An insecticidal composition and thereof

Abstract

The present disclosures present an insecticidal composition comprising a combination of active ingredients, Emamectin benzoate, Cypermethrin and Cartap hydrochloride, and methods of preparing and using such compositions. The present disclosure aims to provide enhanced control of a variety of insect pests affecting crops, with a synergistic effect that improves efficacy compared to individual components.

Description

[0001] AN INSECTICIDAL COMPOSITION AND THEREOF

[0002] FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The present invention relates to the field of pesticides. The present invention, in particular, relates to a synergistic, broad-spectrum insecticidal composition comprising Emamectin benzoate, Cypermethrin, and Cartap hydrochloride. The present invention further relates to the process of preparation of said composition and its uses thereof.

[0004] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0005] The background description includes information that may be useful in understanding the present invention. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art or relevant to the presently claimed invention, or that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art.

[0006] Enhancement of agricultural produce requires the protection of the crops and its produce from pest damage. Various chemicals and their formulations have been developed and are in use currently for the effective management of insects and pests. Due to non-judicious use of the hitherto known pesticides, the pests gain resistance and become hard to kill. Physically compatible pesticide mixtures exhibit a better pest management. These mixtures show multifaceted advantages than when applied individually, providing a synergistic effect.

[0007] The need for more food has to be met through higher yields per unit of land, water, energy and time. Excessive use of mineral fertilizers and chemical pesticides has caused soil degradation, ground water pollution and the spread of the pest's resistant to pesticides in several areas. Hence their judicious use includes avoiding prophylactic sprays, adopting strip treatment, spot application to only those areas with heavy incidence of pests, application to the soil to avoid direct contact with the natural enemies and using selective or non-persistent pesticides. The systemic pesticides are sprayed at a concentration of 0.02 to 0.05 percent active ingredient. The contact pesticides are sprayed at 0.05 to 0.07 or even 0.1 percent active ingredient. The soil application of the granular systemic insecticides varies from 1 to 2 kg a.i. / ha.

[0008] The insecticides are applied up to 2 g / 1 depending upon the chemical used, pest species and season of the application.

[0009] Processes for insecticidal agents and compositions have been developed to control insect pests and in practice have been used as a single or a mixed agent. However, processes for the economically efficient and ecologically safe insect control compositions are still being sought. A process for the preparation of insecticidal compositions which allows for reduced effective dosage rates, increased environmental safety and lower incidence of insect resistance are highly desirable. Although the rotational application of insect control agents having different modes of action may be adopted for good pest management practice, this approach does not necessarily give satisfactory insect control. Further, even though combinations of insect control agents have been studied, a high synergistic action has not always been found. Obtaining an insecticidal composition which demonstrates no crossresistance to existing insecticidal agents, no toxicity problems and little negative impact on the environment is extremely difficult.

[0010] Emamectin benzoate (Emamectin benzoate), abbreviated as Emamectin benzoate, is a novel high-efficiency semisynthetic antibiotic pesticide synthesized from abamectin Bl, has the characteristics of ultra-high efficiency, low toxicity, no residue, no public nuisance and other biological pesticides, and has the stomach toxicity function and the contact killing function. It features high insecticidal toxicity, small dosage, quick action, broad spectrum, and is effective to many pests and can simultaneously cure several pests.

[0011] Cypermethrin (CY) is one of the commonly used pyrethroid pesticides, and is mainly used for preventing and controlling fruits and vegetables, cotton, tea, grains and other crops and various sanitary pests. The cypermethrin is stable to light and heat, long in half-life period, slow in natural degradation rate, and high in detection rate and standard exceeding rate in air, water, soil, fruits and vegetables, tea, edible fungi and aquatic products. Studies have shown that pyrethroid pesticides may have reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity to higher mammals, and thus effective reduction and elimination of residual pyrethroid in the environment and food has become a current research focus.

[0012] Cartap hydrochloride is a nereistoxin analog that effectively eliminates insects through its contact, systemic and stomach action. It is essentially a contact insecticide and is highly effective against both chewing and sucking pests, resulting in paralysis. Cartap hydrochloride is categorized as an effective, relatively low- toxic, and low-residue insecticide. Cartap hydrochloride is preferred because of its broad-spectrum activity

[0013] The existing problems and limitations in the current agricultural pest management techniques that the present disclosure seeks to address:

[0014] 1. Development of Pest Resistance: a). Many pests have developed resistance to single active ingredient insecticides, making them less effective over time. b). Conventional insecticides often require increased dosages to achieve the same level of pest control, which is unsustainable and increases the risk of environmental contamination. c). The frequent use of single-action insecticides leads to the rapid evolution of resistant pest populations, reducing long-term pest management efficacy.

[0015] 2. Limited Spectrum of Pest Control: a) Single active ingredient insecticides or basic tank mixtures may not be effective against a broad range of insect pests, leading to incomplete control. b) Farmers often need to use multiple products to target different pests, which increases costs and complicates pest management practices. c) Existing solutions may fail to control certain pests like Fruit borer & Thrips effectively in crops like chilli.

[0016] 3. Suboptimal Synergy in Tank Mixes: a). Tank mixtures of individual insecticides do not always exhibit true synergistic effects. The combination may result in antagonistic or control. b). Inconsistent performance of tank mixes can be attributed to the instability of the combined components, leading to inadequate pest control and uneven application.

[0017] 4. Stability Issues in Formulations: a) Existing insecticidal formulations often suffer from stability issues, especially under varying environmental conditions such as high or low temperatures. b) Instability can lead to the separation of active ingredients, reduced efficacy, and challenges in storage and transport. c) Unstable formulations are harder to apply uniformly, affecting the overall effectiveness of pest control measures.

[0018] 5. Need for Higher Dosages: a) Due to the lack of synergistic action, traditional formulations or single active ingredient products may require higher dosages to achieve effective pest control. b) Increased dosages not only raise the cost of pest management but also heighten the risk of crop phytotoxicity and environmental damage, including potential harm to beneficial insects and non-target organisms.

[0019] The present disclosure aims to overcome these limitations by providing a synergistic insecticidal composition of Emamectin benzoate, Cypermethrin and Cartap hydrochloride, ensuring high efficacy at lower dosages, broad-spectrum pest control, formulation stability, and minimal environmental impact.

[0020] OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

[0021] The main objective of the disclosure is to provide a synergistic insecticidal composition combining Emamectin benzoate, Cypermethrin, and Cartap hydrochloride that enhances pest control efficacy beyond the sum of individual effects.

[0022] Another important object of the present disclosure is to deliver broad-spectrum pest control that effectively targets a variety of insect pests, including Rice Stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas), Rice Leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) and Rice Whorl maggot (Hydrellia spps). across different crops like Rice. Another object of the present disclosure is to reduce the likelihood of pest resistance by utilizing a multi-component approach, thereby decreasing the dependence on single-action insecticides.

[0023] Yet another object of the present disclosure is to ensure stability of the formulation under various environmental conditions, minimizing separation or degradation of active ingredients for consistent performance.

[0024] Yet another object of the present disclosure is to lower the required dosage levels while maintaining effective pest control of crops and minimizing environmental impact.

[0025] Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide an easy-to-mix and apply formulation that ensures uniform distribution on crops, improving application efficiency and overall pest control results.

[0026] Yet another object of the present disclosure is to create an environmentally safer alternative by minimizing harmful residues, thus reducing health risks for farmers, consumers, and non-target organisms.

[0027] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0028] Accordingly, in one aspect, the present invention provides an insecticide composition comprising Emamectin benzoate, Cypermethrin and Cartap hydrochloride.

[0029] In one aspect, the present invention provides a synergistic composition of Emamectin benzoate, Cypermethrin and Cartap hydrochloride, and agrochemically acceptable additives.

[0030] In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a synergistic composition comprising Emamectin benzoate, Cypermethrin, and Cartap hydrochloride the composition possesses Insecticidal activity.

[0031] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for effective control of various pest in plants. In one aspect of the present invention, the Insecticidal composition of the present invention further comprises an agrochemically acceptable excipients selected from the group consisting of dispersing agents, wetting agents, pH modifiers, binders, and Fillers.

[0032] In another aspect of the present invention, the Insecticidal composition is formulated as capsule suspension (CS), Dispersible concentrate (DC), Dustable powder (DP), Powder for dry seed treatment (DS), Emulsifiable concentrate (EC), Emulsifiable granule (EG) Emulsifiable water-in-oil (EO), Emulsifiable powder (EP), Emulsifiable for seed treatment (ES), Emulsifiable oil-in-water (EW), flowable concentrate for seed treatment (FS), Suspension Concentrate (SC), Suspo- emulsion (SE), Oil Dispersion(OD). Water dispersible powder for slurry seed treatment (WS), Water dispersible granules (WDG) and Wettable powders (WP), a mixed formulation of CS 20 and SC (ZC), soluble liquid (SL).

[0033] In another aspect, the insecticidal composition of the present invention is preferably formulated as Wettable powders (WP) and Wettable Granules (WG).

[0034] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the invention further provides the process for preparation of the said formulation, wherein the said formulation is Wettable powders (WP), and Wettable Granules (WG).

[0035] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0036] Discussed below are some representative embodiments of the present invention. The invention in its broader aspects is not limited to the specific details and representative methods. The illustrative examples are described in this section in connection with the embodiments and methods provided. The invention according to its various aspects is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the appended claims read in view of this specification and appropriate equivalents.

[0037] It is to be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a composition containing “a compound” includes a mixture of two or more compounds. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and / or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

[0038] The expression of various quantities in terms of “% w / w” or “%” means the percentage by weight, relative to the weight of the total solution or composition unless otherwise specified.

[0039] The term “active ingredient” (a.i.) or “active agent” used herein refers to that component of the composition responsible for control of insects -pests or disease.

[0040] As used herein, the terms "comprises", "comprising", "includes", "including", or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, subject to any limitation explicitly indicated. For example, a composition or a method that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition or method.

[0041] The term "synergistic", as used herein, refers the combined action of two or more active agents blended together and administered conjointly that is greater than the sum of their individual effects.

[0042] As used herein, the term “composition” or "formulation" can be used interchangeably, unless stated otherwise, is meant to encompass, and is not limited to, compositions or formulations containing the combination of Spiromesifen, abamectin, and Fipronil.

[0043] As used herein, the term “additive(s)” or "auxiliary agent(s)" or “agrochemically acceptable carrier(s)” can be used interchangeably and refers to inert substances which are commonly used as diluent, to provide stability or to increase the activity profile of the composition or formulation with or without having agrochemical activity or direct effect on the undesired phytopathogenic insects and / or microorganisms. As used herein, the term "agrochemically acceptable salts" are typically acid addition salts of inorganic or organic acids, preferably of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, or benzoic acid.

[0044] As used herein, the term "effective amount" means the amount of the active substances in the compositions to achieve an observable effect on growth, including the effects of necrosis, death, retardation, prevention, and removal, destruction, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence and activity of the target organism. The effective amount can vary for the various compositions used in the present invention. An effective amount of the compositions will also vary according to the prevailing conditions such as desired pesticidal effect and duration, weather, target species, locus, mode of application, and the like.

[0045] In an embodiment, the Insecticidal composition wherein the Emamectin benzoate ranges from 0.1 to 10 % by weight of the Insecticidal composition.

[0046] In an embodiment, the Insecticidal composition wherein the Cypermethrin ranges from 0.1 to 10 % by weight of the Insecticidal composition.

[0047] In an embodiment, the Insecticidal composition wherein the Cartap hydrochloride ranges from 50 to 95% by weight of the Insecticidal composition.

[0048] In another embodiment of the present invention, the invention further provides the process for preparation of the said formulation, wherein the said formulation Wettable powders (WP) and Wettable Granules (WG).

[0049] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the agrochemically acceptable excipients of the formulation are selected from the group consisting of Dispersing agents, wetting agents, pH modifiers, Binders and carrier / fillers

[0050] Wetting agent is selected from the group comprising of, but not limited to non-ionic proprietary surfactant blend alkylphenol ethoxylates or polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters, lignosulfonates, sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensates, tri styrylphenol ethoxylates. In a preferred embodiment, the wetting agent in an amount of from 2.0 - 8.0%by weight based on a total weight of the composition.

[0051] Dispersing agent is selected from the group comprising of, but not limited to polymeric ester dispersant, ethoxylated polyarylphenol phosphate ester, sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate / naphthalene sulphonic acid condensate, acrylic copolymer, nonionic proprietary surfactant blend, polycarboxylates, calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, aryl sulphonate condensate, sodium lignosulphonate, dispertox BS SPL, polystyrenatedacrylated co-polymer, modified styrene acrylic copolymer, salts of phenol sulfonic acids, Terwet 2700, butyl polyalkylene oxide block co-polymer, mixture of tristyrylphenolethoxylates and polyalkylene oxide derivative of a synthetic alcohol, Kraft lignin sulphonate, random co-polymer of alcoxylated polyethylene glycol or mixtures thereof ;The Dispersing agent is present in an amount of from 3.0 - 10.0% by weight based on a total weight of the composition.

[0052] Inert carriers / Fillers is selected from the group comprising of, but not limited to kaolin, china clay, alumina, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite, crushed and fractionated natural minerals such as calcite, marble, pumice, dextrin, precipitated silica, sepiolite, bentonite, river sand, white sand, zeolites, starch, sand, talc, quartz, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, aluminium oxide, silicates, calcium phosphates, calcium hydrogen phosphates, ammonium sulphate or mixtures thereof. The inert carriers are present in an amount of from 0% to 90% by weight based on a total weight of the composition.

[0053] Thickeners / binders / gelling agents may be selected from but not limited to molasses, granulated sugar, alginates, karaya gum, jaguar gum, tragacanth gum, polysaccharide gum, mucilage, xanthan gum or combination thereof. In another embodiment, the binder may be selected from silicates such as magnesium aluminium silicate, polyvinyl acetates, polyvinyl acetate copolymers, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers, celluloses, including ethyl celluloses and methylcelluloses, hydroxymethyl celluloses, hydroxypropyl celluloses, hydroxymethylpropyl-celluloses, polyvinylpyrolidones, dextrins, malto-dextrins, polysaccharides, fats, oils, proteins, gum arabics, shellacs, vinylidene chloride, vinylidene chloride copolymers, calcium lignosulfonates, acrylic copolymers, starches, polyvinylacrylates, zeins, gelatin, carboxymethylcellulose, chitosan, polyethylene oxide, acrylimide polymers and copolymers, polyhydroxyethyl acrylate, methylacrylimide monomers, alginate, ethylcellulose, polychloroprene and syrups or mixtures thereof; polymers and copolymers of vinyl acetate, methyl cellulose, vinylidene chloride, acrylic, cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and polysaccharide; polymers and copolymers of vinylidene chloride and vinyl acetateethylene copolymers; combinations of polyvinyl alcohol and sucrose; plasticizers such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyglycols. The thickeners are present in an amount of from 01% to 05% by weight based on a total weight of the composition

[0054] PH modifiers is selected from the group comprising of, but not limited to selected from the group comprising of sodium pyrophosphate, sodium acetate, sodium oxalate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, trisodium phosphate, trisodium citrate, monoethanol amine, triethanol amine, triethylamine, dibasic esters selected from dimethyl succinate, dimethyl glutarate, orthosilicic acid, dimethyl adipate, ortho phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, hydrochloric acid or mixtures thereof. The PH modifier is present in an amount of from 01% to 03% by weight based on a total weight of the composition.

[0055] The composition of the present invention is effective for management of insect or pests selected from one or more of Cotton (Gossypium spp.), Paddy (Oryza saliva), Wheat (Triticumaestavum), Barley (Hordeum vulgare), Maize (Zea mays), Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) , Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris), Soybean (Glycin max), Peanut (Arachis hypogaea), Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) , Mustard (Brassica juncea), Rape seed (Brassica napus), Linseed (Linum usitatissimum), Sesame (Sesamum indicum), Castor (Ricinus communis), Green gram (Vigna radiate), Black gram (Vigna mungo), Chickpea (Ciceraritinum), Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), Redgram (Cajanus cajan), Frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris), Indian bean (Lablab purpureus), Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum), Field pea (Pisum sativum), Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), Lentils (Lens culinaris), Brinjal (Solanum melongena), Cabbage (Brassica oleracea van capitata), Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea van botrytis), Okra (Abelmoschus esciilenlus). Onion (Allium cepa L), Tomato (Solanum lycopersicuri) , Potato (Solanum tuberosum) , Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), Chilly (Capsicum annum), Garlic (Allium sativum), Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), Muskmelons (Cucumis melo), Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), Radish (Raphanus sativus), Carrot (Dacus carota subsp. sativus), Turnip (Brassica rapasubsprapa), Apple (Melus domestica), Banana (Musa spp.), Citrus groups (Citrus spp.), Grape (Vitis vinifera), Guava (Psidium guajava), Litchi (Litchi chinensis), Mango (Mangifera indica), Papaya (Carica papaya), Pineapple (Ananas comosus), Pomegranate (Punica granatum) , Sapota (Manilkara zapota), Rice Tea (oryza Sativa), (Camellia sinensis), Coffea (Coffea Arabica), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-30 graecum), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Ajwain (Trachyspermumammi), Psyllium (Plantago ovate), Black Pepper (Piper nigrum), Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana), Safedmusli (Chlorophytum tuberosum), Drum stick (Moringa oleifera), Coconut (Coco nucifera), Mentha ( Mentha spp.), Rose (Rosa spp.), Jasmine (Jasminum spp.), Marigold (Tagetes spp.), Common daisy (Bellis perennis), Dahlia (Dahlia hortnesis), Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii), Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) or GMO form thereof.

[0056] In yet another preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an insecticidal combination or composition comprising Emamectin benzoate, Cypermethrin and Cartap hydrochloride, to control the pathogenic microorganism on economically important crops such as Rice.

[0057] The invention is illustrated by the experiments as exemplified below. Examples:

[0058] The examples below are given solely for the purpose of illustration and are not to be construed as limitations of the present invention, as many variations thereof are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

[0059] Example 1: Preparation of insecticidal composition as Wettable Granules (WG):

[0060] In an embodiment, the chemical composition of the present insecticide is depicted below in Table 1:

[0061] Test parameters:

[0062] 1) Description - Material shall be in the form of white to free-flowing Granules.

[0063] 2) Suspensibility- shall not be less than 60% w / w.

[0064] 3) Persistent foam - persistence of foam shall not be more than 60 ml in 12 min.

[0065] 4) A.I. content of Emamectin Benzoate 1.0% w / w (±15%)

[0066] Cypermethrin 1.0% w / w (±15%)

[0067] Cartap Hydrochloride 73.0% w / w (+5%, -3%)

[0068] 5) PH of 1% aq. Solution- 3.0- 6.0

[0069] 6) Water content- 5% max.

[0070] 7) Acidity / Alkalinity-0.5% Max.

[0071] 8) Heat stability test- to take 100ml sample & keep it in 54°C±2 for 14 days.

[0072] Process for preparing Wettable Granules (WG) formulation:

[0073] 1. Take the required quantity of Cypermethrin technical in a kettle and heat to 50-55°C until a clear liquid is obtained.

[0074] 2. Add Silicon dioxide into a pre-mixing blender and then add it to the liquid Cypermethrin technical. Mix thoroughly for 30 minutes.

[0075] 3. To the above mass, add Lactose, Sodium salt of Sodium lauryl ether sulphate, Naphthalene sulfonate condensate, Sodium lignosulfonate, and Ortho phosphoric acid. Continue mixing for another 30 minutes.

[0076] 4. Sequentially add Emamectin benzoate and Cartap hydrochloride into the blender and mix for 1 hour.

[0077] 5. Transfer the mixture for milling using ACM / Jet mill to achieve the desired particle size (<15 pm).

[0078] 6. Take the milled material to a post blender, followed by dough mixing with 10-15% water.

[0079] 7. Subject the dough to granulation using a basket extruder, and finally dry the granules in a fluidized bed dryer (FBD) at 60°C for 30 minutes. Example 2: Preparation of insecticidal composition as Wettable powder (WP)

[0080] Formulation:

[0081] Table 2: Insecticidal Composition of the Wettable Powder (WP) Formulation. Process for preparing Wettable Powder (WP) Formulation.

[0082] 1. Take the required amount of Cypermethrin technical in a kettle and heat to 50-55°C until a clear liquid is obtained.

[0083] 2. Add Silicon dioxide into the pre-mixing blender, then add this to the liquid Cypermethrin technical. Mix for 30 minutes.

[0084] 3. To the above mixture, add Lactose, Sodium lauryl sulphate (sodium salt), Naphthalene sulfonate condensate, and Ortho phosphoric acid. Mix thoroughly for another 30 minutes.

[0085] 4. Sequentially add Emamectin benzoate and Cartap hydrochloride to the blender. Continue mixing for 1 hour.

[0086] 5. After mixing, transfer the material for milling with ACM / Jet mill to achieve the desired particle size (<15 pm)

[0087] 6. Transfer the milled material to a post blender for further homogenization.

[0088] Example 3: To evaluate the bio efficacy and phytotoxicity of Novel Insecticide Combination “Emamectin benzoate, Cypermethrin and Cartap hydrochloride” to control Stem borer, Leaf folder and Whorl maggot insectpests on Rice crop (Paddy). Experimental Detail:

[0089] Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas)'.

[0090] Before spray, a desired concentration of “Emamectin benzoate + Cypermethrin + Cartap hydrochloride” was freshly prepared as per each treatment. A desired concentration of insecticide solution was made by mixing the required amount of water. The treatment was imposed upon crossing Economic Threshold Level (ETL).

[0091] A pre-treatment observation on the percent dead heart was recorded a day before application. The post treatment observation on dead heart was recorded at 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after respective applications on randomly selected hills per replication. In each replication the number of damaged tillers (dead heart) and total number of tillers was recorded. The percent dead heart will be worked out by using the formula:

[0092] Total no. of dead heart per hill

[0093] Dead heart (%) = - x 100

[0094] Total no. of tillers

[0095] Likewise, in each treatment, the percent white ear was recorded at dough stage (90- 100 days after planting) and percent will be worked out by

[0096] Total no. of white ears per hill

[0097] White ears (%) x 100

[0098] Total no. of tillers

[0099] Further, in each treatment, the percent reduction of dead heart and white ear over untreated control was worked out using modified Abbot’ s formula given below:

[0100] 100 X 1 - (TaX Cb)

[0101] P = -

[0102] (Tb X Ca)

[0103] Where,

[0104] P = Percentage reduction over control

[0105] Ta= % dead heart / white ear in treatment after spray

[0106] Ca= % dead heart / white ear in untreated control after spray

[0107] Tb = % dead heart / white ear in treatment before spray

[0108] Cb = % dead heart / white ear in untreated control before spray

[0109] (Abbott, 1925; Fleming and Ratnakaran, 1985) Leaf Folder (Cnaphalocrosis medinalis)'.

[0110] To know the efficacy of the test insecticides, a desired concentration of “Emamectin benzoate + Cypermethrin + Cartap hydrochloride” was freshly prepared as per each treatment. A desired concentration of insecticide solution was made by mixing the required amount of water. The treatment was imposed upon crossing Economic Threshold Level (ETL). In each treatment, a day before application, the number of freshly damaged leaves / hill was recorded on 10 randomly selected hills per replication. The post-treatment observations on number of freshly damaged leaves were recorded at 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after respective applications and the percent leaf damage will be worked out.

[0111] Further, in each treatment, the percent reduction of leaf damage over untreated control was worked out using modified Abbot’ s formula given below.

[0112] 100 X 1 - (TaX Cb)

[0113] P = -

[0114] (Tb X Ca)

[0115] Where,

[0116] P = Percentage reduction over control

[0117] Ta= Percent leaf damage in treatment after spray

[0118] Ca= Percent leaf damage in untreated control after spray

[0119] Tb = Percent leaf damage in treatment before spray

[0120] Cb = Percent leaf damage in untreated control before spray (Abbott, 1925; Henderson and Tilton, 1955; Fleming and Ratnakaran, 1985)

[0121] Whorl Maggot (Hy dr el Ha spps)

[0122] To know the efficacy of the test insecticides, a desired concentration of “Emamectin benzoate + Cypermethrin + Cartap hydrochloride” was freshly prepared as per each treatment. A desired concentration of insecticide solution was made by mixing the required amount of water. The treatment was imposed upon crossing Economic Threshold Level (ETL). To record the incidence, in each replication a quadrant of Im X Im was used for taking observation by counting the total number of plants with in quadrant and number of plants affected with whorl maggot and data obtained was analyzed as per the statistical procedures of quadrant analysis at 1 day before application and 3, 7, 10, 14 days after applications.

[0123] Number of leaves damaged

[0124] Leaf Damage (%) = - x 100

[0125] Total number of leaves per hill

[0126] Further, in each treatment, the percent reduction of leaf damage over untreated control was worked out using modified Abbot’ s formula given below.

[0127] 100 X 1 - (TaX Cb)

[0128] P = -

[0129] (Tb X Ca)

[0130] Where,

[0131] P = Percentage reduction over control

[0132] Ta= Percent leaf damage in treatment after spray

[0133] Ca= Percent leaf damage in untreated control after spray

[0134] Tb = Percent leaf damage in treatment before spray

[0135] Cb = Percent leaf damage in untreated control before spray

[0136] (Abbott, 1925; Henderson and Tilton, 1955; Fleming and Ratnakaran, 1985)

[0137] Marketable Yield:

[0138] The harvesting was done at physiological maturity, the grain yield was recorded treatment wise and the data thus collected were subjected to ANOVA (Gomez and Gomez, 1984; Hosmand, 1988). Further, in each treatment the additional gain in yield over untreated control is calculated as below

[0139] Yield in treatment - yield in control

[0140] Additional gain yield (%) = - x 100

[0141] Yield in control Natural enemies:

[0142] In each treatment replicated blocks (25m2), the observations on natural enemies viz. predators, spiders and coccinellid beetles were recorded on 10 randomly selected hills at a day before and 1, 7, 10 and 14 days after application. The data was subjected for ANOVA (Gomez and Gomez, 1984; Hosmand, 1988).

[0143] Detail of treatments:

[0144] Table 3: Treatment details:

[0145] Protocol-A: Code: JU (3) PI-101073: Emamectin benzoate 1.0% + Cypermethrin 1.0% + Cartap hydrochloride 73.0% WG.

[0146] Table 4: Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against Stem borer in Rice, Kharif 2024-25 Protocol-A: Code: JU (3) PI-101073

[0147] DAS- Days after spraying; UT- Untreated

[0148] Table 5: Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against Stem borer in Rice, Kharif 2024-25 Protocol-A: Code: JU (3) PI-101073.

[0149] DAS- Days after spraying; UT- Untreated

[0150] Table 6: Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against Leaf folder in Rice, Kharif 2024-25 Protocol-A: Code: JU (3) PI-101073.

[0151] DAS- Days after spraying; UT- Untreated

[0152] Table 7: Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against Whorl maggot in Rice, Kharif 2024-25 Protocol-A: Code: JU (3) PI-101073

[0153] DAS- Days after spraying; UT- Untreated

[0154] Table 8. Phytotoxicity of test insecticides for Leaf tip injury, Chlorosis, Scorching, Epinasty & Hyponasty in rice, Kharif 2024-25 Protocol-A: Code: JU (3) PI-101073

[0155] DBS: Day before spray; DAS: Days after spray

[0156] Table 9. Bio-efficacy of test insecticides on marketable yield, Kharif 2024-25 Protocol-A: Code: JU (3) PI-101073

[0157] Table 10. Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against natural enemy complex in Rice, Kharif 2024-25 Protocol-A: Code: JU (3) PI-101073

[0158] DBS- Day before spray; DAS- Day after spray

[0159] Evaluation of Bio-efficacy of Rice Stem Borer, Leaf Folder, and Whorl Maggot The results presented in Tables 4-7 (Protocol-A, coded as JU (3) PI-101073), Tables 12-15 (Protocol-B, coded as JU (3) PI-757556), and Tables 19-23 (Protocol-C, coded as JU (3) PI-252591) demonstrate the performance of newly developed Novel Trimix-Insecticide Combinations / Formulations, namely:

[0160] • Emamectin benzoate 1.0% + Cypermethrin 1.0% + Cartap hydrochloride 73.0% WG

[0161] • Emamectin benzoate 0. 75% + Cypermethrin 0. 75% + Cartap hydrochloride 56.25% WG

[0162] • Emamectin benzoate 1.25% + Cypermethrin 1.25% + Cartap hydrochloride 91.25% WG

[0163] When applied at the economic threshold level (ETL) of insect pests, these combinations provided superior and longer-duration control of Rice Stem Borer, Leaf Folder, and Whorl Maggot compared to the standard check products applied alone (Treatments T-6 to T-8) and the untreated control (T-9). Importantly, no phytotoxic effects were observed on the rice crop.

[0164] The enhanced performance is attributed to the positive synergistic interaction and the unique ratio and formulation of the three active molecules tested at varying dosages.

[0165] Among the tested treatments, Treatment-3 (Protocol-A, Tables 4-7) — the combination of Emamectin benzoate 1.0% + Cypermethrin 1.0% + Cartap hydrochloride 73.0% WG @ 300 g / ha (3.0 + 3.0 + 219.0 = 225.0 g a.i. / ha) — proved to be the most effective, suitable, and economical option for pest management. This treatment, along with the other Trimix formulations, provided consistent and prolonged control of all three key pests without causing phytotoxicity.

[0166] Conclusion:

[0167] The Novel Trimix-Insecticidal Synergistic Combinations demonstrated significant superiority over existing standards and hold strong potential as an effective, economical, and environmentally safe solution for integrated pest management in rice cultivation. Table 11:

[0168] Protocol-B: Code: JU (3) PI-757556: Emamectin benzoate 0.75% + Cypermethrin 0.75% + Cartap hydrochloride 56.25% WG.

[0169] Table 12. Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against natural enemy complex in Rice, Kharif 2024-25 Protocol-B: Code: JU (3) PI-757556

[0170] DBS- Day before spray; DAS- Day after spray

[0171] Table-13: Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against Stem borer in Rice, Kharif 2024-25

[0172] Protocol-B: Code: JU (3) PI-757556

[0173] DAS- Days after spraying; UT- Untreated

[0174] Table-14: Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against Stem borer in Rice, Kharif 2024-25

[0175] Protocol-B: Code: JU (3) PI-757556

[0176] DAS- Days after spraying; UT- Untreated

[0177] Table 15: Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against Leaf folder in Rice, Kharif 2024-25 Protocol-B: Code: JU (3) PI-757556

[0178] DAS- Days after spraying; UT- Untreated

[0179] Table 16: Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against Whorl maggot in Rice, Kharif 2024-25 Protocol-B: Code: JU (3) PI-757556

[0180] DAS- Days after spraying; UT- Untreated

[0181] Table 17. Phytotoxicity of test insecticides for Leaf tip injury, Chlorosis, Scorching, Epinasty & Hyponasty in rice, Kharif 2024-25

[0182] Protocol-B: Code: JU (3) PI-757556

[0183] DBS: Day before spray; DAS: Days after spray

[0184] Table 18. Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against the natural enemy complex in Rice, Kharif 2024-25 Protocol-B: Code: JU (3) PI-757556

[0185] DBS- Day before spray; DAS- Day after spray

[0186] Table 19: Protocol-C: Code: JU (3) PI-252591: Emamectin benzoate 1.25% + Cypermethrin 1.25% + Cartap hydrochloride

[0187] 91.25% WG

[0188] Table 20: Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against Stem borer in Rice, Kharif 2024-25 Protocol-C: Code: JU (3) PI-252591

[0189] DAS- Days after spraying; UT- Untreated

[0190] Table-21: Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against Stem borer in Rice, Kharif 2024-25 Protocol-C: Code: JU (3) PI-252591

[0191] DAS- Days after spraying; UT- Untreated

[0192] Table-22: Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against Leaf folder in Rice, Kharif 2024-25 Protocol-C: Code: JU (3) PI-252591

[0193] DAS- Days after spraying; UT- Untreated

[0194] Table-23: Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against Whorl maggot in Rice, Kharif 2024-25 Protocol-C: Code: JU (3) PI-252591

[0195] DAS- Days after spraying; UT- Untreated

[0196] Table 24. Phytotoxicity of test insecticides for Leaf tip injury, Chlorosis, Scorching, Epinasty & Hyponasty in rice, Kharif 2024-25 Protocol-C: Code: JU (3) PI-252591

[0197] DBS: Day before spray; DAS: Days after spray

[0198] Table 25. Bio-efficacy of test insecticides against the natural enemy complex in Rice Kharif 2024-25 Protocol-C: Code: JU (3) PI-252591

[0199] DBS- Day before spray; DAS- Day after spray

[0200] Comparison of Protocol-A, Protocol-B, and Protocol-C

[0201] Summary:

[0202] Among the tested Novel Trimix-Insecticidal Synergistic Combinations, Protocol-A (Tables 4-7) demonstrated the most promising and economical results for controlling Rice Stem Borer, Leaf Folder, and Whorl Maggot, compared to Protocol-B (Tables 12- 15) and Protocol-C (Tables 19-23). The findings emphasize the importance of optimizing the balance of active ingredients and their concentrations to achieve maximum pest management efficacy while ensuring crop safety.

[0203] 1. Novel Trimix-Insecticide Combination / Formulation [JU (3) PI-101073 - Protocol-A]

[0204] • Composition: Emamectin benzoate 1.0% + Cypermethrin 1.0% + Cartap hydrochloride 73.0% WG

[0205] • Application: Applied at ETL (economic threshold level) of insect pests

[0206] • Effectiveness: Provided maximum percentage and longer-duration control of Rice Stem Borer, Leaf Folder, and Whorl Maggot compared with other tested combinations and standard products

[0207] • Phytotoxicity: No harmful effects observed on rice crop (Table 8)

[0208] 2. Best Treatment Option - Treatment-3 (Protocol-A)

[0209] • Composition & Dosage:

[0210] Emamectin benzoate 1.0% + Cypermethrin 1.0% + Cartap hydrochloride 73.0% WG @ 300 g / ha (3.0 + 3.0 + 219.0 = 225.0 g a.i. / ha)

[0211] • Effectiveness:

[0212] Most suitable, effective, and economical treatment for controlling Stem Borer, Leaf Folder, and Whorl Maggot • Crop Safety:

[0213] No phytotoxic effects recorded on rice

[0214] 3. Success of the Novel Combination (Protocol-A, JU (3) PI-101073)

[0215] The superior performance is attributed to:

[0216] • Positive synergism among the active ingredients

[0217] • Unique ratio and composition leading to enhanced efficacy

[0218] • Longer residual control without phytotoxic effects

[0219] Overall, Treatment-3 of Protocol-A emerged as the optimal choice in terms of pest control, crop safety, and cost-effectiveness, followed by other treatments of the same formulation.

[0220] 4. Phytotoxicity Assessment

[0221] Across all protocols and dosages tested, no phytotoxicity symptoms were observed:

[0222] • Protocol-A [JU (3) PI-101073, Table 8]

[0223] • Protocol-B [JU (3) PI-757556, Table 17]

[0224] • Protocol-C [JU (3) PI-252591, Table 24]

[0225] 5. Impact on Yield

[0226] • Protocol-A (Table 9):

[0227] The combination Emamectin benzoate 1.0% + Cypermethrin 1.0%> + Cartap hydrochloride 73.0% WG [JU (3) PI-101073] significantly increased grain yield to 4768-4793 kg / ha, reflecting an increment of 45.99—46.75% over other treatments and combinations (T-3 to T-5).

[0228] 6. Impact on Natural Enemies

[0229] • Data from Protocols A, B, and C (Tables 10,18 and 25) showed no significant differences among treatments regarding the populations of natural predators (Spiders and Coccinellids). Thus, the Novel Trimix-Insecticide Combinations can be considered safe to natural enemies.

[0230] Conclusion

[0231] The formulation Emamectin benzoate 1.0% + Cypermethrin 1.0%> + Cartap hydrochloride 73.0%> WG @ 300 g / ha (3.0 + 3.0 + 219.0 = 225.0 g a.i. / ha) [Protocol-

[0232] A, JU (3) PI-101073] is recommended for rice cultivation. It offers highly effective control of Stem Borer, Leaf Folder, and Whorl Maggot, improves yield, ensures crop safety, is economical for farmers, and maintains ecological safety by being non-harmful to natural enemies.

Claims

We claim:

1. An Insecticidal composition comprising a synergistic combination of- a. Emamectin benzoate is present in an amount of 0.1 to 10% by weight; b. Cypermethrin is present in an amount of 0.1 to 10% by weight; c. Cartap hydrochloride is present in an amount of 50 to 95 % by weight, and d. Agrochemical acceptable excipient.

2. The Insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein Emamectin benzoate is present in an amount of 1% w / w, Cypermethrin is present in an amount of 1% w / w, and Cartap hydrochloride is present in an amount of 73% w / w; the Emamectin benzoate is present in an amount of 0.75 % w / w, Cypermethrin is present in an amount of 0.75% w / w, and Cartap hydrochloride is present in an amount of 56.25% w / w;or the Emamectin benzoate is present in an amount of 1.25 % w / w, Cypermethrin is present in an amount of 1.25% w / w, and Cartap hydrochloride is present in an amount of 91.25% w / w.

3. The Insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the agrochemically acceptable excipient is dispersant / dispersing agents, wetting agents, pH Modifiers, carriers / fillers, and Binders.

4. The Insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the formulation is selected from Wettable granules (WG) and Wettable powder (WP).

5. The Insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 4, wherein the WG comprises at least a dispersing agent in an amount in the range of 03-10%w / w, at least a wetting agent in an amount in the range of 02-08%w / w, at least a Binders in an amount in the range of 01-05%w / w, at least an pH modifiers in an amount in the range of 01- 03%w / w, and a carrier / fillers up to 95%w / w.

6. The Insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 11, comprising Sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate of 4%, Sodium lauryl ether Sulphate of 7%, Sodium lignosulfonate of 6%. Ortho Phosphoric Acid of 1.2%, Silicon dioxide of 2%, and Lactose to make up to 100%w / w.

7. The Insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 4, wherein the WP comprises at least a dispersing agent in an amount in the range of 03-10%w / w, at least a wetting agent in an amount in the range of 02-08%w / w, at least a Binders in an amount in the range of 01-05%w / w, at least a pH modifier in an amount in the range of 01- 03%w / w, and a carrier / fillers up to 95%w / w.

8. The Insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 13, comprising Sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate of 4%, Sodium lauryl ether Sulphate of 7%, Ortho Phosphoric Acid of 1.2%, Silicon dioxide of 2% Lactose to make up to 100%w / w.

9. A process for preparing a Wettable granules (WG) insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 1 comprising the steps of- a) heating Cypermethrin technical to 50-55°C until a clear liquid is obtained; b) adding Silicon dioxide into a pre-mixing blender and mixing with the liquid Cypermethrin; c) adding excipients including Lactose, Sodium lauryl ether sulphate (sodium salt), Naphthalene sulfonate condensate, Sodium lignosulfonate, and Ortho phosphoric acid, and mixing; d) sequentially adding Emamectin benzoate and Cartap hydrochloride into the blender and mixing for about 1 hour; e) milling the mass using ACM / Jet mill to a particle size of <15 pm; f) post-blending followed by dough mixing with 10-15% water; g) granulating the dough using a basket extruder; and h) drying the granules in a fluidized bed dryer at 60°C for about 30 minutes.

10. The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein the final product has a particle size distribution of <15 pm and a moisture content of less than 2%.

11. The formulation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the insecticidal combination provides synergistic control of Rice Stem Borer, Rice Leaf Folder, and Rice Whorl Maggot when applied at field-recommended dosages.

12. A process for preparing a Wettable Powder (WP) insecticidal composition as claimed in claim 1 comprising the steps of— a) heating Cypermethrin technical to 50-55°C until a clear liquid is obtained; b) adding Silicon dioxide into a pre-mixing blender and mixing with the liquid Cypermethrin; c) adding excipients including Lactose, Sodium lauryl ether sulphate (sodium salt), Naphthalene sulfonate condensate, and Ortho phosphoric acid, and mixing; d) sequentially adding Emamectin benzoate and Cartap hydrochloride into the blender and mixing for about 1 hour; e) milling the mass using ACM / Jet mill to a particle size of <15 pm; f) post-blending followed by dough mixing with 10-15% water; g) granulating the dough using a basket extruder; and h) drying the granules in a fluidized bed dryer at 60°C for about 30 minutes.

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