Sidelink communication across synchronization clusters
By using a time offset based on synchronization signal differences, UEs synchronize communication across clusters, enhancing reliability and efficiency in wireless networks.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- QUALCOMM INC
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-15
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-21
AI Technical Summary
Communication between UEs associated with different synchronization sources in different synchronization clusters is unreliable due to timing misalignment, leading to data loss, corruption, and increased latency, which affects network efficiency and power consumption.
UEs adjust their communication using a time offset based on the time difference between synchronization signals from different synchronization sources, enabling synchronized communication across clusters through techniques like TDM and FDM for sidelink synchronization signals and data transmission.
This approach improves time synchronization, communication reliability, reduces data loss and corruption, decreases latency, and conserves power by minimizing retransmissions and error-correction processes.
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Figure CN2024132250_21052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
SIDELINK COMMUNICATION ACROSS SYNCHRONIZATION CLUSTERSFIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0001] Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication and specifically relate to techniques, apparatuses, and methods associated with sidelink communication across synchronization clusters.BACKGROUND
[0002] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various services, which may involve carrying or supporting voice, text, other messaging, video, data, and / or other traffic. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access radio access technologies (RATs) capable of supporting communication among multiple wireless communication devices including user devices or other devices by sharing the available system resources (for example, time domain resources, frequency domain resources, spatial domain resources, and / or device transmit power, among other examples) . Such multiple-access RATs are supported by technological advancements that have been adopted in various telecommunication standards, which define common protocols that enable different wireless communication devices to communicate on a local, municipal, national, regional, or global level.
[0003] An example telecommunication standard is New Radio (NR) . NR, which may also be referred to as 5G, is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . NR (and other RATs beyond NR) may be designed to better support enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, Internet of things (IoT) networks or reduced capability device deployments, and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) applications. To support these verticals, NR systems may be designed to implement a modularized functional infrastructure, a disaggregated and service-based network architecture, network function virtualization, network slicing, multi-access edge computing, millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies including massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) , licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployments, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication technologies (for example, cellular vehicle-to-everything (CV2X) communication) , multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, and / or radio frequency (RF) sensing, among other examples. As the demand for connectivity continues to increase, further improvements in NR may be implemented, and other RATs, such as 6G and beyond, may be introduced to enable new applications and facilitate new use cases.SUMMARY
[0004] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by a destination user equipment (UE) . The method may include receiving a discovery message and a first synchronization signal from a source UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster. The method may include transmitting a discovery response message to the source UE using a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source.
[0005] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by a source UE. The method may include transmitting a discovery message and a first synchronization signal to a destination UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster. The method may include receiving a discovery response message from the destination UE in accordance with a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source.
[0006] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication at a destination UE. The apparatus may include one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be configured to receive a discovery message and a first synchronization signal from a source UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster. The one or more processors may be configured to transmit a discovery response message to the source UE using a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source.
[0007] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication at a source UE. The apparatus may include one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be configured to transmit a discovery message and a first synchronization signal to a destination UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster. The one or more processors may be configured to receive a discovery response message from the destination UE in accordance with a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source.
[0008] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by a destination UE. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the UE, may cause the UE to receive a discovery message and a first synchronization signal from a source UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the UE, may cause the UE to transmit a discovery response message to the source UE using a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source.
[0009] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by a source UE. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the UE, may cause the UE to transmit a discovery message and a first synchronization signal to a destination UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the UE, may cause the UE to receive a discovery response message from the destination UE in accordance with a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source.
[0010] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for receiving a discovery message and a first synchronization signal from a source UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the apparatus is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster. The apparatus may include means for transmitting a discovery response message to the source UE using a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source.
[0011] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for transmitting a discovery message and a first synchronization signal to a destination UE, wherein the apparatus is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster. The apparatus may include means for receiving a discovery response message from the destination UE in accordance with a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source.
[0012] Aspects of the present disclosure may generally be implemented by or as a method, apparatus, system, computer program product, non-transitory computer-readable medium, user equipment, base station, network node, network entity, wireless communication device, and / or processing system as substantially described with reference to, and as illustrated by, this specification and accompanying drawings.
[0013] The foregoing paragraphs of this section have broadly summarized some aspects of the present disclosure. These and additional aspects and associated advantages will be described hereinafter. The disclosed aspects may be used as a basis for modifying or designing other aspects for carrying out the same or similar purposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent aspects do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. Characteristics of the aspects disclosed herein, both their organization and method of operation, together with associated advantages, will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] The appended drawings illustrate some aspects of the present disclosure but are not limiting of the scope of the present disclosure because the description may enable other aspects. Each of the drawings is provided for purposes of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims. The same or similar reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.
[0015] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication network, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0016] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated network node architecture, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0017] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of communications across synchronization clusters, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0018] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of sidelink communication across synchronization clusters, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0019] Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of sidelink synchronization signal block and physical sidelink shared channel transmissions in different slots using time division multiplexing, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0020] Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of sidelink synchronization signal block and physical sidelink shared channel transmissions in different slots using frequency division multiplexing, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0021] Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, for example, at a user equipment (UE) or an apparatus of a UE, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0022] Fig. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, for example, at a UE or an apparatus of a UE, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0023] Fig. 9 is a diagram of an example apparatus for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] Various aspects of the present disclosure are described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, aspects of the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms. The present disclosure is not to be construed as limited to any specific aspect illustrated by or described with reference to an accompanying drawing or otherwise presented in this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. One skilled in the art may appreciate that the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein, whether implemented independently of or in combination with any other aspect of the disclosure. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using various combinations or quantities of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover an apparatus having, or a method that is practiced using, other structures and / or functionalities in addition to or other than the structures and / or functionalities with which various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein may be practiced. Any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0025] Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques. These methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes, or algorithms (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0026] Multi-hop relays can extend the range of wireless communications by relaying data from one device to another until the data reaches a target destination. Two example types of multi-hop relays are user-to-user (U2U) relays and user-to-network (U2N) relays. In a multi-hop U2U relay scenario, communication occurs directly between devices without routing the data through a central network node (such as a base station) . For example, user devices can relay information to each other until the data reaches the intended destination. This may be useful in scenarios where direct user-to-user communication is possible, such as in proximity services or mesh networks. In contrast, in a multi-hop U2N relay, the data may be routed through one or more hops to reach a central network node, such as a base station or access point. Intermediate devices can assist in relaying the data to the network node, thereby improving connectivity for devices that are out of direct range of the network infrastructure. This may be beneficial for extending coverage in areas with limited network infrastructure or poor signal communications.
[0027] A synchronization cluster is a grouping of network elements in a wireless communication system that coordinate to maintain synchronized timing and efficient data transmission. Synchronizing clocks between the network elements in the wireless communication system can help to reduce interference and improve network efficiency. Additionally, synchronization clusters can allow for improved timing control and for reduced phase and frequency offsets, which can otherwise degrade signal quality. A synchronization source is a reference signal or device that provides precise timing information for synchronizing the clocks of the network elements within the synchronization cluster. The synchronization source can enable all devices within the synchronization cluster to operate on a unified timescale, thereby improving coordinated data transmission and network efficiency. In some cases, the synchronization source can generate a timing signal that is distributed to all of the network elements in the synchronization cluster to create a synchronized network environment. By aligning the transmission and reception windows of the network elements, the synchronization source can reduce data collisions and interference within the synchronization cluster.
[0028] A source UE located within a first synchronization cluster and associated with a first synchronization source may transmit data to a destination UE located within a second synchronization cluster and associated with a second synchronization source. Since the source UE and the destination UE are associated with different synchronization sources, communications between the source UE and the destination UE may not be time synchronized. This can result in the source UE and the destination UE not being able to communicate reliably. For example, if a timing offset between the first synchronization source and the second synchronization source is greater than or equal to a duration of a cyclic prefix of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol, the source UE and the destination UE may not be able to communicate reliably due to the asynchronization (for example, timing boundary misalignment) between them. In some cases, this asynchronization can lead to data loss or data corruption, as the destination UE may not be able to accurately interpret the start and end of each symbol from the source UE. Additionally, the timing boundary misalignment can result in the communications between the source UE and the destination UE having phase errors and high bit error rates, thereby resulting in communication signal degradation. In some cases, the asynchronization can result in reduced network efficiency. For example, if the destination UE cannot decode a transmission from the source UE accurately, the destination UE may require one or more retransmissions of the communication from the source UE, thereby increasing latency and reducing throughput in the network. Further, the timing boundary misalignment for the communications between the source UE and the destination UE may result in increased power consumption, such as due to the repeated retransmissions or complex error-correction processes required to properly receive the communication from the source UE.
[0029] Various aspects generally relate to wireless communications. Some aspects more specifically relate to sidelink communication across synchronization clusters. In some aspects, a source UE may transmit a discovery message and a first synchronization signal to a destination UE. The first synchronization signal may be a sidelink synchronization signal block (SSB) that is received with the discovery message on a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) . The destination UE may transmit a discovery response message to the source UE that is in accordance with a time offset. In some aspects, the time offset may be calculated by the destination UE for adjusting timing information associated with transmitting the discovery response message. For example, the time offset may be based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source. The source UE and the destination UE may establish a connection using the first synchronization signal and the time offset. In some aspects, at least one of the source UE or the destination UE may be configured with one or more parameters for communicating across the first synchronization cluster and the second synchronization cluster. The one or more parameters may include a resource pool parameter, a discovery window parameter, a gap parameter, a guard band parameter, a condition parameter, or a timer parameter, among other examples, or may be based at least in part on a capability of the destination UE. In some aspects, the sidelink SSB that carries the first synchronization signal and the PSSCH communication that carries the discovery message may be received in different slots in accordance with a time division multiplexing (TDM) operation. For example, the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication may be received in adjacent slots or may be received in slots that are separated by a gap. In some other aspects, the sidelink SSB that carries the first synchronization signal and the PSSCH communication that carries the discovery message may be received in the same slot in accordance with a frequency division multiplexing (FDM) operation. For example, the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication may be received in adjacent sub-channels or may be received in sub-channels that are separated by a guard band.
[0030] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, by enabling the source UE and the destination UE to communicate in accordance with a synchronization signal and the time offset, the described techniques can be used to improve time synchronization between the source UE and the destination UE. In some examples, by enabling the source UE and the destination UE to communicate in accordance with the synchronization signal and the time offset, the described techniques can be used to improve communication reliability. For example, by enabling the source UE and the destination UE to communicate in accordance with the synchronization signal and the time offset, the described techniques can be used to reduce data loss and data corruption in communications between the source UE and the destination UE. In some examples, by enabling the source UE and the destination UE to communicate in accordance with the synchronization signal and the time offset, the described techniques can be used to improve network efficiency. For example, by enabling the source UE and the destination UE to communicate in accordance with the synchronization signal and the time offset, the described techniques can be used to reduce a quantity of retransmissions, thereby reducing latency and increasing throughput in the network. In some examples, by enabling the source UE and the destination UE to communicate in accordance with the synchronization signal and the time offset, the described techniques can be used to reduce power consumption at the source UE and the destination UE. These example advantages, among others, are described in more detail below.
[0031] As described above, wireless communication systems may be deployed to provide various services, which may involve carrying or supporting voice, text, other messaging, video, data, and / or other traffic. Some wireless communications systems may employ multiple-access radio access technologies (RATs) . The multiple-access RATs may be capable of supporting communication with multiple wireless communication devices by sharing the available system resources (for example, time domain resources, frequency domain resources, spatial domain resources, and / or device transmit power, among other examples) . Examples of such multiple-access RATs include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0032] Multiple-access RATs are supported by technological advancements that have been adopted in various telecommunication standards, which define common protocols that enable wireless communication devices to communicate on a local, municipal, enterprise, national, regional, or global level. For example, 5G New Radio (NR) is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . 5G NR may support enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, Internet of Things (IoT) networks or reduced capability (RedCap) device deployments, ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) applications, and / or massive machine-type communication (mMTC) , among other examples.
[0033] To support these and other target verticals, a wireless communication system may be designed to implement a modularized functional infrastructure, a disaggregated and service-based network architecture, network function virtualization, network slicing, multi-access edge computing, millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies including massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) , beamforming, IoT device or RedCap device connectivity and management, industrial connectivity, licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication (for example, cellular vehicle-to-everything (CV2X) communication) , frequency spectrum expansion, overlapping spectrum use, small cell deployments, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployments, device aggregation, advanced duplex communication (for example, sub-band full-duplex (SBFD) ) , multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, radio frequency (RF) sensing, network energy savings (NES) , low-power signaling and radios, and / or artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) , among other examples.
[0034] In some examples, two or more UEs 120 (for example, shown as UE 120a and UE 120d) may communicate directly with one another using sidelink communications (for example, without communicating by way of a network node 110 as an intermediary) . As an example, the UE 120a may directly transmit data, control information, or other signaling as a sidelink communication to the UE 120d. This is in contrast to, for example, the UE 120a first transmitting data in an uplink communication to a network node 110, which then transmits the data to the UE 120d in a downlink communication. In various examples, the UEs 120 may transmit and receive sidelink communications using peer-to-peer (P2P) communication protocols, device-to-device (D2D) communication protocols, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication protocols (which may include vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) protocols, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) protocols, and / or vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) protocols) , and / or mesh network communication protocols. In some deployments and configurations, a network node 110 may schedule and / or allocate resources for sidelink communications between UEs 120 in the wireless communication network 100. In some examples, the network node 110 may be a roadside unit or other device deployed in a V2X network. In some other deployments and configurations, a UE 120 (instead of a network node 110) may perform, or collaborate or negotiate with one or more other UEs to perform, scheduling operations, resource selection operations, and / or other operations for sidelink communications. Sidelink data and control transmissions (that is, transmissions directly between two or more UEs 120) may generally use similar techniques as were described for uplink data and control transmission, and may use sidelink-specific channels such as a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) , and / or a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) .
[0035] The foregoing and other technological improvements may support use cases, such as wireless fronthauls, wireless midhauls, wireless backhauls, wireless data centers, extended reality (XR) and metaverse applications, meta services for supporting vehicle connectivity, holographic and mixed reality communication, autonomous and collaborative robots, vehicle platooning and cooperative maneuvering, sensing networks, gesture monitoring, human-brain interfacing, digital twin applications, asset management, and universal coverage applications using non-terrestrial and / or aerial platforms, among other examples.
[0036] As the demand for connectivity continues to increase, further improvements in NR may be implemented, and other RATs, such as 6G and beyond, may be introduced to enable new applications and facilitate new use cases. The methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques described herein may enable one or more of the foregoing technologies or new technologies and / or support one or more of the foregoing use cases or new use cases.
[0037] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication network 100, in accordance with the present disclosure. The wireless communication network 100 may be or may include elements of a 5G (or NR) network or a 6G network, among other examples. The wireless communication network 100 may include multiple network nodes 110. For example, in Fig. 1, the wireless communication network 100 includes a network node (NN) 110a and a network node 110b. The network nodes 110 may support communications with multiple UEs 120. For example, in Fig. 1, the network nodes 110 support communication with a UE 120a, a UE 120b, a UE 120c, and a UE 120d. In some examples, a UE 120 may also communicate with other UEs 120 and a network node 110 may communicate with a core network and with other network nodes 110.
[0038] The network nodes 110 and the UEs 120 of the wireless communication network 100 may communicate using the electromagnetic spectrum, which may be subdivided by frequency or wavelength into various classes, bands, carriers, and / or channels. For example, devices of the wireless communication network 100 may communicate using one or more operating bands. In some aspects, multiple wireless communication networks 100 may be deployed in a given geographic area. Each wireless communication network 100 may support a particular RAT (which may also be referred to as an air interface) and may operate on one or more carrier frequencies in one or more frequency bands or ranges. In some examples, when multiple RATs are deployed in a given geographic area, each RAT in the geographic area may operate on different frequencies to avoid interference with other RATs. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the wireless communication network 100 may implement dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) , in which multiple RATs are implemented with dynamic bandwidth allocation (for example, based on user demand) in a single frequency band. In some examples, the wireless communication network 100 may support communication over unlicensed spectrum, where access to an unlicensed channel is subject to a channel access mechanism. For example, in a shared or unlicensed frequency band, a transmitting device may perform a channel access procedure, such as a listen-before-talk (LBT) procedure, to contend against other devices for channel access before transmitting on a shared or unlicensed channel.
[0039] Various operating bands have been defined as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz through 7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz through 52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz through 24.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz through 71 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz through 114.25 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz through 300 GHz) . Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “sub-6 GHz” band in some documents and articles. Similarly, FR2 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in some documents and articles, despite being different than the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz through 300 GHz) , which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band. The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies, which include FR3. Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 or FR2 into the mid-band frequencies. Thus, “sub-6 GHz, ” if used herein, may broadly refer to frequencies that are less than 6 GHz, that are within FR1, and / or that are included in mid-band frequencies. Similarly, the term “millimeter wave, ” if used herein, may broadly refer to mid-band frequencies or to frequencies that are within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, FR5, and / or the EHF band. Higher frequency bands may extend 5G NR operation, 6G operation, and / or other RATs beyond 52.6 GHz.
[0040] A network node 110 and / or a UE 120 may include one or more devices, components, or systems that enable communication with other devices, components, or systems of the wireless communication network 100. For example, a UE 120 and a network node 110 may each include one or more chips, system-on-chips (SoCs) , chipsets, packages, or devices that individually or collectively constitute or comprise a processing system, such as a processing system 140 of the UE 120. A processing system (for example, the processing system 140) includes processor (or “processing” ) circuitry in the form of one or multiple processors, microprocessors, processing units (such as central processing units (CPUs) , graphics processing units (GPUs) , neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) , and / or digital signal processors (DSPs) ) , processing blocks, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “processor” or collectively as “the processor” or “the processor circuitry” ) . Such processors may be individually or collectively configurable or configured to perform various functions or operations described herein. A group of processors collectively configurable or configured to perform a set of functions may include a first processor configurable or configured to perform a first function of the set and a second processor configurable or configured to perform a second function of the set. In some other examples, each of a group of processors may be configurable or configured to perform a same set of functions.
[0041] The processing system 140 may include memory circuitry in the form of one or multiple memory devices, memory blocks, memory elements, or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry, each of which may include or implement tangible storage media such as random-access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM) , or combinations thereof (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “memory” or collectively as “the memory” or “the memory circuitry” ) . One or more of the memories may be coupled (for example, operatively coupled, communicatively coupled, electronically coupled, or electrically coupled) with one or more of the processors and may individually or collectively store processor-executable code or instructions (such as software) that, when executed by one or more of the processors, may configure one or more of the processors to perform various functions or operations described herein. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, one or more of the processors may be configured to perform various functions or operations described herein without requiring configuration by software. “Software” shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, or functions, among other examples, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.
[0042] The processing system 140 may each include or be coupled with one or more modems (such as a cellular (for example, a 5G or 6G compliant) modem) . In some examples, one or more processors of the processing system 140 include or implement one or more of the modems. The processing system 140 may also include or be coupled with multiple radios (collectively “the radio” ) , multiple RF chains, or multiple transceivers, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more of multiple antennas. In some examples, one or more processors of the processing system 140 include or implement one or more of the radios, RF chains, or transceivers. An RF chain may include one or more filters, mixers, oscillators, amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) , and / or other devices that convert between an analog signal (such as for transmission or reception via an air interface) and a digital signal (such as for processing by the processing system 140 of the UE 120) .
[0043] A network node 110 and a UE 120 may each include one or multiple antennas or antenna arrays. Typical network nodes 110 and UEs 120 may include multiple antennas, which may be organized or structured into one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. As used herein, the term “antenna” can refer to one or more antennas, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays. The term “antenna panel” can refer to a group of antennas (such as antenna elements) arranged in an array or panel, which may facilitate beamforming by manipulating parameters associated with the group of antennas. The term “antenna module” may refer to circuitry including one or more antennas as well as one or more other components (such as filters, amplifiers, or processors) associated with integrating the antenna module into a wireless communication device such as the network node 110 and the UE 120.
[0044] A network node 110 may be, may include, or may also be referred to as an NR network node, a 5G network node, a 6G network node, a Node B, a gNB, an access point (AP) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a network entity, a network element, a network equipment, and / or another type of device, component, or system included in a radio access network (RAN) . In various deployments, a network node 110 may be implemented as a single physical node (for example, a single physical structure) or may be implemented as two or more physical nodes (for example, two or more distinct physical structures) . For example, a network node 110 may be a device or system that implements a part of a radio protocol stack, a device or system that implements a full radio protocol stack (such as a full gNB protocol stack) , or a collection of devices or systems that collectively implement the full radio protocol stack. For example, and as shown, a network node 110 may be an aggregated network node having an aggregated architecture, meaning that the network node 110 may implement a full radio protocol stack that is physically and logically integrated within a single physical structure in the wireless communication network 100. For example, an aggregated network node 110 may consist of a single standalone base station or a single TRP that operates with a full radio protocol stack to enable or facilitate communication between a UE 120 and a core network of the wireless communication network 100.
[0045] Alternatively, and as also shown, a network node 110 may be a disaggregated network node (sometimes referred to as a disaggregated base station) , having a disaggregated architecture, meaning that the network node 110 may operate with a radio protocol stack that is physically distributed and / or logically distributed among two or more nodes in the same geographic location or in different geographic locations. An example disaggregated network node architecture is described in more detail below with reference to Fig. 2. In some deployments, disaggregated network nodes 110 may be used in an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, in an open radio access network (O-RAN) (such as a network configuration in compliance with the O-RAN Alliance) , or in a virtualized radio access network (vRAN) , also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) , to facilitate scaling by separating network functionality into multiple units or modules that can be individually deployed.
[0046] The network nodes 110 of the wireless communication network 100 may include one or more central units (CUs) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , and one or more radio units (RUs) . A CU may host one or more higher layers, such as a radio resource control (RRC) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, and a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer, among other examples. A DU may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and / or one or more higher physical (PHY) layers depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as a functional split defined by the 3GPP. In some examples, a DU also may host a lower PHY layer that is configured to perform functions, such as a fast Fourier transform (FFT) , an inverse FFT (IFFT) , beamforming, and / or physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, among other examples. An RU may perform RF processing functions or lower PHY layer functions, such as an FFT, an IFFT, beamforming, or PRACH extraction and filtering, among other examples, according to a functional split, such as a lower layer split (LLS) . In such an architecture, each RU can be operated to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 120. In some examples, a single network node 110 may include a combination of one or more CUs, one or more DUs, and / or one or more RUs. In some examples, a CU, a DU, and / or an RU may be implemented as a virtual unit, such as a virtual central unit (VCU) , a virtual distributed unit (VDU) , or a virtual radio unit (VRU) , among other examples, which may be implemented as a virtual network function, such as in a cloud deployment.
[0047] Some network nodes 110 (for example, a base station, an RU, or a TRP) may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area. The term “cell” can refer to a coverage area of a network node 110 or to a network node 110 itself, depending on the context in which the term is used. A network node 110 may support one or more cells (for example, each cell may support communication within an angular (for example, 60 degree) range around the network node) . In some examples, a network node 110 may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, or another type of cell. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (for example, several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with associated service subscriptions. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may also allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with associated service subscriptions. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographic area (for example, a home) and may allow restricted access by UEs 120 having association with the femto cell (for example, UEs 120 in a closed subscriber group (CSG) ) . In some examples, a cell may not necessarily be stationary. For example, the geographic area of the cell may move according to the location of an associated mobile network node 110 (for example, a train, a satellite, an unmanned aerial vehicle, or an NTN network node) .
[0048] The wireless communication network 100 may be a heterogeneous network that includes network nodes 110 of different types, such as macro network nodes, pico network nodes, femto network nodes, relay network nodes, aggregated network nodes, and / or disaggregated network nodes, among other examples. Various different types of network nodes 110 may generally transmit at different power levels, serve different coverage areas (for example, a cell 130a and a cell 130b) , and / or have different impacts on interference in the wireless communication network 100 than other types of network nodes 110.
[0049] The UEs 120 may be physically dispersed throughout the coverage area of the wireless communication network 100, and each UE 120 may be stationary or mobile. A UE 120 may be, may include, or may also be referred to as an access terminal, a mobile station, or a subscriber unit. A UE 120 may be, include, or be coupled with a cellular phone (for example, a smart phone) , a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a tablet, a camera, a netbook, a smartbook, an ultrabook, a medical device, a biometric device, a wearable device (for example, a smart watch, smart clothing, smart glasses, a smart wristband, or smart jewelry) , a gaming device, an entertainment device (for example, a music device, a video device, or a satellite radio) , an XR device, a vehicular component or sensor, a smart meter or sensor, industrial manufacturing equipment, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) device (such as a Global Positioning System device or another type of positioning device) , a UE function of a network node, and / or any other suitable device or function that may communicate via a wireless medium.
[0050] Some UEs 120 may be classified according to different categories in association with different complexities and / or different capabilities. UEs 120 in a first category may facilitate massive IoT in the wireless communication network 100, and may offer low complexity and / or cost relative to UEs 120 in a second category. UEs 120 in a second category may include mission-critical IoT devices, legacy UEs, baseline UEs, high-tier UEs, advanced UEs, full-capability UEs, and / or premium UEs that are capable of URLLC, eMBB, and / or precise positioning in the wireless communication network 100, among other examples. A third category of UEs 120 may have mid-tier complexity and / or capability (for example, a capability between that of the UEs 120 of the first category and that of the UEs 120 of the second capability) . A UE 120 of the third category may be referred to as a reduced capability UE ( “RedCap UE” ) , a mid-tier UE, an NR-Light UE, and / or an NR-Lite UE, among other examples. RedCap UEs may bridge a gap between the capability and complexity of NB-IoT devices and / or eMTC UEs, and mission-critical IoT devices and / or premium UEs. RedCap UEs may include, for example, wearable devices, IoT devices, industrial sensors, or cameras that are associated with a limited bandwidth, power capacity, and / or transmission range, among other examples. RedCap UEs may support healthcare environments, building automation, electrical distribution, process automation, transport and logistics, or smart city deployments, among other examples.
[0051] In some examples, a network node 110 may be, may include, or may operate as an RU, a TRP, or a base station that communicates with one or more UEs 120 via a radio access link (which may be referred to as a “Uu” link) . The radio access link may include a downlink and an uplink. “Downlink” (or “DL” ) refers to a communication direction from a network node 110 to a UE 120, and “uplink” (or “UL” ) refers to a communication direction from a UE 120 to a network node 110. Downlink and uplink resources may include time domain resources (for example, frames, subframes, slots, and symbols) , frequency domain resources (for example, frequency bands, component carriers (CCs) , subcarriers, resource blocks, and resource elements) , and spatial domain resources (for example, particular transmit directions or beams) .
[0052] Frequency domain resources may be subdivided into bandwidth parts (BWPs) . A BWP may be a block of frequency domain resources (for example, a continuous set of resource blocks (RBs) within a full component carrier bandwidth) that may be configured at a UE-specific level. A UE 120 may be configured with both an uplink BWP and a downlink BWP (which may be the same or different) . Each BWP may be associated with its own numerology (indicating a sub-carrier spacing (SCS) and cyclic prefix (CP) ) . A BWP may be dynamically configured or activated (for example, by a network node 110 transmitting a downlink control information (DCI) configuration to the one or more UEs 120) and / or reconfigured (for example, in real-time or near-real-time) according to changing network conditions in the wireless communication network 100 and / or specific requirements of one or more UEs 120. An active BWP defines the operating bandwidth of the UE 120 within the operating bandwidth of the serving cell. The use of BWPs enables more efficient use of the available frequency domain resources in the wireless communication network 100 because fewer frequency domain resources may be allocated to a BWP for a UE 120 (which may reduce the quantity of frequency domain resources that a UE 120 is required to monitor and reduce UE power consumption by enabling the UE to monitor fewer frequency domain resources) , leaving more frequency domain resources to be spread across multiple UEs 120. Thus, BWPs may also assist in the implementation of lower-capability (for example, RedCap) UEs 120 by facilitating the configuration of smaller bandwidths for communication by such UEs 120 and / or by facilitating reduced UE power consumption.
[0053] As used herein, a downlink signal may be or include a reference signal, control information, or data. For example, downlink reference signals include a primary synchronization signal (PSS) , a secondary SS (SSS) , an SS block (SSB) (for example, that includes a PSS, an SSS, and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) ) , a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS) , a tracking reference signal (TRS) , and a channel state information (CSI) reference signal (CSI-RS) , among other examples. A downlink signal carrying control information or data may be transmitted via a downlink channel. Downlink channels may include one or more control channels for transmitting control information and one or more data channels for transmitting data. Downlink reference signals may be transmitted in addition to, or multiplexed with, downlink control channel communications and / or downlink data channel communications. A downlink control channel may be specifically used to transmit DCI from a network node 110 to a UE 120. DCI generally contains the information the UE 120 needs to identify RBs in a subsequent subframe and how to decode them, including a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) or redundancy version parameters. Different DCI formats carry different information, such as scheduling information in the form of downlink or uplink grants, slot format indicators (SFIs) , preemption indicators (PIs) , transmit power control (TPC) commands, hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) information, new data indicators (NDIs) , among other examples. A downlink data channel may be used to transmit downlink data (for example, user data associated with a UE 120) from a network node 110 to a UE 120. Downlink control channels may include physical downlink control channels (PDCCHs) , and downlink data channels may include physical downlink shared channels (PDSCHs) . Control information or data communications may be transmitted on a PDCCH and PDSCH, respectively. For example, a PDCCH can carry DCI, while a PDSCH can carry a MAC control element (MAC-CE) , an RRC message, or user data, among other examples. Each PDSCH may carry one or more transport blocks (TBs) of data.
[0054] As used herein, an uplink signal may include a reference signal, control information, or data. For example, uplink reference signals include a sounding reference signal (SRS) , a PTRS, and a DMRS, among other examples. An uplink signal carrying control information or data may be transmitted via an uplink channel. An uplink channel may include one or more control channels for transmitting control information and one or more data channels for transmitting data. Uplink reference signals may be transmitted in addition to, or multiplexed with, uplink control channel communications and / or uplink data channel communications. An uplink control channel may be specifically used to transmit uplink control information (UCI) from a UE 120 to a network node 110. An uplink data channel may be used to transmit uplink data (for example, user data associated with a UE 120) from a UE 120 to a network node 110. Uplink control channels may include physical uplink control channels (PUCCHs) , and uplink data channels may include physical uplink shared channels (PUSCHs) . Control information or data communications may be transmitted on a PUCCH and PUSCH, respectively. For example, a PUCCH can carry UCI, while a PUSCH can carry a MAC-CE, an RRC message, or user data, among other examples. UCI can include a scheduling request (SR) , HARQ feedback information (for example, a HARQ acknowledgement (ACK) indication or a HARQ negative acknowledgement (NACK) indication) , uplink power control information (for example, an uplink TPC parameter) , and / or CSI, among other examples. CSI can include a channel quality indicator (CQI) (indicative of downlink channel conditions to facilitate selection of transmission parameters, such as an MCS, by a network node 110) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI) (for example, indicative of a beam used to transmit a CSI-RS) , an SS / PBCH resource block indicator (SSBRI) (for example, indicative of a beam used to transmit an SSB) , a layer indicator (LI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and / or measurement information (for example, a layer 1 (L1) -reference signal received power (RSRP) parameter, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) parameter, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) parameter, among other examples) which can be used for beam management, among other examples. Each PUSCH may carry one or more TBs of data.
[0055] The information (for example, data, control information, or reference signal information) transmitted by a network node 110 to a UE 120, or vice versa, may be represented as a sequence of binary bits that are mapped (for example, modulated) to an analog signal waveform (for example, a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) -spread-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform or a CP-OFDM waveform) that is transmitted by the network node 110 or UE 120 over a wireless communication channel. In some examples, the network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 140) may select an MCS (for example, an order of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) , such as 64-QAM, 128-QAM, or 256-QAM, among other examples) for a downlink signal or an uplink signal. For example, the network node 110 may select an MCS for a downlink signal in accordance with UCI received from the UE 120. The network node 110 may transmit, to the UE 120, an indication of the selected MCS for the downlink signal, such as via DCI that schedules the downlink signal. As another example, the network node 110 may transmit, and the UE 120 may receive, an indication of an MCS to be applied for the one or more uplink signals, such as via DCI scheduling transmission of the one or more uplink signals.
[0056] The network node 110 or the UE 120 (such as by using the processing system 140 and / or one or more coupled modems) may perform signal processing on the information (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, an IFFT operation, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, and / or encoding, among other examples) to generate a processed signal in accordance with the selected MCS. In some examples, the network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 140 and / or one or more coupled encoders or modems) may perform a channel coding operation or a forward error correction (FEC) operation to control errors in transmitted information. For example, the network node 110 or the UE 120 may perform an encoding operation to generate encoded information (such as by selectively introducing redundancy into the information, typically using an error correction code (ECC) , such as a polar code or a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code) . The network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using one or more modems) may further perform spatial processing (for example, precoding) on the encoded information to generate one or more processed or precoded signals for downlink or uplink transmission, respectively. In some examples, the network node 110 or the UE 120 may perform codebook-based precoding or non-codebook-based precoding. Codebook-based precoding may involve selecting a precoder (for example, a precoding matrix) using a codebook. For example, the network node 110 may provide precoding information indicating which precoder, defined by the codebook, is to be used by the UE 120. Non-codebook-based precoding may involve selecting or deriving a precoder based on, or otherwise associated with, one or more downlink or uplink signal measurements. The network node 110 or the UE 120 may transmit the processed downlink or uplink signals, respectively, via one or more antennas.
[0057] The network node 110 or the UE 120 may receive uplink signals or downlink signals, respectively, via one or more antennas. The network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 140 and / or one or more coupled modems) may perform signal processing (for example, in accordance with the MCS) on the received uplink or downlink signals, respectively (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, an FFT operation, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, de-mapping, equalization, interference cancellation, and / or decoding, among other examples) , to map the received signal (s) to a sequence of binary bits (for example, received information) that estimates the information transmitted by the network node 110 or the UE 120 via the downlink or uplink signals. The network node 110 or the UE 120 (for example, using the processing system 140 and / or a coupled decoder or one or more modems) may decode the received information (such as by using an ECC, a decoding operation, and / or an FEC operation) to detect errors and / or correct bit errors in the received information to generate decoded information. The decoded information may estimate the information transmitted via the downlink or uplink signals.
[0058] In some examples, a UE 120 and a network node 110 may perform MIMO communication. “MIMO” generally refers to transmitting or receiving multiple signals (such as multiple layers or multiple data streams) simultaneously over the same time and frequency resources. MIMO techniques generally exploit multipath propagation. A network node 110 and / or UE 120 may communicate using massive MIMO, multi-user MIMO, or single-user MIMO, which may involve rapid switching between beams or cells. For example, the amplitudes and / or phases of signals transmitted via antenna elements and / or sub-elements may be modulated and shifted relative to each other (such as by manipulating a phase shift, a phase offset, and / or an amplitude) to generate one or more beams, which is referred to as beamforming. For example, the network node 110b may generate one or more beams 160a, and the UE 120b may generate one or more beams 160b. The term “beam” may refer to a directional transmission of a wireless signal toward a receiving device or otherwise in a desired direction, a directional reception of a wireless signal from a transmitting device or otherwise in a desired direction, a direction associated with a directional transmission or directional reception, a set of directional resources associated with a signal transmission or signal reception (for example, an angle of arrival, a horizontal direction, and / or a vertical direction) , a set of parameters that indicate one or more aspects of a directional signal, a direction associated with the signal, and / or a set of directional resources associated with the signal, among other examples.
[0059] MIMO may be implemented using various spatial processing or spatial multiplexing operations. In some examples, MIMO may include a massive MIMO technique which may be associated with an increased (for example, “massive” ) quantity of antennas at the network node 110 and / or at the UE 120, such as in a network implementing mmWave technology. Massive MIMO may improve communication reliability by enabling a network node 110 and / or a UE 120 to communicate the same data across different propagation (or spatial) paths. In some examples, MIMO may support simultaneous transmission to multiple receivers, referred to as multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) . Some RATs may employ MIMO techniques, such as multi-TRP (mTRP) operation (including redundant transmission or reception on multiple TRPs) , reciprocity in the time domain or the frequency domain, single-frequency-network (SFN) transmission, or non-coherent joint transmission (NC-JT) .
[0060] To support MIMO techniques, the network node 110 and the UE 120 may perform one or more beam management operations, such as an initial beam acquisition operation, one or more beam refinement operations, and / or a beam recovery operation. For example, an initial beam acquisition operation may involve the network node 110 transmitting signals (for example, SSBs, CSI-RSs, or other signals) via respective beams (for example, of the beams 160a of the network node 110) and the UE 120 receiving and measuring the signal (s) via respective beams of multiple beams (for example, from the beams 160b of the UE 120) to identify a best beam (or beam pair) for communication between the UE 120 and the network node 110. For example, the UE 120 may transmit an indication (for example, in a message associated with a random access channel (RACH) operation) of a (best) identified beam of the network node 110 (for example, by indicating an SSBRI or other identifier associated with the beam) . A beam refinement operation may involve a first device (for example, the UE 120 or the network node 110) transmitting signal (s) via a subset of beams (for example, identified based on, or otherwise associated with, measurements reported as part of one or more other beam management operations) . A second device (for example, the network node 110 or the UE 120) may receive the signal (s) via a single beam (for example, to identify the best beam for communication from the subset of beams) . The beam (s) may be identified via one or more spatial parameters, such as a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state and / or a quasi co-location (QCL) parameter, among other examples. The network node 110 and the UE 120 may increase reliability and / or achieve efficiencies in throughput, signal strength, and / or other signal properties for massive MIMO operations by performing the beam management operations.
[0061] Some aspects and techniques as described herein may be implemented, at least in part, using an artificial intelligence (AI) program (for example, referred to herein as an “AI / ML model” ) , such as a program that includes a machine learning (ML) model and / or an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The AI / ML model may be deployed at one or more devices 165 (for example, one or more network nodes 110, one or more UEs 120, and / or one or more servers, and / or one or more components of a cloud computing network, among other examples) . For example, in an deployment where AI / ML functionality is performed independently at a device 165, sometimes referred to as “overlay AI / ML” , the AI / ML model (or an instance or portion of the AI / ML model) may be deployed at a UE 120 (for example, at the processing system 140) , a network node 110 (for example, at one or more servers, and / or one or more components of a cloud computing network, among other examples. Additionally or alternatively, in a deployment where AI / ML functionality is coordinated between different devices 165, sometimes referred to as “coordinated AI / ML” , or performed at all device and network layers, sometimes referred to as “native AI / ML” , the AI / ML model (or an instance of the AI / ML model) may be deployed at multiple devices 165 (for example, a first portion of the AI / ML model may be deployed at a UE 120 and a second portion of the AI / ML model may be deployed at a network node 110) . In other examples of coordinated AI / ML and / or native AI / ML, a first AI / ML model may be deployed at a UE 120 and a second AI / ML model may be deployed at a network node 110. The AI / ML model (s) may be configured to enhance various aspects of the wireless communication network 100 (for example, to increase privacy, reliability, and / or efficient use of network bandwidth, and / or to reduce latency, among other examples) . For example, the AI / ML model (s) may be trained to identify patterns or relationships in data corresponding to the wireless communication network 100, a device, and / or an air interface, among other examples. The AI / ML model (s) may support operational decisions relating to one or more aspects associated with wireless communications devices, networks, or services.
[0062] Accordingly, in some examples, the AI / ML model (s) may enable AI-as-a-Service (for example, an end-to-end AI / ML service via a user plane) for use cases such as a self-organizing network (SON) , minimization of drive test (MDT) , quality of experience (QoE) , positioning, sensing, predictive mobility, and / or traffic prediction, among other examples. In some examples, AI-as-a-Service use cases may include measurement collection reporting by a UE 120, device selection criteria (for example, according to a geographical area where measurements are to be collected and / or UE capabilities to be used to collected measurements) , and / or reporting configurations (for example, reporting parameters such as location, time, and / or sensor information, among other examples) . Additionally or alternatively, the AI / ML model (s) may enable AI / ML procedures (for example, RAN-triggered service establishment, configuration, inferencing using UE-side and / or network-side models, performance monitoring and / or management, and / or capability signaling, among other examples) . Additionally or alternatively, the AI / ML model (s) may enable RAN-based AI / ML services via one or more application program interfaces (APIs) and / or management interfaces for use cases such as beam management, radio resource monitoring (RRM) relaxation, mobility prediction, load prediction, network energy savings, and / or coverage and capacity improvements, among other examples) .
[0063] In some aspects, the UE 120 may be a destination UE and may include a communication manager 150. In some aspects, as described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 150 may receive a discovery message and a first synchronization signal from a source UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster; and transmit a discovery response message to the source UE using a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source.
[0064] In some other aspects, as described in more detail elsewhere herein, the UE 120 may be a source UE and the communication manager 150 may transmit a discovery message and a first synchronization signal to a destination UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster; and receive a discovery response message from the destination UE in accordance with a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 150 may perform one or more other operations described herein.
[0065] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated network node architecture 200, in accordance with the present disclosure. One or more components of the example disaggregated network node architecture 200 may be, may include, or may be included in one or more network nodes (such one or more network nodes 110) . The disaggregated network node architecture 200 may include a CU 210 that can communicate directly with a core network 220 via a backhaul link, or that can communicate indirectly with the core network 220 via one or more disaggregated control units, such as a non-real-time (Non-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 250 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 260 and / or a near-real-time (Near-RT) RIC 270 (for example, via an E2 link) . The CU 210 may communicate with one or more DUs 230 via respective midhaul links, such as via F1 interfaces. Each of the DUs 230 may communicate with one or more RUs 240 via respective fronthaul links. Each of the RUs 240 may communicate with one or more UEs 120 via respective RF access links. In some deployments, a UE 120 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 240.
[0066] Each of the components of the disaggregated network node architecture 200, including the CUs 210, the DUs 230, the RUs 240, the Near-RT RICs 270, the Non-RT RICs 250, and the SMO Framework 260, may include one or more interfaces or may be coupled with one or more interfaces for receiving or transmitting signals, such as data or information, via a wired or wireless transmission medium.
[0067] In some aspects, the CU 210 may be logically split into one or more CU user plane (CU-UP) units and one or more CU control plane (CU-CP) units. A CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with a CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 210 may be deployed to communicate with one or more DUs 230, as necessary, for network control and signaling. Each DU 230 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 240. For example, a DU 230 may host various layers, such as an RLC layer, a MAC layer, or one or more PHY layers, such as one or more high PHY layers or one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (which also may be referred to as a module) may be implemented with an interface for communicating signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 230, or for communicating signals with the control functions hosted by the CU 210. Each RU 240 may implement lower layer functionality. In some aspects, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU (s) 240 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 230.
[0068] The SMO Framework 260 may support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 260 may support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface, such as an O1 interface. For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 260 may interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) platform 290) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface, such as an O2 interface. A virtualized network element may include, but is not limited to, a CU 210, a DU 230, an RU 240, a non-RT RIC 250, and / or a Near-RT RIC 270. In some aspects, the SMO Framework 260 may communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, a 5G NR RAN, and / or a 6G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 280, via an O1 interface. Additionally or alternatively, the SMO Framework 260 may communicate directly with each of one or more RUs 240 via a respective O1 interface. In some deployments, this configuration can enable each DU 230 and the CU 210 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0069] The Non-RT RIC 250 may include or may implement a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, AI / ML workflows including model training and updates, and / or policy-based guidance of applications and / or features in the Near-RT RIC 270. The Non-RT RIC 250 may be coupled to or may communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 270. The Near-RT RIC 270 may include or may implement a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions via an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 210, one or more DUs 230, and / or an O-eNB 280 with the Near-RT RIC 270.
[0070] In some aspects, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 270, the Non-RT RIC 250 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 270 and may be received at the SMO Framework 260 or the Non-RT RIC 250 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 250 or the Near-RT RIC 270 may tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 250 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and may employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions via the SMO Framework 260 (such as reconfiguration via an O1 interface) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 interface policies) .
[0071] The network node 110, the UE 120, the processing system 140 of the UE 120, the CU 210, the DU 230, the RU 240, or any other component (s) of Fig. 1 and / or Fig. 2 may implement one or more techniques or perform one or more operations associated with sidelink communication across synchronization clusters, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. Memory of the network node 110 may store data and program code (or instructions) for the network node 110, the CU 210, the DU 230, or the RU 240. In some examples, the memory of the network node 110 may store data relating to a UE 120, such as RRC state information or a UE context. Memory of a UE 120 may store data and program code (or instructions) for the UE 120, such as context information. In some examples, the memory of the UE 120 or the memory of the network node 110 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication. For example, the set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors (for example, of the processing system 140) of the network node 110, the UE 120, the CU 210, the DU 230, or the RU 240, may cause the one or more processors to perform process 700 of Fig. 7, process 800 of Fig. 8, or other processes as described herein. In some examples, executing instructions may include running the instructions, converting the instructions, compiling the instructions, and / or interpreting the instructions, among other examples.
[0072] In some aspects, the UE 120 (for example, a destination UE) includes means for receiving a discovery message and a first synchronization signal from a source UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster; and / or means for transmitting a discovery response message to the source UE using a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source. The means for the UE 120 to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 150, processing system 140, a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, one or more antennas, one or more modems, a reception component, and / or a transmission component, among other examples.
[0073] In some aspects, the UE 120 (for example, a source UE) includes means for transmitting a discovery message and a first synchronization signal to a destination UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster; and / or means for receiving a discovery response message from the destination UE in accordance with a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source. The means for the UE 120 to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 150, processing system 140, a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, one or more antennas, one or more modems, a reception component, and / or a transmission component, among other examples.
[0074] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example 300 of communications across synchronization clusters, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0075] A source UE 305 may communicate with a destination UE 310. The source UE 305 and the destination UE 310 may include some or all of the features of the UE 120. For example, while the source UE 305 may be described as a transmitting UE and the destination UE may be described as a receiving UE, both the source UE 305 and the destination UE 310 are capable of transmitting, receiving, and relaying data across synchronization clusters. The source UE 305 may be included in a synchronization cluster 315 while the destination UE 310 may be included in a synchronization cluster 320. The source UE 305 may communicate with a synchronization source 325 and a UE 330 within the synchronization cluster 315. In some aspects, the source UE 305 may receive a synchronization signal (such as an SSB) from the synchronization source 325. Additionally, or alternatively, the source UE 305 may relay communications received from the UE 330 to one or more devices (e.g., UE-to-UE (U2U) relay) or a network node (e.g., UE-to-Network (U2N) relay) included in the synchronization cluster 320. The destination UE 310 may communicate with a synchronization source 335 and a UE 340 included in the synchronization cluster 320. In some aspects, the destination UE 310 may receive a synchronization signal (such as an SSB) from the synchronization source 335. Additionally, or alternatively, the destination UE 310 may relay communications received from the UE 340 or a network node to one or more devices associated with the synchronization cluster 315. In some aspects, the synchronization cluster 315 is based at least in part on communications between two or more devices using the synchronization source 325, and the synchronization cluster 320 is based at least in part on communications between two or more devices or between device and a network node using the synchronization source 335.
[0076] As shown by reference number 345, the source UE 305 may transmit, and the destination UE 310 may receive, a discovery message and a first synchronization signal. The first synchronization signal may be a sidelink SSB that is received with the discovery message on a PSSCH. In some aspects, the sidelink SSB and the discovery message may be transmitted within a dedicated resource pool for discovery (e.g., dedicated for discovery) between the source UE 305 and the destination UE 310. In some other aspects, the SSB and the discovery message may be transmitted within a shared resource pool for discovery (e.g., shared with data transmissions) between the source UE 305 and the destination UE 310. In some aspects, the sidelink SSB that carries the first synchronization signal and the PSSCH communication that carries the discovery message may be received in different slots in accordance with a TDM operation. In one example, the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are received in adjacent slots. In another example, the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are received in slots that are separated by a gap, where the gap is based at least in part on an upper bound associated with a discovery monitoring window. In some other aspects, the SSB that carries the first synchronization signal and the PSSCH communication that carries the discovery message may be received in the same slot in accordance with an FDM operation. In one example, the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are received in adjacent sub-channels or PRBs. In another example, the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are received in sub-channels or PRBs that are separated by a guard band, where the guard band is based at least in part on a sidelink bandwidth part associated with a discovery monitoring window.
[0077] As shown by reference number 350, the destination UE 310 may transmit, and the source UE 305 may receive, a discovery response message that is in accordance with a time offset. The time offset may be calculated by the destination UE 310 for adjusting timing information associated with transmitting the discovery response message. In some aspects, the source UE 305 and destination UE 310 may be configured with one or more parameters for communications between the synchronization cluster 315 and the synchronization cluster 320. The one or more parameters may include, for example, a resource pool parameter, a discovery window parameter, a gap parameter, a guard band parameter, a condition parameter, or a timer parameter, among other examples, or may be based at least in part on a capability of source UE 305 and / or the destination UE 310.
[0078] In some aspects, the source UE 305 and the destination UE 310 may establish a connection (e.g., sidelink connection) for communicating across the synchronization clusters using the first synchronization signal and the time offset. For example, the source UE 305 or the destination UE 310 may transmit one or more parameters to be used for communications between the source UE 305 and the destination UE 310. The one or more parameters may include a synchronization timer parameter, a synchronization window parameter, or a synchronization threshold parameter, among other examples. The source UE 305 and the destination UE 310 may communicate across the synchronization cluster 315 and the synchronization cluster 320 using the first synchronization signal and the time offset. Additional details regarding these features are described in connection with Figs. 4-6.
[0079] As indicated above, Fig. 3 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 3.
[0080] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example 400 of sidelink communication across synchronization clusters, in accordance with the present disclosure. As described herein, for the destination UE 310 in the synchronization cluster 320 to be discovered by the source UE 305 in the synchronization cluster 315, a synchronization signal may be used for the discovery message. For example, a sidelink SSB may be transmitted with a discovery message on a PSSCH in a dedicated or a shared resource pool for discovery such that the destination UE 310 in the synchronization cluster 320 can identify the time offset between the synchronization source 325 and the synchronization source 335 and adjust the timing accordingly for receiving the discovery message. Additionally, or alternatively, the destination UE 310 may use the time offset between the synchronization source 325 and the synchronization source 335 to adjust the timing for responding to the received discovery message.
[0081] As shown by reference number 402, the source UE 305 may obtain one or more parameters. In some aspects, the one or more parameters may be configured at the source UE 305 (e.g., by its serving network node) . Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more parameters may be received by the source UE 305 via pre-configuration (e.g., by service provider or manufacturer) . The one or more parameters may be parameters for inter-synchronization cluster relaying. In some aspects, the one or more parameters may include a resource pool parameter, a discovery window parameter, a gap parameter, a guard band parameter, a condition parameter, or a timer parameter (such as a timer for triggering synchronization parameter) , among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more parameters may be based at least in part on a capability of the source UE 305 with respect to inter-synchronization cluster relaying. For example, the source UE 305 may indicate sidelink UE information to its serving network node (e.g., including its capability of inter-synchronization cluster communication or its preferred parameter values for inter-synchronization cluster communication) and the network node may configure (e.g., RRC configuration or reconfiguration) the UE with one or more parameters for inter-synchronization cluster communication based on the sidelink UE information received.
[0082] As shown by reference number 404, the destination UE 310 may obtain one or more parameters. In some aspects, the one or more parameters may be configured at the destination UE 310 (e.g., by its serving network node) . Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more parameters may be received by the destination UE 310 via pre-configuration (e.g., by service provider or manufacturer. The one or more parameters may be parameters for inter-synchronization cluster relaying. In some aspects, the one or more parameters may include a resource pool parameter, a discovery window parameter, a gap parameter, a guard band parameter, a condition parameter, or a timer parameter (such as a timer for triggering synchronization parameter) , among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more parameters may be based at least in part on a capability of the destination UE 310 with respect to inter-synchronization cluster relaying. For example, the destination UE 310 may indicate sidelink UE information to its serving network node (e.g., including its capability of inter-synchronization cluster communication or its preferred parameter values for inter-synchronization cluster communication) and the network node may configure (e.g., RRC configuration or reconfiguration) the UE with one or more parameters for inter-synchronization cluster communication based on the sidelink UE information received.
[0083] As shown by reference number 406, the source UE 305 may communicate within a first synchronization cluster (for example, synchronization cluster 315) . For example, as shown by reference number 408, the synchronization source 325 may transmit, and the source UE 305 may receive, a first sidelink SSB (shown as SL SSB1) . As shown by reference number 410, the source UE 305 may synchronize with the first sidelink SSB. As shown by reference number 412, the source UE 305 may communicate with one or more devices or its serving network node included in the first synchronization cluster using the first sidelink SSB.
[0084] As shown by reference number 414, the destination UE 310 may communicate within a second synchronization cluster (for example, synchronization cluster 320) . For example, as shown by reference number 416, the synchronization source 335 may transmit, and the destination UE 310 may receive, a second sidelink SSB (shown as SL SSB2) . As shown by reference number 418, the destination UE 310 may synchronize with the second sidelink SSB. As shown by reference number 420, the destination UE 310 may communicate with one or more devices or its serving network node included in the second synchronization cluster using the second sidelink SSB.
[0085] As shown by reference number 422, the source UE 305 may transmit, and the destination UE 310 may receive, a discovery message. The discovery message may include the first sidelink SSB (e.g., sl_ssb1 based on the SL SSB1) and a PSSCH (e.g., Model A discovery message with announces such as "I am here" or Model B discovery message with requests such as "Who is there? " or "Are you there? " ) communication. In some aspects, the sidelink SSB (e.g., sl_ssb1) that is based at least in part on the first synchronization signal (e.g., SL SSB1) and the PSSCH communication that carries the discovery message are received in different slots in accordance with a TDM operation. In one example, the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are received in adjacent slots. In another example, the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are received in slots that are separated by a gap, where the gap is based at least in part on an upper bound associated with a discovery monitoring window. In some other aspects, the sidelink SSB (e.g., sl_ssb1) that is based at least in part on the first synchronization signal (e.g., SL SSB1) and the PSSCH communication that carries the discovery message are received in the same slot in accordance with an FDM operation. In one example, the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are received in adjacent sub-channels. In another example, the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are received in sub-channels that are separated by a guard band, where the guard band is based at least in part on a sidelink bandwidth part associated with a discovery monitoring window.
[0086] As shown by reference number 424, the destination UE 310 may determine a time offset (e.g., time_offset) . For example, the destination UE 310 associated with the second synchronization cluster (synchronization cluster 320) may determine a time offset (for example, a time difference) between the first synchronization source (SL SSB1) and the second synchronization source (SL SSB2) and may adjust a timing accordingly (e.g., using the time_offset) for responding to the source UE 305.
[0087] As shown by reference number 426, the destination UE 310 may transmit, and the source UE 305 may receive, a discovery response using the time offset (e.g., time_offset) to adjust its timing to be aligned with the first sidelink SSB (SL SSB1) . For example, the destination UE 310 associated with the second synchronization cluster may transmit a discovery response message to the source UE 305 based at least in part on the time offset determined at the reference number 424 so that to align its timing with the first synchronization source (SL SSB1) . Therefore, the discovery response may be received and decoded properly by the source UE 305.
[0088] As shown by reference number 428, the source UE 305 and the destination UE 310 may establish a connection. For example, the destination UE 310 may establish a PC5 connection (or other sidelink connection) with the source UE 305 for inter-synchronization cluster communications such as inter-synchronization cluster relaying. In some aspects, the source UE 305 and the destination UE 310 may exchange parameters, such as a synchronization timer parameter or a synchronization window parameter, among other examples, for inter-synchronization cluster communications. In some aspects, a UE (e.g., the destination UE 310 or the source UE 305) may transmit a sidelink UE assistance information to the other UE (e.g., the source UE 305 or the destination UE 310) including one or more parameter values for inter-synchronization cluster communication or inter-synchronization cluster relay, and the other UE (e.g., the source UE 305 or the destination UE 310) may determine the one or more parameter values for inter-synchronization cluster communication or inter-synchronization cluster relay based on the received sidelink UE assistance information and may transmit the determined one or more parameter values to its peer UE or peer relay UE (e.g., the destination UE 310 or the source UE 305) during or after the sidelink connection establishment (e.g., via sidelink RRC reconfiguration message to its peer UE or its peer relay UE) . For example, the one or more parameter values may include a timer value or a window for synchronization.
[0089] As shown by reference number 430, the source UE 305 and the destination UE 310 may communicate using the first synchronization source. In some aspects, the source UE 305 and the destination UE 310 may relay the communications based at least in part on the first synchronization source (SL SSB1) . Additionally, the source UE 305 and the destination UE 310 may start the timer respectively for synchronization between the source UE 305 and the destination UE 310 during the inter-synchronization cluster communication or inter-synchronization cluster relay.
[0090] As shown by reference number 432, the destination UE 310 may adjust timing using SL SSB2. In some aspects, the destination UE 310 may adjust a timing for communications associated with the synchronization cluster 320 using the second synchronization source (SL SSB2) .
[0091] As shown by reference number 434, the destination UE 310 may relay communications between the source UE 305 and one or more devices or its serving network node included in the second synchronization cluster using the second sidelink SSB (SL SSB2) .
[0092] As shown by reference number 436, the destination UE 310 may transmit, and the source UE 305 may receive, a request for synchronization. The request for synchronization may be communicated, for example, using a sidelink RRC message or a sidelink MAC-CE. For example, the request may be based on sidelink measurement (e.g., RSRP of the transmissions from the source UE 305) or may be based on the sidelink performance (e.g., number of failed decoding of the transmissions from the source UE 305) or may be based on the expiration of its synchronization timer.
[0093] As shown by reference number 438, the source UE 305 may transmit, and the UE 310 may receive, one or more sidelink SSB transmissions (e.g., sl_ssb1) based on the first sidelink SSB (SL SSB1) . The source UE 305 may transmit the sidelink SSB transmissions (e.g., sl_ssb1) based at least in part on receiving the request for synchronization and / or based at least in part on an expiration of its synchronization timer.
[0094] As indicated above, Fig. 4 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 4.
[0095] Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example 500 of sidelink synchronization signal block and physical sidelink shared channel transmissions in different slots using time division multiplexing, in accordance with the present disclosure. A resource pool 505 may include a sidelink SSB 510 and a PSSCH communication 515. The resource pool 505 may be a shared resource pool for discovery (e.g., shared with data transmissions) or may be a dedicated resource pool for discovery (e.g., dedicated to discovery) . In some aspects, the sidelink SSB 510 carrying a synchronization signal of a synchronization source (for example, a sidelink SSB based at least in part on the first synchronization source) and the PSSCH communication 515 carrying a discovery message may be transmitted in different slots, for example, using TDM. In one example, shown as Option A, the SL SSB 510 and the PSSCH communication 515 may be transmitted continuously in time, for example, in adjacent slots. In another example, shown as Option B, the SL SSB 510 and the PSSCH communication 515 may be transmitted discontinuously in time, for example, using a gap 520 between the transmissions, which may be upper-bounded within a discovery monitoring window) . In some aspects, the discovery window is used for a UE to transmit synchronization signal and discovery message and for another UE to monitor synchronization signal and discovery message, periodically (e.g., based on discovery periodicity configured) or aperiodically (e.g., event triggered) .
[0096] As indicated above, Fig. 5 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 5.
[0097] Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example 600 of sidelink synchronization signal block and physical sidelink shared channel transmissions in different slots using frequency division multiplexing, in accordance with the present disclosure. A resource pool 605 may include a sidelink SSB 610 and a PSSCH communication 615. The resource pool 605 may be a shared resource pool for discovery (e.g., shared with data transmissions) or may be a dedicated resource pool for discovery (e.g., dedicated to discovery) . In some aspects, the sidelink SSB 610 carrying a synchronization signal of a synchronization source (for example, a sidelink SSB based at least in part on the first synchronization source) and the PSSCH communication 615 carrying a discovery message may be transmitted in different slots, for example, using FDM. In one example, shown as Option A, the SL SSB 610 and the PSSCH communication 615 may be transmitted continuously in frequency, for example, in adjacent sub-channels or PRBs. In another example, shown as Option B, the SL SSB 610 and the PSSCH communication 615 may be transmitted discontinuously in frequency, for example, using a guard band 620 (e.g., configured in subchannels or PRBs) between the transmissions within a sidelink bandwidth part (BWP) for discovery.
[0098] As indicated above, Fig. 6 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 6.
[0099] Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example process 700 performed, for example, at a UE or an apparatus of a UE, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 700 is an example where the apparatus or the UE (e.g., UE 120) performs operations associated with sidelink communication across synchronization clusters.
[0100] As shown in Fig. 7, in some aspects, process 700 may include receiving a discovery message and a first synchronization signal from a source UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster (block 710) . For example, the UE (e.g., using reception component 902 and / or communication manager 906, depicted in Fig. 9) may receive a discovery message and a first synchronization signal from a source UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster, as described above.
[0101] As further shown in Fig. 7, in some aspects, process 700 may include transmitting a discovery response message to the source UE using a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source (block 720) . For example, the UE (e.g., using transmission component 904 and / or communication manager 906, depicted in Fig. 9) may transmit a discovery response message to the source UE using a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source, as described above.
[0102] Process 700 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0103] In a first aspect, the first synchronization cluster is based at least in part on communications between two or more devices using the first synchronization source, and the second synchronization cluster is based at least in part on communications between two or more devices using the second synchronization source.
[0104] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, process 700 includes establishing a connection between the destination UE and the source UE using the first synchronization signal and the time offset.
[0105] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, establishing the connection between the destination UE and the source UE comprises communicating one or more parameters to be used for communications between the destination UE and the source UE.
[0106] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, the one or more parameters include a synchronization timer parameter, a synchronization window parameter, or a synchronization threshold parameter.
[0107] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, process 700 includes communicating with the source UE in accordance with the connection.
[0108] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, the time offset is calculated by the destination UE for adjusting timing information associated with transmitting the discovery response message.
[0109] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, the first synchronization signal is a sidelink SSB that is received with the discovery message on a physical sidelink shared channel.
[0110] In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, the sidelink SSB and the discovery message are associated with a dedicated resource pool for discovery between the destination UE and the source UE.
[0111] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, the SSB and the discovery message are associated with a shared resource pool for discovery between the destination UE and the source UE.
[0112] In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, the destination UE is configured with one or more parameters for communications between the first synchronization cluster and the second synchronization cluster, wherein the one or more parameters include at least one of a resource pool parameter, a discovery window parameter, a gap parameter, a guard band parameter, a condition parameter, or a timer parameter, or are based at least in part on a capability of the destination UE.
[0113] In an eleventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through tenth aspects, process 700 includes performing at least one of receiving an indication of the second synchronization signal from the second synchronization source, or communicating with one or more other devices within the second synchronization cluster using the second synchronization signal.
[0114] In a twelfth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eleventh aspects, process 700 includes adjusting a timing parameter at the destination UE based at least in part on the second synchronization signal.
[0115] In a thirteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twelfth aspects, process 700 includes communicating with one or more other devices within the second synchronization cluster using the adjusted timing parameter.
[0116] In a fourteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through thirteenth aspects, process 700 includes transmitting, to the source UE, a synchronization request.
[0117] In a fifteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourteenth aspects, process 700 includes receiving the first synchronization signal from the source UE based at least in part on the synchronization request or based at least in part on one or more parameters associated with a connection between the destination UE and the source UE.
[0118] In a sixteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifteenth aspects, a sidelink SSB that carries the first synchronization signal and a PSSCH communication that carries the discovery message are received in different slots in accordance with a time division multiplexing operation.
[0119] In a seventeenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixteenth aspects, the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are received in adjacent slots.
[0120] In an eighteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventeenth aspects, the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are received in slots that are separated by a gap, wherein the gap is based at least in part on an upper bound associated with a discovery monitoring window.
[0121] In a nineteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighteenth aspects, a sidelink SSB that carries the first synchronization signal and a PSSCH communication that carries the discovery message are received in the same slot in accordance with a frequency division multiplexing operation.
[0122] In a twentieth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through nineteenth aspects, the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are received in adjacent sub-channels.
[0123] In a twenty-first aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twentieth aspects, the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are received in sub-channels that are separated by a guard band, wherein the guard band is based at least in part on a sidelink bandwidth part associated with a discovery monitoring window.
[0124] Although Fig. 7 shows example blocks of process 700, in some aspects, process 700 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Fig. 7. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 700 may be performed in parallel.
[0125] Fig. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example process 800 performed, for example, at a UE or an apparatus of a UE, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 800 is an example where the apparatus or the UE (e.g., UE 120) performs operations associated with sidelink communication across synchronization clusters.
[0126] As shown in Fig. 8, in some aspects, process 800 may include transmitting a discovery message and a first synchronization signal to a destination UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster (block 810) . For example, the UE (e.g., using transmission component 904 and / or communication manager 906, depicted in Fig. 9) may transmit a discovery message and a first synchronization signal to a destination UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster, as described above.
[0127] As further shown in Fig. 8, in some aspects, process 800 may include receiving a discovery response message from the destination UE in accordance with a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source (block 820) . For example, the UE (e.g., using reception component 902 and / or communication manager 906, depicted in Fig. 9) may receive a discovery response message from the destination UE in accordance with a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source, as described above.
[0128] Process 800 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0129] In a first aspect, the first synchronization cluster is based at least in part on communications between two or more devices using the first synchronization source, and the second synchronization cluster is based at least in part on communications between two or more devices using the second synchronization source.
[0130] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, process 800 includes receiving an indication of a connection between the source UE and the destination UE, wherein the connection is in accordance with the first synchronization signal and the time offset.
[0131] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, receiving the indication of the connection between the source UE and the destination UE comprises receiving an indication of one or more parameters to be used for communications between the source UE and the destination UE.
[0132] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, the one or more parameters include a synchronization timer parameter, a synchronization window parameter, or a synchronization threshold parameter.
[0133] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, process 800 includes communicating with the destination UE in accordance with the connection.
[0134] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, the first synchronization signal is a sidelink SSB that is transmitted with the discovery message on a physical sidelink shared channel.
[0135] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, the sidelink SSB and the discovery message are associated with a dedicated resource pool for discovery between the source UE and the destination UE.
[0136] In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, the SSB and the discovery message are associated with a shared resource pool for discovery between the destination UE and the source UE.
[0137] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, the source UE is configured with one or more parameters for communications between the first synchronization cluster and the second synchronization cluster, wherein the one or more parameters include at least one of a resource pool parameter, a discovery window parameter, a gap parameter, a guard band parameter, a condition parameter, or a timer parameter, or are based at least in part on a capability of the source UE.
[0138] In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, process 800 includes performing at least one of receiving an indication of the first synchronization signal from the first synchronization source, and communicating with one or more other devices within the first synchronization cluster using the first synchronization signal.
[0139] In an eleventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through tenth aspects, process 800 includes receiving, from the destination UE, a synchronization request.
[0140] In a twelfth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eleventh aspects, process 800 includes transmitting the first synchronization signal to the destination UE based at least in part on the synchronization request or based at least in part on one or more parameters associated with a connection between the destination UE and the source UE.
[0141] In a thirteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twelfth aspects, a sidelink SSB that carries the first synchronization signal and a PSSCH communication that carries the discovery message are transmitted in different slots in accordance with a time division multiplexing operation.
[0142] In a fourteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through thirteenth aspects, the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are transmitted in adjacent slots.
[0143] In a fifteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourteenth aspects, the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are transmitted in slots that are separated by a guard band, wherein the guard band is based at least in part on an upper bound associated with a discovery monitoring window.
[0144] In a sixteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifteenth aspects, a sidelink SSB that carries the first synchronization signal and a PSSCH communication that carries the discovery message are transmitted in the same slot in accordance with a frequency division multiplexing operation.
[0145] In a seventeenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixteenth aspects, the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are transmitted in adjacent sub-channels.
[0146] In an eighteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventeenth aspects, the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are transmitted in sub-channels that are separated by a gap, wherein the gap is based at least in part on a sidelink bandwidth part associated with a discovery monitoring window.
[0147] Although Fig. 8 shows example blocks of process 800, in some aspects, process 800 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Fig. 8. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 800 may be performed in parallel.
[0148] Fig. 9 is a diagram of an example apparatus 900 for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure. The apparatus 900 may be a UE, or a UE may include the apparatus 900. In some aspects, the apparatus 900 includes a reception component 902, a transmission component 904, and / or a communication manager 906, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses and / or one or more other components) . In some aspects, the communication manager 906 is the communication manager 150 described in connection with Fig. 1. As shown, the apparatus 900 may communicate with another apparatus 908, such as a UE or a network node (such as a CU, a DU, an RU, or a base station) , using the reception component 902 and the transmission component 904. The communication manager 906 may be included in, or implemented via, a processing system (for example, the processing system 140 described in connection with Fig. 1) of the UE.
[0149] In some aspects, the apparatus 900 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with Figs. 3-6. Additionally, or alternatively, the apparatus 900 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 700 of Fig. 7, process 800 of Fig. 8, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the apparatus 900 and / or one or more components shown in Fig. 9 may include one or more components of the UE described in connection with Fig. 1. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components shown in Fig. 9 may be implemented within one or more components described in connection with Fig. 1. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in one or more memories. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by one or more controllers or one or more processors to perform the functions or operations of the component.
[0150] The reception component 902 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, from the apparatus 908. The reception component 902 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 900. In some aspects, the reception component 902 may perform signal processing on the received communications, and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components of the apparatus 900. In some aspects, the reception component 902 may include one or more components of the UE described above in connection with Fig. 1, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the UE.
[0151] The transmission component 904 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, to the apparatus 908. In some aspects, one or more other components of the apparatus 900 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to the transmission component 904 for transmission to the apparatus 908. In some aspects, the transmission component 904 may perform signal processing on the generated communications, and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 908. In some aspects, the transmission component 904 may include one or more components of the UE described above in connection with Fig. 1, such as a radio, one or more RF chains, one or more transceivers, or one or more modems, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more antennas of the UE described in connection with Fig. 1. In some aspects, the transmission component 904 may be co-located with the reception component 902.
[0152] The communication manager 906 may support operations of the reception component 902 and / or the transmission component 904. For example, the communication manager 906 may receive information associated with configuring reception of communications by the reception component 902 and / or transmission of communications by the transmission component 904. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 906 may generate and / or provide control information to the reception component 902 and / or the transmission component 904 to control reception and / or transmission of communications.
[0153] In some aspects, the apparatus 900 is a destination UE (such as the destination UE 310) , or the destination UE is included in the apparatus 900. The reception component 902 may receive a discovery message and a first synchronization signal from a source UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster. The transmission component 904 may transmit a discovery response message to the source UE using a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source.
[0154] The communication manager 906 may establish a connection between the destination UE and the source UE using the first synchronization signal and the time offset. The communication manager 906 may communicate with the source UE in accordance with the connection. The communication manager 906 may perform at least one of receiving an indication of the second synchronization signal from the second synchronization source; and communicating with one or more other devices within the second synchronization cluster using the second synchronization signal. The communication manager 906 may adjust a timing parameter at the destination UE based at least in part on the second synchronization signal. The communication manager 906 may communicate with one or more other devices within the second synchronization cluster using the adjusted timing parameter. The transmission component 904 may transmit, to the source UE, a synchronization request. The reception component 902 may receive the first synchronization signal from the source UE based at least in part on the synchronization request or based at least in part on one or more parameters associated with a connection between the destination UE and the source UE.
[0155] In some aspects, the apparatus 900 is a source UE (such as the source UE 305) , or the source UE is included in the apparatus 900. The transmission component 904 may transmit a discovery message and a first synchronization signal to a destination UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster. The reception component 902 may receive a discovery response message from the destination UE in accordance with a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source.
[0156] The reception component 902 may receive an indication of a connection between the source UE and the destination UE, wherein the connection is in accordance with the first synchronization signal and the time offset. The communication manager 906 may communicate with the destination UE in accordance with the connection. The communication manager 906 may perform at least one of receiving an indication of the first synchronization signal from the first synchronization source; and communicating with one or more other devices within the first synchronization cluster using the first synchronization signal. The reception component 902 may receive, from the destination UE, a synchronization request. The transmission component 904 may transmit the first synchronization signal to the destination UE based at least in part on the synchronization request or based at least in part on one or more parameters associated with a connection between the destination UE and the source UE.
[0157] The number and arrangement of components shown in Fig. 9 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in Fig. 9. Furthermore, two or more components shown in Fig. 9 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in Fig. 9 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in Fig. 9 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in Fig. 9.
[0158] The following provides an overview of some Aspects of the present disclosure:
[0159] Aspect 1: A method of wireless communication performed by a destination user equipment (UE) , comprising: receiving a discovery message and a first synchronization signal from a source UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster; and transmitting a discovery response message to the source UE using a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source.
[0160] Aspect 2: The method of Aspect 1, wherein the first synchronization cluster is based at least in part on communications between two or more devices using the first synchronization source and the second synchronization cluster is based at least in part on communications between two or more devices using the second synchronization source.
[0161] Aspect 3: The method of any of Aspects 1-2, further comprising establishing a connection between the destination UE and the source UE using the first synchronization signal and the time offset.
[0162] Aspect 4: The method of Aspect 3, wherein establishing the connection between the destination UE and the source UE comprises communicating one or more parameters to be used for communications between the destination UE and the source UE.
[0163] Aspect 5: The method of Aspect 4, wherein the one or more parameters include a synchronization timer parameter, a synchronization window parameter, or a synchronization threshold parameter.
[0164] Aspect 6: The method of Aspect 4, further comprising communicating with the source UE in accordance with the connection.
[0165] Aspect 7: The method of any of Aspects 1-6, wherein the time offset is calculated by the destination UE for adjusting timing information associated with transmitting the discovery response message.
[0166] Aspect 8: The method of any of Aspects 1-7, wherein the first synchronization signal is a sidelink synchronization signal block (SSB) that is received with the discovery message on a physical sidelink shared channel.
[0167] Aspect 9: The method of Aspect 8, wherein the sidelink SSB and the discovery message are associated with a dedicated resource pool for discovery between the destination UE and the source UE.
[0168] Aspect 10: The method of Aspect 8, wherein the SSB and the discovery message are associated with a shared resource pool for discovery between the destination UE and the source UE.
[0169] Aspect 11: The method of any of Aspects 1-10, wherein the destination UE is configured with one or more parameters for communications between the first synchronization cluster and the second synchronization cluster, wherein the one or more parameters include at least one of a resource pool parameter, a discovery window parameter, a gap parameter, a guard band parameter, a condition parameter, or a timer parameter, or are based at least in part on a capability of the destination UE.
[0170] Aspect 12: The method of any of Aspects 1-11, further comprising performing at least one of: receiving an indication of the second synchronization signal from the second synchronization source; and communicating with one or more other devices within the second synchronization cluster using the second synchronization signal.
[0171] Aspect 13: The method of Aspect 12, further comprising adjusting a timing parameter at the destination UE based at least in part on the second synchronization signal.
[0172] Aspect 14: The method of Aspect 13, further comprising communicating with one or more other devices within the second synchronization cluster using the adjusted timing parameter.
[0173] Aspect 15: The method of any of Aspects 1-14, further comprising transmitting, to the source UE, a synchronization request.
[0174] Aspect 16: The method of Aspect 15, further comprising receiving the first synchronization signal from the source UE based at least in part on the synchronization request or based at least in part on one or more parameters associated with a connection between the destination UE and the source UE.
[0175] Aspect 17: The method of any of Aspects 1-16, wherein a sidelink synchronization signal block (SSB) that carries the first synchronization signal and a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) communication that carries the discovery message are received in different slots in accordance with a time division multiplexing operation.
[0176] Aspect 18: The method of Aspect 17, wherein the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are received in adjacent slots.
[0177] Aspect 19: The method of Aspect 17, wherein the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are received in slots that are separated by a gap, wherein the gap is based at least in part on an upper bound associated with a discovery monitoring window.
[0178] Aspect 20: The method of any of Aspects 1-19, wherein a sidelink synchronization signal block (SSB) that carries the first synchronization signal and a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) communication that carries the discovery message are received in the same slot in accordance with a frequency division multiplexing operation.
[0179] Aspect 21: The method of Aspect 20, wherein the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are received in adjacent sub-channels.
[0180] Aspect 22: The method of Aspect 20, wherein the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are received in sub-channels that are separated by a guard band, wherein the guard band is based at least in part on a sidelink bandwidth part associated with a discovery monitoring window.
[0181] Aspect 23: A method of wireless communication performed by a source user equipment (UE) , comprising: transmitting a discovery message and a first synchronization signal to a destination UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster; and receiving a discovery response message from the destination UE in accordance with a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source.
[0182] Aspect 24: The method of Aspect 23, wherein the first synchronization cluster is based at least in part on communications between two or more devices using the first synchronization source and the second synchronization cluster is based at least in part on communications between two or more devices using the second synchronization source.
[0183] Aspect 25: The method of any of Aspects 23-24, further comprising receiving an indication of a connection between the source UE and the destination UE, wherein the connection is in accordance with the first synchronization signal and the time offset.
[0184] Aspect 26: The method of Aspect 25, wherein receiving the indication of the connection between the source UE and the destination UE comprises receiving an indication of one or more parameters to be used for communications between the source UE and the destination UE.
[0185] Aspect 27: The method of Aspect 26, wherein the one or more parameters include a synchronization timer parameter, a synchronization window parameter, or a synchronization threshold parameter.
[0186] Aspect 28: The method of Aspect 26, further comprising communicating with the destination UE in accordance with the connection.
[0187] Aspect 29: The method of any of Aspects 23-28, wherein the first synchronization signal is a sidelink synchronization signal block (SSB) that is transmitted with the discovery message on a physical sidelink shared channel.
[0188] Aspect 30: The method of Aspect 29, wherein the sidelink SSB and the discovery message are associated with a dedicated resource pool for discovery between the source UE and the destination UE.
[0189] Aspect 31: The method of Aspect 29, wherein the SSB and the discovery message are associated with a shared resource pool for discovery between the destination UE and the source UE.
[0190] Aspect 32: The method of any of Aspects 23-31, wherein the source UE is configured with one or more parameters for communications between the first synchronization cluster and the second synchronization cluster, wherein the one or more parameters include at least one of a resource pool parameter, a discovery window parameter, a gap parameter, a guard band parameter, a condition parameter, or a timer parameter, or are based at least in part on a capability of the source UE.
[0191] Aspect 33: The method of any of Aspects 23-32, further comprising performing at least one of: receiving an indication of the first synchronization signal from the first synchronization source; and communicating with one or more other devices within the first synchronization cluster using the first synchronization signal.
[0192] Aspect 34: The method of Aspect 33, further comprising receiving, from the destination UE, a synchronization request.
[0193] Aspect 35: The method of Aspect 34, further comprising transmitting the first synchronization signal to the destination UE based at least in part on the synchronization request or based at least in part on one or more parameters associated with a connection between the destination UE and the source UE.
[0194] Aspect 36: The method of any of Aspects 23-35, wherein a sidelink synchronization signal block (SSB) that carries the first synchronization signal and a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) communication that carries the discovery message are transmitted in different slots in accordance with a time division multiplexing operation.
[0195] Aspect 37: The method of Aspect 36, wherein the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are transmitted in adjacent slots.
[0196] Aspect 38: The method of Aspect 36, wherein the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are transmitted in slots that are separated by a guard band, wherein the guard band is based at least in part on an upper bound associated with a discovery monitoring window.
[0197] Aspect 39: The method of any of Aspects 23-38, wherein a sidelink synchronization signal block (SSB) that carries the first synchronization signal and a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) communication that carries the discovery message are transmitted in the same slot in accordance with a frequency division multiplexing operation.
[0198] Aspect 40: The method of Aspect 39, wherein the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are transmitted in adjacent sub-channels.
[0199] Aspect 41: The method of Aspect 39, wherein the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are transmitted in sub-channels that are separated by a gap, wherein the gap is based at least in part on a sidelink bandwidth part associated with a discovery monitoring window.
[0200] Aspect 42: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more processors; one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors; and instructions stored in the one or more memories and executable by the one or more processors to cause the apparatus to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-41.
[0201] Aspect 43: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-41.
[0202] Aspect 44: An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising at least one means for performing the method of one or more of Aspects 1-41.
[0203] Aspect 45: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-41.
[0204] Aspect 46: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication, the set of instructions comprising one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-41.
[0205] Aspect 47: A device for wireless communication, the device comprising a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-41.
[0206] Aspect 48: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors individually or collectively configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-41.
[0207] The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the aspects. No element, act, or instruction described herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such.
[0208] It will be apparent that systems or methods described herein may be implemented in different forms of hardware or a combination of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software used to implement these systems or methods is not limiting of the aspects. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems or methods are described herein without reference to specific software code, because those skilled in the art will understand that software and hardware can be designed to implement the systems or methods based, at least in part, on the description herein. A component being configured to perform a function means that the component has a capability to perform the function, and does not require the function to be actually performed by the component, unless noted otherwise.
[0209] As used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to refer to one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more” or “at least one. ” Further, as used herein, the article “the” is intended to include one or more items referenced in connection with the article “the” and may be used interchangeably with “the one or more. ” Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Where only one item is intended, the phrase “only one” or “asingle one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has, ” “have, ” “having, ” “comprise, ” “comprising, ” “include” and “including, ” and derivatives thereof or similar terms are intended to be open-ended terms that do not limit an element that they modify (for example, an element “having” A may also have B) . Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and / or, ” unless explicitly stated otherwise (for example, if used in combination with “either” or “only one of” ) . As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a + b, a + c, b + c, and a + b + c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (for example, a + a, a + a + a, a + a + b, a + a + c, a + b + b, a + c + c, b + b, b + b + b, b + b + c, c + c, and c + c + c, or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0210] As used herein, the term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, estimating, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure) , searching, inferring, ascertaining, and / or measuring, among other possibilities. Also, “determining” can include receiving (such as receiving information) , accessing (such as accessing data stored in memory) or transmitting (such as transmitting information) , among other possibilities. Additionally, “determining” can include resolving, selecting, obtaining, choosing, establishing, and / or other such similar actions.
[0211] As used herein, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based at least in part on” or “based on or otherwise in association with” unless explicitly stated otherwise. As used herein, “satisfying a threshold” may, depending on the context, refer to a value being greater than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, or not equal to the threshold, among other examples.
[0212] Even though particular combinations of features are recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the scope of all aspects described herein. Many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification. The disclosure of various aspects includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set.
Claims
1.An apparatus for wireless communication at a destination user equipment (UE) , comprising:one or more memories; andone or more processors, the one or more processors, individually or collectively and based at least in part on information stored in the one or more memories, being configured to:receive a discovery message and a first synchronization signal from a source UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster; andtransmit a discovery response message to the source UE using a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first synchronization cluster is based at least in part on communications between two or more devices using the first synchronization source and the second synchronization cluster is based at least in part on communications between two or more devices using the second synchronization source.3.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to establish a connection between the destination UE and the source UE using the first synchronization signal and the time offset.4.The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the one or more processors, to establish the connection between the destination UE and the source UE, are configured to communicate one or more parameters to be used for communications between the destination UE and the source UE, wherein the one or more parameters include a synchronization timer parameter, a synchronization window parameter, or a synchronization threshold parameter.5.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the time offset is calculated by the destination UE for adjusting timing information associated with transmitting the discovery response message.6.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first synchronization signal is a sidelink synchronization signal block (SSB) that is received with the discovery message on a physical sidelink shared channel.7.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the destination UE is configured with one or more parameters for communications between the first synchronization cluster and the second synchronization cluster, wherein the one or more parameters include at least one of a resource pool parameter, a discovery window parameter, a gap parameter, a guard band parameter, a condition parameter, or a timer parameter, or are based at least in part on a capability of the destination UE.8.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to perform at least one of:receive an indication of the second synchronization signal from the second synchronization source; orcommunicate with one or more other devices within the second synchronization cluster using the second synchronization signal.9.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to adjust a timing parameter at the destination UE based at least in part on the second synchronization signal.10.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to transmit, to the source UE, a synchronization request.11.The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to receive the first synchronization signal from the source UE based at least in part on the synchronization request or based at least in part on one or more parameters associated with a connection between the destination UE and the source UE.12.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a sidelink synchronization signal block (SSB) that carries the first synchronization signal and a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) communication that carries the discovery message are received in different slots in accordance with a time division multiplexing operation, wherein the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are received in adjacent slots or are received in slots that are separated by a gap, wherein the gap is based at least in part on an upper bound associated with a discovery monitoring window.13.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a sidelink synchronization signal block (SSB) that carries the first synchronization signal and a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) communication that carries the discovery message are received in the same slot in accordance with a frequency division multiplexing operation, wherein the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are received in adjacent sub-channels or are received in sub-channels that are separated by a guard band, wherein the guard band is based at least in part on a sidelink bandwidth part associated with a discovery monitoring window.14.An apparatus for wireless communication at a source user equipment (UE) , comprising:one or more memories; andone or more processors, the one or more processors, individually or collectively and based at least in part on information stored in the one or more memories, being configured to:transmit a discovery message and a first synchronization signal to a destination UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster; andreceive a discovery response message from the destination UE in accordance with a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source.15.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to receive an indication of a connection between the source UE and the destination UE, wherein the connection is in accordance with the first synchronization signal and the time offset.16.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the first synchronization signal is a sidelink synchronization signal block (SSB) that is transmitted with the discovery message on a physical sidelink shared channel.17.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the source UE is configured with one or more parameters for communications between the first synchronization cluster and the second synchronization cluster, wherein the one or more parameters include at least one of a resource pool parameter, a discovery window parameter, a gap parameter, a guard band parameter, a condition parameter, or a timer parameter, or are based at least in part on a capability of the source UE.18.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein a sidelink synchronization signal block (SSB) that carries the first synchronization signal and a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) communication that carries the discovery message are transmitted in different slots in accordance with a time division multiplexing operation, wherein the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are transmitted in adjacent slots or are transmitted in slots that are separated by a guard band, wherein the guard band is based at least in part on an upper bound associated with a discovery monitoring window.19.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein a sidelink synchronization signal block (SSB) that carries the first synchronization signal and a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) communication that carries the discovery message are transmitted in the same slot in accordance with a frequency division multiplexing operation, wherein the sidelink SSB and the PSSCH communication are transmitted in adjacent sub-channels or are transmitted in sub-channels that are separated by a gap, wherein the gap is based at least in part on a sidelink bandwidth part associated with a discovery monitoring window.20.A method of wireless communication performed by a destination user equipment (UE) , comprising:receiving a discovery message and a first synchronization signal from a source UE, wherein the source UE is associated with a first synchronization source and a first synchronization cluster and the destination UE is associated with a second synchronization source and a second synchronization cluster; andtransmitting a discovery response message to the source UE using a time offset, wherein the time offset is based at least in part on a time difference between the first synchronization signal associated with the first synchronization source and a second synchronization signal associated with the second synchronization source.