] Fig. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a method 500 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 500 can be performed by a network node, e.g., a gNB.
[0138] At block 510, the network node transmits, to a terminal device, an indication of SI message repetition and / or an indication of a number of SI message repetitions.
[0139] In an example, the SI message repetition may be for a SIB other than SIB1.
[0140] In an example, the indication of message repetition and / or the indication of the number of SI message repetitions may be tied to a type of cell or network, or may be carried in SIB1, PBCH, and / or DCI.
[0141] The method 500 on the network side corresponds to the method 400 on the UE side, and details described above in connection with the method 400 also apply to the method 500.
[0142] Fig. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method 600 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 600 can be performed by a terminal device, e.g., a UE.
[0143] At block 610, the terminal device receives, from a network node, an indication of PDSCH repetition and / or an indication of a number of PDSCH repetitions.
[0144] In an example, the PDSCH repetition may be for PDSCH Message 4, Msg4, in a random access procedure.
[0145] In an example, the indication of PDSCH repetition and / or the indication of the number of PDSCH repetitions may be tied to a type of cell or network, or is carried in SIB (or RRC signaling) , PBCH, and / or DCI.
[0146] For PDSCH Msg4 repetition, there may be a number of schemes that this information may be conveyed to a UE, e.g.:
[0147] - The PDSCH Msg4 repetition may be tied to certain types of cells or networks, and then this should be captured in the relevant standard specification (s) .
[0148] -The PDSCH Msg4 repetition, and the number of repetitions, may be configured in SIB signaling, e.g., SIB 19.
[0149] - The PDSCH Msg4 repetition, and optionally the number of repetitions, may be indicated in the PBCH.
[0150] - The PDSCH Msg4 repetition, and optionally the number of repetitions, may be indicated in the DCI providing the downlink scheduling assignment for the Msg4 transmission.
[0151] - The PDSCH Msg4 repetition, and optionally the number of repetitions, may be bundled with previous Downlink (DL) repetitions, e.g., PDCCH repetition. It means when PDCCH repetition is enabled and PDCCH repetition number is Z, Msg4 PDSCH repetition may also be enabled and use Z repetition number.
[0152] - Any combination of the above schemes may be used.
[0153] In one embodiment, the PDSCH Msg4 repetition indication and the repetition number may be explicitly indicated in SIB 19, e.g., as follows:
[0154] In an example, the PDSCH Msg4 repetition indication and the repetition number may be explicitly indicated in DCI 1_0. For example, 2 reserved bits in DCI 1_0 can indicate the repetition number for PDSCH Msg4 repetition.
[0155] Fig. 7 is a flowchart illustrating a method 700 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 700 can be performed by a network node, e.g., a gNB.
[0156] At block 710, the network node transmits, to a terminal device, an indication of PDSCH repetition and / or an indication of a number of PDSCH repetitions.
[0157] In an example, the PDSCH repetition may be for PDSCH Message 4, Msg4, in a random access procedure.
[0158] In an example, the indication of PDSCH repetition and / or the indication of the number of PDSCH repetitions may be tied to a type of cell or network, or may be carried in SIB (or RRC signaling) , PBCH, and / or DCI.
[0159] The method 700 on the network side corresponds to the method 600 on the UE side, and details described above in connection with the method 600 also apply to the method 700.
[0160] The solution embodiments and their various variations described in the preceding sections describe various ways in which a UE can be made aware of that repetition of PDCCH transmissions and / or certain PDSCH transmissions are used in the cell. This is achieved in various ways including implicit indication through the type of cell or the type of network, or the usage of certain feature (s) in the cell, and explicit indication using different variants of configuration information, e.g. in the PBCH or in SIB1.
[0161] When a UE has become aware of the usage of such repetition, the UE can use this to receive multiple successive repetitions of a certain transmission (i.e. not give up too early when the reception / decoding fails) until the decoding is successful. In this process, the UE may optionally use soft combining, e.g. depending on whether the transmission repetitions have identical contents.
[0162] The above describes ways in which a UE can be explicitly or implicitly informed or made aware of that repetition of PDCCH transmissions and / or certain PDSCH transmissions are used in the serving cell. Similarly, this enhancement may be available in secondary and neighbor cells. Thus, informing the UE would be beneficial, for instance, in case of neighbor cell measurements, which may be connected to the execution of mobility events.
[0163] In an example, a new indication may be provided in broadcast (e.g., PBCH, system information) or dedicated signaling (e.g., an RRC message) to inform the UE that a neighbor cell has enabled repetition of PDCCH and / or PDSCH transmissions. In a variant, e.g., only applicable to NTN, the indication may refer to the neighbor satellite and, by extension, all cells provided by such satellite. In yet another variant, e.g., only applicable to NTN, in an area served by e.g., a quasi-Earth fixed cell, the indication may refer solely to the next satellite that replaces the serving satellite in providing coverage to the geographical area.
[0164] In an NTN deployment, a UE may leverage system information broadcast to identify which is the satellite associated to the serving cell. Similarly, the information can be used to identify those neighbor cells that are associated to the same satellite as the serving cell. In another example, when the UE is made aware of that repetition of PDCCH transmissions and / or certain PDSCH transmissions are used in the serving cell with any of the methods described above, the UE understands implicitly that this feature is also enabled in all neighbor cells served by the same satellite. In an alternative, an explicit indication may be provided (e.g., in system information) with the subset of neighbor cells (e.g., identified with their Physical Cell Identities (PCIs) ) associated to the satellite which the serving cell is associated with. In yet another alternative, an explicit indication may be provided (e.g., in system information) to inform that all neighbor cells that are present in a certain carrier frequency associated with a certain (e.g., serving) satellite have the disclosed feature enabled.
[0165] Fig. 8 is a block diagram of a terminal device 800 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0166] The terminal device 800 includes a transceiver 810, a processing circuitry 820, and a memory 830.
[0167] The memory 830 may contain instructions executable by the processing circuitry 820 whereby the terminal device 800 is operative to perform the actions, e.g., of the procedure described earlier in conjunction with Fig. 1.
[0168] Particularly, the terminal device 400 may be configured to receive, from a network node, a first indication of P PDCCH repetition and / or a second indication of a number of PDCCH repetitions.
[0169] Alternatively, the memory 830 may contain instructions executable by the processing circuitry 820 whereby the terminal device 800 is operative to perform the actions, e.g., of the procedure described earlier in conjunction with Fig. 4.
[0170] Particularly, the terminal device 800 may be configured to receive, from a network node, an indication of SI message repetition and / or an indication of a number of SI message repetitions.
[0171] Alternatively, the memory 830 may contain instructions executable by the processing circuitry 820 whereby the terminal device 800 is operative to perform the actions, e.g., of the procedure described earlier in conjunction with Fig. 6.
[0172] Particularly, the terminal device 800 may be configured to receive, from a network node, an indication of PDSCH repetition and / or an indication of a number of PDSCH repetitions.
[0173] All the details described above in connection with the methods 100, 400, and 600 also apply to the terminal device 800.
[0174] Fig. 9 is a block diagram of a network node 900 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0175] The network node 900 includes a communication interface 910, a processing circuitry 920, and a memory 930.
[0176] The memory 930 may contain instructions executable by the processing circuitry 920 whereby the network node 900 is operative to perform the actions, e.g., of the procedure described earlier in conjunction with Fig. 3.
[0177] Particularly, the network node 900 may be configured to transmit, to a terminal device, a first indication of PDCCH repetition and / or a second indication of a number of PDCCH repetitions.
[0178] Alternatively, the memory 930 may contain instructions executable by the processing circuitry 920 whereby the network node 900 is operative to perform the actions, e.g., of the procedure described earlier in conjunction with Fig. 5.
[0179] Particularly, the network node 900 may be configured to transmit, to a terminal device, an indication of SI message repetition and / or an indication of a number of SI message repetitions.
[0180] Alternatively, the memory 930 may contain instructions executable by the processing circuitry 920 whereby the network node 900 is operative to perform the actions, e.g., of the procedure described earlier in conjunction with Fig. 7.
[0181] Particularly, the network node 900 may be configured to transmit, to a terminal device, an indication of PDSCH repetition and / or an indication of a number of PDSCH repetitions.
[0182] All the details described above in connection with the methods 300, 500, and 700 also apply to the network node 900.
[0183] The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product in the form of a non-volatile or volatile memory, e.g., a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, an Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) , a flash memory and a hard drive. The computer program product includes a computer program. The computer program includes: code / computer readable instructions, which when executed by the processing circuitry 820, configure the terminal device 800 to perform the actions, e.g., of the procedure described earlier in conjunction with Fig. 1, 4, or 6, or code / computer readable instructions, which when executed by the processing circuitry 920, configure the network node 900 to perform the actions, e.g., of the procedure described earlier in conjunction with Fig. 3, 5, or 7.
[0184] The computer program product may be configured as a computer program code structured in computer program modules. The computer program modules could essentially perform the actions of the flow illustrated in Fig. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7.
[0185] The processing circuitry may be a single CPU (Central Processing Unit) , but could also comprise two or more processing units. For example, the processing circuitry may include general purpose microprocessors; instruction set processors and / or related chips sets and / or special purpose microprocessors such as Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) . The processing circuitry may also comprise board memory for caching purposes. The computer program may be carried in a computer program product connected to the processing circuitry. The computer program product may comprise a non-transitory computer readable storage medium on which the computer program is stored. For example, the computer program product may be a flash memory, a Random Access Memory (RAM) , a Read-Only Memory (ROM) , or an EEPROM, and the computer program modules described above could in alternative embodiments be distributed on different computer program products in the form of memories.
[0186] Fig. 10 shows an example of a communication system 1000 in accordance with some embodiments.
[0187] In the example, the communication system 1000 includes a telecommunication network 1002 that includes an access network 1004, such as a radio access network (RAN) , and a core network 1006, which includes one or more core network nodes 1008. The access network 1004 includes one or more access network nodes, such as network nodes 1010a and 101 Ob (one or more of which may be generally referred to as network nodes 1010) , or any other similar 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access nodes or non-3GPP access points. Moreover, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, a network node is not necessarily limited to an implementation in which a radio portion and a baseband portion are supplied and integrated by a single vendor. Thus, it will be understood that network nodes include disaggregated implementations or portions thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the telecommunication network 1002 includes one or more Open-RAN (ORAN) network nodes. An ORAN network node is a node in the telecommunication network 1002 that supports an ORAN specification (e.g., a specification published by the O-RAN Alliance, or any similar organization) and may operate alone or together with other nodes to implement one or more functionalities of any node in the telecommunication network 1002, including one or more network nodes 1010 and / or core network nodes 1008.
[0188] Examples of an ORAN network node include an open radio unit (O-RU) , an open distributed unit (O-DU) , an open central unit (O-CU) , including an O-CU control plane (O-CU-CP) or an O-CU user plane (O-CU-UP) , a RAN intelligent controller (near-real time or non-real time) hosting software or software plug-ins, such as a near-real time control application (e.g., xApp) or a non-real time control application (e.g., rApp) , or any combination thereof (the adjective “open” designating support of an ORAN specification) . The network node may support a specification by, for example, supporting an interface defined by the ORAN specification, such as an A1, F1, W1, E1, E2, X2, Xn interface, an open fronthaul user plane interface, or an open fronthaul management plane interface. Moreover, an ORAN access node may be a logical node in a physical node. Furthermore, an ORAN network node may be implemented in a virtualization environment (described further below) in which one or more network functions are virtualized. For example, the virtualization environment may include an O-Cloud computing platform orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an 0-2 interface defined by the O-RAN Alliance or comparable technologies. The network nodes 1010 facilitate direct or indirect connection of user equipment (UE) , such as by connecting UEs 1012a, 1012b, 1012c, and 1012d (one or more of which may be generally referred to as UEs 1012) to the core network 1006 over one or more wireless connections.
[0189] Example wireless communications over a wireless connection include transmitting and / or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and / or other types of signals suitable for conveying information without the use of wires, cables, or other material conductors. Moreover, in different embodiments, the communication system 1000 may include any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, UEs, and / or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and / or signals whether via wired or wireless connections. The communication system 1000 may include and / or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, radio network, and / or other similar type of system.
[0190] The UEs 1012 may be any of a wide variety of communication devices, including wireless devices arranged, configured, and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with the network nodes 1010 and other communication devices. Similarly, the network nodes 1010 are arranged, capable, configured, and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with the UEs 1012 and / or with other network nodes or equipment in the telecommunication network 1002 to enable and / or provide network access, such as wireless network access, and / or to perform other functions, such as administration in the telecommunication network 1002.
[0191] In the depicted example, the core network 1006 connects the network nodes 1010 to one or more host computing systems, such as host 1016. These connections may be direct or indirect via one or more intermediary networks or devices. In other examples, network nodes may be directly coupled to hosts. The core network 1006 includes one more core network nodes (e.g., core network node 1008) that are structured with hardware and software components. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the UEs, network nodes, and / or hosts, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the core network node 1008. Example core network nodes include functions of one or more of a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) , Mobility Management Entity (MME) , Home Subscriber Server (HSS) , Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) , Session Management Function (SMF) , Authentication Server Function (AUSF) , Subscription Identifier De-concealing function (SIDF) , Unified Data Management (UDM) , Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP) , Network Exposure Function (NEF) , and / or a User Plane Function (UPF) .
[0192] The host 1016 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider other than an operator or provider of the access network 1004 and / or the telecommunication network 1002. The host 1016 may host a variety of applications to provide one or more service. Examples of such applications include live and pre-recorded audio / video content, data collection services such as retrieving and compiling data on various ambient conditions detected by a plurality of UEs, analytics functionality, social media, functions for controlling or otherwise interacting with remote devices, functions for an alarm and surveillance center, or any other such function performed by a server.
[0193] As a whole, the communication system 1000 of Fig. 10 enables connectivity between the UEs, network nodes, and hosts. In that sense, the communication system may be configured to operate according to predefined rules or procedures, such as specific standards that include, but are not limited to: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) ; Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) ; Long Term Evolution (LTE) , and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G standards, or any applicable future generation standard (e.g., 6G) ; wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards (WiFi) ; and / or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) , Bluetooth, Z-Wave, Near Field Communication (NFC) ZigBee, LiFi, and / or any low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) standards such as LoRa and Sigfox.
[0194] In some examples, the telecommunication network 1002 is a cellular network that implements 3GPP standardized features. Accordingly, the telecommunications network 1002 may support network slicing to provide different logical networks to different devices that are connected to the telecommunication network 1002. For example, the telecommunications network 1002 may provide Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) services to some UEs, while providing Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services to other UEs, and / or Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) / Massive IoT services to yet further UEs.
[0195] In some examples, the UEs 1012 are configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a UE may be designed to transmit information to the access network 1004 on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the access network 1004. Additionally, a UE may be configured for operating in single-or multi-RAT or multi-standard mode. For example, a UE may operate with any one or combination of Wi-Fi, NR (New Radio) and LTE, i.e. being configured for multi-radio dual connectivity (MR-DC) , such as E-UTRAN (Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) New Radio -Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) .
[0196] In the example, the hub 1014 communicates with the access network 1004 to facilitate indirect communication between one or more UEs (e.g., UE 1012c and / or 1012d) and network nodes (e.g., network node 1010b) . In some examples, the hub 1014 may be a controller, router, content source and analytics, or any of the other communication devices described herein regarding UEs. For example, the hub 1014 may be a broadband router enabling access to the core network 1006 for the UEs. As another example, the hub 1014 may be a controller that sends commands or instructions to one or more actuators in the UEs. Commands or instructions may be received from the UEs, network nodes 1010, or by executable code, script, process, or other instructions in the hub 1014. As another example, the hub 1014 may be a data collector that acts as temporary storage for UE data and, in some embodiments, may perform analysis or other processing of the data. As another example, the hub 1014 may be a content source. For example, for a UE that is a VR device, display, loudspeaker, or other media delivery device, the hub 1014 may retrieve VR assets, video, audio, or other media or data related to sensory information via a network node, which the hub 1014 then provides to the UE either directly, after performing local processing, and / or after adding additional local content. In still another example, the hub 1014 acts as a proxy server or orchestrator for the UEs, in particular if one or more of the UEs are low energy IoT devices.
[0197] The hub 1014 may have a constant / persistent or intermittent connection to the network node 1010b. The hub 1014 may also allow for a different communication scheme and / or schedule between the hub 1014 and UEs (e.g., UE 1012c and / or 1012d) , and between the hub 1014 and the core network 1006. In other examples, the hub 1014 is connected to the core network 1006 and / or one or more UEs via a wired connection. Moreover, the hub 1014 may be configured to connect to an M2M service provider over the access network 1004 and / or to another UE over a direct connection. In some scenarios, UEs may establish a wireless connection with the network nodes 1010 while still connected via the hub 1014 via a wired or wireless connection. In some embodiments, the hub 1014 may be a dedicated hub -that is, a hub whose primary function is to route communications to / from the UEs from / to the network node 1010b. In other embodiments, the hub 1014 may be a non-dedicated hub -that is, a device which is capable of operating to route communications between the UEs and network node 1010b, but which is additionally capable of operating as a communication start and / or end point for certain data channels.
[0198] Fig. 11 shows a UE 1100 in accordance with some embodiments. The UE 1100 presents additional details of some embodiments of the UE 1012 of Fig. 10. As used herein, a UE refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and / or other UEs. Examples of a UE include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, mobile phone, cell phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phone, wireless local loop phone, desktop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA) , wireless cameras, gaming console or device, music storage / playback device, wearable terminal device, wireless endpoint, mobile station, tablet, laptop, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , an Augmented Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR) device, wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE) , vehicle, vehicle-mounted or vehicle embedded / integrated wireless device, etc. Other examples include any UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) , including a narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE.
[0199] A UE may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) , vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) , vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) , or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) . In other examples, a UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the relevant device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller) . Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter) .
[0200] The UE 1100 includes processing circuitry 1102 that is operatively coupled via a bus 1104 to an input / output interface 1106, a power source 1108, a memory 1110, a communication interface 1112, and / or any other component, or any combination thereof. Certain UEs may utilize all or a subset of the components shown in Fig. 11. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.
[0201] The processing circuitry 1102 is configured to process instructions and data and may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory 1110. The processing circuitry 1102 may be implemented as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , etc. ) ; programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored computer programs, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) , together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry 1102 may include multiple central processing units (CPUs) .
[0202] In the example, the input / output interface 1106 may be configured to provide an interface or interfaces to an input device, output device, or one or more input and / or output devices. Examples of an output device include a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. An input device may allow a user to capture information into the UE 1100. Examples of an input device include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc. ) , a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, etc., or any combination thereof. An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port may be used to provide an input device and an output device.
[0203] In some embodiments, the power source 1108 is structured as a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet) , photovoltaic device, or power cell, may be used. The power source 1108 may further include power circuitry for delivering power from the power source 1108 itself, and / or an external power source, to the various parts of the UE 1100 via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Delivering power may be, for example, for charging of the power source 1108. Power circuitry may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from the power source 1108 to make the power suitable for the respective components of the UE 1100 to which power is supplied.
[0204] The memory 1110 may be or be configured to include memory such as random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , programmable read-only memory (PROM) , erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives, and so forth. In one example, the memory 1110 includes one or more application programs 1114, such as an operating system, web browser application, a widget, gadget engine, or other application, and corresponding data 1116. The memory 1110 may store, for use by the UE 1100, any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.
[0205] The memory 1110 may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID) , flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM) , synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) , external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as tamper resistant module in the form of a universal integrated circuit card (UICC) including one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs) , such as a USIM and / or ISIM, other memory, or any combination thereof. The UICC may for example be an embedded UICC (eUICC) , integrated UICC (iUICC) or a removable UICC commonly known as ‘SIM card. ’ The memory 1110 may allow the UE 1100 to access instructions, application programs and the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied as or in the memory 1110, which may be or comprise a device-readable storage medium.
[0206] The processing circuitry 1102 may be configured to communicate with an access network or other network using the communication interface 1112. The communication interface 1112 may comprise one or more communication subsystems and may include or be communicatively coupled to an antenna 1122. The communication interface 1112 may include one or more transceivers used to communicate, such as by communicating with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication (e.g., another UE or a network node in an access network) . Each transceiver may include a transmitter 1118 and / or a receiver 1120 appropriate to provide network communications (e.g., optical, electrical, frequency allocations, and so forth) . Moreover, the transmitter 1118 and receiver 1120 may be coupled to one or more antennas (e.g., antenna 1122) and may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively be implemented separately.
[0207] In the illustrated embodiment, communication functions of the communication interface 1112 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, LPWAN communication, data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. Communications may be implemented in according to one or more communication protocols and / or standards, such as IEEE 802.11, Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , GSM, LTE, New Radio (NR) , UMTS, WiMax, Ethernet, transmission control protocol / internet protocol (TCP / IP) , synchronous optical networking (SONET) , Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) , QUIC, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) , and so forth.
[0208] Regardless of the type of sensor, a UE may provide an output of data captured by its sensors, through its communication interface 1112, via a wireless connection to a network node. Data captured by sensors of a UE can be communicated through a wireless connection to a network node via another UE. The output may be periodic (e.g., once every 15 minutes if it reports the sensed temperature) , random (e.g., to even out the load from reporting from several sensors) , in response to a triggering event (e.g., when moisture is detected an alert is sent) , in response to a request (e.g., a user initiated request) , or a continuous stream (e.g., a live video feed of a patient) .
[0209] As another example, a UE comprises an actuator, a motor, or a switch, related to a communication interface configured to receive wireless input from a network node via a wireless connection. In response to the received wireless input the states of the actuator, the motor, or the switch may change. For example, the UE may comprise a motor that adjusts the control surfaces or rotors of a drone in flight according to the received input or to a robotic arm performing a medical procedure according to the received input.
[0210] A UE, when in the form of an Internet of Things (IoT) device, may be a device for use in one or more application domains, these domains comprising, but not limited to, city wearable technology, extended industrial application and healthcare. Non-limiting examples of such an IoT device are a device which is or which is embedded in: a connected refrigerator or freezer, a TV, a connected lighting device, an electricity meter, a robot vacuum cleaner, a voice controlled smart speaker, a home security camera, a motion detector, a thermostat, a smoke detector, a door / window sensor, a flood / moisture sensor, an electrical door lock, a connected doorbell, an air conditioning system like a heat pump, an autonomous vehicle, a surveillance system, a weather monitoring device, a vehicle parking monitoring device, an electric vehicle charging station, a smart watch, a fitness tracker, a wearable for tactile augmentation or sensory enhancement, a water sprinkler, an animal-or item-tracking device, a sensor for monitoring a plant or animal, an industrial robot, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) , and any kind of medical device, like a heart rate monitor or a remote controlled surgical robot. A UE in the form of an IoT device comprises circuitry and / or software in dependence of the intended application of the IoT device in addition to other components as described in relation to the UE 1100 shown in Fig. 11.
[0211] As yet another specific example, in an IoT scenario, a UE may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another UE and / or a network node. The UE may in this case be an M2M device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, the UE may implement the 3GPP NB-IoT standard. In other scenarios, a UE may represent a vehicle, such as a car, a bus, a truck, a ship and an airplane, or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and / or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.
[0212] In practice, any number of UEs may be used together with respect to a single use case. For example, a first UE might be or be integrated in a drone and provide the drone's speed information (obtained through a speed sensor) to a second UE that is a remote controller operating the drone. When the user makes changes from the remote controller, the first UE may adjust the throttle on the drone (e.g. by controlling an actuator) to increase or decrease the drone's speed. The first and / or the second UE can also include more than one of the functionalities described above. For example, a UE might comprise the sensor and the actuator, and handle communication of data for both the speed sensor and the actuators.
[0213] Fig. 12 shows a network node 1200 in accordance with some embodiments. As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a UE and / or with other network nodes or equipment, in a telecommunication network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points) , base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs) ) , O-RAN nodes or components of an O-RAN node (e.g., O-RU, O-DU, O-CU) .
[0214] Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and so, depending on the provided amount of coverage, may be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. A base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units, distributed units (e.g., in an O-RAN access node) and / or remote radio units (RRUs) , sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) . Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS) .
[0215] Other examples of network nodes include multiple transmission point (multi-TRP) 5G access nodes, multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs) , base transceiver stations (BTSs) , transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell / multicast coordination entities (MCEs) , Operation and Maintenance (O&M) nodes, Operations Support System (OSS) nodes, Self-Organizing Network (SON) nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centers (E-SMLCs) ) , and / or Minimization of Drive Tests (MDTs) .
[0216] The network node 1200 includes a processing circuitry 1202, a memory 1204, a communication interface 1206, and a power source 1208. The network node 1200 may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and a RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc. ) , which may each have their own respective components. In certain scenarios in which the network node 1200 comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components) , one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeBs. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, the network node 1200 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs) . In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate memory 1204 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., a same antenna 1210 may be shared by different RATs) . The network node 1200 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node 1200, for example GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, Zigbee, Z-wave, LoRaWAN, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node 1200.
[0217] The processing circuitry 1202 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and / or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other network node 1200 components, such as the memory 1204, to provide network node 1200 functionality.
[0218] In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1202 includes a system on a chip (SOC) . In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1202 includes one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 1212 and baseband processing circuitry 1214. In some embodiments, the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 1212 and the baseband processing circuitry 1214 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips) , boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry 1212 and baseband processing circuitry 1214 may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units.
[0219] The memory 1204 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer-readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , mass storage media (for example, a hard disk) , removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD) ) , and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and / or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuitry 1202. The memory 1204 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, and / or other instructions capable of being executed by the processing circuitry 1202 and utilized by the network node 1200. The memory 1204 may be used to store any calculations made by the processing circuitry 1202 and / or any data received via the communication interface 1206. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1202 and memory 1204 is integrated.
[0220] The communication interface 1206 is used in wired or wireless communication of signaling and / or data between a network node, access network, and / or UE. As illustrated, the communication interface 1206 comprises port (s) / terminal (s) 1216 to send and receive data, for example to and from a network over a wired connection. The communication interface 1206 also includes radio front-end circuitry 1218 that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, the antenna 1210. Radio front-end circuitry 1218 comprises filters 1220 and amplifiers 1222. The radio front-end circuitry 1218 may be connected to an antenna 1210 and processing circuitry 1202. The radio front-end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna 1210 and processing circuitry 1202. The radio front-end circuitry 1218 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or UEs via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuitry 1218 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 1220 and / or amplifiers 1222. The radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna 1210. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna 1210 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry 1218. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry 1202. In other embodiments, the communication interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.
[0221] In certain alternative embodiments, the network node 1200 does not include separate radio front-end circuitry 1218, instead, the processing circuitry 1202 includes radio front-end circuitry and is connected to the antenna 1210. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of the RF transceiver circuitry 1212 is part of the communication interface 1206. In still other embodiments, the communication interface 1206 includes one or more ports or terminals 1216, the radio front-end circuitry 1218, and the RF transceiver circuitry 1212, as part of a radio unit (not shown) , and the communication interface 1206 communicates with the baseband processing circuitry 1214, which is part of a digital unit (not shown) .
[0222] The antenna 1210 may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and / or receive wireless signals. The antenna 1210 may be coupled to the radio front-end circuitry 1218 and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and / or signals wirelessly. In certain embodiments, the antenna 1210 is separate from the network node 1200 and connectable to the network node 1200 through an interface or port.
[0223] The antenna 1210, communication interface 1206, and / or the processing circuitry 1202 may be configured to perform any receiving operations and / or certain obtaining operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals may be received from a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna 1210, the communication interface 1206, and / or the processing circuitry 1202 may be configured to perform any transmitting operations described herein as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals may be transmitted to a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment.
[0224] The power source 1208 provides power to the various components of network node 1200 in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component) . The power source 1208 may further comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry to supply the components of the network node 1200 with power for performing the functionality described herein. For example, the network node 1200 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., the power grid, an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry of the power source 1208. As a further example, the power source 1208 may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry. The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail.
[0225] Embodiments of the network node 1200 may include additional components beyond those shown in Fig. 12 for providing certain aspects of the network node's functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and / or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, the network node 1200 may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into the network node 1200 and to allow output of information from the network node 1200. This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for the network node 1200. In some embodiments providing a core network node, such as core network node 108 of FIG. 10, some components, such as the radio front-end circuitry 1218 and the RF transceiver circuitry 1212 may be omitted.
[0226] Fig. 13 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment 1300 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In the present context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to any device described herein, or components thereof, and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components. Some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines (VMs) implemented in one or more virtual environments 1300 hosted by one or more of hardware nodes, such as a hardware computing device that operates as a network node, UE, core network node, or host. Further, in embodiments in which the virtual node does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node or host) , then the node may be entirely virtualized. In some embodiments, the virtualization environment 1300 includes components defined by the O-RAN Alliance, such as an O-Cloud environment orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an 0-2 interface. Virtualization may facilitate distributed implementations of a network node, UE, core network node, or host.
[0227] Applications 1302 (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc. ) are run in the virtualization environment Q400 to implement some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein.
[0228] Hardware 1304 includes processing circuitry, memory that stores software and / or instructions executable by hardware processing circuitry, and / or other hardware devices as described herein, such as a network interface, input / output interface, and so forth. Software may be executed by the processing circuitry to instantiate one or more virtualization layers 1306 (also referred to as hypervisors or virtual machine monitors (VMMs) ) , provide VMs 1308a and 1308b (one or more of which may be generally referred to as VMs 1308) , and / or perform any of the functions, features and / or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein. The virtualization layer 1306 may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to the VMs 1308.
[0229] The VMs 1308 comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer 1306. Different embodiments of the instance of a virtual appliance 1302 may be implemented on one or more of VMs 1308, and the implementations may be made in different ways. Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV) . NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment.
[0230] In the context ofNFV, a VM 1308 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of the VMs 1308, and that part of hardware 1304 that executes that VM, be it hardware dedicated to that VM and / or hardware shared by that VM with others of the VMs, forms separate virtual network elements. Still in the context ofNFV, a virtual network function is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more VMs 1308 on top of the hardware 1304 and corresponds to the application 1302.
[0231] Hardware 1304 may be implemented in a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware 1304 may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware 1304 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g. such as in a data center or CPE) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration 1310, which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications 1302. In some embodiments, hardware 1304 is coupled to one or more radio units that each include one or more transmitters and one or more receivers that may be coupled to one or more antennas. Radio units may communicate directly with other hardware nodes via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station. In some embodiments, some signaling can be provided with the use of a control system 1312 which may alternatively be used for communication between hardware nodes and radio units.
[0232] Although the computing devices described herein (e.g., UEs, network nodes) may include the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise computing devices with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that these computing devices may comprise any suitable combination of hardware and / or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions and methods disclosed herein. Determining, calculating, obtaining or similar operations described herein may be performed by processing circuitry, which may process information by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and / or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. Moreover, while components are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, computing devices may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component, and functionality may be partitioned between separate components. For example, a communication interface may be configured to include any of the components described herein, and / or the functionality of the components may be partitioned between the processing circuitry and the communication interface. In another example, non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.
[0233] In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein may be provided by processing circuitry executing instructions stored on in memory, which in certain embodiments may be a computer program product in the form of a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device-readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or not, the processing circuitry can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to the processing circuitry alone or to other components of the computing device, but are enjoyed by the computing device as a whole, and / or by end users and a wireless network generally.
[0234] The disclosure has been described above with reference to embodiments thereof. It should be understood that various modifications, alternations and additions can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirits and scope of the disclosure. Therefore, the scope of the disclosure is not limited to the above particular embodiments but only defined by the claims as attached.
Claims
1.A method (100) in a terminal device, comprising:receiving (110) , from a network node, a first indication of Physical Downlink Control Channel, PDCCH, repetition and / or a second indication of a number of PDCCH repetitions.2.The method (100) of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first indication and the second indication is explicit or implicit.3.The method (100) of claim 1 or 2, wherein the first indication and / or the second indication is for common or cell-specific PDCCH.4.The method (100) of claim 3, wherein the first indication and / or the second indication is for Type-0 PDCCH.5.The method (100) of claim 4, whereinthe first indication and / or the second indication is carried in Physical Broadcast Channel, PBCH, and / orthe first indication and / or the second indication is derived from a sync raster frequency at which a Synchronization Signal / PBCH Block, SSB, is received.6.The method (100) of claim 4 or 5, further comprising:receiving, from the network node, information from which physical resources for monitoring the PDCCH repetitions are derivable.7.The method (100) of claim 6, wherein the physical resources comprise physical resources of a plurality of search spaces or a plurality of Control Resource Sets, CORESETs, for monitoring the PDCCH repetitions.8.The method (100) of claim 7, wherein the plurality of search spaces or the plurality of CORESETs have same Aggregation Level, AL, same starting monitoring symbols, and / or same CORESET length.9.The method (100) of claim 7 or 8, wherein the plurality of search spaces or the plurality of CORESETs are in one, two, or more consecutive slots.10.The method (100) of claim 9, wherein one of the plurality of search spaces or the plurality of CORESETs starts from a first symbol index in one slot and another one of the plurality of search spaces or the plurality of CORESETs starts from a second symbol index in the one slot.11.The method (100) of claim 4, further comprising:receiving, from the network node, a third indication of PDCCH repetition for Type-0A, Type-1, Type-2, or Type-3 PDCCH, the third indication indicating that the PDCCH repetition for Type-0A, Type-l, Type-2, or Type-3 PDCCH uses the same number of PDCCH repetitions as the Type-0 PDCCH.12.The method (100) of claim 11, wherein the third indication is carried in System Information Block 1, SIB1.13.A method (400) in a terminal device, comprising:receiving (410) , from a network node, an indication of System Information, SI, message repetition and / or an indication of a number of SI message repetitions.14.The method (400) of claim 13, wherein the SI message repetition is for a System Information Block, SIB, other than SIB 1.15.The method (400) of claim 13 or 14, wherein the indication of SI message repetition and / or the indication of the number of SI message repetitions is tied to a type of cell or network, or is carried in SIB 1, Physical Broadcast Channel, PBCH, and / or Downlink Control Information, DCI.16.A method (600) in a terminal device, comprising:receiving (610) , from a network node, an indication of Physical Downlink Shared Channel, PDSCH, repetition and / or an indication of a number of PDSCH repetitions.17.The method (600) of claim 16, wherein the PDSCH repetition is for PDSCH Message 4, Msg4, in a random access procedure.18.The method (600) of claim 16 or 17, wherein the indication of PDSCH repetition and / or the indication of the number of PDSCH repetitions is tied to a type of cell or network, or is carried in System Information Block, SIB, Physical Broadcast Channel, PBCH, and / or Downlink Control Information, DCI.19.A method (300) in a network node, comprising:transmitting (310) , to a terminal device, a first indication of Physical Downlink Control Channel, PDCCH, repetition and / or a second indication of a number of PDCCH repetitions.20.The method (300) of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first indication and the second indication is explicit or implicit.21.The method (300) of claim 19 or 20, wherein the first indication and / or the second indication is for common or cell-specific PDCCH.22.The method (300) of claim 21, wherein the first indication and / or the second indication is for Type-0 PDCCH.23.The method (300) of claim 22, whereinthe first indication and / or the second indication is carried in Physical Broadcast Channel, PBCH, and / orthe first indication and / or the second indication is derivable from a sync raster frequency at which a Synchronization Signal / PBCH Block, SSB, is transmitted.24.The method (300) of claim 22 or 23, further comprising:transmitting, to the terminal device, information from which physical resources for monitoring the PDCCH repetitions are derivable.25.The method (300) of claim 24, wherein the physical resources comprise physical resources of a plurality of search spaces or a plurality of Control Resource Sets, CORESETs, for monitoring the PDCCH repetitions.26.The method (300) of claim 25, wherein the plurality of search spaces or the plurality of CORESETs have same Aggregation Level, AL, same starting monitoring symbols, and / or same CORESET length.27.The method (300) of claim 25 or 26, wherein the plurality of search spaces or the plurality of CORESETs are in one, two, or more consecutive slots.28.The method (300) of claim 27, wherein one of the plurality of search spaces or the plurality of CORESETs starts from a first symbol index in one slot and another one of the plurality of search spaces or the plurality of CORESETs starts from a second symbol index in the one slot.29.The method (300) of claim 22, further comprising:transmitting, to the terminal device, a third indication of PDCCH repetition for Type-0A, Type-1, Type-2, or Type-3 PDCCH, the third indication indicating that the PDCCH repetition for Type-0A, Type-l, Type-2, or Type-3 PDCCH uses the same number of PDCCH repetitions as the Type-0 PDCCH.30.The method (300) of claim 29, wherein the third indication is carried in System Information Block 1, SIBI.31.A method (500) in a network node, comprising:transmitting (510) , to a terminal device, an indication of System Information, SI, message repetition and / or an indication of a number of SI message repetitions.32.The method (500) of claim 31, wherein the SI message repetition is for a System Information Block, SIB, other than SIB 1.33.The method (500) of claim 31 or 32, wherein the indication of SI message repetition and / or the indication of the number of SI message repetitions is tied to a type of cell or network, or is carried in SIB 1, Physical Broadcast Channel, PBCH, and / or Downlink Control Information, DCI.34.A method (700) in a network node, comprising:transmitting (710) , to a terminal device, an indication of Physical Downlink Shared Channel, PDSCH, repetition and / or an indication of a number of PDSCH repetitions.35.The method (700) of claim 34, wherein the PDSCH repetition is for PDSCH Message 4, Msg4, in a random access procedure.36.The method (700) of claim 34 or 35, wherein the indication of PDSCH repetition and / or the indication of the number of PDSCH repetitions is tied to a type of cell or network, or is carried in System Information Block, SIB, Physical Broadcast Channel, PBCH, and / or Downlink Control Information, DCI.37.A terminal device (800) , comprising a transceiver (810) , a processing circuitry (820) , and a memory (830) , the terminal device (800) configured to perform the method according to any of claims 1-18.38.A network node (900) , comprising a communication interface (910) , a processing circuitry (920) , and a memory (930) , the network node (900) configured to perform the method according to any of claims 19-36.39.A computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions that, when executed by a processing circuitry, configure the processing circuitry to perform the method according to any of claims 1-18 or the method according to any of claims 19-36.40.A computer program product comprising instructions that, when executed by a processing circuitry, configure the processing circuitry to perform the method according to any of claims 1-18 or the method according to any of claims 19-36.