Biodegradable combinations and method for obtaining same

Abstract

The present invention protects biodegradable combinations containing natural fibres and at least one polymer, and a method for obtaining same. The main purpose of the invention is to produce biodegradable products that decompose into the environment in less than 12 months and have a shelf life of 30 months in controlled storage conditions at 30°C and in conditions as determined by the manufacturer. The biodegradable combinations replace plastics in utensils such as, inter alia, plates, glasses, cups, cutlery, plastic bags, and lids.

Description

[0001] BIODEGRADABLE COMBINATIONS

[0002] Plastics can take over 100 years to decompose, causing severe damage to the environment, especially to the oceans and marine life. Their production not only generates polluting emissions but also significantly contributes to the degradation of natural ecosystems.

[0003] Of the 8 million tons of plastic waste that enter the world's oceans annually, plastic drinking straws are not the largest source of pollution. Often, these straws, due to their small size and light weight, don't reach recycling bins, as is clearly evident on beaches. Although they constitute a small fraction of the plastic in the oceans, their size makes them particularly harmful pollutants, as they become entangled in marine life and are ingested by fish. Straws are the latest on a growing list of plastic products that have been banned, taxed, or boycotted in an attempt to control the plastic debris traveling through the seas before it outweighs fish in volume—a scenario that a 2016 World Economic Forum study estimates could become a reality by 2050.California became the first US state to ban plastic bags, following a number of countries that had already done so, including Kenya, China, Bangladesh, Rwanda, and Macedonia. France has not only banned plastic bags but has also become the first country to ban plastic plates, cups, and utensils, effective in 2020.

[0004] Since 2003, there has been an increase in the use of straws, perhaps due to the rise in the SARS respiratory illness that began in China and spread to America and Europe. “Suddenly, straws became widespread,” says Woodring. “From then on, consumers felt they had to have one, even though most didn’t need it.”

[0005] Protecting health and preventing the spread of germs is a human right, and preventing pollution caused by straws, plates, cups, and other plastic products is an obligation to preserve the environment, especially the marine environment. Addressing the problem of pollution caused by plastic straws is imperative. The challenge lies in finding effective solutions for eliminating plastic straws. This is the first step toward protecting the environment.

[0006] In this context, several inventions have attempted to address the problems associated with plastics, such as WO2017 / 173202. This document provides thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) compositions having biodegradable and / or bioabsorbable hard and soft segments. Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) are a widely used class of polymer with specific physical and chemical properties that make them particularly suitable for in vivo applications. Conventional TPUs are among the biomaterials that are not intended to degrade but are susceptible to hydrolytic, oxidative, and enzymatic degradation in vivo. This degradation can be used to design biodegradable TPUs. Although thermoplastic polyurethanes have many mechanical properties that make them attractive for biomedical applications, polymer degradation presents challenges.It is known that the degradation of the soft TPU segment can be achieved through the appropriate selection of the soft segment chemistry. Commonly used biodegradable soft TPU segments include poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(lactic acid), polyglycolic acid, and poly(ethylene glycol) polyols. Degradation of the hard segment is a greater challenge because the urethane bonds are less susceptible to degradation. Modification of hard segments has focused on varying the diisocyanate structures and chain extenders. However, these modifications often lead to inferior mechanical properties in the TPU. Therefore, it would be desirable to provide a thermoplastic polyurethane composition that is biodegradable and / or bioabsorbable in body environments without degrading to toxic byproducts, while maintaining favorable mechanical properties in these environments.MX2022008645, the present invention relates to a novel process for the manufacture and production of a biodegradable polymer biocomposite (BCPB) based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glycerol, and untreated blue agave (FAWA) and sonicated agave fibers (FAWA-US). The process of the present invention consists of three stages: initially, the FAWA is ground and sieved; subsequently, it undergoes sonication treatment with stearic acid; and finally, the biodegradable polymer biocomposite is processed by melt blending.Studies conducted at each stage of the process indicate that sonication treatment with stearic acid extracts organic components with low thermal stability, such as waxes / fats, pectins, and hemicellulose. It also produces partial defibration of FAWA. Thanks to these characteristics, BCPB exhibits an increase in its mechanical properties, as the storage modulus increases from 230 to 370 MPa for BCPB with FAWA-US, representing a 60% increase, despite having a concentration of up to 30% by weight of the natural fiber. This invention is aimed at companies involved in the processing of plastics or polymers, industries that manufacture single-use polymer films and packaging, the food industry, the packaging industry, and the industry that produces biodegradable bioplastics, among others.

[0007] WO2020 / 236959 describes apparatus and methods for manufacturing biodegradable, compostable drinking straws from polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) material. Such apparatus may include a hopper containing raw PHA material, an extruder receiving the raw PHA material from the hopper and producing extruded PHA material, one or more water baths cooling the raw PHA material from the hopper and producing extruded PHA material, one or more water baths cooling the extruded PHA material, an extractor drawing a tubular flow of PHA material through the system, and a cutter configured to cut the flow of PHA material into finished straws. The finished straws may be biodegradable in soil or marine environments, as well as compostable at home or on an industrial scale.

[0008] Another patent document, WO2016181004, discloses a straw made of an edible material for drinking beverages, comprising the following ingredients: water; a gelling agent selected from gelatin, pectin, xanthan gum, and carrageenan, as well as mixtures thereof; a sweetening agent selected from cane sugar, refined sugar, icing sugar, brown sugar, fructose, honey, steviol, and sucrose, as well as mixtures thereof; a stabilizing or thickening agent selected from locust bean gum, alginates, and carboxymethylcellulose, as well as mixtures thereof; and a plasticizing or wetting agent selected from the group consisting of glycerin, sorbitol, and glycerol, as well as mixtures thereof. The present invention also relates to a method for obtaining the edible straw, as well as to the straw obtained in this way and its use for drinking beverages.

[0009] Document CN106954663 discloses edible cereal-based tableware and a method for manufacturing the same. The edible cereal-based tableware comprises cereal powder and auxiliary materials, wherein the cereal powder comprises the following components by weight: 60-80 parts whole wheat flour, 5-20 parts sorghum flour, 5-15 parts rice flour, 0-10 parts millet flour, and 0-10 parts purple sweet potato flour; and the auxiliary materials comprise the following components by mass: 30-40 parts water, 3-5 parts butter, and 0-5 parts seasonings.The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing the cereal powder, which is subjected to microwave-assisted treatment and then toasting and pre-cooking treatment or dry heat pre-cooking treatment with auxiliary materials to make the dough; placing the made dough in a mold, performing heat preservation shaping, transporting the shaped dough into an oven, performing toasting, and in the toasting process, performing pressurization 1-2 times; and toasting until the dough is 90% cooked, making a paint film with rice flour dextrinization fluid or starch dextrinization fluid whose concentration is 2-5%, and continuing to toast for 1-2 min to obtain finished products.

[0010] As you can see, the compositions are completely different; it is a mixture of different flours of wheat, sorghum, rice, millet, purple sweet potato to which butter and seasonings are added; in addition, it must be microwaved, toasted, precooked, molded for later baking, toasted again; this implies a rigid, brittle, and homemade tableware that in contact with foods with high water content and high temperatures can deform and break.

[0011] Other related inventions protect mixtures of wheat flour, sorghum, sugar and proteins to form a paste that allows the formation of a tableware that is baked; however, as in other cases, it is structurally unstable in contact with foods with high moisture content and does not tolerate high temperatures because it deforms, fractures or breaks.

[0012] To solve these problems and industrialize straws, cups, plates, cutlery, covers and other plastic products, we present the present invention:

[0013] The present invention has as one of its primary objectives to make available biodegradable compositions for the manufacture of utensils, such as plates, cups, straws, cutlery, covers, and other types of utensils, based on natural fibers, especially those containing high percentages of lignin and cellulose.

[0014] Another objective is to provide compositions containing lignin and cellulose in combination with selected polymers of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, among others.

[0015] The main objective of this invention is to produce biodegradable products that decompose in the environment within a period of no more than twelve (12) months. These products have a shelf life of thirty (30) months under controlled conditions, stored at a temperature of 30°C and under conditions as determined by the manufacturer.

[0016] Another main objective of the present invention is to protect a novel procedure where biodegradable products will be obtained.

[0017] In summary, the main objective of the present invention is to protect combinations and the procedure of biodegradable products that can be subjected to temperatures (-2°C - 10°C, 20°C - 100°C) for a time of 2 to 4 hours without losing their initial properties.

[0018] In the present invention, the following definitions shall apply:

[0019] Biodegradable refers to the ability of certain materials or substances to decompose naturally through the action of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and other living organisms present in the environment. These materials break down into simpler compounds and do not persist in the environment for long periods of time.

[0020] Biodegradable products are those designed to decompose naturally in the environment, typically through the action of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and other living organisms. This means that, over time, these products break down into simpler components and eventually reintegrate into the natural material cycle.

[0021] Fibers containing a high percentage of cellulose are fibrous materials whose main component is cellulose, a natural polymer found in the cell walls of plants. Some common examples of fibers with a high cellulose content include:

[0022] Cotton: Cotton fiber is almost pure cellulose and is one of the most widely used natural fibers in the textile industry.

[0023] Linen: Coming from the flax plant, linen is another natural fiber with a high cellulose content.

[0024] Hemp: Hemp is a strong plant fiber with a high concentration of cellulose in its composition.

[0025] Bamboo: Although less common compared to cotton and linen, bamboo is also used as a textile fiber due to its high cellulose content. These fibers are valued in the industry for their durability, softness, moisture absorption capacity, and other desirable properties in the composition of the products protected by the present invention.

[0026] Fibers with a medium percentage of cellulose are those with a mixed composition in terms of cellulose content, being less pure than fibers with a high cellulose content such as cotton or linen. Some examples of fibers with a medium percentage of cellulose include:

[0027] Viscose (rayon): Viscose is a synthetic fiber derived from cellulose, usually from wood pulp or cotton. Although it contains cellulose, it also undergoes chemical processes that can reduce the overall cellulose content compared to natural fibers like cotton.

[0028] Modal: Similar to viscose, modal is a synthetic fiber derived from beech wood cellulose. It has soft properties and absorbs moisture well.

[0029] Lyocell (Tencel): This is a cellulose fiber manufactured using a more environmentally friendly production process than viscose, utilizing organic solvents. Lyocell also has a medium cellulose content. These fibers are widely used in industry due to their properties such as softness, moisture absorption, and the ability to be processed into a variety of textures and finishes. Fibers containing a low percentage of cellulose are generally synthetic fibers that are not primarily composed of plant or cellulosic material. Some examples of low-cellulose fibers are:

[0030] Polypropylene: Another synthetic fiber derived from petrochemicals, polypropylene is known for its strength and durability in industrial applications and does not contain cellulose.

[0031] Polyamides: Some types of polyamides, such as polyester and elastane (spandex), are synthetic fibers that do not contain cellulose in their composition.

[0032] These synthetic fibers are valued in the industry for their strength, ease of care, and ability to mimic the characteristics of other natural fibers. Unlike fibers with high or medium cellulose content, these do not come from plant resources and are manufactured using specific industrial processes.

[0033] Fibers containing a high percentage of lignin are those that come primarily from lignocellulosic materials, such as wood and some woody plants. Lignin is a natural polymer that provides rigidity and strength to woody plants and is responsible for the dark color of wood. Some fibers with high lignin content include:

[0034] Wood fibers (mechanical pulp): This type of fiber is obtained through mechanical processes that crush the wood, preserving a higher proportion of lignin compared to other pulping processes.

[0035] Bast (hemp, flax, jute fiber, etc.): Bast fibers come from the fibrous part of the plant, located between the outer bark and the central core. These fibers may contain a higher percentage of lignin due to their origin in the more woody parts of the plant.

[0036] Bamboo: Although it was also mentioned in the context of fibers with high cellulose content, bamboo can contain a significant percentage of lignin in its composition, especially in more mature varieties.

[0037] These fibers are valued not only for their physical properties, such as strength and durability, but also for their relative sustainability, as they come from renewable natural resources like wood and other woody plants. Fibers with a medium lignin content are those that, while not as high as wood fibers or bast fibers, still retain a significant amount of this natural component. Some examples of fibers with a medium lignin content include:

[0038] Recycled paper: Recycled paper, especially that made from cardboard and thicker paper, can contain a moderate amount of lignin. Lignin is usually largely removed during the recycling process, but small amounts may remain, affecting the paper's strength and color.

[0039] Sugarcane bagasse: Bagasse is the residual fibrous fiber left after extracting the juice from sugarcane. Although the extraction process removes most of the lignin, some fibers may retain a moderate amount of this component.

[0040] Sisal: This natural fiber comes from the agave sisalana plant and contains a medium proportion of lignin in its composition. It is commonly used in the manufacture of ropes, mats, and other durable products.

[0041] These fibers are valued in various industries due to their specific properties and their availability as by-products of other agricultural or processing industries.

[0042] Sugarcane fibers, also known as sugarcane bagasse, possess several properties that make them interesting for various industrial and commercial uses: Strength and durability: Sugarcane fibers are naturally strong and durable, making them suitable for applications requiring mechanical strength, such as in the manufacture of paper products, cardboard, and construction materials like fiberboard and reinforced gypsum board. Low density: Despite their strength, sugarcane fibers have a low density, making them ideal for manufacturing lightweight yet robust products.

[0043] Biodegradability and sustainability: Because they come from the sugarcane plant, a renewable resource, sugarcane fibers are biodegradable and less harmful to the environment compared to synthetic materials.

[0044] Moisture absorption capacity: Sugarcane fibers have the ability to absorb and retain moisture, which can be beneficial in applications such as the manufacture of absorbent products or in building materials that require some degree of humidity regulation. Acoustic and thermal insulation: Due to their fibrous structure, sugarcane fibers offer natural acoustic and thermal insulation properties, making them useful in applications where improved environmental comfort is needed.

[0045] Versatility in applications: In addition to those already mentioned, sugarcane fibers are used in the production of biofuels, in the paper and textile industry, and in the production of biodegradable and compostable packaging.

[0046] In summary, sugarcane fibers are valued for their strength, biodegradability, absorption capacity, and contribution to sustainability, making them an attractive alternative to less sustainable and more environmentally damaging materials.

[0047] Cocoa fibers, also known as cocoa husk or cacao fiber, are a byproduct of chocolate production. These fibers have several interesting properties, although their uses and applications are less well-known compared to other agricultural byproducts. Some of the properties of cocoa fibers include:

[0048] Rich in dietary fiber: Cocoa fibers are rich in dietary fiber, which is beneficial for digestive health. Dietary fiber helps promote bowel regularity and may aid in the prevention of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Antioxidants: Cocoa fibers contain natural antioxidants, such as polyphenols, which can help neutralize free radicals in the body. Antioxidants are known for their protective effects against cell damage and their potential to reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Low in calories and fat: Cocoa fibers tend to be low in calories and fat, which is beneficial for those looking to maintain a balanced diet and control their calorie intake.

[0049] Flavor and aroma: Cocoa fibers can have a characteristic flavor and aroma that can be used in the food industry to add complexity and depth of flavor to products such as beverages, desserts, and baked goods.

[0050] Potential as a prebiotic: Some studies suggest that cocoa fibers could have potential as prebiotics, meaning they can promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut, which is beneficial for gut health and the immune system.

[0051] It is important to note that cocoa fibers are usually available primarily as a by-product of the chocolate industry, and their application in the food industry and in consumer products can vary depending on availability and market demand.

[0052] Coffee fibers, also known as coffee grounds or coffee berries, have several properties that make them interesting for different applications and uses:

[0053] Rich in dietary fiber: Coffee grounds contain a significant amount of dietary fiber, primarily in the form of cellulose and hemicellulose. Dietary fiber is beneficial for digestive health and can help regulate bowel movements.

[0054] Antioxidants: Coffee grounds are rich in antioxidants, especially phenolic compounds such as chlorogenic acids. Antioxidants help neutralize free radicals in the body, which can contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases and cellular aging.

[0055] Potential as a renewable energy source: Coffee grounds have a high content of organic compounds that can be used for biogas production or as a raw material for biofuel production. This makes them a potential source of renewable energy.

[0056] Cosmetic properties: Due to their grainy texture, coffee grounds are often used as natural exfoliants in cosmetic products, such as body and face scrubs. Furthermore, their potential to reduce cellulite and improve blood circulation in the skin has been researched.

[0057] Sustainability: Reusing coffee grounds can contribute to more sustainable practices and reduce waste. For example, they can be used as fertilizer for plants due to their nutrient content, such as nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus.

[0058] Potential health benefits: Some studies suggest that coffee grounds may have beneficial effects on the skin, such as protection against UV rays and reducing the risk of certain types of skin cancer.

[0059] In summary, coffee grounds not only have potential health and sustainability benefits, but can also be used in various industrial and cosmetic applications, making them a versatile and useful resource after their initial use as a beverage.

[0060] Hemp fibers and CBD (cannabidiol) are two distinct aspects of the hemp plant, each with its own particular characteristics and properties:

[0061] Hemp fibers:

[0062] Strength and durability: Hemp fibers are known for being extremely strong and durable. They have similar or greater strength than other natural fibers such as cotton and linen. Moisture absorption: Hemp fibers have the ability to absorb and release moisture quickly, making them ideal for clothing that needs to stay cool and dry.

[0063] UV resistance: Hemp fibers have good UV resistance, which prolongs the lifespan of products made with this fiber.

[0064] Sustainability: Hemp is a fast-growing plant that requires less water, pesticides, and fertilizers compared to other fibrous plants. Therefore, it is considered a more sustainable option for fiber production.

[0065] Versatility: Hemp fibers can be used in a variety of products, from clothing to ropes, tarpaulins, and building materials.

[0066] CBD (cannabidiol):

[0067] Therapeutic properties: CBD is a non-psychoactive compound found in hemp and the cannabis plant. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective properties, among others.

[0068] Pain relief: CBD is often used to relieve chronic and acute pain, as well as to treat conditions such as arthritis and fibromyalgia.

[0069] Reducing anxiety and stress: CBD has been found to have calming effects on the central nervous system, which can help reduce anxiety and stress.

[0070] Potential to treat neurological disorders: There is ongoing research on the use of CBD in the treatment of neurological disorders such as epilepsy and multiple sclerosis.

[0071] Cosmetic applications: CBD is increasingly used in skin and hair care products due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which can help improve the health and appearance of the skin.

[0072] In summary, hemp fibers and CBD are distinct components of the hemp plant with different applications and benefits. Hemp fibers are primarily used in the textile and materials industries, while CBD has therapeutic and cosmetic applications due to its beneficial health properties.

[0073] Banana fibers, also known as plantain or abaca fibers (in the case of the Musa textilis genus), have various industrial properties that make them useful in different applications:

[0074] Strength and durability: Banana fibers are known for their high strength and durability. They have considerable strength, comparable to and even greater than many other natural fibers such as cotton and linen.

[0075] Flexibility: Despite their strength, banana fibers are flexible, making them ideal for manufacturing ropes, fabrics, and textile products that require a certain degree of flexibility.

[0076] Biodegradability and sustainability: Banana fibers are biodegradable and come from a natural and renewable source: the banana plant. This makes them a sustainable option compared to synthetic fibers.

[0077] Moisture absorption: Banana fibers have the ability to absorb and release moisture quickly, making them suitable for applications where a moisture-regulating material is required.

[0078] Thermal and acoustic insulation: Due to their fibrous structure, banana fibers have natural thermal and acoustic insulation properties. This makes them useful in the manufacture of building materials such as panels and boards. Versatility in applications: In addition to textiles and building materials, banana fibers can be used in the manufacture of paper, packaging, upholstery, and handicrafts.

[0079] In summary, banana fibers are valued for their strength, flexibility, biodegradability, and moisture-regulating and insulating properties, making them an attractive option for a variety of industrial and commercial applications.

[0080] Barley fibers are not as well-known or industrially used as some other more common plant fibers. However, they have some properties that could be considered in certain applications:

[0081] Biodegradability: Like all plant fibers, barley fibers are biodegradable, making them a more sustainable option compared to synthetic materials.

[0082] Moisture absorption: Barley fibers may have some ability to absorb and release moisture, which could be useful in materials that require this property.

[0083] Acoustic and thermal insulation: Although less well known than in other plant fibers, barley fibers may have certain acoustic and thermal insulation properties due to their fibrous structure.

[0084] Potential in the food industry: Barley fibers are also valued for their dietary fiber content, which is important in the food industry for the production of healthy foods and bakery products.

[0085] Potential uses as filler or packaging material: Given their natural and biodegradable origin, barley fibers could have applications as filler or packaging material in some industrial contexts. It is important to note that barley fibers are not as widely studied or used as some other more popular plant fibers such as cotton, flax, or hemp. However, their potential for industrial applications may vary and will depend on further research and technological developments in the future.

[0086] Corn fibers, also known as corn cob fibers or corn husk fibers, have some industrial properties that make them interesting for different applications:

[0087] Biodegradability: Corn fibers are biodegradable, making them a more sustainable option compared to synthetic materials.

[0088] Strength and durability: Although not as strong as some other plant fibers, corn fibers have sufficient strength and durability to be used in specific applications.

[0089] Acoustic and thermal insulation: Corn fibers can have acoustic and thermal insulation properties due to their fibrous structure, making them useful in the manufacture of building materials such as insulating panels.

[0090] Applications in the textile industry: Although less common than other fibers, corn fibers can be used in the textile industry for the manufacture of fabrics and garments. They have the ability to absorb and release moisture, which can be beneficial for wearing comfort.

[0091] Potential in the manufacture of bioplastics and composite materials: Corn starch is widely used in the manufacture of bioplastics. Corn fibers can also be incorporated into composite materials to improve their mechanical properties and sustainability.

[0092] Applications in the food industry: Corn fibers can have applications in the food industry as dietary fiber in food products and as biodegradable packaging material. It is important to note that corn fibers can vary in their properties depending on the part of the corn plant from which they are obtained (e.g., cobs, leaves, stalks). Their industrial and commercial use is still developing and depends on ongoing research and technological advancements in the field of natural and sustainable materials.

[0093] Abaca cellulose, also known as Manila hemp, is a type of cellulose extracted from the fibers of the Musa textilis plant, native to the Philippines and other tropical regions. This cellulose has several properties that make it valuable in various industrial applications:

[0094] Strength and durability: Abaca cellulose is known as one of the strongest and most durable natural fibers available. It has superior strength to even other natural fibers such as cotton and linen.

[0095] Flexibility: Despite its high strength, abaca cellulose is flexible and can be used in a variety of applications that require both strength and flexibility.

[0096] Low water absorption: Abaca cellulose has low water absorption, making it ideal for applications where dimensional stability and moisture resistance are required.

[0097] Acid and alkali resistance: This cellulose is resistant to acids and alkalis, making it suitable for applications in industrial environments where materials must withstand adverse chemical conditions.

[0098] Bleaching capacity: Abaca cellulose has excellent bleaching and processing capabilities, making it useful in the manufacture of high-quality paper and refined cellulose products. Low lignin content: Unlike some other plant fibers, abaca cellulose has a low lignin content, which facilitates its processing and enhances its properties as a high-purity material.

[0099] Diverse applications: It is widely used in the manufacture of specialty papers, including banknotes and security papers, due to its strength and bleaching properties. It is also used in the production of industrial filters, ropes and marine cords, technical fabrics, and geotextiles.

[0100] In summary, abaca cellulose is highly valued in industries that require strong, durable materials that are resistant to adverse conditions, as well as in applications where purity and processability are crucial.

[0101] Abaca fibers, also known as Manila hemp, have several industrial characteristics that make them stand out in different applications:

[0102] Strength and durability: Abaca fibers are known for being extremely strong and durable. They have superior strength compared to many other natural fibers such as cotton and linen, making them ideal for applications requiring mechanical resistance.

[0103] Flexibility: Despite their strength, abaca fibers are flexible and can be woven into fabrics that require both strength and flexibility, such as sacks, tarpaulins, and ropes.

[0104] Moisture resistance: Abaca fibers have low water absorption, making them ideal for applications requiring dimensional stability and moisture resistance. This makes them useful in the manufacture of marine ropes and other marine products.

[0105] Acid and alkali resistance: They are resistant to acids and alkalis, making them suitable for applications in industrial environments where materials that can withstand adverse chemical conditions are needed.

[0106] Lightweight: Despite their strength, abaca fibers are relatively lightweight, making them useful in manufacturing products where strength is required without adding too much weight, such as automotive and aircraft components. Biodegradability: They are completely biodegradable, making them a sustainable option compared to synthetic materials.

[0107] Bleaching capacity: Abaca cellulose, derived from these fibers, has an excellent capacity to be bleached and processed, making it valuable in the manufacture of specialized paper, including banknotes and security papers.

[0108] Diversity of applications: Abaca fibers are used in a variety of industrial applications, such as in the manufacture of paper, ropes and technical fabrics, industrial filters, geotextiles, upholstery and handicrafts.

[0109] In summary, abaca fibers are highly valued for their strength, durability, resistance to moisture and chemicals, lightness, and their ability to be used in a wide range of industrial and commercial applications.

[0110] Coconut fibers, also known as coir, have several industrial properties that make them useful in various applications:

[0111] Strength and durability: Coconut fibers are extremely strong and durable. They have high tensile strength and can withstand heavy loads, making them ideal for applications requiring strength and durability, such as in the manufacture of ropes, brushes, and mats.

[0112] Water absorption: Coconut fibers have a natural ability to absorb water, making them useful in the manufacture of products that require moisture management, such as carpets, mattresses, and growing media.

[0113] Resistance to rot and microorganisms: Due to their natural composition, coconut fibers are resistant to rot and the action of microorganisms, making them suitable for applications in humid environments and in agriculture.

[0114] Biodegradability: Coconut fibers are completely biodegradable and decompose naturally over time, making them a sustainable option compared to synthetic materials. Acoustic and thermal insulation: Due to their fibrous structure, coconut fibers have natural acoustic and thermal insulation properties, making them useful in the manufacture of soundproofing panels and building materials.

[0115] Versatility in applications: Coconut fibers are used in a wide range of industrial and commercial applications, including textiles, upholstery, mattress fillings, water filters, substrates for hydroponic crops and mulches for gardening.

[0116] Abrasion resistance: Coconut fibers are resistant to abrasion, making them suitable for applications where wear resistance is required, such as in industrial brushes and entrance mats.

[0117] In summary, coconut fibers are valued for their strength, durability, water absorption capacity, biodegradability, and insulating properties, making them a versatile and sustainable option for a variety of industrial and commercial applications.

[0118] Bamboo or Guadua cane shavings have several properties that make them interesting for different industrial applications:

[0119] Lightness and strength: Bamboo shavings are lightweight, but at the same time have good mechanical strength, making them useful in the manufacture of lightweight building materials such as panels and boards.

[0120] Biodegradability and sustainability: Like other parts of the bamboo plant, bamboo shavings are biodegradable and come from a natural, renewable source, making them a sustainable option compared to synthetic materials. Thermal and acoustic insulation: Due to its porous and fibrous structure, bamboo shavings have natural thermal and acoustic insulation properties, making them useful in the manufacture of building materials that require these properties.

[0121] Versatility in applications: Bamboo shavings can be used in a variety of industrial applications, including the manufacture of decorative panels, particleboard, paper, cardboard, acoustic fillings, and packaging material.

[0122] Moisture resistance: Bamboo has low water absorption compared to traditional wood, making it more resistant to warping and moisture damage, increasing its durability and applications in humid environments.

[0123] Processing capacity: Bamboo shavings are relatively easy to process and can be used in the manufacture of a wide range of industrial and consumer products.

[0124] Aesthetics and design: Due to its natural appearance and attractive texture, bamboo shavings are also used in applications where aesthetics and design are valued, such as in furniture, interior decoration, and architectural elements.

[0125] In summary, bamboo shavings possess unique properties that make them an interesting option in the industry, especially in terms of sustainability, strength, and versatility of applications.

[0126] Wheat chaff, also known as wheat straw, has several industrial properties that make it useful in various applications:

[0127] Thermal and acoustic insulation: Wheat straw has excellent thermal and acoustic insulation properties due to its porous and fibrous structure. This makes it ideal for manufacturing building materials such as insulating panels, partitions, and roofing.

[0128] Biodegradability and sustainability: As an agricultural byproduct, wheat straw is biodegradable and comes from a renewable source. Its use promotes sustainable practices and reduces dependence on synthetic materials.

[0129] Strength and durability: Although less strong than some natural fibers such as hemp or sisal, wheat straw has enough strength to be used in applications where extreme mechanical strength is not required.

[0130] Sound absorption capacity: In addition to its ability as a thermal insulator, wheat straw can also absorb sound, making it useful in the manufacture of materials to improve the acoustics of indoor spaces.

[0131] Versatility in applications: It is used in the manufacture of fiberboard, paper, packaging materials, mattress and pillow fillings, and as a substrate for hydroponic crops.

[0132] Processability: Wheat straw is relatively easy to process and can be used in the production of a wide range of industrial and consumer products.

[0133] Aesthetics and texture: Due to its natural appearance and texture, wheat straw is also valued in applications where a rustic and ecological aesthetic is sought.

[0134] In summary, wheat straw is valued for its insulating capacity, its sustainability as a biodegradable material, and its versatility in a variety of industrial and commercial applications.

[0135] Rice husk, also known as rice straw, has several industrial properties that make it useful in various applications:

[0136] Thermal and acoustic insulation: Similar to wheat straw, rice straw has excellent thermal and acoustic insulation properties due to its porous and fibrous structure. This makes it ideal for manufacturing building materials such as insulating panels and roofing. Biodegradability and sustainability: As an agricultural byproduct, rice straw is biodegradable and comes from a renewable source. Its use promotes sustainable practices and reduces dependence on synthetic materials.

[0137] Strength and durability: Although not as strong as some more robust natural fibers, rice straw has enough strength to be used in applications where a lightweight, insulating material is required.

[0138] Moisture absorption capacity: Rice straw has the ability to absorb and release moisture, making it useful in the manufacture of products that require moisture regulation, such as packaging materials and growing media.

[0139] Versatility in applications: It is used in the manufacture of fiberboard, paper, packaging materials, mattress and pillow fillings, and as a substrate for hydroponic cultivation. It can also be used as a biomass fuel.

[0140] Processability: Rice straw is relatively easy to process and can be used in the production of a wide range of industrial and consumer products.

[0141] Aesthetics and texture: Due to its natural appearance and texture, rice straw can be valued in applications where a rustic and ecological aesthetic is sought.

[0142] In summary, rice straw is valued for its insulation capacity, its sustainability as a biodegradable material, and its versatility in a variety of industrial and commercial applications, similar to wheat straw, but with some particular characteristics due to its specific origin.

[0143] Rice hulls, also known as rice husks, have several industrial properties that make them useful in various applications:

[0144] Thermal insulation: Rice husk has excellent thermal insulation properties due to its porous structure and the air trapped within its cells. This makes it useful in the manufacture of building materials such as insulating panels and roofing.

[0145] Biodegradability and sustainability: As an agricultural byproduct, rice hulls are biodegradable and come from a renewable source. Their use promotes sustainable practices and reduces dependence on synthetic materials.

[0146] Strength and durability: Although not as strong as some more robust natural fibers, rice hulls have enough strength to be used in applications where a lightweight, insulating material is required.

[0147] Moisture absorption capacity: Rice hulls have the ability to absorb and release moisture, making them useful in the manufacture of products that require moisture regulation, such as packaging materials and growing media.

[0148] Versatility in applications: It is used in the manufacture of fiberboard, paper, packaging materials, mattress and pillow fillings, and as a substrate for hydroponic cultivation. It can also be used as a biomass fuel.

[0149] Processability: Rice hulls are relatively easy to process and can be used in the production of a wide range of industrial and consumer products.

[0150] Aesthetics and texture: Due to its natural appearance and texture, rice husk can be valued in applications where a rustic and ecological aesthetic is sought.

[0151] In summary, rice hulls are valued for their insulating properties, their sustainability as a biodegradable material, and their versatility in a variety of industrial and commercial applications. The polymers used in the present invention are from different families selected for their high or low density.

[0152] High-density polymers, generally speaking, are polymers with a more compact molecular structure and a higher molecular weight compared to other types of polymers. These polymers often exhibit certain elastic properties due to their molecular structure and their ability to deform reversibly under applied forces. Some common examples of high-density polymers and their elastic properties include:

[0153] High-density polyethylene (HDPE): exhibits elastic properties: HDPE has high tensile strength and is known for its stiffness and toughness. It is able to deform under load and recover its original shape when the load is removed, giving it elastic properties suitable for applications where strength and flexibility are required.

[0154] High-density polypropylene (HDPP): exhibits elastic properties: HDPP is another high-density polymer that exhibits good elastic properties. It is resistant to flexural fatigue and can deform considerably before reaching its breaking point. This makes it suitable for applications where strength and resilience are required.

[0155] High-density polyvinyl chloride (HDP): exhibits elastic properties: HDP is known for its tensile strength and its ability to withstand deformation without losing its significant physical properties. It can be formulated to have different degrees of elasticity depending on the additives and manufacturing processes used.

[0156] High-density polystyrene (HIPS): exhibits elastic properties: HIPS is less elastic compared to some of the other high-density polymers mentioned, but it can still exhibit some flexibility and deformation capacity before breaking. It is widely used in applications where stiffness and moderate impact resistance are required.

[0157] In general, high-density polymers can be engineered to have varying degrees of elasticity depending on their molecular structure, processing, and the additives used. This elasticity allows them to be used in a wide range of industrial and commercial applications where specific mechanical properties are required, such as tensile strength, toughness, and the ability to recover from deformation.

[0158] Extruded High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is a specific type of polyethylene characterized by several distinctive properties:

[0159] Density and molecular structure: HDPE has a high density and a linear molecular structure without significant branching. This compact molecular structure contributes to its mechanical properties, including strength and stiffness.

[0160] Mechanical strength: Extruded HDPE has high tensile and compressive strength. It can withstand heavy loads and resist deformation without losing its significant physical properties. Stiffness: It is known for its stiffness and hardness, making it suitable for applications where resistance to bending and impact is required.

[0161] Abrasion and wear resistance: Extruded HDPE is resistant to abrasion and wear, making it an ideal choice for applications where resistance to friction and surface wear is needed.

[0162] Dimensional stability: It has good dimensional stability, which means it maintains its dimensions and shape under varied loads and environmental conditions.

[0163] Good barrier properties: Extruded HDPE can have good barrier properties against moisture and some chemicals, depending on the specific formulation and processing. Ease of processing: It is easy to process using extrusion, blow molding, and other plastic transformation techniques, allowing its use in a wide variety of industrial and commercial applications.

[0164] Good resistance to chemical agents: It is resistant to most chemicals, making it suitable for applications where resistance to corrosion and chemical degradation is required. In short, extruded high-density polyethylene is valued for its mechanical strength, stiffness, dimensional stability, and abrasion resistance, making it a versatile material used in a wide range of industrial applications, from packaging to structural components.

[0165] Injection-molded low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is a specific type of polyethylene characterized by several useful industrial properties:

[0166] Flexibility and ductility: LDPE is known for its high flexibility and ductility. This means it can deform considerably without breaking and return to its original shape when the load is removed, making it ideal for applications requiring forming and sealing capabilities.

[0167] Impact resistance: It has good impact resistance, making it suitable for applications where a material is needed that can absorb impact energy without fracturing.

[0168] Low density: As its name suggests, LDPE has a relatively low density compared to other types of polyethylene, giving it a lightness that is beneficial in applications where reduced weight is required.

[0169] Corrosion resistance: It is resistant to most chemicals, making it suitable for applications where resistance to corrosion and chemical degradation is needed.

[0170] Good sealing capacity: Due to its flexibility and low flow resistance, LDPE is commonly used in packaging applications where effective sealing against moisture and contaminants is required.

[0171] Ease of processing: It is easy to process using injection molding techniques, allowing for the efficient manufacture of parts and components of complex shapes.

[0172] Electrical insulation: It has good dielectric properties, making it useful in electrical and electronic applications where electrical insulation is required.

[0173] Diverse applications: It is used in a wide range of industrial and commercial applications, such as flexible packaging (bags, films), flexible tubing, toy components, stoppers and caps, coatings and protective films.

[0174] In summary, Injection Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) is valued for its flexibility, impact resistance, ease of processing, and diverse industrial and commercial applications due to its unique properties.

[0175] Injection Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) has several industrial properties that make it suitable for a variety of applications:

[0176] Flexibility and ductility: LDPE is known for its high flexibility and ductility. This means it can be deformed considerably without breaking and return to its original shape, making it ideal for applications requiring conformability and sealing, such as plastic films and bags.

[0177] Good impact resistance: Although not as tough as some high-density polymers, LDPE has a good ability to absorb moderate impacts, making it suitable for applications where some resistance to shock and deformation is required.

[0178] Low density: LDPE has a low density, resulting in a lightweight material. This is beneficial for applications where weight reduction is desired, such as in containers and packaging. Good chemical resistance: It is resistant to a wide variety of chemicals, making it useful in applications where resistance to corrosion and chemical degradation is needed. Good processing properties: LDPE is easy to process using injection molding, extrusion, and blow molding techniques. This allows for the efficient manufacturing of a wide range of products and components.

[0179] Barrier properties: It has moderate barrier properties against moisture and gases, making it suitable for packaging applications that require protection against external factors.

[0180] Electrical insulation: It has good dielectric properties, so it is used in applications where electrical insulation is needed, such as in cables and electrical components.

[0181] Diverse applications: It is widely used in the manufacture of films and sheets for flexible packaging, shopping bags, food packaging, toys, stoppers and caps, flexible tubing, coatings and various industrial and commercial applications.

[0182] In summary, Injection Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) is valued for its flexibility, impact resistance, ease of processing, and diverse industrial and commercial applications due to its unique properties.

[0183] Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) is a specific type of polyethylene characterized by several useful industrial properties, especially when used in extrusion processes:

[0184] Good tensile strength and elongation: LLDPE has excellent tensile strength and elongation capacity, making it ideal for applications requiring flexible and deformation-resistant materials such as films and thin sheets.

[0185] Flexibility: It is highly flexible and can easily conform to irregular surfaces. This property makes it suitable for applications where conformability and effective sealing are required, such as in food packaging and stretch film applications.

[0186] Good impact resistance: It has a good capacity to absorb impacts, making it suitable for applications where resistance to shocks and deformation under dynamic loads is needed. Good tear and puncture resistance: LLDPE has significant tear and puncture resistance, which improves its durability and performance in packaging and lining applications. Low density: Although not as low as LDPE, the density of LLDPE is still relatively low, resulting in lightweight and economical end products.

[0187] Good abrasion resistance: It is resistant to abrasion and wear, which improves its service life and its ability to maintain structural integrity in demanding environments.

[0188] Good dimensional stability: LLDPE has good dimensional stability, meaning it maintains its dimensions and shape during use, resisting shrinkage and deformation under variations in temperature and load.

[0189] Sealing properties: It is known for its good sealing properties, making it useful in applications where airtight and secure packaging is required.

[0190] Chemical resistance: It is resistant to a wide range of chemicals, expanding its application in industrial and commercial environments where protection against corrosion and chemical degradation is needed.

[0191] In summary, Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) used in extrusion processes offers a unique combination of flexibility, impact resistance, tear resistance, lightness, and other properties that make it ideal for a wide range of industrial applications, especially in the manufacture of films, sheets, bags, and other flexible packaging products.

[0192] High-Density Polypropylene (HDPP) used in injection molding processes has several industrial properties that make it suitable for various applications:

[0193] Mechanical strength: PPAD has excellent mechanical strength, including tensile and compressive strength. It is capable of withstanding heavy loads and resisting deformation without losing its significant physical properties.

[0194] Rigidity and hardness: It is known for its rigidity and hardness, making it ideal for applications where dimensional stability and resistance to bending and impact are required.

[0195] Good chemical resistance: It is resistant to a wide range of chemicals, making it suitable for applications where resistance to corrosion and chemical degradation is required. Low moisture absorption: It has low moisture absorption, making it suitable for applications where dimensional stability and moisture resistance are needed.

[0196] High-temperature resistance: PPAD can withstand relatively high temperatures without losing its mechanical properties, expanding its application in environments where thermal resistance is required. Ease of processing: It is easy to process using injection molding techniques, enabling the efficient manufacturing of parts and components with complex shapes.

[0197] Barrier properties: It has good barrier properties against moisture and some gases, making it suitable for packaging applications that require protection against external factors.

[0198] Good dimensional stability: Maintains its dimensions and shape under varied loads and environmental conditions, improving its performance in industrial and commercial applications.

[0199] In summary, High Density Polypropylene (HDPP) used in injection molding processes offers a unique combination of mechanical strength, rigidity, chemical resistance, dimensional stability, and ease of processing, making it ideal for a wide range of industrial applications, from automotive components and household appliances to packaging and consumer goods.

[0200] Low-density polypropylene (LDPP) used in injection molding processes has several industrial properties that make it suitable for various applications:

[0201] Flexibility and ductility: LDPP is known for its high flexibility and ductility. This means it can deform considerably without breaking and return to its original shape, making it ideal for applications requiring conformability and shock absorption capabilities.

[0202] Good impact resistance: While not as strong as some high-density polymers, LDPP has a good capacity to absorb moderate impacts, making it suitable for applications requiring some resistance to shocks and deformation under dynamic loads. Lightweight: LDPP has a low density, resulting in a lightweight material. This is beneficial for applications where reducing the weight of the final product is desired, such as in containers and packaging.

[0203] Ease of processing: It is easy to process using injection molding techniques, allowing for the efficient manufacture of parts and components with complex shapes.

[0204] Chemical resistance: It is resistant to a wide range of chemicals, making it suitable for applications where resistance to corrosion and chemical degradation is needed.

[0205] Sealing properties: It has good sealing properties, making it useful in applications requiring airtight and secure packaging, such as in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Diverse applications: It is used in the manufacture of flexible packaging, shopping bags, food and beverage containers, toys, automotive components, sporting goods, and various consumer products.

[0206] In summary, Low Density Polypropylene (LDPP) used in injection molding processes offers a combination of flexibility, impact resistance, lightness, ease of processing, and chemical resistance that makes it suitable for a wide range of industrial and commercial applications.

[0207] High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) is a plastic material that combines the properties of polystyrene with the ability to absorb additional impacts. Some of the key industrial properties of HIPS are:

[0208] Good impact resistance: It is known for its ability to absorb impacts without breaking easily. This property makes it ideal for applications where resistance to shock and deformation is needed, such as in packaging and automotive components.

[0209] Stiffness and strength: HIPS has good stiffness and strength, making it suitable for applications where dimensional stability and structural support are required.

[0210] Ease of processing: It is easy to process using injection molding, extrusion, and thermoforming techniques. This allows for the efficient manufacturing of a wide variety of products and components with complex shapes.

[0211] Good aesthetic properties: It has a smooth and shiny surface, making it ideal for applications where an attractive aesthetic appearance is required, such as in consumer products and packaging for product presentation.

[0212] Good corrosion resistance: It is resistant to most chemicals, making it suitable for applications where protection against corrosion and chemical degradation is needed. Good electrical properties: It has good dielectric properties, making it useful in electrical and electronic applications where electrical insulation is required.

[0213] Versatility of applications: It is used in a wide range of industrial and commercial applications, including food packaging, electronic and electrical appliance components, toys, medical products, and more.

[0214] In summary, High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) is valued for its impact absorption capacity, rigidity, ease of processing, and versatility of applications. These properties make it a popular material in various industries where a combination of mechanical strength and aesthetic appeal is required.

[0215] Crystal polystyrene (GPPS) has several industrial properties that make it suitable for various applications:

[0216] Transparency: GPPS is known for its high optical transparency, making it ideal for applications where content visibility is required, such as in food and consumer product packaging. Gloss: It has a smooth, glossy surface, which enhances its aesthetic appearance and makes it suitable for applications where an attractive visual presentation is valued.

[0217] Rigidity: It is rigid and has good flexural strength, making it suitable for applications requiring dimensional stability and structural support, such as packaging and industrial components. Processability: It is easily processed using injection molding, extrusion, and thermoforming techniques. This allows for the efficient manufacture of a wide variety of products and components with complex shapes. Good barrier properties: It has good barrier properties against moisture and some gases, making it suitable for packaging applications requiring protection from external factors. Electrical properties: It has good dielectric properties, making it useful in electrical and electronic applications where electrical insulation is required.

[0218] Versatility of applications: It is used in a wide range of industrial and commercial applications, including food and beverage packaging, toys, medical products, electronic components and more.

[0219] Cost efficiency: It is relatively inexpensive compared to other transparent plastics, making it attractive for applications where a balance between cost and performance is sought.

[0220] In summary, crystal polystyrene (GPPS) is valued for its transparency, gloss, rigidity, ease of processing, and versatility of applications. These properties make it a popular material in various industries where a transparent and aesthetically pleasing plastic material is required.

[0221] In order to industrialize natural fibers and convert them into usable materials such as straws or other products, a suitable treatment and transformation process is generally required.

[0222] The general procedure for manufacturing biodegradable products that come into contact with liquids, hot or cold solids, exposed to temperatures between 20-100°C and -2-20°C, for 2 to 4 hours, this type of biodegradable products will be used in restaurants, nightclubs, bars, soda fountains, cafes, hotels, the food industry, the pharmaceutical industry, among others.

[0223] Harvesting and Selection: Natural fibers such as bamboo, wheat, corn, hemp, among others, are harvested and selected to remove impurities such as leaves, dirt or other foreign materials.

[0224] Fiber Extraction: Fibers are extracted from the plant using mechanical or chemical methods, depending on the type of fiber and the plant it comes from. For example, in the case of bamboo, a mechanical defibration process can be used to separate the fibers from the stalk.

[0225] Washing and Drying: The fibers are washed to remove residue and dried to reduce their moisture content.

[0226] Processing and Refining: The fibers may undergo additional processes such as defibering, where they are divided into finer individual fibers, or carding, where the fibers are aligned to form a sheet or blanket.

[0227] Product Formation: Once the fibers have been processed, they can be used to manufacture sorbets or other products using injection molding, extrusion or thermoforming techniques, depending on the type of final product desired.

[0228] Specific Treatments: Depending on the specific properties required for the final product, the fibers may undergo additional treatments such as the application of resins or additives to improve their strength, durability, water resistance, or other characteristics.

[0229] Quality and Control: Throughout the entire process, quality control is carried out to ensure that the fibers and final products meet the required specifications in terms of strength, hygiene and functionality.

[0230] In summary, the processing of natural fibers for industrialization and the manufacture of products such as biodegradable goods involves several key steps, ranging from fiber collection and processing to the formation of final products using appropriate transformation and shaping techniques. Each type of fiber may require specific methods adapted to its natural characteristics and the desired properties of the final product. The fiber extrusion process is a method used to transform molten polymers into continuous fibers or filaments, which can then be used in various industrial applications such as textiles, ropes, yarns, and more.

[0231] The process begins with the selection of raw materials, which are the crop waste generated by farmers when processing different foods. All of this raw material remains in the fields without being properly utilized.

[0232] Extrusion Speed: The extrusion speed controls the fiber production rate and can be adjusted according to the product specifications.

[0233] Quality Control: Quality tests are performed to ensure that the fibers meet the required standards for strength, uniformity, and other properties.

[0234] The fiber extrusion process is essentially a continuous process that requires precise temperature, pressure, and speed control to produce high-quality fibers with specific properties. Selecting the appropriate extrusion parameters depends on the type of polymer, the application, and the desired final characteristics of the fibers.

[0235] Procedure 1. General Process:

[0236] The raw materials, in this case plant-based industrial waste, are classified according to the amount of fiber, lignin, and cellulose they will contribute to the manufactured products. Each type of raw material has a distinct composition and a maximum temperature it can withstand before a color change occurs and unwanted aromas are released. It is crucial to prevent burning, as this would not only infuse the products with undesirable odors and flavors but would also affect their physical properties and qualities, compromising the consistency of the manufactured goods. Above a certain temperature, lignins and cellulose lose their physicochemical properties.

[0237] The organic raw material, selected fibers must not contain impurities, for this purpose 200-300mm mesh screens will be used, fungi, bacteria for this they are subjected to heating processes in the maximum allowed moisture is 1%. Depending on the fiber, the grinding is carried out, this stage is done at low speed between 800 to 1200 rpm.

[0238] Two types of grinding processes are carried out: Grinding with Blades and impact or friction, where often, the combined grinding technique must be used when the fiber is not at the specific point that allows the amalgamation of the mass, without breaking the properties and physical characteristics of the fiber.

[0239] Blade grinding is where we reduce the size of the fiber. This process is at low speed (800 to 1,200 rpm) and with controlled temperature (range between 20 and 50 degrees). It destroys the structure. Therefore, a mechanism implemented in the conventional mill was to control the speed of the discs and a flow of water was added to cool the machine's jacket.

[0240] Once the first step is completed, it goes to a pulverizing system by impact or friction using high-speed dies (3,000 rpm to 5,000 rpm). This allows the fibers to be pulverized. Here, screens or mesh screens from 80 to 300 microns are used depending on the raw material and the final product to be manufactured.

[0241] The milling process is carried out according to the fiber type, size, and hardness. Depending on the selected fiber type, milling is performed using blades, balls, discs, stones, or a combination of blades and balls, blades and discs, or blades or stones. Balls and discs, or balls and stones, are preferred; discs and stones are preferred, at temperatures between 10°C and 120°C. The impact or friction pulverizing system operates at high speed, around 2500–3500 rpm, using screens or sieves with a mesh size of 80 to 300 microns.

[0242] The fibers are mixed with the polymer at a temperature of 10°C-50°C, preferably 80°C-120°C, more preferably 80°C-130°C, and 150°C-230°C. This process can be repeated several times until the required fiber size is achieved. The polymer-fiber mass mixing process consists of 4 stages: the first stage is the material feeding segment into the extruder, at a slow speed of 30-80m / s. The objective is to achieve a mixture between the fibers and the adhering polymers, where it starts with the mixing of the polymers and a single fiber. The temperature is mainly controlled so that it does not exceed the ranges that the different fibers can withstand, that is, between a range of 120°C-230°C depending on the zone through which the mass passes, and a high speed between 40-120 m / s, which generates a very high pressure on the drive screws and the sleeves.

[0243] The second stage is the pressure segment for pushing or pushing the material and homogenizing it. The third stage repeats the pressure and homogenization process, and the fourth stage involves pressure and expulsion of the polymer-fiber mass through the respective filters, achieving the desired flow rate. The pressure range is 3000-5000 psi; 1.8 to 2 amps, 2000-3000 psi. The speed is 10-120 m / min. Depending on the fibers used, this process can utilize several screws (types 1, 2, and 3). The number of stages can range from 1 to 7 if screw #1 is used. If screw #2 is used, 1 to 7 stages are required, and if screw #3 is used, 1 to 4 stages are needed. The screws can be used independently, or two screws can be used in the same process. Some fibers require all screws and all their stages.

[0244] Before starting to mix in the extruder mixer, the machine must be preheated, and this temperature must be controlled for each stage mentioned above. The temperature in the first mixing stage is 100°C–130°C, in the second mixing stage 120°C–150°C, in the third mixing stage 130°C–170°C, and in the fourth mixing stage, the appropriate temperatures are achieved to obtain the correct fluidity and amalgamation of the mass. The average temperature for the entire polymer-fiber mixing process is 120°C–225°C, with a polymer-fiber mass weight of 20–30 kg.

[0245] To improve the polymer-fiber mass, these four processes can be repeated from 1 to 7 times. Each repetition improves the pellet's quality, making it more or less fluid. The mixture percentages used for manufacturing the polymer-fiber mass range from 30% to 90% fibers (preferably), 20% to 95%, 10% to 80%, 5% to 95%, 30% to 70%, 30% to 90%, 30% to 60%, and 70% to 10% polymer, 5% to 80%, 20% to 90%, 5% to 95%, 70% to 30%, 10% to 70%, and 40% to 70%, depending on the required consistency, strength, adhesion, and cost of the final product.

[0246] The feeding system is lateral and not with hoppers, this allows the powdered fibers and polymers to be introduced simultaneously and constantly, achieving uniformity in the polymer-fiber mixture.

[0247] During the pressing stages, all the elements of the formula (polymer-fiber mass) are compressed, causing them to melt and mix. This results in a semi-solid state that is less homogeneous than desired because the temperatures used do not reach the melting point necessary for the polymers, thus preventing the fibers from burning.

[0248] In the homogenization stages, the fibers and polymers are amalgamated. This is achieved thanks to the length of the screw, where the blades (at the beginning and end) generate greater pressure due to their angle and height, allowing the mass to advance without damaging the machine's motor. Gas pressure is released to prevent air bubbles in the mixture and facilitate the homogenization process. Finally, the fully mixed and homogeneous mass passes through a filter that removes any foreign matter and cascades into an attached hopper belonging to the second machine in the process.

[0249] In the machine for generating the yarn or noodle from the polymer-fiber mass, it must be located transversely to the extruder mixer where the very hot mass can fall into the feed hopper in a cascade form and then pass through the respective zones by means of the screw dragging, thus reaching the side that generates the yarns or noodles from the mass that will be cut and palletized.

[0250] Once the noodle is formed, it enters a long water channel (with a recirculation system) to cool the polymer-fiber mass, preventing deformation and resulting in a solid and stable structure. Along this path, it passes through a tower of brushes arranged in a stepped pattern to remove water and act as a drainer. Finally, it enters another channel where an air blower blows directly onto the strands or noodles, ensuring they arrive as dry as possible at the grinder, which is calibrated for a standard palletizing size.

[0251] The feed zone receives the pellets and immediately passes to the first pressure zone where the material begins to melt and has enough force to push. Then we move to the homogenization zone where the material begins to form its necessary structure. The process is repeated along the screw again, that is, it passes through a pressure zone again and again through a homogenization zone where finally the material is ready to pass to the last pressure zone where the final nozzle is located.

[0252] The polymer-fiber mass enters the nozzle and air is injected to give it the desired shape, size, and diameter of the product.

[0253] In the case of the product containing a large diameter 10-20mm, preferably 10-15mm, more preferably 10-12mm, 10-14mm, 10-16mm, 10-18mm, 10-20mm, 10-22mm and thick wall thickness of 5mm-9mm; medium thickness 5mm-6mm, 5mm-7mm, 5mm-8mm; small diameter 0.1-5mm; it is passed directly to a vacuum pump to prevent, due to the weight of the product, it loses its circumference or round shape, then it enters the water channel for its respective cooling (it also has a water recirculation process) before passing to the drying system. The drag system is controlled via a programmed PLC. This allows us to vary the drag speed of the tube or stick and achieve an internal diameter of 10-20mm, preferably 10-15mm, more preferably 10-12mm, 10-14mm, 10-16mm, 10-18mm, 10-20mm, 10-22mm, with a thickness of 0.1 to 2mm, preferably 1 to 3mm, more preferably 1 to 4mm and preferably 1 to 5mm and the thickness of the product 0.1 to 2mm, preferably 1 to 3mm, more preferably 1 to 4mm and preferably 1 to 5mm.

[0254] The cutting system, also controlled by a PLC or frequency inverter, allows us to regulate the disc's rotational speed, thus calibrating the final product length. A conveyor belt with a 90-degree angle collects the desired product and cushions its exit, aiding in packaging.

[0255] The wrapping paper (previously cut and wound) is placed on the machine with a tension of no less than 15 lb per inch. Since the paper is on a roll, it must travel at least 1.5 meters before reaching the printing system to smooth out any wrinkles. Once it reaches the flexographic print head, the required text is printed with vegetable-based ink, and the paper must travel an additional 2 meters to allow the ink to dry. It then reaches the former, receives the straw, and enters the circular jaws with a plate that seals the paper under pressure (no rubber is used) and cuts it, depositing the straw into a hopper for packaging and shipping.

[0256] The polymer (e.g., polypropylene, polyester, nylon) is prepared in the form of pellets or granules. These pellets are fed through a hopper into the extruder. The polymer pellets are melted inside the extruder, which is a metal cylinder with a screw inside. The screw (see tables) mixes and melts the polymer through friction and heat generated by the rotation and resistance of the screw channels. The temperature inside the extruder barrel is critical and varies depending on the fiber-polymer blend. Temperatures are selected from 80°C–120°C, 170°C–200°C, and 180°C–260°C, with 260°C–290°C being preferable and 220°C–290°C being the most preferred. These temperatures ensure that the polymer-fiber blend melts properly to allow for extrusion. The pressure inside the extruder is generated by the resistance to the flow of the molten polymer through the extrusion nozzle. The applied pressure is in the range of 1.6 to 2 MPa; 3.0 - 3.The pressure varies between 5 MPa and 49 MPa depending on the extruder design, and the viscosity ranges from 20 to 30 PaS. The fluidity of this substance is in the range of 0.0167 to 0.05 s / Pa. The molten polymer-fiber is extruded at a speed of 1500 to 2500 rpm. The pressure is around 2.0 to 3.5 MPa, or preferably 1.6 to 2 MPa. During extrusion, the molten polymer-fiber passes through 100 to 200 micron filters, or preferably 20 to 50 micron filters, to remove impurities and improve the quality of the final biodegradable product. Colorants or additives can also be added at this stage if necessary. The pressure used generally ranges from 1.6 to 69 MPa, depending on the type of polymer-fiber.

[0257] Once the molten polymer-fiber has been homogenized and filtered, it is extruded through a die (also called a spinneret) that determines the fiber's diameter and shape. The diameter is selected according to the type of biodegradable product being produced, typically from 6 mm to 8 mm, preferably from 8 mm to 12 mm, and ideally from 6 mm to 30 mm or 30 mm to 80 mm. The extrusion speed and the tension applied after extrusion help control the fiber's diameter and orientation. The extruded fibers then pass through a cooling system (usually air or water) to solidify the molten polymer and maintain the fiber's shape and structure.

[0258] Depending on the biodegradable product, some fibers may undergo a drawing or cold drawing process to align the molecules and improve the fiber's mechanical properties. Continuous fibers can be wound onto bobbins or cut to specific lengths, depending on the final application.

[0259] Procedure 2.

[0260] The organic raw material consists of sugarcane fibers and barley fibers. Selected fibers must be free of impurities, fungi, and bacteria. To ensure this, 200-300 mm mesh screens are used. The fibers are subjected to heating processes with a maximum permitted moisture content of 1%. Depending on the fiber type, they are then milled at a low speed of 800-1000 rpm. Milling is carried out according to the fiber type, size, and hardness. Depending on the selected fiber type, grinding is performed using blades and balls at temperatures between 40°C and 80°C. The pulverizing system, using impact or friction, is performed at high speed, around 3000 rpm, using 80-100 mm mesh screens. The fibers are mixed with the polypropylene polymer at a temperature of 110°C-130°C, with a polymer-fiber mixture weight of 25 kg.

[0261] The polymer-fiber mixture is prepared in the form of pellets or granules. These pellets are fed into the extruder via a hopper. The polymer pellets are melted inside the extruder, which is a metal cylinder containing a screw. The screw mixes and melts the polymer through friction and the heat generated by the rotation and resistance of the screw channels. The temperature inside the extruder barrel is critical and varies depending on the fiber-polymer mixture. Temperatures are selected from 140°C to 160°C. These temperatures ensure that the polymer-fiber mixture melts properly for extrusion. The pressure inside the extruder is generated by the resistance to the flow of the molten polymer through the extrusion nozzle. The applied pressure is 1.6 to 2 MPa, and the viscosity is 20–60 PaS for the molten polymer-fiber mixture at a speed of 1500 rpm.The pressure is 3000–5000 psi during extrusion. The molten polymer-fiber passes through 100-micron filters to remove impurities and improve the quality of the final biodegradable product. Colorants or additives can also be added at this stage if needed. The pressure used, depending on the type of polymer-fiber, is selected from 1.6 to 2 MPa.

[0262] Once the molten polymer-fiber has been homogenized and filtered, it is extruded through a die (also called a spinneret) that determines the fiber's diameter and shape. The diameter is selected based on the type of biodegradable product being produced, typically ranging from 6 mm to 8 mm. The extrusion speed and the tension applied after extrusion help control the fiber diameter and orientation. The extruded fibers then pass through a cooling system (usually air or water) to solidify the molten polymer and maintain the fiber's shape and structure. They are then subjected to a cold drawing process to align the molecules and improve the fiber's mechanical properties. Finally, the fibers are cut into specific lengths of 25 cm.

[0263] Procedure 3.

[0264] The organic raw materials, rice husk fibers and bamboo shavings, must be free of impurities, fungi, and bacteria. To ensure this, 150mm mesh screens are used. The materials are subjected to heating processes, with a maximum permitted moisture content of 0.8%. Grinding is carried out on discs and stones at temperatures around 120°C. The pulverizing system, using impact or friction, operates at high speed, approximately 3500 rpm, and 300-micron screens are used.

[0265] The fibers are mixed with the polymer at a temperature of 50°C. In the first stage, the polymer-fiber mixture is mixed at 120°C, followed by a second stage at 145°C, a third at 150°C, and a fourth at 160°C. These temperatures ensure the appropriate fluidity and amalgamation of the mixture. The average temperature for the entire polymer-fiber mixing process is between 120°C and 160°C, with a polymer-fiber mixture weighing 30 kg.

[0266] The polymer, polyester, is prepared in pellet form. These pellets are fed through a hopper into the extruder. The polymer pellets are melted inside the extruder, which is a metal cylinder containing a screw. The screw mixes and melts the polymer through friction and heat generated by the rotation and resistance of the screw channels. The temperature inside the extruder barrel is critical and varies depending on the fiber-polymer blend. Temperatures are selected from 180°C to 260°C. These temperatures ensure that the polymer-fiber blend melts properly to allow for extrusion. The pressure inside the extruder is generated by the resistance to the flow of the molten polymer through the extrusion nozzle. The pressure, 2500–3000 psi, varies depending on the extruder design and the viscosity of the molten polymer-fiber blend, which is 20–60 PaS, at a speed of 1500 rpm.The temperature is around 160°C to 220°C, or preferably 170°C to 200°C. During extrusion, the molten polymer-fiber passes through 100-200 micron filters, or preferably 20-50 micron filters, to remove impurities and improve the quality of the final biodegradable product. Colorants or additives can also be added at this stage if needed. The pressure used, depending on the type of polymer-fiber, is selected from 2,500-4,000 psi.

[0267] Once the molten polymer-fiber has been homogenized and filtered, it is extruded through a die (also called a spinneret) that determines the fiber's diameter and shape. The diameter is selected according to the type of biodegradable product being produced, typically from 6 mm to 8 mm, preferably from 8 mm to 12 mm, and ideally from 6 mm to 30 mm or 30 mm to 80 mm. The extrusion speed and the tension applied after extrusion help control the fiber's diameter and orientation. The extruded fibers then pass through a cooling system (usually air or water) to solidify the molten polymer and maintain the fiber's shape and structure.

[0268] Depending on the biodegradable product, some fibers may undergo a drawing or cold drawing process to align the molecules and improve the fiber's mechanical properties. Continuous fibers can be wound onto bobbins or cut to specific lengths, depending on the final application.

[0269] In summary, the treatment process for the different fiber and polyethylene mixtures is described as follows:

[0270]

[0271] Characteristics of Flow

[0272]

[0273] TYPES OF SCREWS

[0274]

[0275] | Screw # 3 1 - 1.5 meters |

[0276] PROCESS STAGES

[0277] Depending on the materials used (fibers), various screws, temperatures, speeds, and flow rates will be implemented in a given process. Some processes use all three screws, others only two, and still others only one. It all depends on the desired product (screws, plates, cutlery, lids, covers, etc.). Mixtures of these materials can be used, and multiple screws, temperatures, speeds, and flow rates can be employed in the same process, as specified in the following tables.

[0278]

[0279]

[0280]

[0281] FORMULATIONS No. 1

[0282]

[0283] FORMULATIONS No. 2

[0284]

[0285] | Total 100

[0286] FORMULATIONS No. 3

[0287]

[0288] FORMULATIONS No. 4

[0289]

[0290] FORMULATIONS No. 5

[0291]

[0292] FORMULATIONS No. 6

[0293]

[0294] FORMULATIONS No. 7

[0295]

[0296] FORMULATIONS No. 8

[0297]

[0298] FORMULATIONS No. 9

[0299]

[0300] FORMULATIONS No. 9

[0301]

[0302] FORMULATIONS No. 10

[0303]

[0304] FORMULATIONS No. 11

[0305]

[0306] FORMULATIONS No. 12

[0307]

[0308] FORMULATIONS No. 13

[0309]

[0310] Analysis of the polymer-natural fiber mass product, study of its useful life, and biodegradable time. Biodegradability refers to the period it takes for a substance to decompose naturally in the environment through the action of living organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. This process converts the substance into simpler, non-toxic compounds, such as carbon dioxide, water, and biomass, without leaving harmful residues.

[0311]

[0312] ® Compositional Analysis:

[0313] & Structural Determination: Identification of Polymer Type

[0314] Elemental Content: Determination of Prodegrar ut Catalysts

[0315] ® Accelerated Aging Studies:

[0316] o Polymer Oxidation During Accelerated Aging:

[0317] ▪ Thermal Stability

[0318] ▪ Thermal Degradation, Following Initial UV Exposure

[0319] 15774 Association of Sustainable Products of Ecuador - A

[0320] PP & Miti d Fitos Dhsfcsng Straws

[0321] Assacfefefs of 5«stssto>te Pirmtacis of EjSMsefar - A

[0322]

[0323] Vaishnavi Ashutosh, Scientist

[0324] Symphony Environmental Ltd, Product Testing Laboratory

[0325] S Efeiree Gats, Eistr&e Way, Borehas ccd WD® t-©

[0326] Telephone: +44 (0)20 8207 5900

[0327] technical@d2w.net

[0328] www.symphonyenvironmental.com

[0329] 1 TEST REPORT

[0330] » To evítete the presence of prodegrada t catalysts. in t e PP ■& Natural Fferes Drinking Straws samples by deternmnaHon of the prodegradant caiaiysi metal cafions by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy

[0331] • To evaluate the stability and degradation behaviour of the PP S Natura! Fibres Drinking Straws samples by means of accelerated laboratory ageing techniques, while monitoring extent of polymer oxidation by infrared (IR) spectroscopy as a function of time

[0332]

[0333] Samples Provided by: Association of Sustainable Products of Ecuador - A

[0334] Product Type: PP & Natural Fibres Drinking Straws

[0335] Date Received: 02 / 11 / 2021

[0336]

[0337]

[0338] Taitfe J is Cased s> Je>y cw infennason pi'jt'itisii &y ffie cSesi ;te FAULTS & CGteCLUSiCted

[0339] 3.1 Compositional Analysis

[0340] 3,3.1 tesis: mh-mtes: s <sf terstejsred ate tesl iysis

[0341] The presence of prodegradant catalysts in each sample is confirmed by determination of the prodegradant cataiyst metal cations by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy.

[0342] The prodegradant cataiyst content result, as determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, is given in Table 4.

[0343]

[0344] 3.2.1 Thermal Stability

[0345] The teal-tinie stability of polymer products stored at ardbient temperatures and protected from extended exposure to sunlight is evaluated over shorter period of time in the laboratory by monitoring degradation during thermal sgesng st elevated temperatures according to ASTM D5510

[0346] Polymer degradation is evaluated by determination of polymer oxidation by infrared spectroscopy. The increase in magnitude of features of the infra-red spectra corresponding to the carbonyl products of polymer oxidation, is recorded as carbonyl optical density. The period of accelerated thermal ageing where no significant increase in carbonyl optical density (Table 13) is observed is considered to be representative of the real-time period of product stability m storage consfstions,

[0347] Samples 15774 / 1513 and 1514 demonstrated no significant oxidation during the accelerated stability test (Table 7 / Figure 3). This result is consistent with the samples having undergone no significant degradation. The absence of degradation in the samples for the duration of this test confirms that the products are stable in dark conditions, at ambient temperatures for an initial life period correspon ding to t he product life. Based on tírese results a product life of 30 months is recommended for this / these product / products, provided storage at an average ambient temperature which does not exceed 30°C in indoor storage conditions and is protected from extended sunlight exposure.

[0348]

[0349]

[0350]

[0351] 3,2.2 i im m s i ijssrirsioiisr s ■, i ; a i to tors p i r si tori irte its: sross ms

[0352] Polymer degradation in: dark conditions, following initial exbosifte to sunlight is evaluated in a shorter period to time in the laboratory by monitoring d gradate duifsg ccei r i ri ffesrescerd UV ageing in accordance wiih ASTM D52SS totered by IhenT-si ageing at eievated te nperainr s according ío AS3T.4 D551B.

[0353] Polymer degrádate is evaluated by determination to polymer ©xfeste by infrared spetdroscap. The increase in: magnitude st features of the infra-reci spectra cor &sprmdi: to lbs carbonyl pmsncts of polymer oxidation, is recorded as artmnyi optical density. A carbonyl optical density value of Q. DtOO is considered Indicative ©f advanced degrádate (Table 131 as such to bring ateto stotoeous embrittlement. The rate csf degra ate is evaluated and cx aretí monitoring carbonyl ©piles! density as a fencte to ageing time.

[0354] 3.3,3. i AS íí«íW;s itoiifo W £XÍXíSíS!>;

[0355] Ti® sampfes were inibaiiy exposed to constant teresc& Bi UV ageing tor s penad to 4S hours. The samples were then exposed to accelerated thermal ageing in dark conditions,

[0356] A esdx yl optica! density vafea of sO BIBB is consistent with oxtoabon and motearía? weight restate of the potymer m suSicteot to brfe obsto s substantial reduction io mechanical properties (Tabte 13), this together with an obsérvate of spontaneous e br ement of the sampie is s t8d nt to coate an absofete elongate st break of 5% er less., according to ASTSS 03828

[0357] Samples 15774)1513 and 1514 demonstrated no sigrrlffi ant sncraasa io ca bonyl optical density throughout the test (Table toFigure 4). This result is consistent with tóese samples having undergone no significant degradate.

[0358] The absence of a degrádate response to a sampie which had bee? demonstrated to coate toe pro egradant catalyst suggests that campcmetos of the product termutete may he causing inherent stability is the sample, which is preventing degradation of the polymer.

[0359] It is recomnsteed that the fecfesfen of excess stabiiisaSon tn the prduct formulate be tevesttgate; specifically cferfeg high levels of phosphite stohiisers (>720 ppm) or toe presence of UV stabtllsate systems, partaferty inciudlrtg the presence of HALS (hindered amine Sight siaijikse ) These s cRSves may be deliberately added at extfusfon as part of the product tenuiste, may be inckto&d in toe polymer resinfs) or other additive maste aiches, or as a compsneai to recyctaie material

[0360]

[0361]

[0362] The samples were initially exposed to constant fluorescent UV ageing for a period of 192 hours. The samples 'was then exposed to accelerated thermal ageing in dark conditions.

[0363] Sample 15774 / 1514 and 1513 demonstrated a significant increase in carbonyl optical densify ( sable 8 / Figure 4). This result is consistent with this sample having undergone significant degradation.

[0364] A carbonyl optical densify value of >0.0100 is consistent with oxidation and molecular weight reduction of the polymer film sufficient to bring about a substantial reduction in mechanical properties (Table 13), this together with an observation of spontaneous embrittlement of the sample is sufficient to confirm an absolute elongation at break of 5% or less, according to ASTM D 3826.

[0365] The observation of degradation in the sample which contains the prodegradant additive is consistent with the additive promoting degradation of the product ¡n dark conditions, following initial exposure to sunlight in the environment as litter.

[0366]

[0367]

[0368]

[0369] TEST METHODOLOGY

[0370]

[0371] The XRF sgecíram of each unsged sampfe is resented using a Bruker S2 Ranger A20-X10 bench top spectrometer in air over 120 s with 40.00 V, 250 mA X-ray source and a 500.0 µm aluminium filter. Film samples were prepared in 38 mm diameter HDPE XRF sample cups and the total thickness made up to ~200 µm with 36 mm discs cut from the bulk material using a James Heal 230 / 10 sample cutter.

[0372] 4.1.1 Determination of Prodegradant Catalyst

[0373] The concentration of the prodegradant catalyst metal cation is quantified by correlation with a calibration of validated reference samples.

[0374] 4.2 FT-IR Spectroscopy

[0375] 4.2.1 Polymer Oxidation

[0376] For determination of polymer oxidation, the infrared (IR) spectra are recorded in transmission, in accordance with ISO 10640 using a Nicolet iS10 fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometer fitted with a transmission accessory

[0377] 4.2.1.1 Carbonyl Optical Density Calculation

[0378] The extent of oxidation is reported as the carbonyl optical density, a function of the net increase in infrared carbonyl (C=O) absorbance at 1714cm⁻¹ during ageing, per unit of the path length (sample thickness in µm):

[0379]

[0380] The cartionyi opticai density vatee may be interpreted to á’sdícate the appraximate extent of degradation of pofycfefitt films, according io Table 5

[0381]

[0382]

[0383] 35 x 90 mm film samples were cut using a scalpel and secured in a sample holder with four exposure windows.

[0384]

[0385] The thickness of the sample material is determined before ageing using a digital electronic micrometer, in not less than four random locations across the test sample and the average value recorded.

[0386]

[0387] Thermal ageing of the samples was carried out in a Memmert UFE 600 fan assisted oven at a temperature of 70ºC in accordance with ASTM D5510 Procedure B: Forced Ventilation Oven.

[0388]

[0389] The real-time period (RT) at ambient temperature (T_RT) represented by accelerated ageing time (AAT) at elevated accelerated ageing temperature (T_AA) is predicted in accordance with ASTM F1980 using the relationship outlined in Equation 2.

[0390] The calculation is performed using an anticipated average storage exposure temperature (T_RT) of 30°C and a conservative ageing factor (Q₁₀) of 2.

[0391]

[0392] Samples were exposed to ultraviolet radiation in accordance with ASTM D5208 in a Q Panel QUV / se test apparatus fitted with UVA 340 lamps, set to a black panel temperature of 50ºC and irradiance of 0.78 W / m² / nm @ 340 nm.

[0393]

[0394] 35 x 90 mm film samples were cut using a scalpel and secured in a sample holder with four exposure windows.

[0395]

[0396] The thickness of the sample material is determined before ageing using a digital electronic micrometer, in not less than four random locations across the test sample

[0397]

[0398]

[0399] Thermal ageing of the samples was carried out in a Memmert UFE 600 fan assisted oven at a temperature of 70ºC in accordance with ASTM D5510 Procedure B: Forced Ventilation Oven.

[0400]

[0401] The calculation is performed using an anticipated average storage exposure temperature (T_RT) of 30°C

[0402]

[0403]

[0404] Samples were exposed to ultraviolet radiation in accordance with ASTM D5208 in a Q Panel QUV / se test apparatus fitted with UVA 340 lamps, set to a black panel temperature of 50ºC and irradiance of 0.78 W / m² / nm @ 340 nm.

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. Biodegradable combinations characterized in that they are formed by: a) Natural fibers b) polymers 2. Biodegradable combinations according to claim 1 wherein the natural fibers are selected from coconut fiber, sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, bamboo shavings, rice straw, abaca, corn, hemp, banana, individually or in combination with each other.

3. Biodegradable combinations according to claims 1 and 2 wherein the natural fibers are present in a percentage of 30% to 90% and from 5% to 95%.

4. Biodegradable combinations according to claims 1 to 3 wherein the polymer is selected from high and low density polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, or natural polymers such as cellulose, lignin and / or a mixture thereof. In a percentage of 10% to 30% and from 5% to 95%.

5. The process for obtaining the biodegradable combinations according to claims 1 to 4 is characterized by: a) Grinding with blades, balls, discs, stones or a combination thereof, speed 800 to 1200 rpm, temperature 10 to 1200°C, water flow. b) Pulverized by impact or friction, speed 2,500 rpm to 3,500 rpm, sieves 80 to 300 microns c) Mixing of fiber with the polymer, temperature from 10°C to 230°C, this process can be repeated between 1 and 7 times, depending on the type of fiber. d) Polymer-fiber mass mixture, characterized by having 4 to 7 stages, depending on the screws used, the stages: i. First: Feed segment in the extruder, slow speed 30-80m / s, temperature 120°C - 230°C, high speed 40 - 120 m / s. i. Second: Drag and homogenization pressure segment. The pressure range is 3000 - 5000 psi; 1.8 to 2 amps, 2000 - 3000 psi. The speed is 10 - 120 m / min, temperature 120°C - 150°C. iii. Third: Drag and homogenization pressure segment. The pressure range is 3000 - 5000 psi; 1.8 to 2 amps, 2000 - 3000 psi. The speed is 10 - 120 m / min. Temperature 130°C-170°C. iv. Fourth: Pressure and expulsion of the polymer-fiber mass, Temperature of 120°C - 225°C. Pressure: 3.0 - 3.5 MPa. e) The polymer-fiber mass enters the nozzle and air is injected to give it the desired shape, size and diameter of the product.

6. The process for obtaining the biodegradable combinations according to claim 5 is characterized by containing a minimum of 4 and a maximum of 7 stages, which are repeated according to the type of screw used. Stages 1-7 are used if the selected screw is #1 and #2, and stages 1-4 are used if the selected screw is #3. The screws can be selected independently, or two screws can be combined in the same process. If the natural fiber is very hard, all screws are used, with all their stages.

7. Biodegradable combinations according to claims 1 to 6 wherein the resulting product has a diameter of 10-20 mm, and a thick wall thickness of 0.1 to 5 mm; a medium diameter of 5 mm - 8 mm; and a small diameter of 0.1 to 5 mm.

8. Biodegradable combinations according to claims 1 to 7 wherein the product obtained includes straws, plates, cutlery, cups, lids, covers, among the most well known.

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