Multiple bit level trellis shaping
Multi-level trellis shaping addresses computational inefficiencies in trellis shaping by optimizing bit-level encoding for varying SNR conditions, enhancing signal transmission quality and reducing errors.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- QUALCOMM INC
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-28
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-04
AI Technical Summary
Existing trellis shaping techniques are computationally complex and inefficient for low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions, particularly when implementing multiple bit levels, leading to reduced shaping gain and increased bit errors.
Implement multi-level trellis shaping by determining shaping rate information for each bit level, encoding data bits using independent trellis shaping configurations, and generating shaped bit sequences to optimize modulation symbols across varying SNR conditions.
Enhances trellis shaping efficiency by reducing computational complexity and achieving targeted shaping rates across different SNR regimes, improving signal transmission quality and reducing bit errors.
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Figure CN2024135111_04062026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
MULTIPLE BIT LEVEL TRELLIS SHAPINGINTRODUCTION
[0001] Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some implementations, examples are described for multiple bit level trellis shaping corresponding to a respective shaping rate for each bit level of the multiple bit levels.
[0002] Wireless communications systems are deployed to provide various telecommunication services, including telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, among others. Wireless communications systems have developed through various generations, including a first-generation analog wireless phone service (1G) , a second-generation (2G) digital wireless phone service (including interim 2.5G networks) , a third-generation (3G) high speed data, Internet-capable wireless service, a fourth-generation (4G) service (e.g., Long-Term Evolution (LTE) , WiMax) , and a fifth-generation (5G) service (e.g., New Radio (NR) ) . There are presently many different types of wireless communications systems in use, including cellular and personal communications service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular Analog Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) , and digital cellular systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) , etc.SUMMARY
[0003] The following presents a simplified summary relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Thus, the following summary should not be considered an extensive overview relating to all contemplated aspects, nor should the following summary be considered to identify key or critical elements relating to all contemplated aspects or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect. Accordingly, the following summary has the sole purpose to present certain concepts relating to one or more aspects relating to the mechanisms disclosed herein in a simplified form to precede the detailed description presented below.
[0004] Disclosed are systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer-readable media for performing wireless communication. According to at least one illustrative example, a network entity for wireless communication is provided. The network entity includes a processing system, where the processing system is configured to: obtain a plurality of data bits associated with one or more bit levels corresponding to a modulation coding scheme (MCS) , wherein each bit level of the one or more bit levels is associated with a respective subset of data bits of the plurality of data bits; determine shaping rate information, wherein the shaping rate information includes a respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels, and wherein the shaping rate information corresponds to a configured spectral efficiency value for the plurality of data bits; encode, using the shaping rate information, the plurality of data bits to generate a set of shaped bits, wherein the set of shaped bits includes a respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level of the one or more bit levels, and wherein the respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level is based on: the respective subset of data bits associated with a respective bit level of the one or more bit levels, and a corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level; and output a modulated symbol corresponding to the set of shaped bits, wherein the modulated symbol is based on the respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level of the one or more bit levels.
[0005] In another example, a method for wireless communication is provided, the method including: obtaining a plurality of data bits associated with one or more bit levels corresponding to a modulation coding scheme (MCS) , wherein each bit level of the one or more bit levels is associated with a respective subset of data bits of the plurality of data bits; determining shaping rate information, wherein the shaping rate information includes a respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels, and wherein the shaping rate information corresponds to a configured spectral efficiency value for the plurality of data bits; encoding, using the shaping rate information, the plurality of data bits to generate a set of shaped bits, wherein the set of shaped bits includes a respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level of the one or more bit levels, and wherein the respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level is based on: the respective subset of data bits associated with a respective bit level of the one or more bit levels, and a corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level; and outputting a modulated symbol corresponding to the set of shaped bits, wherein the modulated symbol is based on the respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level of the one or more bit levels.
[0006] In another example, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions stored thereon which, when executed by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to: obtain a plurality of data bits associated with one or more bit levels corresponding to a modulation coding scheme (MCS) , wherein each bit level of the one or more bit levels is associated with a respective subset of data bits of the plurality of data bits; determine shaping rate information, wherein the shaping rate information includes a respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels, and wherein the shaping rate information corresponds to a configured spectral efficiency value for the plurality of data bits; encode, using the shaping rate information, the plurality of data bits to generate a set of shaped bits, wherein the set of shaped bits includes a respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level of the one or more bit levels, and wherein the respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level is based on: the respective subset of data bits associated with a respective bit level of the one or more bit levels, and a corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level; and output a modulated symbol corresponding to the set of shaped bits, wherein the modulated symbol is based on the respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level of the one or more bit levels.
[0007] In another example, an apparatus is provided for wireless communication. The apparatus includes: means for obtaining a plurality of data bits associated with one or more bit levels corresponding to a modulation coding scheme (MCS) , wherein each bit level of the one or more bit levels is associated with a respective subset of data bits of the plurality of data bits; means for determining shaping rate information, wherein the shaping rate information includes a respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels, and wherein the shaping rate information corresponds to a configured spectral efficiency value for the plurality of data bits; means for encoding, using the shaping rate information, the plurality of data bits to generate a set of shaped bits, wherein the set of shaped bits includes a respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level of the one or more bit levels, and wherein the respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level is based on: the respective subset of data bits associated with a respective bit level of the one or more bit levels, and a corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level; and means for outputting a modulated symbol corresponding to the set of shaped bits, wherein the modulated symbol is based on the respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level of the one or more bit levels.
[0008] In another illustrative example, a network entity for wireless communication is provided. The network entity includes a processing system, where the processing system is configured to: determine a modulated symbol from a received signal, wherein the modulated symbol corresponds to a plurality of data bits associated with one or more bit levels associated with a modulation coding scheme (MCS) of the received signal; determine respective shaped bit sequence information associated with each bit level of the one or more bit levels, wherein the respective shaped bit sequence information for each bit level is associated with a respective subset of the plurality of data bits; determine shaping rate information corresponding to one or more of the received signal or the MCS, wherein the shaping rate information includes a respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels; and decode the modulated symbol using the shaping rate information, wherein, to decode the modulated symbol, the processing system is configured to decode the respective shaped bit sequence information associated with each bit level according to a corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level, wherein the corresponding trellis shaping configuration is based on the shaping rate information.
[0009] In another example, a method for wireless communication is provided, the method including: determining a modulated symbol from a received signal, wherein the modulated symbol corresponds to a plurality of data bits associated with one or more bit levels associated with a modulation coding scheme (MCS) of the received signal; determining respective shaped bit sequence information associated with each bit level of the one or more bit levels, wherein the respective shaped bit sequence information for each bit level is associated with a respective subset of the plurality of data bits; determining shaping rate information corresponding to one or more of the received signal or the MCS, wherein the shaping rate information includes a respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels; and decoding the modulated symbol using the shaping rate information, wherein, to decode the modulated symbol, the processing system is configured to decode the respective shaped bit sequence information associated with each bit level according to a corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level, wherein the corresponding trellis shaping configuration is based on the shaping rate information.
[0010] In another example, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions stored thereon which, when executed by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to: determine a modulated symbol from a received signal, wherein the modulated symbol corresponds to a plurality of data bits associated with one or more bit levels associated with a modulation coding scheme (MCS) of the received signal; determine respective shaped bit sequence information associated with each bit level of the one or more bit levels, wherein the respective shaped bit sequence information for each bit level is associated with a respective subset of the plurality of data bits; determine shaping rate information corresponding to one or more of the received signal or the MCS, wherein the shaping rate information includes a respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels; and decode the modulated symbol using the shaping rate information, wherein, to decode the modulated symbol, the processing system is configured to decode the respective shaped bit sequence information associated with each bit level according to a corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level, wherein the corresponding trellis shaping configuration is based on the shaping rate information.
[0011] In another example, an apparatus is provided for wireless communication. The apparatus includes: means for determining a modulated symbol from a received signal, wherein the modulated symbol corresponds to a plurality of data bits associated with one or more bit levels associated with a modulation coding scheme (MCS) of the received signal; means for determining respective shaped bit sequence information associated with each bit level of the one or more bit levels, wherein the respective shaped bit sequence information for each bit level is associated with a respective subset of the plurality of data bits; means for determining shaping rate information corresponding to one or more of the received signal or the MCS, wherein the shaping rate information includes a respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels; and means for decoding the modulated symbol using the shaping rate information, wherein, to decode the modulated symbol, the processing system is configured to decode the respective shaped bit sequence information associated with each bit level according to a corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level, wherein the corresponding trellis shaping configuration is based on the shaping rate information.
[0012] Aspects generally include a method, apparatus, system, computer program product, non-transitory computer-readable medium, user equipment, base station, wireless communication device, and / or processing system as substantially described herein with reference to and as illustrated by the drawings and specification. The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of examples according to the disclosure in order that the detailed description that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages will be described hereinafter. The conception and specific examples disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent constructions do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. Characteristics of the concepts disclosed herein, both their organization and method of operation, together with associated advantages, will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. Each of the figures is provided for the purposes of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims.
[0013] While aspects are described in the present disclosure by illustration to some examples, those skilled in the art will understand that such aspects may be implemented in many different arrangements and scenarios. Techniques described herein may be implemented using different platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, and / or packaging arrangements. For example, some aspects may be implemented via integrated chip implementations or other non-module-component based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / purchasing devices, medical devices, and / or artificial intelligence devices) . Aspects may be implemented in chip-level components, modular components, non-modular components, non-chip-level components, device-level components, and / or system-level components. Devices incorporating described aspects and features may include additional components and features for implementation and practice of claimed and described aspects. For example, transmission and reception of wireless signals may include one or more components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antennas, radio frequency (RF) chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffers, processors, interleavers, adders, and / or summers) . It is intended that aspects described herein may be practiced in a wide variety of devices, components, systems, distributed arrangements, and / or end-user devices of varying size, shape, and constitution.
[0014] Other objects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used in isolation to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter. The subject matter should be understood by reference to appropriate portions of the entire specification of this patent, any or all drawings, and each claim. The foregoing, together with other features and aspects, will become more apparent upon referring to the following specification, claims, and accompanying drawings.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in the description of various aspects of the disclosure and are provided solely for illustration of the aspects and not limitation thereof. So that the above-recited features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to aspects, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only certain typical aspects of this disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the description may admit to other equally effective aspects. The same reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.
[0016] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication network, in accordance with some examples;
[0017] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a design of a base station and a User Equipment (UE) device that enable transmission and processing of signals exchanged between the UE and the base station, in accordance with some examples;
[0018] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a disaggregated base station, in accordance with some examples;
[0019] FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating components of a user equipment (UE) , in accordance with some examples;
[0020] FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a coding system including a trellis shaping encoder and a trellis shaping decoder, in accordance with some examples;
[0021] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of multiple bit level trellis shaping associated with a trellis shaping encoder, in accordance with some examples;
[0022] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of multiple bit level trellis shaping associated with a trellis shaping decoder, in accordance with some examples;
[0023] FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating an example of a process for wireless communication, in accordance with some examples;
[0024] FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating another example of a process for wireless communication, in accordance with some examples; and
[0025] FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system, in accordance with some examples.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0026] Certain aspects of this disclosure are provided below for illustration purposes. Alternate aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of the disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the disclosure. Some of the aspects described herein may be applied independently and some of them may be applied in combination as would be apparent to those of skill in the art. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of aspects of the application. However, it will be apparent that various aspects may be practiced without these specific details. The figures and description are not intended to be restrictive.
[0027] The ensuing description provides example aspects only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the disclosure. Rather, the ensuing description of the example aspects will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing an example aspect. It should be understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the scope of the application as set forth in the appended claims.
[0028] Wireless communication networks can be deployed to provide various communication services, such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, any combination thereof, or other communication services. A wireless communication network may support both access links and sidelinks for communication between wireless devices. An access link may refer to any communication link between a client device (e.g., a user equipment (UE) , a station (STA) , or other client device) and a base station (e.g., a 3GPP gNB for 5G / NR, a 3GPP eNB for 4G / LTE, a Wi-Fi access point (AP) , or other base station) . For example, an access link may support uplink signaling, downlink signaling, connection procedures, etc. An example of an access link is a Uu link or interface (also referred to as an NR-Uu) between a 3GPP gNB and a UE.
[0029] A wireless device (e.g., such as a user equipment (UE) and / or network entity (e.g., base station, gNB, etc. ) ) may perform trellis shaping to shape a constellation diagram of a modulation scheme during modulation of a bit sequence. Trellis shaping can be used to improve the efficiency of wireless data transmission based on reducing the average power of the transmitted signal while maintaining error performance. In some cases, trellis shaping of a bit sequence can include shaping the bit sequence or corresponding symbols to alter the distribution of transmitted symbols (e.g., based on the constellation diagram of the modulation scheme, etc. ) . Trellis shaping of the bit sequence may further include coding of redundancy information (e.g., such as parity bits, error correction and / or forward error correction (FEC) bits, etc. ) . In some examples, trellis shaping to perform shaping and coding for an input bit sequence may be implemented according to a trellis diagram.
[0030] For example, the trellis diagram can be used to shape the constellation diagram of the modulation scheme during modulation of a bit sequence into a plurality of modulated symbols for transmission. Based on the trellis diagram, trellis shaping may be performed to adjust the probability distribution corresponding to the constellation points of the transmitted signal. The adjusted shape or distribution of the transmitted signal’s constellation points can be configured to minimize or reduce the average power associated with performing the transmission. The trellis diagram can be a directed graph with a plurality of states, where respective states represent and / or correspond to sequences of previous bits or symbols that were encoded or decoded by a trellis shaping encoder or decoder, respectively. Different paths through the trellis diagram and the plurality of respective states therein correspond to different sequences of transmitted symbols. Different paths through the trellis diagram can be used to determine an energy cost or energy usage, where a respective path is assigned a cost based on the energy of its corresponding symbols. A trellis shaping encoder can receive an input bit sequence (e.g., can receive a plurality of bits as input) , and may be configured to determine, using the trellis diagram, a path through the trellis diagram (e.g., corresponding to a particular sequence of modulation symbols) that can be used to minimize the average transmit power for the transmission of the input bit sequence.
[0031] In some examples, trellis shaping may be performed for only the most significant bit (MSB) bit level associated with the input bit sequence and the configured modulation scheme (e.g., modulation coding scheme (MCS) ) . For example, a wireless device can be configured to encode the MSBs of an input bit sequence using a trellis shaping encoder to generate a set of shaped (e.g., encoded) MSBs. Trellis shaping of the MSB bit level can be implemented based on the MSB of a symbol in higher-order modulation schemes (e.g., such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) , etc. ) being more strongly associated with the transmission energy of the signal carrying the modulated symbols. For example, the MSBs of the input bit sequence are used for labelling the constellation diagram of the modulation scheme associated with or configured for the input bit sequence to the trellis shaping encoder (e.g., the MSB of a symbol in higher-order modulation schemes can determine the particular quadrant of the constellation that the symbol belongs to) . In some examples, a wireless device can be configured to perform trellis shaping of the MSB bit level based on a one-dimensional trellis shaping encoder design, which can be used to provide for a modulation and coding scheme that maps a single encoded MSB to a single modulation symbol. In some cases, one-dimensional trellis shaping encoder designs can correspond to a constellation diagram that includes a single axis (e.g., a one-dimensional constellation diagram) . For example, a one-dimensional trellis shaping encoder may encode one or more MSBs of a bit sequence according to a configured encoding rate and can generate a set of shaped bits, in some cases with a flexible quantity of the one or more MSBs varying based on the configured coding rate.
[0032] In some examples, one-dimensional or one-bit trellis shaping can be associated with gains when operating within a moderate to high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime, where the signal quality of wireless transmissions and / or receptions are relatively good. In lower SNR regimes, the signal quality of wireless transmissions and / or receptions can be relatively poor or otherwise degraded relative to within the moderate to high SNR regimes. For example, lower SNR can correspond to increased bit errors, increased re-transmissions, lower complexity coding, etc. The shaping gain of one-dimensional or one-bit trellis shaping can be reduced for lower SNR values.
[0033] Reduced shaping gain and / or lower SNR values can also correspond to increased (e.g., larger, higher, etc. ) shaping rates implemented by the trellis shaping encoder, where the shaping rate represents the number of input bits that are shaped per output symbol transmitted. For example, the shaping rate can be determined as k / n, where k represents the message length (e.g., the quantity of input bits to the trellis shaping encoder) and n represents the codeword length (e.g., the number of output symbols or output bits from the trellis shaping encoder) . Higher shaping rates can correspond to relatively low redundancy, and lower shaping rates can correspond to relatively high redundancy. Implementing one-dimensional or one-bit (e.g., MSB bit level, etc. ) trellis shaping for lower SNRs and relatively high shaping rates can be computationally complex and demanding, as increasing the shaping rate can correspond to an increase in the polynomial computational complexity associated with determining the corresponding trellis shaping parameters and / or trellis shaping matrices. In some examples, rate matching schemes associated with convolutional codes (e.g., puncturing, shortening) are not compatible with the structure of a trellis-based shaping encoder. There is a need for systems and techniques that can be used to provide trellis shaping to obtain shaped bit sequences of a target shaping rate with reduced computational complexity. There is a further need for systems and techniques that can be used to perform trellis shaping to achieve a target or configured shaping rate across various SNR conditions, including for low or relatively low SNR conditions and / or regimes. For example, there is a need for systems and techniques that can be used to perform dynamic trellis-based shaping of different bit levels for different SNR conditions or values.
[0034] Systems, apparatuses, processes (also referred to as methods) , and computer-readable media (collectively referred to as “systems and techniques” ) are described herein that can be used to provide trellis shaping and / or trellis-based shaping for multiple bit levels corresponding to a bit sequence and / or modulation scheme (e.g., modulation coding scheme (MCS) ) . For example, each constellation point (e.g., modulation symbol) within a constellation diagram associated with the modulation scheme can be represented by a respective m-bit set. The number of bits, m, used to represent each constellation point or modulated symbol can be equal to the number of bit levels. In some examples, the systems and techniques can be used to implement multi-level trellis shaping based on a respective trellis shaping configuration that is used to shape each bit level of at least a portion of the multiple bit levels, m, associated with each constellation point or modulated symbol. In some cases, the m-bit set used for each constellation point or modulated symbol can include one sign bit (e.g., positive or negative) and can include (m-1) amplitude bits (e.g., also referred to as data bits and / or information, based on the data or information of the modulated symbol being indicated based on modulation of the transmitted amplitude (s) ) .
[0035] In some examples, the systems and techniques can perform multi-level (e.g., multiple bit level) trellis shaping based on determining shaping rate information, where the shaping rate information includes a respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels. The one or more bit levels associated with the multi-level trellis shaping can be the respective bit levels corresponding to the amplitude bits of a symbol (e.g., the data bits or information bits) . The one sign bit level of each symbol can be transmitted, encoded, decoded, etc., without shaping. In some aspects, the multi-level trellis shaping of the amplitude bits associated with a symbol can correspond to a shaping order of LSB to MSB for the amplitude (e.g., data) bits associated with the symbol. Each bit level can be associated with corresponding bit significance information, where the bit significance information for a particular bit level can be used to determine shaping rate information for the trellis shaping encoder. For example, each bit level may correspond to a different bit significance position (e.g., bit significance information) in the shaping order from LSB to MSB. In one illustrative example, the systems and techniques can determine a respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels, wherein the respective shaping rates for the different bit levels correspond to a configured spectral efficiency value (e.g., a target shaping rate) for the plurality of bit levels as a whole. For example, the respective shaping rate and trellis shaping configuration and / or trellis shaping parameters for each bit level can be selected based on the target shaping rate for the set of multiple bit levels as a whole. In some aspects, the multiple bit levels can be shaped corresponding to or targeting a more biased distribution of amplitudes at lower SNRs, with the bit-level mapping configured to implement a larger shaping gain.
[0036] In some examples, the plurality of data bits obtained as input to a trellis shaping encoder can be encoded using the shaping rate information (e.g., where the shaping rate information includes the respective shaping rate determined or selected for each bit level of the one or more bit levels of amplitude bits associated with a constellation point or modulation symbol) . Encoding the plurality of data bits using the shaping rate information can be performed to generate a set of shaped bits including a respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level. The shaped bit sequence generated for each bit level can be encoded based on performing independent trellis shaping of the subset of bits (e.g., of the plurality of data bits) corresponding to a particular bit level, where the independent trellis shaping at each bit level is based on the corresponding shaping rate information and configured trellis shaping parameters mapped to different shaping rate candidate values. Based on independent shaping of the subset of data bits corresponding to each bit level of the amplitude bits associated with a constellation point or modulation symbol, the systems and techniques can determine an d output a modulated symbol (e.g., modulation symbol) corresponding to the set of shaped bits encoded for the input bit sequence. The modulated symbol can be based on the respective shaped bit sequence generated for each bit level of the one or more bit levels using the multi-level trellis shaping.
[0037] Further aspects of the systems and techniques will be described with respect to the figures.
[0038] As used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of information, one or more conditions, one or more factors, or the like. In other words, the phrase “based on A” (where “A” may be information, a condition, a factor, or the like) shall be construed as “based at least on A” unless specifically recited differently.
[0039] As used herein, the terms “user equipment” (UE) and “network entity” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT) , unless otherwise noted. In general, a UE may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, and / or tracking device, etc. ) , wearable (e.g., smartwatch, smart-glasses, wearable ring, and / or an extended reality (XR) device such as a virtual reality (VR) headset, an augmented reality (AR) headset or glasses, or a mixed reality (MR) headset) , vehicle (e.g., automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, etc. ) , aircraft (e.g., an airplane, jet, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or drone, helicopter, airship, glider, etc. ) , and / or Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc., used by a user to communicate over a wireless communications network. A UE may be mobile or may (e.g., at certain times) be stationary, and may communicate with a radio access network (RAN) . As used herein, the term “UE” may be referred to interchangeably as an “access terminal” or “AT, ” a “client device, ” a “wireless device, ” a “subscriber device, ” a “subscriber terminal, ” a “subscriber station, ” a “user terminal” or “UT, ” a “mobile device, ” a “mobile terminal, ” a “mobile station, ” or variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks such as the Internet and with other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms of connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UEs, such as over wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on IEEE 802.11 communication standards, etc. ) , and so on.
[0040] A network entity can be implemented in an aggregated or monolithic base station architecture, or alternatively, in a disaggregated base station architecture, and may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a radio unit (RU) , a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC. A base station (e.g., with an aggregated / monolithic base station architecture or disaggregated base station architecture) may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may be alternatively referred to as an access point (AP) , a network node, a NodeB (NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNB) , a next generation eNB (ng-eNB) , a New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or gNodeB) , etc. A base station may be used primarily to support wireless access by UEs, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the supported UEs. In some systems, a base station may provide edge node signaling functions while in other systems it may provide additional control and / or network management functions. A communication link through which UEs can send signals to a base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc. ) . A communication link through which the base station can send signals to UEs is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, or a forward traffic channel, etc. ) . The term traffic channel (TCH) , as used herein, can refer to either an uplink, reverse or downlink, and / or a forward traffic channel.
[0041] The term “network entity” or “base station” (e.g., with an aggregated / monolithic base station architecture or disaggregated base station architecture) may refer to a single physical transmit receive point (TRP) or to multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, where the term “network entity” or “base station” refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term “network entity” or “base station” refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be an array of antennas (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (e.g., a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (e.g., a remote base station connected to a serving base station) . Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRPs may be the serving base station receiving the measurement report from the UE and a neighbor base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signals (e.g., or simply “reference signals” ) the UE is measuring. Because a TRP is the point from which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used herein, references to transmission from or reception at a base station are to be understood as referring to a particular TRP of the base station.
[0042] In some implementations that support positioning of UEs, a network entity or base station may not support wireless access by UEs (e.g., may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections for UEs) , but may instead transmit reference signals to UEs to be measured by the UEs, and / or may receive and measure signals transmitted by the UEs. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., when transmitting signals to UEs) and / or as a location measurement unit (e.g., when receiving and measuring signals from UEs) .
[0043] As described herein, a node (which may be referred to as a node, a network node, a network entity, or a wireless node) may include, be, or be included in (e.g., be a component of) a base station (e.g., any base station described herein) , a UE (e.g., any UE described herein) , a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, a processing system, an integrated access and backhauling (IAB) node, a distributed unit (DU) , a central unit (CU) , a remote unit (RU) , and / or another processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a network node may be a UE. As another example, a network node may be a base station or network entity. As another example, a first network node may be configured to communicate with a second network node or a third network node. In one aspect of this example, the first network node may be a UE, the second network node may be a base station, and the third network node may be a UE. In another aspect of this example, the first network node may be a UE, the second network node may be a base station, and the third network node may be a base station. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third network nodes may be different relative to these examples. Similarly, reference to a UE, base station, apparatus, device, computing system, processing system, or the like may include disclosure of the UE, base station, apparatus, device, computing system, processing system, or the like being a network node. For example, disclosure that a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network node is configured to receive information from a second network node. Consistent with this disclosure, once a specific example is broadened in accordance with this disclosure (e.g., a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network node is configured to receive information from a second network node) , the broader example of the narrower example may be interpreted in the reverse, but in a broad open-ended way. In the example above where a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network node is configured to receive information from a second network node, the first network node may refer to a first UE, a first base station, a first apparatus, a first device, a first computing system, a first processing system, a first one or more components, a first processing entity, or the like configured to receive the information; and the second network node may refer to a second UE, a second base station, a second apparatus, a second device, a second computing system, a second processing system, a second one or more components, a second processing entity, or the like.
[0044] As described herein, a network entity (which may alternatively be referred to as an entity, a node, a network node, or a wireless entity) may be, be similar to, include, or be included in (e.g., be a component of) a base station (e.g., any base station described herein, including a disaggregated base station) , a UE (e.g., any UE described herein) , a reduced capability (RedCap) device, an enhanced reduced capability (eRedCap) device, an ambient internet-of-things (IoT) device, an energy harvesting (EH) -capable device, a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, a processing system, an integrated access and backhauling (IAB) node, a distributed unit (DU) , a central unit (CU) , a remote / radio unit (RU) (which may also be referred to as a remote radio unit (RRU) ) , and / or another processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a network entity may be a UE. As another example, a network entity may be a base station. As used herein, “network entity” may refer to an entity that is configured to operate in a network, such as the network 100 of FIG. 1. For example, a “network entity” is not limited to an entity that is currently located in and / or currently operating in the network. Rather, a network entity may be any entity that is capable of communicating and / or operating in the network.
[0045] The adjectives “first, ” “second, ” “third, ” and so on are used for contextual distinction between two or more of the modified noun in connection with a discussion and are not meant to be absolute modifiers that apply only to a certain respective entity throughout the entire document. For example, a network entity may be referred to as a “first network entity” in connection with one discussion and may be referred to as a “second network entity” in connection with another discussion, or vice versa. As an example, a first network entity may be configured to communicate with a second network entity or a third network entity. In one aspect of this example, the first network entity may be a UE, the second network entity may be a base station, and the third network entity may be a UE. In another aspect of this example, the first network entity may be a UE, the second network entity may be a base station, and the third network entity may be a base station. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third network entities may be different relative to these examples.
[0046] Similarly, reference to a UE, base station, network node, apparatus, device, computing system, processing system or the like may include disclosure of the UE, base station, network node, apparatus, device, computing system, processing system or the like being a network entity. For example, disclosure that a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network entity is configured to receive information from a second network entity. Consistent with this disclosure, once a specific example is broadened in accordance with this disclosure (e.g., a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network entity is configured to receive information from a second network entity) , the broader example of the narrower example may be interpreted in the reverse, but in a broad open-ended way. In the example above where a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network entity is configured to receive information from a second network entity, the first network entity may refer to a first UE, a first base station, a first apparatus, a first device, a first computing system, a first processing system, a first set of one or more one or more components, a first processing entity, or the like configured to receive the information; and the second network entity may refer to a second UE, a second base station, a second apparatus, a second device, a second computing system, a second processing system, a second set of one or more components, a second processing entity, or the like.
[0047] As described herein, communication of information (e.g., any information, signal, or the like) may be described in various aspects using different terminology. Disclosure of one communication term includes disclosure of other communication terms. For example, a first network entity may be described as being configured to transmit information to a second network entity. In this example and consistent with this disclosure, disclosure that the first network entity is configured to transmit information to the second network entity includes disclosure that the first network entity is configured to provide, send, output, communicate, or transmit information to the second network entity. Similarly, in this example and consistent with this disclosure, disclosure that the first network entity is configured to transmit information to the second network entity includes disclosure that the second network entity is configured to receive, obtain, or decode the information that is provided, sent, output, communicated, or transmitted by the first network entity.
[0048] In some examples, the network entity 102 may include a processing system (e.g., such as the processing system 470 of FIG. 4 and / or the processing system 1002 of FIG. 10, etc. ) . Similarly, the network entity 180 (e.g., a millimeter wave (mmW) base station, etc. ) may include a respective processing system (e.g., such as the processing system 470 of FIG. 4 and / or the processing system 1002 of FIG. 10, etc. ) . A processing system may include one or more components (or subcomponents) , such as one or more components described herein. For example, a respective component of the one or more components may be, be similar to, include, or be included in at least one memory, at least one communication interface, or at least one processor. For example, a processing system may include one or more components. In such an example, the one or more components may include a first component, a second component, and a third component. In this example, the first component may be coupled to a second component and a third component. In this example, the first component may be at least one processor, the second component may be a communication interface, and the third component may be at least one memory. A processing system may generally be a system including one or more components that may perform one or more functions, such as any function or combination of functions described herein. For example, one or more components may receive input information (e.g., any information that is an input, such as a signal, any digital information, or any other information) , one or more components may process the input information to generate output information (e.g., any information that is an output, such as a signal or any other information) , one or more components may perform any function as described herein, or any combination thereof. As described herein, an “input” and “input information” may be used interchangeably. Similarly, as described herein, an “output” and “output information” may be used interchangeably. Any information generated by any component may be provided to one or more other systems or components of, for example, a network entity described herein) . For example, a processing system may include a first component configured to receive or obtain information, a second component configured to process the information to generate output information, and / or a third component configured to provide the output information to other systems or components. In this example, the first component may be a communication interface (e.g., a first communication interface) , the second component may be at least one processor (e.g., that is coupled to the communication interface and / or at least one memory) , and the third component may be a communication interface (e.g., the first communication interface or a second communication interface) . For example, a processing system may include at least one memory, at least one communication interface, and / or at least one processor, where the at least one processor may, for example, be coupled to the at least one memory and the at least one communication interface.
[0049] A processing system of a network entity described herein may interface with one or more other components of the network entity, may process information received from one or more other components (such as input information) , or may output information to one or more other components. For example, a processing system may include a first component configured to interface with one or more other components of the network entity to receive or obtain information, a second component configured to process the information to generate one or more outputs, and / or a third component configured to output the one or more outputs to one or more other components. In this example, the first component may be a communication interface (e.g., a first communication interface) , the second component may be at least one processor (e.g., that is coupled to the communication interface and / or at least one memory) , and the third component may be a communication interface (e.g., the first communication interface or a second communication interface) . For example, a chip or modem of the network entity may include a processing system. The processing system may include a first communication interface to receive or obtain information, and a second communication interface to output, transmit, or provide information. In some examples, the first communication interface may be an interface configured to receive input information, and the information may be provided to the processing system. In some examples, the second system interface may be configured to transmit information output from the chip or modem. The second communication interface may also obtain or receive input information, and the first communication interface may also output, transmit, or provide information.
[0050] An RF signal comprises an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transports information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, the receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal” where it is clear from the context that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.
[0051] Various aspects of the systems and techniques described herein will be discussed below with respect to the figures. According to various aspects, FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 100. The wireless communications system 100 (e.g., which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN) ) can include various base stations 102 and various UEs 104. In some aspects, the base stations 102 may also be referred to as “network entities” or “network nodes. ” One or more of the base stations 102 can be implemented in an aggregated or monolithic base station architecture. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more of the base stations 102 can be implemented in a disaggregated base station architecture, and may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a radio unit (RU) , a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC. The base stations 102 can include macro cell base stations (e.g., high power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (e.g., low power cellular base stations) . In an aspect, the macro cell base station may include eNBs and / or ng-eNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to a long-term evolution (LTE) network, or gNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to a NR network, or a combination of both, and the small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.
[0052] The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC) ) through backhaul links 122, and through the core network 170 to one or more location servers 172 (e.g., which may be part of core network 170 or may be external to core network 170) . In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform functions that relate to one or more of transferring user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity) , inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) , subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM) , paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC or 5GC) over backhaul links 134, which may be wired and / or wireless.
[0053] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. In an aspect, one or more cells may be supported by a base station 102 in each coverage area 110. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station (e.g., over some frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, or the like) , and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI) , a virtual cell identifier (VCI) , a cell global identifier (CGI) ) for distinguishing cells operating via the same or a different carrier frequency. In some cases, different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC) , narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) , enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) , or others) that may provide access for different types of UEs. Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term “cell” may refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it, depending on the context. In addition, because a TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms “cell” and “TRP” may be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term “cell” may also refer to a geographic coverage area of a base station (e.g., a sector) , insofar as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within some portion of geographic coverage areas 110.
[0054] While neighboring macro cell base station 102 geographic coverage areas 110 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover region) , some of the geographic coverage areas 110 may be substantially overlapped by a larger geographic coverage area 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' may have a coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the coverage area 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macro cell base stations may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs) , which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG) .
[0055] The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (e.g., also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and / or downlink (e.g., also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links 120 may be provided using one or more carrier frequencies. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to downlink and uplink (e.g., a greater or lesser quantity of carriers may be allocated for downlink than for uplink) .
[0056] Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signal processing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., one or more of the base stations 102, UEs 104, etc. ) to shape or steer an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming may be implemented based on combining the signals communicated via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating at particular orientations with respect to an antenna array experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. The adjustment of signals communicated via the antenna elements may include a transmitting device or a receiving device applying amplitude offsets, phase offsets, or both to signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustments associated with each of the antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a particular orientation (e.g., with respect to the antenna array of the transmitting device or receiving device, or with respect to some other orientation) .
[0057] A transmitting device and / or a receiving device (e.g., such as one or more of base stations 102 and / or UEs 104) may use beam sweeping techniques as part of beam forming operations. For example, a base station 102 (e.g., or other transmitting device) may use multiple antennas or antenna arrays (e.g., antenna panels) to conduct beamforming operations for directional communications with a UE 104 (e.g., or other receiving device) . Some signals (e.g., synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals) may be transmitted by base station 102 (or other transmitting device) multiple times in different directions. For example, the base station 102 may transmit a signal according to different beamforming weight sets associated with different directions of transmission. Transmissions in different beam directions may be used to identify (e.g., by a transmitting device, such as a base station 102, or by a receiving device, such as a UE 104) a beam direction for later transmission or reception by the base station 102.
[0058] Some signals, such as data signals associated with a particular receiving device, may be transmitted by a base station 102 in a single beam direction (e.g., a direction associated with the receiving device, such as a UE 104) . In some examples, the beam direction associated with transmissions along a single beam direction may be determined based on a signal that was transmitted in one or more beam directions. For example, a UE 104 may receive one or more of the signals transmitted by the base station 102 in different directions and may report to the base station 102 an indication of the signal that the UE 104 received with a highest signal quality or an otherwise acceptable signal quality.
[0059] In some examples, transmissions by a device (e.g., by a base station 102 or a UE 104) may be performed using multiple beam directions, and the device may use a combination of digital precoding or radio frequency beamforming to generate a combined beam for transmission (e.g., from a base station 102 to a UE 104, from a transmitting device to a receiving device, etc. ) . The UE 104 may report feedback that indicates precoding weights for one or more beam directions, and the feedback may correspond to a configured number of beams across a system bandwidth or one or more sub-bands. The base station 102 may transmit a reference signal (e.g., a cell-specific reference signal (CRS) , a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) , etc. ) , which may be precoded or unprecoded. The UE 104 may provide feedback for beam selection, which may be a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) or codebook-based feedback (e.g., a multi-panel type codebook, a linear combination type codebook, a port selection type codebook) . Although these techniques are described with reference to signals transmitted in one or more directions by a base station 102, a UE 104 may employ similar techniques for transmitting signals multiple times in different directions (e.g., for identifying a beam direction for subsequent transmission or reception by the UE 104) or for transmitting a signal in a single direction (e.g., for transmitting data to a receiving device) .
[0060] A receiving device (e.g., a UE 104) may try multiple receive configurations (e.g., directional listening) when receiving various signals from the base station 102, such as synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals. For example, a receiving device may try multiple receive directions by receiving via different antenna subarrays, by processing received signals according to different antenna subarrays, by receiving according to different receive beamforming weight sets (e.g., different directional listening weight sets) applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array, or by processing received signals according to different receive beamforming weight sets applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array, any of which may be referred to as “listening” according to different receive configurations or receive directions. In some examples, a receiving device may use a single receive configuration to receive along a single beam direction (e.g., when receiving a data signal) . The single receive configuration may be aligned in a beam direction determined based on listening according to different receive configuration directions (e.g., a beam direction determined to have a highest signal strength, highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) , or otherwise acceptable signal quality based on listening according to multiple beam directions) .
[0061] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a WLAN AP 150 in communication with WLAN stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 Gigahertz (GHz) ) . When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STAs 152 and / or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen before talk (LBT) procedure prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 can include devices (e.g., UEs, etc. ) that communicate with one or more UEs 104, base stations 102, APs 150, etc., utilizing the ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum. The UWB spectrum can range from 3.1 to 10.5 GHz.
[0062] The small cell base station 102' may operate in a licensed and / or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station 102' may employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102', employing LTE and / or 5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and / or increase capacity of the access network. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA) , or MulteFire.
[0063] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a millimeter wave (mmW) base station 180 that may operate in mmW frequencies and / or near mmW frequencies in communication with a UE 182. The mmW base station 180 may be implemented in an aggregated or monolithic base station architecture, or alternatively, in a disaggregated base station architecture (e.g., including one or more of a CU, a DU, a RU, a Near-RT RIC, or a Non-RT RIC) . Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW and / or near mmW radio frequency band have high path loss and a relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 may utilize beamforming (e.g., transmit and / or receive) over an mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Further, it will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or near mmW and beamforming. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed to limit the various aspects disclosed herein.
[0064] In some aspects relating to 5G, the frequency spectrum in which wireless network nodes or entities (e.g., base stations 102 / 180, UEs 104 / 182) operate is divided into multiple frequency ranges, FR1 (e.g., from 450 to 6,000 Megahertz (MHz) ) , FR2 (e.g., from 24, 250 to 52, 600 MHz) , FR3 (e.g., above 52, 600 MHz) , and FR4 (e.g., between FR1 and FR2) . In a multi-carrier system, such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the “primary carrier” or “anchor carrier” or “primary serving cell” or “PCell, ” and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as “secondary carriers” or “secondary serving cells” or “SCells. ” In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by a UE 104 / 182 and the cell in which the UE 104 / 182 either performs the initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates the RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels and may be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case) . A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that may be configured once the RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier and that may be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signaling information and signals, for example, those that are UE-specific may not be present in the secondary carrier, since both primary uplink and downlink carriers are typically UE-specific. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. The same is true for the uplink primary carriers. The network is able to change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Because a “serving cell” (e.g., whether a PCell or an SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency and / or component carrier over which some base station is communicating, the term “cell, ” “serving cell, ” “component carrier, ” “carrier frequency, ” and the like can be used interchangeably.
[0065] For example, still referring to FIG. 1, one of the frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 may be an anchor carrier (or “PCell” ) and other frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 and / or the mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers ( “SCells” ) . In carrier aggregation, the base stations 102 and / or the UEs 104 may use spectrum up to Y MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100 MHz) bandwidth per carrier up to a total of Yx MHz (e.g., x component carriers) for transmission in each direction. The component carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other on the frequency spectrum. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to the downlink and uplink (e.g., a greater or lesser quantity of carriers may be allocated for downlink than for uplink) . The simultaneous transmission and / or reception of multiple carriers enables the UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rates. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically lead to a two-fold increase in data rate (e.g., 40 MHz) , compared to that attained by a single 20 MHz carrier.
[0066] In order to operate on multiple carrier frequencies, a base station 102 and / or a UE 104 can be equipped with multiple receivers and / or transmitters. For example, a UE 104 may have two receivers, “Receiver 1” and “Receiver 2, ” where “Receiver 1” is a multi-band receiver that can be tuned to band (e.g., carrier frequency) ‘X’ or band ‘Y, ’ and “Receiver 2” is a one-band receiver tunable to band ‘Z’ only. In this example, if the UE 104 is being served in band ‘X, ’ band ‘X’ would be referred to as the PCell or the active carrier frequency, and “Receiver 1” would need to tune from band ‘X’ to band ‘Y’ (e.g., an SCell) in order to measure band ‘Y’ (and vice versa) . In contrast, whether the UE 104 is being served in band ‘X’ or band ‘Y, ’ because of the separate “Receiver 2, ” the UE 104 can measure band ‘Z’ without interrupting the service on band ‘X’ or band ‘Y. ’
[0067] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a UE 164 that may communicate with a macro cell base station 102 over a communication link 120 and / or the mmW base station 180 over an mmW communication link 184. For example, the macro cell base station 102 may support a PCell and one or more SCells for the UE 164 and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.
[0068] The wireless communications system 100 may further include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, that connects indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (e.g., referred to as “sidelinks” ) . In the example of FIG. 1, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain cellular connectivity) and a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 connected to the WLAN AP 150 (e.g., through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity) . In an example, the D2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be supported with any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D) , Wi-Fi Direct (Wi-Fi-D) , and so on.
[0069] FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an example architecture 200 of a base station 102 and a UE 104 that enables transmission and processing of signals exchanged between the UE and the base station, in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure. Example architecture 200 includes components of a base station 102 and a UE 104, which may be one of the base stations 102 and one of the UEs 104 illustrated in FIG. 1. Base station 102 may be equipped with T antennas 234a through 234t, and UE 104 may be equipped with R antennas 252a through 252r, where in general T≥1 and R≥1.
[0070] At base station 102, a transmit processor 220 may receive data from a data source 212 for one or more UEs, select one or more modulation and coding schemes (MCS) for each UE based on channel quality indicators (CQIs) received from the UE, process (e.g., encode and modulate) the data for each UE based on the MCS (s) selected for the UE, and provide data symbols for all UEs. Transmit processor 220 may also process system information (e.g., for semi-static resource partitioning information (SRPI) and / or the like) and control information (e.g., CQI requests, grants, upper layer signaling, and / or the like) and provide overhead symbols and control symbols. Transmit processor 220 may also generate reference symbols for reference signals (e.g., the cell-specific reference signal (CRS) ) and synchronization signals (e.g., the primary synchronization signal (PSS) and secondary synchronization signal (SSS) ) . A transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 230 may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, the overhead symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide T output symbol streams to T modulators (MODs) 232a through 232t. The modulators 232a through 232t are shown as a combined modulator-demodulator (MOD-DEMOD) . In some cases, the modulators and demodulators can be separate components. Each modulator of the modulators 232a to 232t may process a respective output symbol stream (e.g., for an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme and / or the like) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator of the modulators 232a to 232t may further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. T downlink signals may be transmitted from modulators 232a to 232t via T antennas 234a through 234t, respectively. According to certain aspects described in more detail below, the synchronization signals can be generated with location encoding to convey additional information.
[0071] At UE 104, antennas 252a through 252r may receive the downlink signals from base station 102 and / or other base stations and may provide received signals to one or more demodulators (DEMODs) 254a through 254r, respectively. The demodulators 254a through 254r are shown as a combined modulator-demodulator (MOD-DEMOD) . In some cases, the modulators and demodulators can be separate components. Each demodulator of the demodulators 254a through 254r may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) a received signal to obtain input samples. Each demodulator of the demodulators 254a through 254r may further process the input samples (e.g., for OFDM and / or the like) to obtain received symbols. A MIMO detector 256 may obtain received symbols from all R demodulators 254a through 254r, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. A receive processor 258 may process (e.g., demodulate and decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data for UE 104 to a data sink 260, and provide decoded control information and system information to a controller / processor 280. A channel processor may determine reference signal received power (RSRP) , received signal strength indicator (RSSI) , reference signal received quality (RSRQ) , channel quality indicator (CQI) , and / or the like.
[0072] On the uplink, at UE 104, a transmit processor 264 may receive and process data from a data source 262 and control information (e.g., for reports comprising RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, CQI, and / or the like) from controller / processor 280. Transmit processor 264 may also generate reference symbols for one or more reference signals (e.g., based on a beta value or a set of beta values associated with the one or more reference signals) . The symbols from transmit processor 264 may be precoded by a TX-MIMO processor 266, further processed by modulators 254a through 254r (e.g., for DFT-s-OFDM, CP-OFDM, and / or the like) , and transmitted to base station 102. At base station 102, the uplink signals from UE 104 and other UEs may be received by antennas 234a through 234t, processed by demodulators 232a through 232t, detected by a MIMO detector 236 (e.g., if applicable) , and further processed by a receive processor 238 to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE 104. Receive processor 238 may provide the decoded data to a data sink 239 and the decoded control information to controller (e.g., processor) 240. Base station 102 may include communication unit 244 and communicate to a network controller 231 via communication unit 244. Network controller 231 may include communication unit 294, controller / processor 290, and memory 292.
[0073] In some aspects, one or more components of UE 104 may be included in a housing. Controller 240 of base station 102, controller / processor 280 of UE 104, and / or any other component (s) of FIG. 2 may perform one or more techniques associated with implicit UCI beta value determination for NR.
[0074] Memories 242 and 282 may store data and program codes for the base station 102 and the UE 104, respectively. A scheduler 246 may schedule UEs for data transmission on the downlink, uplink, and / or sidelink.
[0075] In some aspects, deployment of communication systems, such as 5G new radio (NR) systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a radio access network (RAN) node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment, such as a base station (BS) , or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a BS (e.g., such as a Node B (NB) , evolved NB (eNB) , NR BS, 5G NB, access point (AP) , a transmit receive point (TRP) , or a cell, etc. ) may be implemented as an aggregated base station (e.g., also known as a standalone BS or a monolithic BS) or a disaggregated base station.
[0076] An aggregated base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (e.g., such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , or one or more radio units (RUs) ) . In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other RAN nodes. The DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU and RU also can be implemented as virtual units, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU) , a virtual distributed unit (VDU) , or a virtual radio unit (VRU) .
[0077] Base station-type operation or network design may consider aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (e.g., such as the network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) ) , or a virtualized radio access network (e.g., vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) ) . Disaggregation may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as distributing functionality for at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.
[0078] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated base station 300 architecture. The disaggregated base station 300 architecture may include one or more central units (CUs) 310 that can communicate directly with a core network 320 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 320 through one or more disaggregated base station units (e.g., such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 325 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 315 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 305, or both) . A CU 310 may communicate with one or more distributed units (DUs) 330 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 330 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 340 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 340 may communicate with respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 340.
[0079] Each of the units (e.g., the CUs 310, the DUs 330, the RUs 340, as well as the Near-RT RICs 325, the Non-RT RICs 315, and the SMO Framework 305) illustrated in FIG. 3 and / or described herein may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (e.g., collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (e.g., such as a radio frequency (RF) transceiver) , configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.
[0080] In some aspects, the CU 310 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 310. The CU 310 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –User Plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –Control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 310 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 310 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 330, as necessary, for network control and signaling.
[0081] The DU 330 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 340. In some aspects, the DU 330 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (e.g., such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . In some aspects, the DU 330 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 330, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 310.
[0082] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 340. In some deployments, an RU 340, controlled by a DU 330, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (e.g., such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random-access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 340 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU (s) 340 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 330. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 330 and the CU 310 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0083] The SMO Framework 305 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 305 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (e.g., such as an O1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 305 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (e.g., such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 390) to perform network element life cycle management (e.g., such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (e.g., such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 310, DUs 330, RUs 340, and Near-RT RICs 325. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 305 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 311, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 305 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 340 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 305 also may include a Non-RT RIC 315 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 305.
[0084] The Non-RT RIC 315 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 325. The Non-RT RIC 315 may be coupled to or communicate with (e.g., such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 325. The Near-RT RIC 325 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (e.g., such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 310, one or more DUs 330, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 325.
[0085] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 325, the Non-RT RIC 315 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 325 and may be received at the SMO Framework 305 or the Non-RT RIC 315 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 315 or the Near-RT RIC 325 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 315 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 305 (e.g., such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (e.g., such as A1 policies) .
[0086] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a processing system 470 of a wireless device 407. In some examples, the processing system 470 may also be referred to as a computing system. The processing system 470 may include and / or implement one or more components that are the same as or similar to respective components included in and / or implemented by the processing system 1002 of FIG. 10 (e.g., and the processing system 1002 of FIG. 10 may include and / or implement one or more components that are the same as or similar to respective components included in and / or implemented by the processing system 470 of FIG. 4) . In some cases, the wireless device 407 may also be referred to as a user computing device. The wireless device 407 may include a client device such as a UE (e.g., UE 104, UE 152, UE 190) or other type of device (e.g., a station (STA) configured to communication using a Wi-Fi interface) that may be used by an end-user. In some cases, the processing system 470 of the wireless device 407 can be implemented by one or more of the UEs 104 of FIG. 1. For example, the wireless device 407 may include a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, tracking device, wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, glasses, an extended reality (XR) device such as a virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , or mixed reality (MR) device, etc. ) , Internet of Things (IoT) device, a vehicle, an aircraft, and / or another device that is configured to communicate over a wireless communications network.
[0087] The processing system 470 includes software and hardware components that may be electrically or communicatively coupled via a bus 489 (e.g., or may otherwise be in communication, as appropriate) . The processing system 470 may generally be a system including one or more components that may perform one or more functions, such as any function or combination of functions described herein. For example, one or more components may receive input information (e.g., any information that is an input, such as a signal, any digital information, or any other information) , one or more components may process the input information to generate output information (e.g., any information that is an output, such as a signal or any other information) , one or more components may perform any function as described herein, or any combination thereof. For example, the processing system 470 includes one or more processors 484. The one or more processors 484 may include one or more CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, APs, GPUs, VPUs, NSPs, microcontrollers, dedicated hardware, any combination thereof, and / or other processing device or system. The bus 489 may be used by the one or more processors 484 to communicate between cores and / or with the one or more memory devices 486.
[0088] The processing system 470 may also include one or more memory devices 486, one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) 482, one or more SIMs 474, one or more modems 476, one or more wireless transceivers 478, an antenna 487, one or more input devices 472 (e.g., a camera, a mouse, a keyboard, a touch sensitive screen, a touch pad, a keypad, a microphone, and / or the like) , and one or more output devices 480 (e.g., a display, a speaker, a printer, and / or the like) .
[0089] In some aspects, processing system 470 may include one or more radio frequency (RF) interfaces configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In some examples, an RF interface may include components such as modem (s) 476, wireless transceiver (s) 478, and / or antennas 487. The one or more wireless transceivers 478 may transmit and receive wireless signals (e.g., signal 488) via antenna 487 from one or more other devices, such as other wireless devices, network devices (e.g., base stations such as eNBs and / or gNBs, Wi-Fi access points (APs) such as routers, range extenders or the like, etc. ) , cloud networks, and / or the like. In some examples, the processing system 470 may include multiple antennas or an antenna array that may facilitate simultaneous transmit and receive functionality. Antenna 487 may be an omnidirectional antenna such that radio frequency (RF) signals may be received from and transmitted in all directions. The wireless signal 488 may be transmitted via a wireless network. The wireless network may be any wireless network, such as a cellular or telecommunications network (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G, etc. ) , wireless local area network (e.g., a Wi-Fi network) , a BluetoothTM network, and / or other network.
[0090] In some examples, the wireless signal 488 may be transmitted directly to other wireless devices using sidelink communications (e.g., using a PC5 interface, using a DSRC interface, etc. ) . Wireless transceivers 478 may be configured to transmit RF signals for performing sidelink communications via antenna 487 in accordance with one or more transmit power parameters that may be associated with one or more regulation modes. Wireless transceivers 478 may also be configured to receive sidelink communication signals having different signal parameters from other wireless devices.
[0091] In some examples, the one or more wireless transceivers 478 may include an RF front end including one or more components, such as an amplifier, a mixer (e.g., also referred to as a signal multiplier) for signal down conversion, a frequency synthesizer (e.g., also referred to as an oscillator) that provides signals to the mixer, a baseband filter, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) , one or more power amplifiers, among other components. The RF front-end may generally handle selection and conversion of the wireless signals 488 into a baseband or intermediate frequency and may convert the RF signals to the digital domain.
[0092] In some cases, the processing system 470 may include a coding-decoding device (or CODEC) configured to encode and / or decode data transmitted and / or received using the one or more wireless transceivers 478. In some cases, the processing system 470 may include an encryption-decryption device or component configured to encrypt and / or decrypt data (e.g., according to the AES and / or DES standard) transmitted and / or received by the one or more wireless transceivers 478.
[0093] The one or more SIMs 474 may each securely store an international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number and related key assigned to the user of the wireless device 407. The IMSI and key may be used to identify and authenticate the subscriber when accessing a network provided by a network service provider or operator associated with the one or more SIMs 474. The one or more modems 476 may modulate one or more signals to encode information for transmission using the one or more wireless transceivers 478. The one or more modems 476 may also demodulate signals received by the one or more wireless transceivers 478 in order to decode the transmitted information. In some examples, the one or more modems 476 may include a Wi-Fi modem, a 4G (or LTE) modem, a 5G (or NR) modem, and / or other types of modems. The one or more modems 476 and the one or more wireless transceivers 478 may be used for communicating data for the one or more SIMs 474.
[0094] The processing system 470 may also include (and / or be in communication with) one or more non-transitory machine-readable storage media or storage devices (e.g., one or more memory devices 486) , which may include, without limitation, local and / or network accessible storage, a disk drive, a drive array, an optical storage device, a solid-state storage device such as a RAM and / or a ROM, which may be programmable, flash-updateable, and / or the like. Such storage devices may be configured to implement any appropriate data storage, including without limitation, various file systems, database structures, and / or the like.
[0095] In various aspects, functions may be stored as one or more computer-program products (e.g., instructions or code) in memory device (s) 486 and executed by the one or more processor (s) 484 and / or the one or more DSPs 482. The processing system 470 may also include software elements (e.g., located within the one or more memory devices 486) , including, for example, an operating system, device drivers, executable libraries, and / or other code, such as one or more application programs, which may comprise computer programs implementing the functions provided by various aspects, and / or may be designed to implement methods and / or configure systems, as described herein.
[0096] FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a coding system 500 that can be used to perform trellis coding (e.g., trellis encoding and / or decoding) and / or can be used to perform trellis-based coding (e.g., trellis-based encoding and / or trellis-based decoding) , in accordance with some examples. For example, the coding system 500 can include an encoder 502 that can be used to perform trellis shaping to encode corresponding trellis shaped bits for an input code block or bit sequence. The encoder 502 can also be referred to as a trellis shaping encoder 502 and / or a trellis encoder 502. The coding system 500 can include a decoder 530, which can correspond to the encoder 502 and may be used to perform trellis shaping to decode an input of trellis shaped bits (e.g., may be used to perform trellis shaping to decode trellis shaped bits generated by the trellis shaping encoder 502) . The decoder 530 can also be referred to as a trellis shaping decoder 530 and / or a trellis decoder 530.
[0097] In some aspects, the coding system 500 may be implemented by a wireless device (e.g., such as one or more of the UEs of FIGS. 1-4, etc. ) and / or a network entity (e.g., such as one or more of the network entities of FIGS. 1-4, etc. ) , or a processing system thereof. In some cases, the trellis shaping encoder 502 can correspond to a transmitter of a wireless device or processing system (e.g., a transmitter of a UE, network entity, processing system, etc. ) and the trellis shaping decoder 530 can correspond to a receiver of a wireless device or processing system (e.g., a receiver of a UE, network entity, processing system, etc. ) . In some examples, a transceiver of a wireless device or processing system (e.g., a transceiver of a UE, network entity, processing system, etc. ) may implement both the trellis shaping encoder 502 and the trellis shaping decoder 530.
[0098] As noted above, a wireless device (e.g., such as a UE, network entity, etc. ) may perform trellis shaping to shape a constellation diagram of a modulation scheme during modulation of a bit sequence. For example, the wireless device may be configured to encode the most significant bits (MSBs) of the bit sequence via a trellis shaping encoder (e.g., such as the trellis shaping encoder 502 of FIG. 5, etc. ) to generate a set of encoded MSBs. By doing so, the trellis shaping encoder may shape the MSBs used for labelling the constellation diagram of the modulation scheme associated with or selected for the bit sequence received as input to the trellis shaping encoder, thereby shaping the constellation diagram. In some examples, trellis shaping and the subsequent mapping of the shaped bits used for the labelling of the constellation may be performed according to a two-dimensional modulation scheme (e.g., quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) ) , where a constellation point of a constellation diagram corresponds to both a respective phase and a respective amplitude (e.g., two dimensions including a first dimension of phase and a second dimension of amplitude) . In such systems, the constellation diagram may include four quadrants, where each quadrant corresponds to a bit sequence (e.g., ‘00’ for a first quadrant, ‘01’ for a second quadrant, etc. ) . As such, the trellis shaping encoder may identify, based on the set of encoded MSBs, which quadrant of the constellation diagram the least significant bits (LSBs) of the bit sequence are to be mapped, and subsequently map the LSBs to a constellation point (e.g., modulation symbol) within the identified quadrant. In some cases, such two-dimensional modulation schemes may be inflexible relative to other code-based shaping schemes and may reduce observed benefits for forward error correction (FEC) encoding procedures. For example, such two-dimensional schemes may correspond to a lower degree of freedom, result in reduced performance, or both relative to other modulation and coding schemes, and / or may be constrained by the encoding rate (e.g., the coding rate of the trellis shaping encoder may be fixed at 1 / 2) .
[0099] In some examples, the wireless device may be configured to perform trellis shaping based on a one-dimensional trellis shaping encoder design, which can be used to provide for a modulation and coding scheme that maps a single encoded MSB to a single modulation symbol. One-dimensional trellis shaping encoder designs can correspond to a constellation diagram that includes a single axis (e.g., a one-dimensional constellation diagram) . For example, a one-dimensional trellis shaping encoder may encode one or more MSBs of a bit sequence according to a configured encoding rate and can generate a set of shaped bits, in some cases with a flexible quantity of the one or more MSBs varying based on the configured coding rate.
[0100] In some aspects, a trellis shaping encoder (e.g., such as the trellis shaping encoder 502 of FIG. 5, etc. ) can be configured to generate encoded bits and / or to perform trellis shaping corresponding to one or more bit levels of a modulation scheme (e.g., modulation coding scheme (MCS) , etc. ) . For example, each constellation point (e.g., modulation symbol) within the constellation diagram may be represented by a respective m-bit set (e.g., each constellation point is 4 bits in 16 QAM, while each constellation point is 3 bits in 8 pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) , etc. ) . In some examples of one-dimensional trellis shaping, each bit of the set of shaped bits may be the MSB of a respective m-bit set, where the m-bit set includes m–1 LSBs that correspond to one of the set of shaped bits (e.g., the MSB of the m-bit set is included in the set of shaped bits, and the LSBs of the m-bit set correspond to m-1 bits of the LSBs) . In some examples of one-dimensional trellis shaping, the trellis shaping encoder may combine each bit of the set of shaped bits with a respective m–1 LSBs to generate multiple m-bit sets, where each m-bit set includes a respective shaped bit and respective m–1 LSBs. Each m-bit set can be mapped to a respective constellation point (e.g., modulation symbol) according to the respective modulation scheme based on combining the set of shaped bits and the LSBs. Based on the trellis shaping and mapping corresponding to the labeling used for the constellation, a trellis shaping encoder can be used to map a respective bit of the set of shaped bits to a respective modulation symbol, and can be used to map the LSBs to a corresponding modulation symbol. Based on generating the modulation symbols, a wireless device or other transmitter device can use the modulation symbols to modulate a carrier signal and may transmit the modulated signal to a receiver, where the receiver may decode the signal and obtain the bit sequence (e.g., where the transmitter includes a trellis shaping encoder such as the trellis shaping encoder 502 of FIG. 5, and where the receiver includes a corresponding trellis shaping decoder such as the trellis shaping decoder 530 of FIG. 5) .
[0101] In one illustrative example, the trellis shaping encoder 502 can be used to select a minimum-weight sequence from an equivalence class of possible transmitted sequences based on a search through the trellis design of a Viterbi decoder 516. For example, by performing the trellis shaping encoding using the trellis encoder 502, a first wireless device (e.g., a transmitter) may perform constellation shaping without increasing the decoding complexity or reducing the coding gain for a second wireless device (e.g., a receiver) . In some aspects, to implement trellis shaping, the wireless transmitter device may include the trellis shaping encoder 502 to shape the MSBs of an input bit sequence 504 (e.g., c) , where the shaped MSBs (e.g., a set of shaped bits) may be used to label a constellation scheme (e.g., such as a QAM constellation diagram, among others, etc. ) . The wireless devices (e.g., transmitter and receiver) may additionally include a trellis shaping decoder 530, which can be implemented and / or configured as a hard-decision decoder or a soft-decision decoder. Based on various configurations and implementations, the trellis shaping encoder 502 and the trellis shaping decoder 530 may be optimized for different modulation schemes (e.g., different modulation coding schemes (MCSs) , channel models, and performance metrics.
[0102] In one illustrative example, the encoder (e.g., trellis shaping encoder) 502 can be used to encode a bit sequence 504 (e.g., c) . The bit sequence 504 can be provided to the encoder 502 as an input bit sequence, and may include a plurality of bits (e.g., a plurality of data bits, etc. ) . The encoder 502 may input the bit sequence 504 into a demultiplexer 506 (e.g., demux) , which may divide the bit sequence 504 into a quantity of MSBs 508 (e.g., u) and a quantity of LSBs 510 (e.g., b) . The encoder 502 may input the MSBs 508 into an inverse syndrome matrix 512, which can be configured to encode the MSBs 508 and generate a corresponding codeword 514 (e.g., z) . For example, the inverse syndrome matrix 512 can be represented as (H-1) T , which is the left inverse matrix of a syndrome former matrix HT. In some aspects, the syndrome former matrix HTcan also be referred to as a parity check matrix. In some cases, the inverse syndrome matrix 512 (e.g., (H-1) T) may also be referred to as an inverse syndrome former matrix, an inverse parity check matrix, and / or an inverse matrix, etc.
[0103] In some aspects, the product of the inverse syndrome matrix 512 and the syndrome former matrix is an identity matrix. For example, (H-1) T* HT=I, where I is an identity matrix of size (ns –1) . In some examples, the inverse syndrome matrix 512 may be viewed and / or implemented as a rate (ns -1) / ns convolutional code. For example, the inverse syndrome matrix 512 may encode MSBs 508 according to a convolutional code encoding rate of 1 / ns to generate the codeword 514 (e.g., z=u (H-1) T) . In such examples, the length (e.g., quantity of bits) of the codeword 514 may be based on the modulation scheme utilized by the mapper 526.
[0104] In response to performing the encoding on the MSBs 508, the encoder 502 may input the codeword 514, the LSBs 510, or both into the Viterbi decoder 516, where the Viterbi decoder 516 may utilize a Viterbi algorithm to select a shaping bit sequence 518 (e.g., x) based on the codeword 514, the LSBs 510, or both. The encoder 502 may input the shaping bit sequence 518 into a generator matrix 520, where the generator matrix 520 may generate and encode a codeword 522 (e.g., y) , where the codeword 522 may have a length that is equivalent to the codeword 514. Additionally, in such examples, the length of the MSBs 508 (e.g., u) may be determined according to the coding rate (e.g., 1 / ns) , where the length (e.g., quantity of bits) of the MSBs 508 may be equal to the length of the set of shaped bits multiplied by the coding rate (e.g., length (u) = length (r) / ns) .
[0105] Based on generating the codeword 514 and the codeword 522, the encoder 502 may perform an XOR procedure to generate the final MSB sequence, such as a set of shaped bits 524 (e.g., ) , where the length of the set of shaped bits 524 may be equal to the lengths of the codewords 514 and 522. In response to generating the set of shaped bits, the encoder 502 may input the set of shaped bits 524 and the LSBs 510 into a mapper 526 to generate one or more modulation symbols 528 (e.g., A) .
[0106] As an illustrative example, the encoder 502 may use a QAM sign-bit shaping and mapping scheme to map the set of shaped bits 524 and the LSBs 510 to the respective modulation symbol 528. Accordingly, in the 16-bit QAM scheme, the encoder 502 may map two MSBs in the set of shaped bits 524 to one of four quadrants of the QAM constellation diagram, where each quadrant may be associated with a respective bit sequence of two bits (e.g., quadrant one is associated with a bit sequence of ‘00’ , while quadrant two is associated with a bit sequence of ‘01’ , and so on) . By doing so, the mapper 526 may map each modulation symbol 528 according to two bits of the set of shaped bits (e.g., two bits per modulation symbol 528) . Based on identifying the quadrant of the QAM constellation diagram, the encoder 502 may then map the LSBs 510 to one of the constellation points within the identified quadrant based on the bit sequence of the LSBs 510. The constellation point within the identified quadrant may be referred to as a modulation symbol 528. Based on mapping the set of shaped bits 524 and the quantity of LSBs to the modulation symbols 528, the wireless device may modulate the signal according to the modulation symbol 528 and transmit the signal to the second wireless device.
[0107] The second wireless device may decode the received signal using the trellis shaping decoder 530. For example, in response to demodulating the signal to obtain the modulation symbols 528, the decoder 530 may input the each of the modulation symbols 528 into a demapper 532, which may demap the modulation symbols 528 into a set of shaped bits 534 (e.g., ) and a quantity of LSBs 536 (e.g., ) . The decoder 530 may input the set of shaped bits 534 into a syndrome matrix 538 to be decoded, where the syndrome matrix 538 may be the null matrix of the generator matrix 520 and may be denoted by HT (e.g., GHT=0) . The syndrome matrix 538 may decode the set of shaped bits 534 into a quantity of MSBs 540 (e.g., ) . For example, the transmitted set of shaped bits 524 (e.g., r or ) may be decoded by the syndrome matrix 538 (e.g., HT) according to the following equation: Based on obtaining the MSBs 540, the decoder 530 may input the MSBs 540 and the LSBs 536 into a multiplexer 542 (e.g., mux) , which may output a bit sequence 544 (e.g., ) , where the bit sequence 544 may be equal to the bit sequence 504.
[0108] In some cases, such trellis shaping may be performed according to a two-dimensional QAM modulation scheme, where a constellation point of a constellation scheme corresponds to both a respective phase and a respective amplitude (e.g., two dimensions including a first dimension of phase and a second dimension of amplitude) . However, such two-dimensional modulation schemes may be inflexible when compared to other code-based shaping schemes (e.g., polar code-based shaping) . For example, such two-dimensional modulation schemes (e.g., modulation schemes in which both phase and amplitude are modified between each modulation symbol) may have a lower degree of freedom, may reduce observed benefits for forward error correction (FEC) encoding procedures, result in reduced performance (e.g., BICM performance of two-dimensional trellis shaping may be reduced as compared to uniform QAM modulation) , or a combination thereof. In some cases, by utilizing the two-dimensional trellis shaping design, wireless devices may be constrained by the encoding rate (e.g., the coding rate of the trellis shaping encoder may be fixed at 1 / 2) . For example, if the encoding rate of the encoder 502 is not 1 / 2, the mapping scheme utilized by the mapper 526 may increase in complexity, resulting in further performance losses and an increase in the complexity of demodulation at the receiver. For example, an encoding rate of 1 / 2 may correspond to examples where the mapper 526 may map two bits of the set of shaped bits 524 per modulation symbol 528, which may lead to utilizing a constellation diagram with four quadrants (e.g., two bits may have a value from 0–3) . An encoding rate of 1 / 3 can correspond to examples where the mapper 526 may map three bits of the set of shaped bits 524 per modulation symbol, which may lead to using a constellation diagram with 8 octants (e.g., three bits may have a value from 0–7) , which may increase complexity at both the transmitting and receiving device. Due to such constraints, performance of the transmitted signal may be reduced, complexity of encoding the bit sequence may be increased, or both.
[0109] In examples of a one-dimensional trellis shaping encoder design, the one-dimensional trellis shaping encoder may provide for a modulation and coding scheme that maps a single encoded MSB to a single modulation symbol, corresponding to a constellation scheme that includes a single axis (e.g., one-dimensional constellation diagram, a single MSB shapes the constellation diagram, etc. ) . For example, the encoder 502 may encode MSBs 508 of the bit sequence 504 according to an encoding rate (e.g., 1 / 2, 1 / 3, 5 / 3, etc. ) to generate the set of shaped bits 524, where, in such examples, a quantity of the MSBs 508 encoded may be flexible, based on the coding rate.
[0110] In some examples, based on generating the set of shaped bits 524 (e.g., encoded MSBs) , the wireless device may shape the constellation diagram. In such examples, each constellation point (e.g., modulation symbol 528) within the constellation diagram may be represented by a respective m-bit set (e.g., each constellation point is 4 bits in 16 QAM, while each constellation point 3 bits in 8-PAM) . Accordingly, each bit of the set of shaped bits 524 may be the MSB of an m-bit set, where the m-bit set includes m–1 LSBs 510 that correspond to one of the set of shaped bits 524 (e.g., the MSB of the m-bit set is one of the set of shaped bits and the LSBs of the m-bit set corresponds to m-1 bits of the LSBs) . For example, the mapper 526 may combine each bit of the set of shaped bits 524 with a respective m–1 LSBs 510 to generate multiple m-bit sets, where each m-bit set includes a respective shaped bit 524 and respective m–1 LSBs 510. In some examples, the mapper 526 may map each m-bit set to a respective modulation symbol 528 according to a PAM scheme. In some cases, the mapper 526 may map each m-bit set to a respective modulation symbol 528 according to a QAM scheme, among various other mappings where the wireless device may map a respective bit of the set of shaped bits to a respective modulation symbol. The wireless device may modulate a signal according to the generated modulation symbols 528. Based on modulating the signal, the wireless device may transmit the signal, where the receiver may decode the signal and obtain the bit sequence 544. In some examples, when utilizing a trellis shaping design, the wireless device may perform FEC encoding procedure prior, or subsequent, to the trellis shaping encoding. For example, the coding rate of the trellis shaping encoder may vary (instead of being fixed at 1 / 2) , which may result in a reduction of complexity and improved performance of the transmitted signal at the wireless device. In some cases, for the example of a one-dimensional trellis shaping encoder design, the encoding and mapping of the bit sequence 504 may be performed prior, or subsequent, to FEC encoding.
[0111] As noted above, the systems and techniques described herein can be used to provide trellis shaping and / or trellis-based shaping for an input bit sequence associated with multiple bit levels corresponding to a bit sequence and / or modulation scheme, for example based on a respective trellis shaping configuration that is used to shape each bit level of at least a portion of the multiple bit levels, m, associated with each constellation point or modulated symbol. In some cases, the m-bit set used for each constellation point or modulated symbol can include one sign bit (e.g., positive or negative) and can include (m-1) amplitude bits (e.g., also referred to as data bits and / or information, based on the data or information of the modulated symbol being indicated based on modulation of the transmitted amplitude (s) ) .
[0112] In some aspects, a “trellis shaping configuration” can refer to the respective matrices used to configure the trellis shaping encoder 502 and / or the trellis shaping decoder 530. For example, a trellis shaping configuration can comprise respective values or trellis shaping parameters for the generator matrix 520 (e.g., G) , respective values or trellis shaping parameters for the inverse syndrome matrix 512 (e.g., (H-1) T ) , and respective values or trellis shaping parameters for the syndrome former matrix 538 (e.g., HT ) . In some examples, the three matrices of the trellis shaping configuration can correspond to a particular shaping rate, such as a target shaping rate and / or configured shaping rate represented as (e.g., where k represents the input bit length and n represents the output bit length of the symbol or codeword) .
[0113] For the target shaping rate of the generator matrix 520 (e.g., G) can be generated as a rate of an convolutional code encoder: G= [g1, …, gn-k] T, gi= [gpolyi, 1, gpolyi, 2, …, gpolyi, n] Eq. (1)
[0114] Based on the target shaping rate of the syndrome former matrix 538 (e.g., HT) can be implemented with rate and can be determined based on solving the set of equations GHT=0 over a total of (n-k) ·k different solution iterations. As noted above, for larger values of n and k (e.g., associated with higher shaping rates configured for the trellis encoder 502 and / or trellis decoder 530, etc. ) , determining or generating the trellis configuration can be computationally complex, based at least in part on the (n-k) ·k scaling of the polynomial computations to determine the syndrome former matrix 538 (e.g., HT ) . In some aspects, the syndrome former matrix 538 (e.g., HT ) can be represented as: HT= [h1, …, hn] T, hi= [hpolyi, 1, hpolyi, 2, …, hpolyi, k] Eq. (2)
[0115] Based on the target shaping rate of the inverse syndrome matrix 512 (e.g., (H-1) T) can be implemented with rate and can be determined based on solving the set of equations (H-1) THT=I over a total of k2 different solution iterations, to obtain: (H-1) T= [m1, …, mk] T, mi= [mpolyi, 1, mpolyi, 2, …, mpolyi, n] Eq. (3)
[0116] Here, the term I represents an identity matrix of size (ns –1) , and for larger values of n and k (e.g., associated with higher shaping rates configured for the trellis encoder 502 and / or trellis decoder 530, etc. ) , determining or generating the trellis configuration can be computationally complex, based at least in part on the k2 scaling of the polynomial computations to determine the inverse syndrome matrix 512 (e.g., (H-1) T) according to Eq. (3) .
[0117] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of a coding system 600 corresponding to multiple bit level (e.g., multi-level) trellis shaping associated with a trellis shaping encoder 602, in accordance with some examples. In one illustrative example, the trellis shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6 can be the same as or similar to the trellis shaping encoder 502 of FIG. 5. For example, the demux 606 of FIG. 6 can be the same as or similar to the demux 506 of FIG. 5, and the mapper 626 of FIG. 6 can be the same as or similar to the mapper 526 of FIG. 5. In some aspects, the inverse syndrome blocks 612-1, 612-2, and 612-3 of FIG. 6 can correspond to and / or can be implemented by an inverse syndrome matrix of the trellis shaping encoder 602, which can be the same as or similar to the inverse syndrome matrix 512 (e.g., (e.g., (H-1) T) of the trellis shaping encoder 502 of FIG. 5. In some cases, the Viterbi decoder blocks 616-1, 616-2, and 616-3 of FIG. 6 can correspond to and / or can be implemented by a Viterbi decoder of the trellis shaping encoder 602, which can be the same as or similar to the Viterbi decoder 516 of the trellis shaping encoder 502 of FIG. 5.
[0118] In one illustrative example, the systems and techniques can be configured to perform multi-level trellis shaping for a plurality of bit levels associated with the trellis shaping encoder 602. For example, an input to the trellis shaping encoder 602 and / or the demux 606 can be a bit sequence of a plurality of data bits to be encoded and shaped by the trellis shaping encoder 602. Based on the modulation scheme implemented, the demux 606 can receive binary bit sequence data as input, and may demultiplex the binary data into M bit-level branches, where each bit-level branch of the set of M bit-level branches receiving an output from the demux 606 corresponds to a respective (e.g., different) bit level association with the constellation diagram and modulation symbols for the configured modulation scheme. A first bit-level of the M bit-level branches can correspond to a sign bit level that is not shaped by the trellis shaping encoder 602. The remaining M-1 bit-level branches correspond to the amplitude bits (e.g., data bits, information bits, etc. ) that are to be shaped for the input bit sequence plurality of bits. The demux 606 can output to each respective bit-level branch of the M-1 bit-level branches the respective subset of data bits corresponding to the particular bit-level of the respective bit-level branch.
[0119] In one illustrative example, the trellis shaping encoder 602 may be used to perform multi-level trellis shaping for an input bit sequence comprising a plurality of data bits associated with one or more bit levels corresponding to a 256 QAM modulation scheme. In this example, the multi-level shaping of the plurality of 256 QAM data bits can be implemented by the trellis shaping encoder 602 over a total of four different bit levels, corresponding to the four bit levels per I / Q dimension (e.g., of the constellation diagram) for the 256 QAM modulation scheme. For example, the multiple bit levels may be represented as the four bit levels b0, b1, b2, and b3 of FIG. 6, where each bit level of the four different bit levels per I / Q dimension for 256 QAM is associated with a respective bit-level branch of or withing the trellis shaping encoder 602.
[0120] For example, considering binary reflected Gray labeling, the demux 606 can output a first subset of the plurality of input data bits corresponding to the sign bit level 611 and the bits b0; a second subset of the plurality of input data bits corresponding to a first amplitude bit level branch u1 and the bits b1; a third subset of the plurality of input data bits corresponding to a second amplitude bit level branch u2 and the bits b2; and a fourth subset of the plurality of input data bits corresponding to a third amplitude bit level branch u3 and the bits b3; etc.
[0121] The sign bit-level branch 611 can be a bit level branch that is not shaped by the trellis shaping encoder 602 (e.g., based on the sign bit level branch 611 not including a corresponding inverse syndrome matrix block such as the inverse syndrome matrix blocks 612-1, 612-2, 612-3 included on the three amplitude bit level branches u1–u3 and / or not including a corresponding Viterbi decoder block such as the Viterbi decoder blocks 616-1, 616-2, 616-3 included on the three amplitude bit level branches u1–u3) . For example, the sign bits b0 at the output of the sign bit-level branch 611 (e.g., input to the mapper 626) can be the same as the sign bits at the input of the sign bit-level branch 611 (e.g., output of the demux 606) .
[0122] Of the four bit levels associated with the multi-level trellis shaping performed by the trellis shaping encoder 602 (e.g., input data bits associated with 256 QAM, among various other modulation schemes, etc. ) the sign bit level is b0 and is not shaped. The remaining three bit levels b1–b3 are amplitude bit levels of the subset of data bits associated with each constellation point and / or modulation symbol. In some examples, the amplitude bit levels can be the non-sign bit levels associated with the trellis shaping encoder and / or the configured modulation scheme. The amplitude bit levels can be associated with bit significance information, where each amplitude bit level of the one or more amplitude bit levels is associated with corresponding bit significance information. Each amplitude bit level can be associated with a different, corresponding bit significance information that is indicative of the relative significance of the bits included within and / or associated with each amplitude bit level. For example, the particular bit level that includes the MSBs of the plurality of data bits input to the trellis shaping encoder can be associated with bit significance information indicative of a greatest (e.g., highest, largest, first, etc. ) relative significance out of the one or more bit levels. In some examples, the particular bit level that includes the LSBs of the plurality of data bits input to the trellis shaping encoder can be associated with bit significance information indicative of a least (e.g., lowest, smallest, last, etc. ) relative significance out of the one or more bit levels.
[0123] In some aspects, the bit significance information associated with each bit level of the one or more bit levels can be used to determine a sequence, order, and / or arrangement of the one or more bit levels for the multi-level trellis shaping performed by the trellis shaping encoder. For example, the trellis shaping encoder can be configured to sequentially shape each respective bit level of the one or more bit levels according to a shaping order that is based on the bit significance information. In one illustrative example, the trellis shaping encoder can sequentially shape the respective bit levels of the one or more bit levels according to an increasing order of bit significance information (e.g., shaping the bit level with the lowest bit significance information (e.g., the LSB bit level) , shaping the bit level with the second lowest bit significance information, …, shaping the bit level with the second highest bit significance information, and shaping the bit level with the highest bit significance information (e.g., the MSB bit level) ) .
[0124] For example, the three bit levels b1–b3 can be sequentially shaped by the multi-level trellis shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6 in order of LSBs to MSBs. The bit level b1 corresponds to the MSBs of the input plurality of data bits, and may be shaped last. The bit level b3 corresponds to the LSBs of the input plurality of data bits, and may be shaped first. The bit level b2 corresponds to bits having a bit significance between the LSBs and MSBs (e.g., more significant than the b3 LSBs and less significant than the b1 MSBs) . In some aspects, the bit level b2 can be referred to as a bit level associated with intermediate bit significance information, where the intermediate bit significance information is between the respective levels of the LSB bit significance information and the MSB bit significance information.
[0125] In some aspects, the multi-level trellis shaping can be implemented by the trellis shaping encoder 602 based on determining and / or obtaining shaping rate information that includes a respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels of data bits (e.g., amplitude bits, information bits, etc. ) . For example, the trellis shaping encoder 602 can perform multi-level trellis shaping based on shaping rate information including a first shaping rate for the first amplitude bit level b1, a second shaping rate for the second amplitude bit level b2, and a third shaping rate for the third amplitude bit level b3, etc.
[0126] Based on the shaping rate for each amplitude bit level of the (M-1) amplitude bit level branches (e.g., non-sign bit-level 611 branches) of the trellis shaping encoder 602, respective trellis shaping configuration information can be determined or obtained to perform an independent trellis shaping encode operation on the subset of data bits associated with each different amplitude bit level. For example, the respective trellis shaping configuration information can be pre-determined information mapped to, corresponding to, and / or associated with each shaping rate candidate of a plurality of shaping rate candidates. The respective trellis shaping configuration information can include parameters and / or values for the trellis shaping matrices G (e.g., corresponding to the Viterbi decoder 516 of FIG. 5, generator matrix 520 of FIG. 5, and / or Viterbi blocks 616-1, 616-2, 616-3 of FIG. 6, etc. ) , HT (e.g., the syndrome former matrix 538 of FIG. 5, etc. ) , and (H-1) T (e.g., the inverse syndrome matrix 512 of FIG. 5, and / or the inverse syndrome matrix blocks 612-1, 612-2, 612-3 of FIG. 6, etc. ) .
[0127] In some aspects, the multi-level trellis shaping can be implemented based on generating a plurality of shaping rate candidates for the trellis shaping encoder 602, and determining the corresponding trellis shaping configuration information (e.g., trellis shaping matrices G, HT, and (H-1) T) for each respective shaping rate candidate of the plurality of shaping rate candidates. For example, the corresponding trellis shaping configuration information can be pre-determined information stored on or by the trellis shaping encoder 602, and / or can be pre-determined information obtained by the trellis shaping encoder 602. Based on obtaining the trellis shaping matrices G, HT, and (H-1) T from the trellis shaping configuration information corresponding to the particular candidate shaping rate selected for a given amplitude bit level branch of the trellis shaping encoder 602, the computational complexity associated with determining the trellis shaping matrices in real-time (e.g., by the trellis shaping encoder 602 or device implementing the trellis shaping encoder 602, etc. ) can be reduced and / or minimized.
[0128] In one illustrative example, the plurality of shaping rate candidates can include different candidate values of the shaping rate. For example, the plurality of shaping rate candidates may include one or more of a rate 2 / 3 candidate, a rate 1 / 2 candidate, a rate 1 / 3 candidate, a rate 1 / 4 candidate, a rate 1 / 5 candidate, etc. Not performing trellis shaping can correspond to a rate 1 candidate, in some aspects (e.g., a rate 1 / 1) . For each shaping rate candidate i included in the plurality of shaping rate candidates configured for and / or available for the trellis shaping encoder 602, the related trellis-based shaping matrices Gi, and can be designed offline (e.g., prior to performing the shaping and / or encoding operations using the trellis shaping encoder 602, etc. ) . For example, for each shaping rate candidate i included in the plurality of shaping rate candidates configured for and / or available for the trellis shaping encoder 602, the related trellis-based shaping matrices Gi, and can be designed offline according to Eqs. (1) - (3) .
[0129] In some examples, the transmitter device (e.g., wireless device including and / or implementing the trellis shaping encoder 602 for multi-level trellis shaping, etc. ) can determine a particular shaping rate candidate for each bit level branch from the plurality of shaping rate candidates. For example, a shaping rate candidate i, with corresponding trellis shaping configuration information indicative of the pre-determined trellis-based shaping matrices Gi, and can be selected out of the plurality of candidates, where the selection is performed by the transmitter device and / or trellis shaping encoder 602 for each of the amplitude bit level branches b1–b3, etc.
[0130] In some examples, to select a respective shaping rate candidate (e.g., from the plurality of shaping rate candidates) for each amplitude bit level, the transmitter device and / or trellis shaping encoder 602 can be configured to determine the optimal Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) distribution at a particular SNR level, according to the shaping gain between uniform QAM (or PAM) , and probabilistic amplitude shaping (PAS) with optimal MB. Based on the optimal MB distribution information, the transmitter device and / or trellis shaping encoder 602 can determine the conditional probability of different bit levels, and can determine the selected or particular shaping rate candidate to use for each bit level according to the determine condition probability information form the optimal MB distribution information. In some aspects, with Gray labeling, the MSBs may be associated with relatively low entropy and the LSBs may be associated with relatively high entropy when shaping is applied by the trellis shaping encoder 602, corresponding to more shaping bits being needed. Based on the Gray labeling and entropy difference between the MSBs and the LSBs, the shaping order implemented for the multiple amplitude bit level branches by the multi-level trellis shaping encoder 602 can be a sequential shaping order from LSB to MSB.
[0131] In some cases, the shaping rate candidate selected for each amplitude bit level branch can be selected or determined based on a target shaping rate (e.g., configured shaping rate) and / or a target spectral efficiency (e.g., configured spectral efficiency) for the input bit sequence that includes the multiple bit levels. For example, the respective shaping rate candidate can be selected for the bit levels b1–b3 of FIG. 6 based on a target shaping rate or target spectral efficiency for the combined output x generated by the trellis shaping encoder 602 for the input bit sequence provided to the demux 606.
[0132] The respective bit levels of the multiple levels (e.g., b1–b3) can be shaped sequentially by the trellis shaping encoder 602, for example using a shaping order from LSB to MSB. A shaping order from LSB to MSB can correspond to the trellis shaping encoder 602 shaping the demultiplexed LSB binary data u3 output from demux 606, before subsequently shaping the demultiplexed binary data u2, followed by subsequently shaping the demultiplexed MSB binary data u1, etc.
[0133] For example, the LSB bit level data u3 can be shaped using a corresponding inverse syndrome matrix 612-3 obtained from the pre-determined trellis shaping configuration associated with the selected shaping rate candidate for the LSB bit level branch b3. The inverse syndrome matrix 612-3 can be the same as or similar to the inverse syndrome matrix 512 of FIG. 5 and / or can be determined based on Eq. (3) . The output from the inverse syndrome matrix 612-3 can be provided to a Viterbi decoder 616-3 configured with a generator matrix G3 obtained from the pre-determined trellis shaping configuration associated with the selected shaping rate candidate for the LSB bit level branch b3. The generator matrix G3 can be the same as or similar to the generator matrix 520 of FIG. 5. Additional inputs to the Viterbi decoder block 616-3 on the LSB bit level branch can be obtained from the u2 and u1 bit level branches. The output of the Viterbi decoder block 616-3 can be the shaped bits codeword y3=x3G3 corresponding to the shaped bit sequence generated for the third bit level (e.g., LSB bit level) .
[0134] After shaping the LSB bit level, the next higher significant bit level u2 can be shaped using a corresponding inverse syndrome matrix 612-2 obtained from the pre-determined trellis shaping configuration associated with the selected shaping rate candidate for the bit level branch b2. The inverse syndrome matrix 612-2 can be the same as or similar to the inverse syndrome matrix 512 of FIG. 5 and / or can be determined based on Eq. (3) . The output from the inverse syndrome matrix 612-2 can be provided to a Viterbi decoder 616-2 configured with a generator matrix G2 obtained from the pre-determined trellis shaping configuration associated with the selected shaping rate candidate for the bit level branch b2. The generator matrix G2 can be the same as or similar to the generator matrix 520 of FIG. 5. Additional inputs to the Viterbi decoder block 616-2 on the bit level branch b2 can be obtained from the u1 bit level branch and the shaped bits codeword y3=x3G3 determined in the earlier, sequential shaping operation for the LSB bit level branch b3. The output of the Viterbi decoder block 616-2 can be the respective shaped bits codeword y2=x2G2 corresponding to the shaped bit sequence for the second bit level.
[0135] After shaping of the first two bit levels, the MSB bit level data u1 can be shaped using a corresponding inverse syndrome matrix 612-1 obtained from the pre-determined trellis shaping configuration associated with the selected shaping rate candidate for the MSB bit level branch b1. The inverse syndrome matrix 612-1 can be the same as or similar to the inverse syndrome matrix 512 of FIG. 5 and / or can be determined based on Eq. (3) . The output from the inverse syndrome matrix 612-1 can be provided to a Viterbi decoder 616-1 configured with a generator matrix G1 obtained from the pre-determined trellis shaping configuration associated with the selected shaping rate candidate for the MSB bit level branch b1. The generator matrix G1 can be the same as or similar to the generator matrix 520 of FIG. 5. Additional inputs to the Viterbi decoder block 616-1 on the MSB bit level branch b1 can be based on the shaped bit sequence outputs generated previously during the sequential trellis shaping performed on the lower bit significance bit-level branches b3 and b2 (e.g., where the bit significance of each bit-level branch is based on the corresponding bit significance information associated with each respective bit level of the one or more bit levels) . For example, the additional inputs to the Viterbi decoder block 616-1 on the MSB bit level branch b1 can be the respective shaped bits codeword y3=x3G3 previously generated by the trellis shaping encoder 602 for the shaped bit sequence for the LSB bit level b3 and the respective shaped bits codeword y2=x2G2 previously generated by the trellis shaping encoder 602 for the shaped bit sequence for the intermediate bit level b2. The output of the Viterbi decoder block 616-1 can be the respective shaped bits codeword y1=x1G1 corresponding to the shaped bit sequence for the MSB bit level b1.
[0136] The respective bit levels and shaped bit sequences can be provided as input to the bit-to-symbol mapping function implemented by the mapper 626, to determine and generate as output a modulation symbol x based on the respective shaped bit sequence for the three sequentially shaped amplitude bit levels b3, b2, b1 and further based on the non-shaped bit sequence for the sign bit level 611 (e.g., b0) .
[0137] In some cases, the systems and techniques can be used to perform multi bit-levels shaping using a trellis shaping encoder (e.g., such as the trellis shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6, the trellis shaping encoder 502 of FIG. 5, etc. ) , where the multi bit-levels shaping is implemented for an input bit sequence of a plurality of data bits corresponding to a modulation scheme with M bit-levels per I / Q dimension of the constellation diagram. For the M bit-levels, one bit level is a sign bit level (e.g., such as the sign bit level branch 611 and sign bits b0 of FIG. 6, etc. ) , and the remaining (M-1) bit levels are amplitude bit level branches that are sequentially trellis shaped by the trellis shaping encoder.
[0138] For each configured (e.g., candidate) shaping rate, the trellis shaping encoder can determine (e.g., obtain from a lookup table, etc. ) the three related trellis shaping matrices G , HT and (H-1) T , for example as pre-determined values determined offline according to Eqs. (1) - (3) . For each bit level of the multiple bit levels for the amplitude bits, a corresponding trellis shaping configuration for the particular candidate shaping rate selected or determined for each bit level may be obtained, where the corresponding trellis shaping configuration for the bit level i is indicative of the trellis shaping matrices Gi, and that can be used to perform the trellis shaping of the particular bit level i subset of the input data bits. The shaping rate implemented by the trellis shaping encoder 602 for each respective bit level branch of amplitude bits (e.g., b1–b3) can be the same as the rate of the inverse syndrome matrix which can be determined as
[0139] As noted above, the demux 606 of the trellis shaping encoder 602 can be configured to demultiplex the binary data of an input bit sequence into the respective subset of data bits for each one of the M different bit-level branches for the multi-level trellis shaping, where the i-th shaped amplitude bit level branch is denoted as ui (e.g., the MSBs are shaped on the first shaped amplitude bit level branch u1, the intermediate significance bits are shaped on the second shaped amplitude bit level branch u2, and the LSBs are shaped on the third shaped amplitude bit level branch u3, with a sequential shaping order of LSBs to MSBs (e.g., a sequential shaping order of branch u3 followed by branch u2 followed by branch u1) .
[0140] The trellis shaping encoder 602 can be configured to encode the i-th shaped amplitude bit level branch ui using the convolution code (CC) encoder according to the respective inverse syndrome trellis shaping matrix to obtain the codeword zi, which can correspond to and / or be the same as or similar to the codeword z 514 generated using the inverse syndrome matrix 512 of FIG. 5 and / or the respective inverse syndrome trellis shaping matrix blocks 612-1, 612-2, 612-3 of FIG. 6, etc.
[0141] From the respective codeword zi determined for the i-th shaped amplitude bit level branch ui by the CC encoder the related shaping bits codeword yi can be generated by the CC encoder Gi, for example corresponding to the Viterbi decoder 516 of FIG. 5, the respective Viterbi decoder block 616-1, 616-2, 616-3 of FIG. 6, etc.
[0142] After the CC encoder using the respective inverse syndrome trellis shaping matrix and the CC encoder using the respective generator matrix Gi indicated by the corresponding trellis shaping configuration information obtained for the i-th shaped amplitude bit level branch ui, the codeword zi and related shaping bits codeword yi can be combined using a respective XOR operation to generate the final shaped bit sequence for the i-th shaped amplitude bit level branch ui. For example, the final shaped bit sequence for each amplitude bit level branch ui can be determined as the shaped bit sequence ri, where The respective, final shaped bit sequence ri determined or generated for each respective amplitude bit level branch ui can be provided to the bit-to-symbol mapping function of the mapper 626, which can combine the M bit-level branches from the multi-level trellis shaping encoder 602 to obtain the overall shaped output modulation symbol x.
[0143] In some examples, a multi-level trellis shaping decoder can be configured to perform decoding of the shaped modulation symbols generated and / or encoded by the trellis shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6. For example, FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of a coding system 700 corresponding to multiple bit level (e.g., multi-level) trellis shaping associated with a trellis shaping decoder 730, in accordance with some examples. In one illustrative example, the trellis shaping decoder 730 of FIG. 7 can be the same as or similar to the trellis shaping decoder 530 of FIG. 5. For example, the demapper 732 of FIG. 7 can be the same as or similar to the demapper 532 of FIG. 5, and the syndrome former matrices 738-1, 738-2, 738-3 of FIG. 7 can correspond to and / or be the same as or similar to the syndrome former matrix 538 of FIG. 5. In some examples, the mux 742 of FIG. 7 can be the same as or similar to the mux 542 of FIG. 5.
[0144] In some aspects, the trellis shaping decoder 730 can be implemented as a multi-level trellis shaping decoder, and for example may be configured to decode a received signal from the multi-level trellis shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6, etc. In some examples, the multi-level trellis shaping decoder 730 can use the demapper 732 to perform a symbol-to-bit demapping, to obtain the respective subsets of demapped bits corresponding to the four different bit level branches. The demapper 732 can correspond to the mapper 526 of FIG. 5 and / or the mapper 626 of FIG. 6. For example, the demapper 732 can be configured to reverse the bit-to-symbol mapping performed by the mapper 526 of the trellis shaping encoder 502 of FIG. 5 and / or the mapper 626 of the trellis shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6, based on the demapper 732 implementing a reverse symbol-to-bit demapping function (e.g., the same as or similar to the demapper 532 of FIG. 5, etc. ) .
[0145] The multi-level trellis shaping decoder 730 can perform multi-level trellis shaping for the same M bit-levels as used by the multi-level trellis shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6, for example where the M bit-levels correspond to the M bit levels per I / Q dimension of the constellation diagram associated with the configured modulation scheme (e.g., one bit level branch for the sign bit level 711, and (M-1) bit level branches for the remaining (M-1) amplitude bits) .
[0146] For the configured shaping rate associated with or determined for each amplitude bit level branch the multi-level trellis shaping decoder 730 can obtain and / or utilize the same corresponding trellis shaping configuration information as the multi-level trellis shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6, and / or can obtain and / or utilize the same three related trellis shaping matrices Gi , and that are determined or calculated offline according to Eqs. (1) - (3) . In one illustrative example, the multi-level trellis shaping decoder 730 can include a respective syndrome former (e.g., parity check) matrix block 738-1, 738-2, 738-3 for the three amplitude bit level branches For example, the respective syndrome former (e.g., parity check) matrix blocks 738-1, 738-2, 738-3 for the three amplitude bit level branches can be used to implement a parity check function of a CC encoder using the respective syndrome former matrix obtained from the trellis shaping configuration information for each amplitude bit level branch In some aspects, the first amplitude bit level branch (e.g., the MSB bit level branch) can be decoded using a first syndrome former matrix 738-1, obtained as from the corresponding trellis shaping configuration information for the first amplitude bit level branch The second amplitude bit level branch (e.g., the intermediate bit significance bit level branch) can be decoded using a second syndrome former matrix 738-2, obtained as from the corresponding trellis shaping configuration information for the second amplitude bit level branch The third amplitude bit level branch (e.g., the LSB bit significance bit level branch) can be decoded using a third syndrome former matrix 738-3, obtained as from the corresponding trellis shaping configuration information for the third amplitude bit level branch
[0147] In some aspects, the respective syndrome former matrix utilized by the syndrome former (e.g., parity check) matrix block 738-1, 738-2, 738-3 for each respective amplitude bit level branch can be the same as or similar to the syndrome former matrix block 538 of the trellis shaping decoder 530 of FIG. 5.
[0148] In some examples, the multi-level trellis shaping decoder 730 can be configured to perform soft-decoding to obtain soft-values (e.g., log-likelihood ratios (LLRs) ) corresponding to a subset of demapped bit information that is demapped by the demapper 732 onto the M bit-level branches, where the i-th shaped bit level branch is represented as In some cases, the multi-level trellis shaping decoder 730 can be configured to perform hard-decoding to obtain hard-values (e.g., decoded bits) corresponding to a subset of demapped bit information that is demapped by the demapper 732 onto the M bit-level branches, where the i-th shaped bit level branch is represented as For example, the zero-th shaped bit level branch corresponds to the sign bit level 711, and the sign bits b0 on the sign bit level branch 611 of the multi-level trellis shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6. The first shaped bit level branch corresponds to the MSB bit level and the MSBs on the MSB bit level branch b1 of the multi-level trellis shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6. The second shaped bit level branch corresponds to the intermediate bit significance bit level, and the bit level branch b2 of the multi-level trellis shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6. The third shaped bit level branch corresponds to the LSB bit level and the LSBs on the LSB bit level branch b3 of the multi-level trellis shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6.
[0149] The demapped soft values (e.g., LLRs) or demapped hard values (e.g., decoded bits) that are demapped onto the M bit-level branches of the trellis shaping decoder 730 by the demapper 732 can be provided as respective inputs to the corresponding parity check function 738-1, 738-2, 738-3 configured using the corresponding trellis configuration information indicative of the respective syndrome former matrix for each of the i-th shaped bit level branches The output of the parity check blocks 738-1, 738-2, 738-3 using the respective syndrome former matrix on each of the i amplitude shaped bit level branches is the respective information (e.g., where is the decoded information corresponding to the shaped bit sequence generated by the trellis shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6 for the first amplitude shaped bit level branch u1, is the decoded information corresponding to the shaped bit sequence generated by the trellis shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6 for the second amplitude shaped bit level branch u2, and is the decoded information corresponding to the shaped bit sequence generated by the trellis shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6 for the third amplitude shaped bit level branch u3.
[0150] The syndrome former matrix parity check blocks (e.g., 738-1, 738-2, 738-3) respective outputs can be combined with the sign bit level information by the mux 742 to combine (e.g., multiplex) the M bit-level soft values (e.g., LLRs) or hard value (e.g., decoded bits) branches of the multi-level trellis shaping decoder 730 to generate and / or obtain the overall decoded output (e.g., corresponding to the decoded output 544 of the trellis shaping decoder 530 of FIG. 5, etc. ) :
[0151] In some examples, the shaping rate candidates can be implemented and / or configured by the transmitter device (e.g., the device including and / or associated with the multi-level trellis shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6, etc. ) . In some examples, the shaping rate information including a respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels can be determined and / or selected by the transmitter device. For example, in some aspects, the transmitter device and / or multi-level trellis shaping encoder 602 can be configured to calculate all of the possible or available permutations of different shaping rate candidates applied to the different bit levels, and subsequently can select the particular permutation with the best performance (e.g., the particular permutation associated with the respective shaping gain that is the largest among each respective shaping gain determined for the plurality of available permutations) .
[0152] For example, the trellis shaping encoder 602 can determine all possible or available permutations of a first quantity of candidate shaping rates and a second quantity of different amplitude bit levels to be shaped (e.g., calculate and compare all permutations of the first quantity with the second quantity, etc. ) . In some aspects, the plurality of available permutations can be determined as a permutation with repetition (e.g., a candidate shaping rate can be used more than once) . In one illustrative example, for a first quantity of candidate shaping rates n and a second quantity of amplitude bit levels r, the trellis shaping encoder 602 can determine the shaping rate information as the particular permutation associated with the largest respective shaping gain out of the nr available permutations. For example, the quantity nr represents the number of available permutations with repetition that can be selected for the r bit levels out of the n shaping rate candidates (e.g., for each respective bit level of the r bit levels, n different shaping rate candidates may be available) .
[0153] In one illustrative example, the trellis shaping encoder 602 can be configured to perform multi-level trellis shaping for three different bit levels (e.g., b1, b2, b3) , where each respective bit level is shaped using a respective shaping rate determined from a configured set of six different shaping rate candidates (e.g., a rate 2 / 3 candidate, a rate 1 / 2 candidate, a rate 1 / 3 candidate, a rate 1 / 4 candidate, a rate 1 / 5 candidate, a rate 1 candidate) . The number of available permutations of the six configured shaping rate candidates across the three bit levels can be equal to 63 = 216. For example, the bit level b1 can be shaped using a selected one of the six shaping rate candidates. The bit level b2 can be shaped using a selected one of the six shaping rate candidates. The bit level b3 can be shaped using a selected one of the six shaping rate candidates. As noted above, a shaping rate candidate may be repeated (e.g., repetition of a shaping rate candidate may be permitted, without being required) for multiple bit levels, and each configured shaping rate candidate can be an available shaping rate candidate for shaping of each bit level. In the example of the three bit levels and six configured shaping rate candidates, the trellis shaping encoder can determine a respective shaping gain for each permutation of the 63 = 216 available permutations. The trellis shaping encoder 602 can determine shaping rate information indicative of the respective shaping rate for each bit level based on selecting the particular permutation (e.g., of the 216 available permutations) that is associated with the largest shaping gain.
[0154] In some examples, the shaping rate candidates and shaping rate information indicative of the respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels associated with a modulation scheme can be calculated offline and / or in advance, and may be mapped to signaled information between the transmitter and receiver (e.g., between the trellis shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6 and the trellis shaping decoder 730 of FIG. 7, etc. ) . For example, a pre-determined or fixed selection of respective shaping rate candidates for different bit levels can be mapped to different values of the MCS index, and can be include in an MCS index table used by the transmitter and receiver devices, network entities, wireless communication network, etc. For example, Table 1, below, illustrates an example mapping between respective values of the MCS Index (e.g., IMCS) and different shaping rate combination information. For example, an MCS Index = 0 can use a first combination of pre-determined and / or configured shaping rate candidates selected for the different bit levels, …, an MCS Index = 23 can use a 23rd different combination of pre-determined and / or configured shaping rate candidates selected for the different bit levels, an MCS Index = 24 can use a 24th different combination of pre-determined and / or configured shaping rate candidates selected for the different bit levels, …, etc. Table 1. Example data structure mapping MCS Index values to respective combinations or sequences of respective shaping rate candidates configured for each bit level for multi-level trellis shaping encoding and / or decoding, where the respective shaping rate candidates are selected from a configured plurality of pre-determined or offline-calculated shaping rate candidates.
[0155] In some aspects, the mapping between shaping rate information indicative of the respective shaping rate candidate configured for each bit level of the M-1 amplitude bit levels along an I / Q dimension for a respective modulation scheme can be implemented using an additional column added to the MCS table, such as the example MCS table shown in Table 1. The additional column can be configured for candidate shaping rate selection by the multi-level trellis shaping encoder 602 and / or multi-level trellis shaping decoder 730 based on an MCS index value being used as a lookup into the data structure of the MCS table. In some examples, the transmitter device implementing or associated with the multi-level trellis shaping encoder 602 can be configured to transmit the MCS index value to the receiver device implementing or associated with the multi-level trellis shaping decoder 730, and the multi-level trellis shaping decoder 730 can use then received or signaled MCS index value to obtain the shaping rate information indicative of the respective shaping rate for each bit level during the multi-level trellis shaping decoding process.
[0156] FIG. 8 is a flowchart diagram illustrating an example of a process 800 for wireless communication. The process 800 may be performed by a network entity or network device (or apparatus) or a component (e.g., a chipset, codec, etc. ) of the network entity or device. The network entity may be a UE (e.g., the UE 104 of FIG. 1, FIG. 2, and / or FIG. 3, the wireless device 407 of FIG. 4, or other UE) . The network entity (e.g., UE) can be a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone) , a network-connected wearable such as a watch, an extended reality (XR) device (e.g., a virtual reality (VR) device or augmented reality (AR) device) , a vehicle or component or system of a vehicle, or other type of computing device configured to perform wireless communications. The operations of the process 800 may be implemented as software components that are executed and run on one or more processors (e.g., the transmit processor 264, the receive processor 258, the TX MIMO processor 266, the MIMO detector 256 of FIG. 2, the processing system 470 of FIG. 4, the processor (s) 484 of FIG. 4, the processing system 1002 of FIG. 10, and / or the processor 1010 of FIG. 10, or other processor (s) (e.g., such as one or more other processors included within and / or associated with the processing system 470 of FIG. 4, the processing system 1002 of FIG. 10, etc. ) . Further, the transmission and reception of signals by the network entity in the process 800 may be enabled, for example, by one or more antennas, one or more transceivers (e.g., wireless transceiver (s) ) , and / or other communication components (e.g., the transmit processor 264, the receive processor 258, the TX MIMO processor 266, the MIMO detector 256, the modulator (s) / demodulator (s) 254a through 254t, and / or the antenna (es) 252a through 252t of FIG. 2, the antenna (es) 487 of FIG. 4, the wireless transceiver (s) 478 of FIG. 4, the communication interface 1040 of FIG. 10, or other antennae (s) , transceiver (s) , and / or component (s) ) .
[0157] For example, the process 800 can be performed by a processing system of a network entity configured to implement a multi-level trellis shaping encoder and / or multi-level trellis-based shaping encoder. In some aspects, the process 800 can be performed using a processing system associated with the trellis shaping encoder 502 of FIG. 5 and / or the trellis shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6.
[0158] At block 802, the processing system (or component thereof) can obtain a plurality of data bits associated with one or more bit levels corresponding to a modulation coding scheme (MCS) , wherein each bit level of the one or more bit levels is associated with a respective subset of data bits of the plurality of data bits. For example, the plurality of data bits can correspond to the input bit sequence 504 (e.g., c) of FIG. 5. In some examples, the one or more bit levels can include the bit levels b1, b2, and b3 of FIG. 6. In some cases, the one or more bit levels can be amplitude bit levels corresponding to the modulation coding scheme. In some examples, the one or more bit levels can include the bit level b0 of FIG. 6 (e.g., the one or more bit levels can include a sign bit level) . In some cases, the respective subset of data bits associated with each bit level of the one or more bit levels can correspond to the respective subsets of data bits u1, u2, and u3 of FIG. 6 (e.g., associated with bit levels b1, b2, and b3, respectively, of FIG. 6) . In some examples, the plurality of data bits can be a plurality of data bits obtained as input to the trellis-shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6.
[0159] At block 804, the processing system (or component thereof) can determine shaping rate information, wherein the shaping rate information includes a respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels, and wherein the shaping rate information corresponds to a configured spectral efficiency value for the plurality of data bits. For example, the configured spectral efficiency value for the plurality of data bits can be associated with a target shaping rate for the plurality of data bits. In some cases, the target shaping rate for the plurality of data bits can be a target shaping rate for the input bit sequence 504 (e.g., c) of FIG. 5.
[0160] In some cases, to determine the shaping rate information, the processing system can be configured to determine the respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels from a plurality of candidate shaping rates. For example, the plurality of candidate shaping rates can be configured for the trellis-shaping encoder 502 of FIG. 5 and / or the trellis-shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6. In some cases, the plurality of candidate shaping rates can be configured for the trellis-shaping decoder 530 of FIG. 5 and / or the trellis-shaping decoder 730 of FIG. 7.
[0161] In some examples, to determine the shaping rate information, the processing system can be configured to determine an MCS index corresponding to a transmission associated with the plurality of data bits. For example, the MCS index can correspond to a transmission of the mapped symbol 528 (e.g., A) output from the mapper 526 of the trellis-shaping encoder 502 of FIG. 5. In some cases, the MCS index can correspond to a transmission of the mapped symbol x output from the mapper 626 of the trellis-shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6. In some cases, the MCS index can be the same as or similar to the MCS index value IMCS of the example of Table 1.
[0162] In some examples, the processing system can determine the shaping rate information based on the MCS index. For example, the processing system can be configured to transmit information indicative of the modulated symbol and the MCS index. In some examples, the information indicative of the MCS index can be a value of the MCS index value IMCS of the example of Table 1. In some cases, to determine the shaping rate information based on the MCS index, the processing system can be configured to determine the shaping rate information using a data structure including a mapping between a plurality of MCS index values and corresponding bit level shaping rate information for each MCS index value of the plurality of MCS index values. For example, the data structure can be a lookup table. The data structure and / or the lookup table can be the same as or similar to the example MCS Index table in the example of Table 1. In some examples, the mapping can be between the plurality of MCS index values, one or more spectral efficiency values for each MCS index value of the plurality of MCS index values, and the corresponding bit level shaping rate information.
[0163] In some examples, to determine the shaping rate information, the processing system can be configured to determine the respective shaping rate for a particular bit level of the one or more bit levels based on one or more of a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) associated with the particular bit level, or bit significance information associated with the particular bit level.
[0164] In some cases, to determine the shaping rate information, the processing system can be configured to determine the respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels from a configured plurality of candidate shaping rates, where the configured plurality of candidate shaping rates is associated with a configured plurality of corresponding trellis shaping configurations. In some cases, the processing system can be configured to determine a respective shaping gain corresponding to each permutation of a plurality of available permutations of the configured plurality of candidate shaping rates across the one or more bit levels. For example, to determine the shaping rate information, the processing system can be configured to determine a particular permutation of the plurality of available permutations, where the particular permutation is associated with the respective shaping gain that is the largest among each respective shaping gain. In some cases, the particular permutation is indicative of a respective candidate shaping rate of the configured plurality of candidate shaping rates for each bit level of the one or more bit levels.
[0165] At block 806, the processing system (or component thereof) can encode, using the shaping rate information, the plurality of data bits to generate a set of shaped bits, wherein the set of shaped bits includes a respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level of the one or more bit levels, and wherein the respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level is based on: the respective subset of data bits associated with a respective bit level of the one or more bit levels, and a corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level. For example, the set of shaped bits can include the respective shaped bit sequence y1 for the bit level b1 of FIG. 6, the respective shaped bit sequence y2 for the bit level b2 of FIG. 6, and / or the respective shaped bit sequence y3 for the bit level b3 of FIG. 6, etc.
[0166] In some examples, the set of shaped bits including the respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level of the one or more bit levels can be an input to the mapper 626 of the trellis-shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6. In some cases, to encode the plurality of data bits to generate the set of shaped bits, the processing system can be configured to use the corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels.
[0167] In some cases, to encode the plurality of data bits to generate the set of shaped bits, the processing system can be configured to encode the respective subset of data bits for each bit level according to the corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate. For example, the trellis shaping configuration can be indicative of one or more of the inverse syndrome 512 matrix information of FIG. 5 for the respective shaping rate and / or respective shaping rate, the Viterbi decoder matrix 516 of FIG. 5 for the respective shaping rate and / or respective shaping rate, and / or the generator matrix 520 information of FIG. 5 for the respective shaping rate and / or respective shaping rate. For example, the inverse syndrome matrix information 612-3 and Viterbi decoder matrix 616-3 associated with the third bit level b3 of FIG. 6 can be included in corresponding trellis shaping configuration information for the respective shaping rate for the third bit level b3. In some cases, the inverse syndrome matrix information 612-2 and Viterbi decoder matrix 616-2 associated with the second bit level b2 of FIG. 6 can be included in corresponding trellis shaping configuration information for the respective shaping rate for the second bit level b2. In some examples, the inverse syndrome matrix information 612-1 and Viterbi decoder matrix 616-1 associated with the first bit level b1 of FIG. 6 can be included in corresponding trellis shaping configuration information for the respective shaping rate for the first bit level b1.
[0168] In some cases, to encode the plurality of data bits to generate the set of shaped bits, the processing system can be configured to encode the respective subset of data bits for each bit level of the one or more bit levels according to a sequential shaping order from a least significant bit (LSB) to a most significant bit (MSB) . For example, the bit level b3 of FIG. 6 can correspond to the LSB bit level of the sequential shaping order for the trellis shaping encoder 602, and the bit level b1 of FIG. 6 can correspond to the MSB bit level of the sequential shaping order for the trellis shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6.
[0169] In some examples, the set of shaped bits includes a first shaped bit sequence corresponding to a first bit level of the one or more bit levels, where the respective subset of data bits associated with the first bit level includes one or more least significant bits (LSBs) of the plurality of data bits. The set of shaped bits can include a second shaped bit sequence corresponding to a second bit level of the one or more bit levels, where the respective subset of data bits associated with the second bit level includes one or more most significant bits (MSBs) of the plurality of data bits.
[0170] In some cases, the first shaped bit sequence corresponds to the one or more LSBs and a first set of shaping bits, where the first set of shaping bits is associated with a trellis shaping encoder and the corresponding trellis shaping configuration for the first bit level. In some examples, the second shaped bit sequence corresponds to the one or more MSBs and a second set of shaping bits, where the second set of shaping bits is associated with the trellis shaping encoder and the corresponding trellis shaping configuration for the second bit level, and where the second set of shaping bits is based on the first shaped bit sequence.
[0171] In some examples, to determine the shaping rate information, the processing system can be configured to determine a first shaping rate corresponding to the first bit level and the one or more LSBs, and determine a second shaping rate corresponding to the second bit level and the one or more MSBs, where the second shaping rate is different from the first shaping rate. In some cases, the processing system can be configured to obtain the corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels. To encode the plurality of data bits to generate the set of shaped bits, the processing system can be configured to encode the respective subset of data bits associated with each bit level according to the corresponding trellis shaping configuration.
[0172] In some examples, the corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level is indicative of a plurality of values for one or more trellis shaping matrices, and the plurality of values can correspond to the respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels. In some cases, the processing system can be configured to obtain the corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level using a data structure including a mapping between the configured plurality of candidate shaping rates and a configured plurality of corresponding trellis shaping configurations. For example, the data structure can be a lookup table.
[0173] At block 808, the processing system (or component thereof) can output a modulated symbol corresponding to the set of shaped bits, wherein the modulated symbol is based on the respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level of the one or more bit levels. For example, the modulated symbol can be a modulated symbol (e.g., modulation symbol) mapped to the set of shaped bits by the mapper 526 of the trellis shaping encoder 502 of FIG. 5, and / or the mapper 626 of the trellis shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6, etc. In some cases, the modulated symbol corresponding to the set of shaped bits can be the same as or similar to the mapped symbol 528 (e.g., A) output from the mapper 526 of the trellis-shaping encoder 502 of FIG. 5. In some cases, the modulated symbol corresponding to the set of shaped bits can be the same as or similar to the mapped symbol x output from the mapper 626 of the trellis-shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6.
[0174] FIG. 9 is a flowchart diagram illustrating an example of a process 900 for wireless communication. The process 900 may be performed by a network entity or network device (or apparatus) or a component (e.g., a chipset, codec, etc. ) of the network entity or device. The network entity may be a base station (e.g., an eNB, a gNB, etc. ) or a portion of a base station (e.g., one or more of a CU, a DU, a RU, a Near-RT RIC, and / or a Non-RT RIC, such as the CU 310, the DU 330, the RU 340, the Near-RT RIC 325, and / or the Non-RT RIC 315 of the disaggregated base station 300 of FIG. 3) , server device, or other network entity. The operations of the process 900 may be implemented as software components that are executed and run on one or more processors (e.g., the transmit processor 220, the receive processor 238, the TX MIMO processor 230, the MIMO detector 236 of FIG. 2, the processing system 470 of FIG. 4, the processor (s) 484 of FIG. 4, the processing system 1002 of FIG. 10, and / or the processor 1010 of FIG. 10, or other processor (s) (e.g., such as one or more other processors included within and / or associated with the processing system 470 of FIG. 4, the processing system 1002 of FIG. 10, etc. ) . Further, the transmission and reception of signals by the network entity in the process 900 may be enabled, for example, by one or more antennas, one or more transceivers (e.g., wireless transceiver (s) ) , and / or other communication components (e.g., the transmit processor 220, the receive processor 238, the TX MIMO processor 230, the MIMO detector 236, the modulator (s) / demodulator (s) 232a through 232t, and / or the antenna (es) 234a through 234t of FIG. 2, the communication interface 1040 of FIG. 10, or other antennae (s) , transceiver (s) , and / or component (s) ) .
[0175] For example, the process 900 can be performed by a processing system included in and / or associated with a multi-level trellis shaping decoder and / or multi-level trellis-based shaping decoder. In some aspects, the process 900 can be performed using a processing system of the trellis shaping decoder 530 of FIG. 5 and / or the trellis shaping decoder 730 of FIG. 7.
[0176] At block 902, the processing system (or component thereof) can determine a modulated symbol from a received signal, wherein the modulated symbol corresponds to a plurality of data bits associated with one or more bit levels associated with a modulation coding scheme (MCS) of the received signal. For example, the modulated symbol can be determined using the demapper 532 of the trellis shaping decoder 530 of FIG. 5, and / or the demapper 732 of the trellis shaping decoder 730 of FIG. 7, etc. In some examples, the one or more bit levels can correspond to the one or more bit levels b1, b2, and b3 of FIG. 6 and / or the one or more bit levels corresponding to the four different bit level branches of the trellis shaping decoder 730 of FIG. 7, etc.
[0177] At block 904, the processing system (or component thereof) can determine respective shaped bit sequence information associated with each bit level of the one or more bit levels, wherein the respective shaped bit sequence information for each bit level is associated with a respective subset of the plurality of data bits. For example, the respective shaped bit sequence information associated with each bit level can correspond to the output of the demapper 732 of the trellis shaping decoder 730 of FIG. 7 provided to each amplitude bit level branch of the trellis shaping decoder 730. In some cases, the respective shaped bit sequence information for each bit level can be input to the respective syndrome former matrix 738-1, 7389-2, 738-3 for the amplitude bit level branches of the trellis shaping decoder 730 of FIG. 7, etc.
[0178] In some examples, to determine the respective shaped bit sequence information associated with each bit level of the one or more bit levels, the processing system can be configured to determine soft-decoded information associated with each bit level of the one or more bit levels. For example, the soft-decoded information associated with each bit level can comprise log-likelihood ratio (LLR) information determined corresponding to a shaped bit sequence for each bit level of the one or more bit levels.
[0179] In some cases, to determine the respective shaped bit sequence information associated with each bit level of the one or more bit levels, the processing system can be configured to determine hard-decoded information associated with each bit level of the one or more bit levels. For example, the hard-decoded information associated with each bit level can comprise decoded bit values of a shaped bit sequence for each bit level of the one or more bit levels, and wherein the decoded bit values are included in the plurality of data bits.
[0180] At block 906, the processing system (or component thereof) can determine shaping rate information corresponding to one or more of the received signal or the MCS, wherein the shaping rate information includes a respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels. For example, to determine the shaping rate information, the processing system can be configured to determine an MCS index corresponding to the received signal, and determine the shaping rate information based on the MCS index. In some examples, the MCS index can be determined as a value of the MCS index value IMCS of the example of Table 1.
[0181] In some cases, the processing system may be configured to receive information indicative of the MCS index. In some examples, the information indicative of the MCS index can be a value of the MCS index value IMCS of the example of Table 1. For example, the information indicative of the MCS index can be received in a transmission from the trellis shaping encoder 502 of FIG. 5 and / or the trellis shaping encoder 602 of FIG. 6, etc. In some cases, the information indicative of the MCS index is included in the received signal. In some examples, to determine the shaping rate information based on the MCS index, the processing system can be configured to determine the shaping rate information using a data structure including a mapping between a plurality of MCS index values and corresponding bit level shaping rate information for each MCS index value of the plurality of MCS index values. For example, the data structure can be a lookup table. The data structure and / or the lookup table can be the same as or similar to the example MCS Index table in the example of Table 1.
[0182] At block 908, the processing system (or component thereof) can decode the modulated symbol using the shaping rate information, wherein, to decode the modulated symbol, the processing system is configured to decode the respective shaped bit sequence information associated with each bit level according to a corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level, wherein the corresponding trellis shaping configuration is based on the shaping rate information.
[0183] For example, the corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels can be indicative of a parity check matrix associated with a trellis shaping encoder corresponding to the modulated symbol. In some cases, the parity check matrix comprises a syndrome former matrix, and the respective shaped bit sequence information for each bit level of the one or more bit levels is based on an inverse of the syndrome former matrix. In some examples, the parity check matrix and / or the inverse of the syndrome former matrix can correspond to the syndrome former matrix 538 of the trellis shaping decoder 530 of FIG. 5, and / or the respective syndrome former matrix information 738-1, 738-2, 738-3 associated with the respective amplitude bit level branches of the trellis shaping decoder 730 of FIG. 7.
[0184] In some cases, the computing device or apparatus configured to perform the process 800 and / or the process 900 may include various components, such as one or more input devices, one or more output devices, one or more processors, one or more microprocessors, one or more microcomputers, one or more cameras, one or more sensors, and / or other component (s) that are configured to carry out the steps of processes described herein. In some examples, the computing device may include a display, one or more network interfaces configured to communicate and / or receive the data, any combination thereof, and / or other component (s) . The one or more network interfaces may be configured to communicate and / or receive wired and / or wireless data, including data according to the 3G, 4G, 5G, and / or other cellular standard, data according to the WiFi (802.11x) standards, data according to the BluetoothTM standard, data according to the Internet Protocol (IP) standard, and / or other types of data.
[0185] The components of the computing device may be implemented in circuitry. For example, the components may include and / or may be implemented using electronic circuits or other electronic hardware, which may include one or more programmable electronic circuits (e.g., microprocessors, graphics processing units (GPUs) , digital signal processors (DSPs) , central processing units (CPUs) , and / or other suitable electronic circuits) , and / or may include and / or be implemented using computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof, to perform the various operations described herein.
[0186] The process 800 and the process 900 are illustrated as a logical flow diagram, the operation of which represent a sequence of operations that may be implemented in hardware, computer instructions, or a combination thereof. In the context of computer instructions, the operations represent computer-executable instructions stored on one or more computer-readable storage media that, when executed by one or more processors, perform the recited operations. Generally, computer-executable instructions include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, and the like that perform particular functions or implement particular data types. The order in which the operations are described is not intended to be construed as a limitation, and any number of the described operations may be combined in any order and / or in parallel to implement the processes.
[0187] Additionally, the process 800, the process 900, and / or other process described herein, may be performed under the control of one or more computer systems configured with executable instructions and may be implemented as code (e.g., executable instructions, one or more computer programs, or one or more applications) executing collectively on one or more processors, by hardware, or combinations thereof. As noted above, the code may be stored on a computer-readable or machine-readable storage medium, for example, in the form of a computer program comprising a plurality of instructions executable by one or more processors. The computer-readable or machine-readable storage medium may be non-transitory.
[0188] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system for implementing certain aspects of the present technology. In particular, FIG. 10 illustrates an example of computing system 1000 including a processing system 1002, which may be for example any computing device making up internal computing system, a remote computing system, a camera, or any component thereof in which the components of the system are in communication with each other using connection 1005. Connection 1005 may be a physical connection using a bus, or a direct connection into processor 1010 (and / or one or more other processors included within and / or associated with the processing system 1002) , such as in a chipset architecture. Connection 1005 may also be a virtual connection, networked connection, or logical connection.
[0189] In some aspects, computing system 1000 and / or the processing system 1002 can be provided as a distributed system in which the functions described in this disclosure may be distributed within a datacenter, multiple data centers, a peer network, etc. In some aspects, one or more of the described system components represents many such components each performing some or all of the function for which the component is described. In some aspects, the components may be physical or virtual devices.
[0190] The example processing system 1002 includes at least one processing unit (CPU or processor) 1010 and connection 1005 that communicatively couples various system components including system memory 1015, such as read-only memory (ROM) 1020 and random access memory (RAM) 1025 to processor 1010. The processing system 1002 may include a cache 1012 of high-speed memory connected directly with, in close proximity to, or integrated as part of processor 1010 and / or one or more other processors included within and / or associated with the processing system 1002.
[0191] Processor 1010 may include any general-purpose processor and a hardware service or software service, such as services 1032, 1034, and 1036 stored in storage device 1030, configured to control processor 1010 and / or one or more other processors included within and / or associated with the processing system 1002, as well as a special-purpose processor where software instructions are incorporated into the actual processor design. Processor 1010 may essentially be a completely self-contained computing system, containing multiple cores or processors, a bus, memory controller, cache, etc. A multi-core processor may be symmetric or asymmetric.
[0192] To enable user interaction, processing system 1002 includes an input device 1045, which may represent any number of input mechanisms, such as a microphone for speech, a touch-sensitive screen for gesture or graphical input, keyboard, mouse, motion input, speech, etc. Processing system 1002 may also include output device 1035, which may be one or more of a number of output mechanisms. In some instances, multimodal systems may enable a user to provide multiple types of input / output to communicate with processing system 1002.
[0193] Processing system 1002 may include communications interface 1040, which may generally govern and manage the user input and system output. The communication interface may perform or facilitate receipt and / or transmission wired or wireless communications using wired and / or wireless transceivers, including those making use of an audio jack / plug, a microphone jack / plug, a universal serial bus (USB) port / plug, an AppleTM LightningTM port / plug, an Ethernet port / plug, a fiber optic port / plug, a proprietary wired port / plug, 3G, 4G, 5G and / or other cellular data network wireless signal transfer, a BluetoothTM wireless signal transfer, a BluetoothTM low energy (BLE) wireless signal transfer, an IBEACONTM wireless signal transfer, a radio-frequency identification (RFID) wireless signal transfer, near-field communications (NFC) wireless signal transfer, dedicated short range communication (DSRC) wireless signal transfer, 802.11 Wi-Fi wireless signal transfer, wireless local area network (WLAN) signal transfer, Visible Light Communication (VLC) , Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) , Infrared (IR) communication wireless signal transfer, Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) signal transfer, Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) signal transfer, ad-hoc network signal transfer, radio wave signal transfer, microwave signal transfer, infrared signal transfer, visible light signal transfer, ultraviolet light signal transfer, wireless signal transfer along the electromagnetic spectrum, or some combination thereof. The communications interface 1040 may also include one or more Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers or transceivers that are used to determine a location of the computing system 1000 based on receipt of one or more signals from one or more satellites associated with one or more GNSS systems. GNSS systems include, but are not limited to, the US-based Global Positioning System (GPS) , the Russia-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) , the China-based BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) , and the Europe-based Galileo GNSS. There is no restriction on operating on any particular hardware arrangement, and therefore the basic features here may easily be substituted for improved hardware or firmware arrangements as they are developed.
[0194] Storage device 1030 may be a non-volatile and / or non-transitory and / or computer-readable memory device and may be a hard disk or other types of computer readable media which may store data that are accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, solid state memory devices, digital versatile disks, cartridges, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, a hard disk, magnetic tape, a magnetic strip / stripe, any other magnetic storage medium, flash memory, memristor memory, any other solid-state memory, a compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM) optical disc, a rewritable compact disc (CD) optical disc, digital video disk (DVD) optical disc, a blu-ray disc (BDD) optical disc, a holographic optical disk, another optical medium, a secure digital (SD) card, a micro secure digital (microSD) card, a Memory card, a smartcard chip, a EMV chip, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a mini / micro / nano / pico SIM card, another integrated circuit (IC) chip / card, random access memory (RAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , programmable read-only memory (PROM) , erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , flash EPROM (FLASHEPROM) , cache memory (e.g., Level 1 (L1) cache, Level 2 (L2) cache, Level 3 (L3) cache, Level 4 (L4) cache, Level 5 (L5) cache, or other (L#) cache) , resistive random-access memory (RRAM / ReRAM) , phase change memory (PCM) , spin transfer torque RAM (STT-RAM) , another memory chip or cartridge, and / or a combination thereof.
[0195] The storage device 1030 may include software services, servers, services, etc., that when the code that defines such software is executed by the processor 1010 and / or one or more other processors included within and / or associated with the processing system 1002, it causes the system to perform a function. In some aspects, a hardware service that performs a particular function may include the software component stored in a computer-readable medium in connection with the necessary hardware components, such as processor 1010 (e.g., and / or one or more other processors included within and / or associated with the processing system 1002) , connection 1005, output device 1035, etc., to carry out the function. The term “computer-readable medium” includes, but is not limited to, portable or non-portable storage devices, optical storage devices, and various other mediums capable of storing, containing, or carrying instruction (s) and / or data. A computer-readable medium may include a non-transitory medium in which data may be stored and that does not include carrier waves and / or transitory electronic signals propagating wirelessly or over wired connections. Examples of a non-transitory medium may include, but are not limited to, a magnetic disk or tape, optical storage media such as compact disk (CD) or digital versatile disk (DVD) , flash memory, memory or memory devices. A computer-readable medium may have stored thereon code and / or machine-executable instructions that may represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a software package, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and / or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc., may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, or the like.
[0196] Specific details are provided in the description above to provide a thorough understanding of the aspects and examples provided herein, but those skilled in the art will recognize that the application is not limited thereto. Thus, while illustrative aspects of the application have been described in detail herein, it is to be understood that the inventive concepts may be otherwise variously embodied and employed, and that the appended claims are intended to be construed to include such variations, except as limited by the prior art. Various features and aspects of the above-described application may be used individually or jointly. Further, aspects may be utilized in any number of environments and applications beyond those described herein without departing from the broader scope of the specification. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. For the purposes of illustration, methods were described in a particular order. It should be appreciated that in alternate aspects, the methods may be performed in a different order than that described.
[0197] For clarity of explanation, in some instances the present technology may be presented as including individual functional blocks comprising devices, device components, steps or routines in a method embodied in software, or combinations of hardware and software. Additional components may be used other than those shown in the figures and / or described herein. For example, circuits, systems, networks, processes, and other components may be shown as components in block diagram form in order not to obscure the aspects in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the aspects.
[0198] Further, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.
[0199] Individual aspects may be described above as a process or method which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations may be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process is terminated when its operations are completed, but could have additional steps not included in a figure. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination may correspond to a return of the function to the calling function or the main function.
[0200] Processes and methods according to the above-described examples may be implemented using computer-executable instructions that are stored or otherwise available from computer-readable media. Such instructions may include, for example, instructions and data which cause or otherwise configure a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or a processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. Portions of computer resources used may be accessible over a network. The computer executable instructions may be, for example, binaries, intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, firmware, source code. Examples of computer-readable media that may be used to store instructions, information used, and / or information created during methods according to described examples include magnetic or optical disks, flash memory, USB devices provided with non-volatile memory, networked storage devices, and so on.
[0201] In some aspects the computer-readable storage devices, mediums, and memories may include a cable or wireless signal containing a bitstream and the like. However, when mentioned, non-transitory computer-readable storage media expressly exclude media such as energy, carrier signals, electromagnetic waves, and signals per se.
[0202] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof, in some cases depending in part on the particular application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc.
[0203] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed using hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or any combination thereof, and may take any of a variety of form factors. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware, or microcode, the program code or code segments to perform the necessary tasks (e.g., a computer-program product) may be stored in a computer-readable or machine-readable medium. A processor (s) may perform the necessary tasks. Examples of form factors include laptops, smart phones, mobile phones, tablet devices or other small form factor personal computers, personal digital assistants, rackmount devices, standalone devices, and so on. Functionality described herein also may be embodied in peripherals or add-in cards. Such functionality may also be implemented on a circuit board among different chips or different processes executing in a single device, by way of further example.
[0204] The instructions, media for conveying such instructions, computing resources for executing them, and other structures for supporting such computing resources are example means for providing the functions described in the disclosure.
[0205] The techniques described herein may also be implemented in electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof. Such techniques may be implemented in any of a variety of devices such as general purposes computers, wireless communication device handsets, or integrated circuit devices having multiple uses including application in wireless communication device handsets and other devices. Any features described as modules or components may be implemented together in an integrated logic device or separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices. If implemented in software, the techniques may be realized at least in part by a computer-readable data storage medium comprising program code including instructions that, when executed, performs one or more of the methods, algorithms, and / or operations described above. The computer-readable data storage medium may form part of a computer program product, which may include packaging materials. The computer-readable medium may comprise memory or data storage media, such as random access memory (RAM) such as synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , FLASH memory, magnetic or optical data storage media, and the like. The techniques additionally, or alternatively, may be realized at least in part by a computer-readable communication medium that carries or communicates program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed, read, and / or executed by a computer, such as propagated signals or waves.
[0206] The program code may be executed by a processor, which may include one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , general purpose microprocessors, an application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs) , or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry. Such a processor may be configured to perform any of the techniques described in this disclosure. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor; but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Accordingly, the term “processor, ” as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structure, any combination of the foregoing structure, or any other structure or apparatus suitable for implementation of the techniques described herein.
[0207] One of ordinary skill will appreciate that the less than ( “<” ) and greater than ( “>” ) symbols or terminology used herein may be replaced with less than or equal to ( “≤” ) and greater than or equal to ( “≥” ) symbols, respectively, without departing from the scope of this description.
[0208] Where components are described as being “configured to” perform certain operations, such configuration may be accomplished, for example, by designing electronic circuits or other hardware to perform the operation, by programming programmable electronic circuits (e.g., microprocessors, or other suitable electronic circuits) to perform the operation, or any combination thereof.
[0209] The phrase “coupled to” or “communicatively coupled to” refers to any component that is physically connected to another component either directly or indirectly, and / or any component that is in communication with another component (e.g., connected to the other component over a wired or wireless connection, and / or other suitable communication interface) either directly or indirectly.
[0210] Claim language or other language reciting “at least one of” a set and / or “one or more” of a set indicates that one member of the set or multiple members of the set (in any combination) satisfy the claim. For example, claim language reciting “at least one of A and B” or “at least one of A or B” means A, B, or A and B. In another example, claim language reciting “at least one of A, B, and C” or “at least one of A, B, or C” means A, B, C, or A and B, or A and C, or B and C, A and B and C, or any duplicate information or data (e.g., A and A, B and B, C and C, A and A and B, and so on) , or any other ordering, duplication, or combination of A, B, and C. The language “at least one of” a set and / or “one or more” of a set does not limit the set to the items listed in the set. For example, claim language reciting “at least one of A and B” or “at least one of A or B” may mean A, B, or A and B, and may additionally include items not listed in the set of A and B.
[0211] Claim language or other language reciting “at least one processor configured to, ” “at least one processor being configured to, ” or the like indicates that one processor or multiple processors (in any combination) can perform the associated operation (s) . For example, claim language reciting “at least one processor configured to: X, Y, and Z” means a single processor can be used to perform operations X, Y, and Z; or that multiple processors are each tasked with a certain subset of operations X, Y, and Z such that together the multiple processors perform X, Y, and Z; or that a group of multiple processors work together to perform operations X, Y, and Z. In another example, claim language reciting “at least one processor configured to: X, Y, and Z” can mean that any single processor may only perform at least a subset of operations X, Y, and Z.
[0212] Where reference is made to one or more elements performing functions (e.g., steps of a method) , one element may perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively perform the functions. When more than one element collectively performs the functions, each function need not be performed by each of those elements (e.g., different functions may be performed by different elements) and / or each function need not be performed in whole by only one element (e.g., different elements may perform different sub-functions of a function) . Similarly, where reference is made to one or more elements configured to cause another element (e.g., an apparatus) to perform functions, one element may be configured to cause the other element to perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively be configured to cause the other element to perform the functions.
[0213] Where reference is made to an entity (e.g., any entity or device described herein) performing functions or being configured to perform functions (e.g., steps of a method) , the entity may be configured to cause one or more elements (individually or collectively) to perform the functions. The one or more components of the entity may include at least one memory, at least one processor, at least one communication interface, another component configured to perform one or more (or all) of the functions, and / or any combination thereof. Where reference to the entity performing functions, the entity may be configured to cause one component to perform all functions, or to cause more than one component to collectively perform the functions. When the entity is configured to cause more than one component to collectively perform the functions, each function need not be performed by each of those components (e.g., different functions may be performed by different components) and / or each function need not be performed in whole by only one component (e.g., different components may perform different sub-functions of a function) .
[0214] Illustrative aspects of the disclosure include:
[0215] Aspect 1. A network entity for wireless communication, comprising: a processing system configured to: obtain a plurality of data bits associated with one or more bit levels corresponding to a modulation coding scheme (MCS) , wherein each bit level of the one or more bit levels is associated with a respective subset of data bits of the plurality of data bits; determine shaping rate information, wherein the shaping rate information includes a respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels, and wherein the shaping rate information corresponds to a configured spectral efficiency value for the plurality of data bits; encode, using the shaping rate information, the plurality of data bits to generate a set of shaped bits, wherein the set of shaped bits includes a respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level of the one or more bit levels, and wherein the respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level is based on: the respective subset of data bits associated with a respective bit level of the one or more bit levels, and a corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level; and output a modulated symbol corresponding to the set of shaped bits, wherein the modulated symbol is based on the respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level of the one or more bit levels.
[0216] Aspect 2. The network entity of Aspect 1, wherein, to encode the plurality of data bits to generate the set of shaped bits, the processing system is configured to: use the corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels.
[0217] Aspect 3. The network entity of Aspect 2, wherein, to encode the plurality of data bits to generate the set of shaped bits, the processing system is configured to: encode the respective subset of data bits for each bit level according to the corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate.
[0218] Aspect 4. The network entity of any of Aspects 1 to 3, wherein, to determine the shaping rate information, the processing system is configured to determine the respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels from a plurality of candidate shaping rates.
[0219] Aspect 5. The network entity of any of Aspects 1 to 4, wherein, to encode the plurality of data bits to generate the set of shaped bits, the processing system is configured to: encode the respective subset of data bits for each bit level of the one or more bit levels according to a sequential shaping order from a least significant bit (LSB) to a most significant bit (MSB) .
[0220] Aspect 6. The network entity of any of Aspects 1 to 5, wherein the set of shaped bits includes: a first shaped bit sequence corresponding to a first bit level of the one or more bit levels, wherein the respective subset of data bits associated with the first bit level includes one or more least significant bits (LSBs) of the plurality of data bits; and a second shaped bit sequence corresponding to a second bit level of the one or more bit levels, wherein the respective subset of data bits associated with the second bit level includes one or more most significant bits (MSBs) of the plurality of data bits.
[0221] Aspect 7. The network entity of Aspect 6, wherein: the first shaped bit sequence corresponds to the one or more LSBs and a first set of shaping bits, wherein the first set of shaping bits is associated with a trellis shaping encoder and the corresponding trellis shaping configuration for the first bit level; and the second shaped bit sequence corresponds to the one or more MSBs and a second set of shaping bits, wherein the second set of shaping bits is associated with the trellis shaping encoder and the corresponding trellis shaping configuration for the second bit level, and wherein the second set of shaping bits is based on the first shaped bit sequence.
[0222] Aspect 8. The network entity of any of Aspects 6 to 7, wherein, to determine the shaping rate information, the processing system is configured to: determine a first shaping rate corresponding to the first bit level and the one or more LSBs; and determine a second shaping rate corresponding to the second bit level and the one or more MSBs, wherein the second shaping rate is different from the first shaping rate.
[0223] Aspect 9. The network entity of any of Aspects 1 to 8, wherein, to determine the shaping rate information, the processing system is configured to: determine an MCS index corresponding to a transmission associated with the plurality of data bits; and determine the shaping rate information based on the MCS index.
[0224] Aspect 10. The network entity of Aspect 9, wherein the processing system is configured to transmit information indicative of the modulated symbol and the MCS index.
[0225] Aspect 11. The network entity of any of Aspects 9 to 10, wherein, to determine the shaping rate information based on the MCS index, the processing system is configured to determine the shaping rate information using a data structure including a mapping between a plurality of MCS index values and corresponding bit level shaping rate information for each MCS index value of the plurality of MCS index values.
[0226] Aspect 12. The network entity of Aspect 11, wherein the data structure is a lookup table.
[0227] Aspect 13. The network entity of any of Aspects 11 to 12, wherein the mapping is between the plurality of MCS index values, one or more spectral efficiency values for each MCS index value of the plurality of MCS index values, and the corresponding bit level shaping rate information.
[0228] Aspect 14. The network entity of any of Aspects 1 to 13, wherein, to determine the shaping rate information, the processing system is configured to: determine the respective shaping rate for a particular bit level of the one or more bit levels based on one or more of: a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) associated with the particular bit level, or bit significance information associated with the particular bit level.
[0229] Aspect 15. The network entity of any of Aspects 1 to 14, wherein, to determine the shaping rate information, the processing system is configured to: determine the respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels from a configured plurality of candidate shaping rates, wherein the configured plurality of candidate shaping rates is associated with a configured plurality of corresponding trellis shaping configurations.
[0230] Aspect 16. The network entity of Aspect 15, wherein: the processing system is configured to determine a respective shaping gain corresponding to each permutation of a plurality of available permutations of the configured plurality of candidate shaping rates across the one or more bit levels; and to determine the shaping rate information, the processing system is configured to determine a particular permutation of the plurality of available permutations, wherein the particular permutation is associated with the respective shaping gain that is the largest among each respective shaping gain.
[0231] Aspect 17. The network entity of Aspect 16, wherein the particular permutation is indicative of a respective candidate shaping rate of the configured plurality of candidate shaping rates for each bit level of the one or more bit levels.
[0232] Aspect 18. The network entity of any of Aspects 15 to 17, wherein the processing system is configured to: obtain the corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level using a data structure including a mapping between the configured plurality of candidate shaping rates and a configured plurality of corresponding trellis shaping configurations.
[0233] Aspect 19. The network entity of Aspect 18, wherein the data structure is a lookup table.
[0234] Aspect 20. The network entity of any of Aspects 1 to 19, wherein: the processing system is configured to obtain the corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels; and to encode the plurality of data bits to generate the set of shaped bits, the processing system is configured to encode the respective subset of data bits associated with each bit level according to the corresponding trellis shaping configuration.
[0235] Aspect 21. The network entity of any of Aspects 1 to 20, wherein the corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level is indicative of a plurality of values for one or more trellis shaping matrices, and wherein the plurality of values corresponds to the respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels.
[0236] Aspect 22. A network entity for wireless communication, comprising: a processing system configured to: determine a modulated symbol from a received signal, wherein the modulated symbol corresponds to a plurality of data bits associated with one or more bit levels associated with a modulation coding scheme (MCS) of the received signal; determine respective shaped bit sequence information associated with each bit level of the one or more bit levels, wherein the respective shaped bit sequence information for each bit level is associated with a respective subset of the plurality of data bits; determine shaping rate information corresponding to one or more of the received signal or the MCS, wherein the shaping rate information includes a respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels; and decode the modulated symbol using the shaping rate information, wherein, to decode the modulated symbol, the processing system is configured to decode the respective shaped bit sequence information associated with each bit level according to a corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level, wherein the corresponding trellis shaping configuration is based on the shaping rate information.
[0237] Aspect 23. The network entity of Aspect 22, wherein, to determine the shaping rate information, the processing system is configured to: determine an MCS index corresponding to the received signal; and determine the shaping rate information based on the MCS index.
[0238] Aspect 24. The network entity of Aspect 23, wherein the processing system is configured to receive information indicative of the MCS index.
[0239] Aspect 25. The network entity of Aspect 24, wherein the information indicative of the MCS index is included in the received signal.
[0240] Aspect 26. The network entity of any of Aspects 23 to 25, wherein, to determine the shaping rate information based on the MCS index, the processing system is configured to determine the shaping rate information using a data structure including a mapping between a plurality of MCS index values and corresponding bit level shaping rate information for each MCS index value of the plurality of MCS index values.
[0241] Aspect 27. The network entity of Aspect 26, wherein the data structure is a lookup table.
[0242] Aspect 28. The network entity of any of Aspects 22 to 27, wherein, to determine the respective shaped bit sequence information associated with each bit level of the one or more bit levels, the processing system is configured to determine soft-decoded information associated with each bit level of the one or more bit levels.
[0243] Aspect 29. The network entity of Aspect 28, wherein the soft-decoded information associated with each bit level comprises log-likelihood ratio (LLR) information determined corresponding to a shaped bit sequence for each bit level of the one or more bit levels.
[0244] Aspect 30. The network entity of any of Aspects 22 to 29, wherein, to determine the respective shaped bit sequence information associated with each bit level of the one or more bit levels, the processing system is configured to determine hard-decoded information associated with each bit level of the one or more bit levels.
[0245] Aspect 31. The network entity of Aspect 30, wherein the hard-decoded information associated with each bit level comprises decoded bit values of a shaped bit sequence for each bit level of the one or more bit levels, and wherein the decoded bit values are included in the plurality of data bits.
[0246] Aspect 32. The network entity of any of Aspects 22 to 31, wherein the corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels is indicative of a parity check matrix associated with a trellis shaping encoder corresponding to the modulated symbol.
[0247] Aspect 33. The network entity of Aspect 32, wherein the parity check matrix comprises a syndrome former matrix, and wherein the respective shaped bit sequence information for each bit level of the one or more bit levels is based on an inverse of the syndrome former matrix.
[0248] Aspect 34. A method for wireless communication, comprising performing operations according to any of Aspects 1 to 21.
[0249] Aspect 35. A method for wireless communication, comprising performing operations according to any of Aspects 22 to 33.
[0250] Aspect 36. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions stored thereon which, when executed by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to perform operations according to any of Aspects 1 to 21.
[0251] Aspect 37. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions stored thereon which, when executed by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to perform operations according to any of Aspects 22 to 33.
[0252] Aspect 38. An apparatus for wireless communication comprising one or more means for performing operations according to any of Aspects 1 to 21.
[0253] Aspect 39. An apparatus for wireless communication comprising one or more means for performing operations according to any of Aspects 22 to 33.
Claims
1.A network entity for wireless communication, comprising:a processing system configured to:obtain a plurality of data bits associated with one or more bit levels corresponding to a modulation coding scheme (MCS) , wherein each bit level of the one or more bit levels is associated with a respective subset of data bits of the plurality of data bits;determine shaping rate information, wherein the shaping rate information includes a respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels, and wherein the shaping rate information corresponds to a configured spectral efficiency value for the plurality of data bits;encode, using the shaping rate information, the plurality of data bits to generate a set of shaped bits, wherein the set of shaped bits includes a respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level of the one or more bit levels, and wherein the respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level is based on: the respective subset of data bits associated with a respective bit level of the one or more bit levels, and a corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level; andoutput a modulated symbol corresponding to the set of shaped bits, wherein the modulated symbol is based on the respective shaped bit sequence for each bit level of the one or more bit levels.2.The network entity of claim 1, wherein, to encode the plurality of data bits to generate the set of shaped bits, the processing system is configured to:use the corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels.3.The network entity of claim 2, wherein, to encode the plurality of data bits to generate the set of shaped bits, the processing system is configured to:encode the respective subset of data bits for each bit level according to the corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate.4.The network entity of claim 1, wherein, to determine the shaping rate information, the processing system is configured to determine the respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels from a plurality of candidate shaping rates.5.The network entity of claim 1, wherein, to encode the plurality of data bits to generate the set of shaped bits, the processing system is configured to:encode the respective subset of data bits for each bit level of the one or more bit levels according to a sequential shaping order from a least significant bit (LSB) to a most significant bit (MSB) .6.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the set of shaped bits includes:a first shaped bit sequence corresponding to a first bit level of the one or more bit levels, wherein the respective subset of data bits associated with the first bit level includes one or more least significant bits (LSBs) of the plurality of data bits; anda second shaped bit sequence corresponding to a second bit level of the one or more bit levels, wherein the respective subset of data bits associated with the second bit level includes one or more most significant bits (MSBs) of the plurality of data bits.7.The network entity of claim 6, wherein:the first shaped bit sequence corresponds to the one or more LSBs and a first set of shaping bits, wherein the first set of shaping bits is associated with a trellis shaping encoder and the corresponding trellis shaping configuration for the first bit level; andthe second shaped bit sequence corresponds to the one or more MSBs and a second set of shaping bits, wherein the second set of shaping bits is associated with the trellis shaping encoder and the corresponding trellis shaping configuration for the second bit level, and wherein the second set of shaping bits is based on the first shaped bit sequence.8.The network entity of claim 6, wherein, to determine the shaping rate information, the processing system is configured to:determine a first shaping rate corresponding to the first bit level and the one or more LSBs; anddetermine a second shaping rate corresponding to the second bit level and the one or more MSBs, wherein the second shaping rate is different from the first shaping rate.9.The network entity of claim 1, wherein, to determine the shaping rate information, the processing system is configured to:determine an MCS index corresponding to a transmission associated with the plurality of data bits; anddetermine the shaping rate information based on the MCS index.10.The network entity of claim 9, wherein the processing system is configured to transmit information indicative of the modulated symbol and the MCS index.11.The network entity of claim 9, wherein, to determine the shaping rate information based on the MCS index, the processing system is configured to determine the shaping rate information using a data structure including a mapping between a plurality of MCS index values and corresponding bit level shaping rate information for each MCS index value of the plurality of MCS index values.12.The network entity of claim 11, wherein the data structure is a lookup table.13.The network entity of claim 11, wherein the mapping is between the plurality of MCS index values, one or more spectral efficiency values for each MCS index value of the plurality of MCS index values, and the corresponding bit level shaping rate information.14.The network entity of claim 1, wherein, to determine the shaping rate information, the processing system is configured to:determine the respective shaping rate for a particular bit level of the one or more bit levels based on one or more of:a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) associated with the particular bit level, orbit significance information associated with the particular bit level.15.The network entity of claim 1, wherein, to determine the shaping rate information, the processing system is configured to:determine the respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels from a configured plurality of candidate shaping rates, wherein the configured plurality of candidate shaping rates is associated with a configured plurality of corresponding trellis shaping configurations.16.The network entity of claim 15, wherein:the processing system is configured to determine a respective shaping gain corresponding to each permutation of a plurality of available permutations of the configured plurality of candidate shaping rates across the one or more bit levels; andto determine the shaping rate information, the processing system is configured to determine a particular permutation of the plurality of available permutations, wherein the particular permutation is associated with the respective shaping gain that is the largest among each respective shaping gain.17.The network entity of claim 16, wherein the particular permutation is indicative of a respective candidate shaping rate of the configured plurality of candidate shaping rates for each bit level of the one or more bit levels.18.The network entity of claim 15, wherein the processing system is configured to:obtain the corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level using a data structure including a mapping between the configured plurality of candidate shaping rates and a configured plurality of corresponding trellis shaping configurations.19.The network entity of claim 18, wherein the data structure is a lookup table.20.The network entity of claim 1, wherein:the processing system is configured to obtain the corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels; andto encode the plurality of data bits to generate the set of shaped bits, the processing system is configured to encode the respective subset of data bits associated with each bit level according to the corresponding trellis shaping configuration.21.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level is indicative of a plurality of values for one or more trellis shaping matrices, and wherein the plurality of values corresponds to the respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels.22.A network entity for wireless communication, comprising:a processing system configured to:determine a modulated symbol from a received signal, wherein the modulated symbol corresponds to a plurality of data bits associated with one or more bit levels associated with a modulation coding scheme (MCS) of the received signal;determine respective shaped bit sequence information associated with each bit level of the one or more bit levels, wherein the respective shaped bit sequence information for each bit level is associated with a respective subset of the plurality of data bits;determine shaping rate information corresponding to one or more of the received signal or the MCS, wherein the shaping rate information includes a respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels; anddecode the modulated symbol using the shaping rate information, wherein, to decode the modulated symbol, the processing system is configured to decode the respective shaped bit sequence information associated with each bit level according to a corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level, wherein the corresponding trellis shaping configuration is based on the shaping rate information.23.The network entity of claim 22, wherein, to determine the shaping rate information, the processing system is configured to:determine an MCS index corresponding to the received signal; anddetermine the shaping rate information based on the MCS index.24.The network entity of claim 23, wherein the processing system is configured to receive information indicative of the MCS index.25.The network entity of claim 24, wherein the information indicative of the MCS index is included in the received signal.26.The network entity of claim 23, wherein, to determine the shaping rate information based on the MCS index, the processing system is configured to determine the shaping rate information using a data structure including a mapping between a plurality of MCS index values and corresponding bit level shaping rate information for each MCS index value of the plurality of MCS index values.27.The network entity of claim 26, wherein the data structure is a lookup table.28.The network entity of claim 22, wherein, to determine the respective shaped bit sequence information associated with each bit level of the one or more bit levels, the processing system is configured to determine soft-decoded information associated with each bit level of the one or more bit levels.29.The network entity of claim 28, wherein the soft-decoded information associated with each bit level comprises log-likelihood ratio (LLR) information determined corresponding to a shaped bit sequence for each bit level of the one or more bit levels.30.The network entity of claim 22, wherein, to determine the respective shaped bit sequence information associated with each bit level of the one or more bit levels, the processing system is configured to determine hard-decoded information associated with each bit level of the one or more bit levels.31.The network entity of claim 30, wherein the hard-decoded information associated with each bit level comprises decoded bit values of a shaped bit sequence for each bit level of the one or more bit levels, and wherein the decoded bit values are included in the plurality of data bits.32.The network entity of claim 22, wherein the corresponding trellis shaping configuration associated with the respective shaping rate for each bit level of the one or more bit levels is indicative of a parity check matrix associated with a trellis shaping encoder corresponding to the modulated symbol.33.The network entity of claim 32, wherein the parity check matrix comprises a syndrome former matrix, and wherein the respective shaped bit sequence information for each bit level of the one or more bit levels is based on an inverse of the syndrome former matrix.