Anode compositions containing modified polyacrylic acids
The use of a grafted polymer with polyacrylic acid and cyclic amines in Si/C anode compositions improves adhesion and conductivity, enhancing the performance of lithium-ion batteries by increasing peel strength and reducing resistivity.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- DOW GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES LLC
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-29
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-04
AI Technical Summary
Current anode compositions for lithium-ion batteries with silicon (Si) content face challenges in achieving strong adhesion to metal electrodes and improving electrical conductivity due to the significant volume change of silicon during charging and discharging, leading to anode structure damage and rapid battery degradation.
A grafted polymer formed from polyacrylic acid (PAA) with a cyclic amine structure, such as piperazine or morpholine, is used to enhance adhesion and conductivity in Si/C anode compositions, providing improved peel strength and lower resistivity.
The grafted polymer enhances the adhesion of Si/C anode compositions to metal collectors, resulting in higher capacity and lower resistivity for lithium-ion batteries, addressing the issues of structural integrity and conductivity.
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Figure PCTCN2024135523-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2024135523-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2024135523-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
ANODE COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING MODIFIED POLYACRYLIC ACIDSBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONThe demand for advanced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) , driven by electric vehicles and energy storage, has led to research on developing battery electrodes with high gravimetric and volumetric capacity. Silicon (Si) offers a specific capacity of around 3500 mA h g-1, nearly 10 times that of conventional graphite anodes (about 372 mA h g-1) . Despite the low operating voltage (below 0.5 V vs. Li+ / Li) , Si, SiO, and SiO2 are emerging as advanced anode materials for high-energy-density LIBs. Currently, the most practical approach to achieving this energy density is using anode materials that combine Si with conventional graphite.However, the significant volume change (approximately 300%) of silicon (Si) . during the charging and discharging processes with Li+, leads to the following issues: anode structure damage, delamination, an unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) , and a rapid degradation of battery performance. This severely hinders the commercial application of Si-based anodes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) . Despite progress in Si / graphite or SiOx / graphite composite anodes, addressing the rapid capacity fading, caused by Si's volume expansion, remains a major challenge for large-scale implementation in high-energy-density LIBs.In Si-containing anodes, polymer binders play a critical role in ensuring stable cycling of Si-based anodes. These polymer binders, typically comprising less than 5 wt%of the anode composition, maintain good adhesion to help reduce anode volume changes, and provide improved electrical conductivity for better battery performance.Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and a latex binder, such as a styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) , are commonly used for graphite anodes. However, they do not provide strong adhesion of the silicon (Si) in Si / graphite or SiOx / graphite anodes to metal current collectors. Blending polyacrylic acid (PAA) or LiPAA improves adhesion because the acrylic acid groups can bind Si material effectively. Despite this, the mixture of CMC, SBR, and PAA still falls short in meeting the binding requirements for high Si content anodes, both in terms of adhesion and conductivity.Thus, there is a need for anode compositions containing Si / C mixtures that have excellent adhesion to metal electrodes, and which compositions help to improve the electrical properties of batteries containing the anode electrodes formed from such compositions.International Publication WO2016 / 191403A1 discloses an adhesive composition with an epoxy resin part, comprising an organic polymeric solid containing a vinylphenol moiety. The adhesive composition provides a strong bond to oil-contaminated metal substrates, when cured at room temperature, while simultaneously exhibiting good impact toughness. See abstract. The oil absorbing polymeric solid may be used in conjunction with one or more of zeolites, clays, ceramics, fly ash ceramics, hollow glass spheres, ion exchange resins, vinyl esters, acrylates and cross-linked acrylate resins, hollow spheres of these resins, cellulosics powders derived from waste paper, cotton etc., cellulosic powders like methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyl ethyl cellulose etc., super absorbent polymers made from polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide or copolymers of polyacrylic acid and polyacrylamide (see claim 6) . A hardener composition may also be used, preferably comprising a low molecular weight (nonpolymeric) amine hardener. This component preferably acts as a cross-linking and / or chain extending agent. The additional hardener preferably contains primary or secondary amine groups and has an equivalent weight per primary or secondary amine group of not more than 150, more preferably not more than 125. In a preferred embodiment, the additional low molecular weight amine compound is selected from the group consisting of 4, 7, 10-trioxamidecan-1, 13-diamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylene-pentamine, aminoethylpiperazine, isophoronediamine and ethylenediamine (see page 7, lines 16-23) .International Publication WO2024 / 086621A2 discloses an anode comprising a current collector and an anode active layer disposed on the current collector. The anode active layer comprises anode active particles, an anode electrically conducting material and an anode binder. The anode binder comprises a copolymer that comprises a first repeat unit and a second repeat unit; where the first repeat unit is derived from the polymerization of a first monomer that comprises an ether linkage or comprises multiple hydroxyl groups, and where the second repeat unit is derived from the polymerization of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer that comprises a hydrophilic pendant group. See abstract. In an embodiment, polyethers and / or polyols may be reacted with non (meth) acrylic / (metha) acrylate second polymers, such as polyacetals, polycarbonates, polyalkyds, polystyrenes, polyolefins, polyesters, polyamides, polyaramides, polyamideimides, polyarylates, polyurethanes, epoxies, phenolics, silicones, polyarylsulfones, polyethersulfones, polyphenylene sulfides, polysulfones, polyimides, polyetherimides, polytetrafluoroethylenes, polyetherketones, polyether ether ketones, polyether ketone ketones, polybenzoxazoles, polyoxadiazoles, polybenzothiazinophenothiazines, polybenzothiazoles, polypyrazinoquinoxalines, polypyromellitimides, polyguinoxalines, polybenzimidazoles, polyoxindoles, polyoxoisoindolines, polydioxoisoindolines, polytriazines, polypyridazines, polypiperazines, polypyridines, polypiperidines, polytriazoles, polypyrazoles, polycarboranes, polyoxabicyclononanes, polydibenzofurans, polyphthalides, polyacetals, polyanhydrides, polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl thioethers, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl ketones, polyvinyl halides, polyvinyl nitriles, polyvinyl esters, polysulfonates, polysulfides, polythioesters, polysulfones, polysulfonamides, polyureas, polyphosphazenes, polysilazanes, polypropylenes, polyethylenes, polyethylene terephthalates, polyvinylidene fluorides, polysiloxanes, or the like, or a combination thereof (see paragraph
[0060] ) .Canadian Application CA1080872A (machine translation) discloses a flexible polyacid composition that can be prepared by (A) mixing together (1) at least one polyacid comprising a polymer of at least 80%by weight of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or a mixture thereof, (2) at least one plasticizer selected from the group consisting of diols, triols and higher polyols, and glycol ethers having a molecular weight from about 60 to about 4,000, (3) a cross-linking agent selected from the group consisting of epoxy resins, polyamines and salts thereof, alkanolamines, and hydrogen peroxide, and (4) optionally, a polyacid solvent, nonsolvent or mixture thereof, and (B) heating the reaction mixture to a temperature within the range from about 20℃ to about 150℃. See abstract. Polyamines and salts thereof, suitable for use as crosslinking agents, include diamines, triamines, higher amines and salts thereof, more preferably diamines and triamines. Other suitable polyamines include amine polymers and salts thereof. The polyamine may be saturated or unsaturated and may be aliphatic, cycloallphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic. Preferred heterocyclic polyamines include piperazine, homopiperane, aminoethylpiperazine, N, N bis (3-aminopropyl) piperazine, N, N-dimethylpiperazine, 4 methylaminopyridine, diaza-bicyclo (2, 2, 2) octane, hexamethoxy-methylmelamine and the like. See Detailed Description section.U.S. Patent 11,114,660 discloses systems and methods for batteries comprising a cathode, an electrolyte, and an anode, and where the anode is a Si-dominant anode that utilizes water-soluble maleic anhydride and / or maleic acid-containing polymers / co-polymers, derivatives, and / or combinations (with or without additives) , as binders. See abstract. See also U.S. Patent 11,594,733.Y, Yue et al., Piperazine-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks with High Electrical Conductivity, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 2873-2878, disclosed a new kind of piperazine-linked covalent organic framework (COF) , synthesized through the nucleophilic substitution reaction between octaminophthalocyanines and hexadecafluorophthalocyanines. The two-dimensional (2D) frameworks are in tetragonally shaped polygon sheets, which stack in an AA stacking mode to constitute periodically ordered metallophthalocyanine columns and one-dimensional (1D) microporous channels. The piperazine-linked COFs exhibit excellent chemical stability and permanent porosity. By virtue of the neatly arrayed phthalocyanine columns and inbuilt cationic radicals, the piperazine-linked frameworks are highly conductive. The conductivity values ofNiPc-NH-CoPcF8, COF, reached up to 2.72 and 12.7 S m-1 for pellet and film samples, respectively. Moreover, this p-type conductive COF exhibited a high carrier mobility of 35.4 cm2V-1 s-1. See abstract.Additional polymers and / or compositions are disclosed in the following references: US 10,050,275; US 10,862,158; US 11,777,079; US 2015 / 0303479; US 2021 / 0005893; US 2023 / 0016124; US 2023 / 0275232; X. Hu et al., A Highly Crosslinked Polymeric Binder for Silicon Anode in Lithium-Ion Batteries, Materials Today Communications 28 (2021) 102530; Y-M Zhao et al., Advances of Polymer Binders for Silicon-Based Anodes in High Energy Density Lithium-Ion Batteries, 2021 The Authors. InfoMat published by UESTC and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.; J-Y Sohn et al., Performance Improvement of Poly (Acrylic Acid) Binder-Based Silicon / Graphite Composite Anodes by Room Temperature Electron Beam Irradiation-Induced Crosslinking, Radiation Physics and Chemistry 196 (2022) 110107; and W. Zhu et al., Progress of Binder Structures in Silicon-Based Anodes for Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Mini Review, Frontiers in Chemistry, October 2021, Volume 9, Article 712225.However, as discussed above, there remains a need for anode compositions containing Si / C mixtures that have excellent adhesion to metal electrodes, and which compositions help to improve the electrical properties of batteries containing the anode electrodes formed from such compositions. This need has been met as discussed below.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONA grafted polymer formed from at least the following components a and b:a) at least one polyacrylic acid (PAA) , and where some of its acid groups may be neutralized with at least one metal cation; andb) at least one compound of Structure I below:wherein each R, in each occurrence, is independently hydrogen, or an alkyl;R1, in each occurrence, is independently hydrogen, or an alkyl;R2, in each occurrence, is independently hydrogen, or an alkyl;X is NH or O; andn is an integer ≥ 1.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFigure 1 is a schematic of a test sample configuration (anode electrode plus tape) during the peeling of the taped anode composition from the metal foil surface, for the determination of Peel Strength.Figure 2 is a bar graph depicting the Peel Force values for the anode electrodes formed from the noted anode compositions.Figure 3 is a bar graph depicting the resistivity values of button cell batteries containing anode electrodes formed from the noted anode compositions.Figure 4 depicts the capacity values of button cell batteries containing anode electrodes formed from the noted anode compositions.Figure 5 depicts a pH verses mole%neutralization of PAA.DETAILED DRESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTIONSi / C anode compositions have been discovered that have enhance adhesion to metal current collectors. It was discovered that polyacrylic acid (PAA) polymers grafted with a cyclic amine structure (piperazine or morpholine) are more compatible with graphite, while the acrylic groups interact with the Si-containing compound (s) . It was also discovered that this combination of acrylic acid and the amine ring helps to provide the strong adhesion of the Si / C anode composition to the metal collector. In addition, it was discovered that such Si / C anode compositions, containing the grafted polymer, provide for lower resistivity and higher capacity for cell batteries containing anode electrodes formed from these compositions.As discussed above, a grafted polymer is provided, which is formed from at least the following components a and b, each as described herein.The above grafted polymer may comprise a combination of two or more embodiments, as described herein. Each component may independently comprise a combination of two or more embodiments, as described herein. Each structure (Structure I and substructures) may, independently, comprise a combination of two or more embodiments, as described herein. As used herein, in regard to Structure I, R1 = R1 and R2 = R2. Also, in regard to the number of carbon atoms in a chemical substituent or group, the notation, for example, “C1-C5, ” where “1 through 5” represents consecutive numbers from 1 to 5, refers to “from 1 to 5 carbon atoms” that may be present in the substituent or group. An “alkyl” group may be linear, branched, cyclic, or any combination thereof. An “alkylene” group may be linear, branched, cyclic, or any combination thereof.Also, an anode composition may comprise a combination of two or more embodiments, as described herein. An anode electrode may comprise a combination of two or more embodiments, as described herein.In one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, for Structure I, each R, in each occurrence, is independently hydrogen, or a C1-C5 alkyl; or hydrogen, CH3, or CH2CH3; or hydrogen or CH3 or hydrogen. In one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, for Structure I, each R1 is independently hydrogen, or a C1-C5 alkyl; or hydrogen, CH3, or CH2CH3; or hydrogen or CH3; or hydrogen. In one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, for Structure I, each R2 is independently hydrogen, or a C1-C5 alkyl; or hydrogen, CH3, or CH2CH3; or hydrogen or CH3; or hydrogen. In one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, for Structure I, n is an integer from 1 to 10; or an integer from 1 to 7, or an integer from 1 to 5, or an integer from 1 to 3.In one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, Structure I is selected from Structure Iai as follows:In one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, Structure I is selected from Structure i as follows:In one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the mole ratio of component b to the acrylic acid in component a is ≥ 0.01, or ≥ 0.02, or ≥ 0.03, or ≥ 0.04, or ≥ 0.05. In one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the mole ratio of component b to the acrylic acid in component a is ≤ 1.0, or ≤ 0.80, or ≥ 0.60, or ≤ 0.40, or ≤ 0.30, or ≤ 0.25, or ≥ 0.20, or ≤ 0.15.Also provided is an anode composition comprising, as component z, the grafted polymer of any one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, and where such polymer is neutralized with a Li source; and further the Li source is selected from LiOH, Li2CO3, LiH2PO4, Li2O, Li2C2O4, LiOH, LiX, ROCO2Li, HCOLi, ROLi, (ROCO2Li) 2, Li2S, LiySOz, or a combination thereof; wherein X = F, Cl, I, or Br; R = a hydrocarbyl group, y = 1 or 2, z = 3 or 4; and further a Li source selected from LiOH.In one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the anode composition further comprises, as component y, a Si / C mixture.In one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the anode composition further comprises at least one conductive agent as component x.In one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the anode composition further comprises at least one thickening agent / binder as component w.In one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the anode composition further comprises at least one binder as component v.In one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, component z is present in an amount ≥ 0.10 wt%, or ≥ 0.20 wt%, or 0.40 wt%, or ≥ 0.60 wt%, or ≥ 0.80 wt%, or 1.0 wt%, or ≥ 1.1 wt%, or ≥ 1.2 wt%, or ≥ 1.3 wt%and / or ≤ 5.0 wt%, or ≤ 4.0 wt%, or ≤ 3.5 wt%, or ≤ 3.0 wt%, or ≤ 2.5 wt%, or ≤ 2.0 wt%, or ≤ 1.8 wt%, or ≤ 1.6 wt%, based on the weight of the anode composition.In one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the weight ratio of component y to component z is ≥ 40, or ≥ 45, or ≥ 50, or ≥ 52, or ≥ 54, or ≥ 56, or ≥ 58. In one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the weight ratio of component y to component z is ≤ 80, or ≤ 75, or ≤ 70, or ≤ 68, or ≤ 66, or ≤ 64, or ≤ 62.In one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the weight ratio of component z to component v is ≥ 0.60, or ≥ 0.70, or ≥ 0.80, or ≥ 0.85, or ≥ 0.90, or ≥ 0.95 and / or ≤ 3.0, or ≤ 2.5, or ≤ 2.0, or ≤ 1.8, or ≤ 1.6 or ≤ 1.4, or ≤ 1.2, or≤ 1.1.In one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the sum of components z andy is present in an amount ≥ 70 wt%, or ≥ 75 wt%, or ≥ 80 wt%, or ≥ 85 wt%, or ≥ 90 wt%and / or ≤ 100 wt%, or ≤ 98 wt%, or ≤ 96 wt%, ≤ 95 wt%, or ≤ 94 wt%, or ≤ 93 wt%, based on the weight of the anode composition.Also provided is an anode electrode comprising a composite layer formed from the anode composition of any one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein.In one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the anode electrode further comprises a metal foil.In one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the anode electrode has a peel strength ≥ 0.40 N / 2cm, or ≥ 0.50 N / 2cm, or ≥ 0.60 N / 2cm, or ≥ 0.70 N / 2cm, or ≥ 0.80 N / 2cm, or ≥1.00 N / 2cm, or ≥ 1.50 N / 2cm, or ≥ 1.80 N / 2cm and / or ≥ 5.00 N, or ≥ 4.50 N / 2cm.Also provided is an anode assembly comprising at least one anode electrode formed of any one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein.Also provided is a battery comprising the anode assembly of any one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein.In one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the battery is a lithium battery.In one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein, the battery has a resistivity ≤ 1.40 Ω·cm, or ≤ 1.30 Ω·cm, or ≤ 1.20 Ω·cm, or ≤ 1.10 Ω·cm, or ≤ 1.00 Ω·cm, or ≤ 0.95 Ω·cm, or ≤ 0.90 Ω·cm, or ≤ 0.85 Ω·cm and / or ≥ 0.10 Ω·cm, or ≥ 0.20 Ω·cm.Also provided is a process to form an anode electrode, the process comprising applying to at least one planar surface of a metal foil, a slurry comprising the anode composition of any one embodiment, or a combination of two or more embodiments, each described herein; and a solvent.Component a (PAA) and Grafted PolymerA polyacrylic acid (PAA) is a homopolymer of acrylic acid: - (CH2-CH (COOH) ) n-. The term “grafted polymer, ” as used herein, refers to a grafted PAA polymer. The grafted PAA comprises in a reacted, grafted form, at least one compound of Structure I as described herein. For example, the grafted PAA polymer may contain a piperazine group, and can be synthesized, using PAA and an alkylamine containing piperazine, by a dehydration reaction that results in the formation of an amide group. See, for example, Schematic A below.Schematic AWhen the alkylamine containing piperazine is n- (2-aminoethyl) piperazine (AEP) , the reaction can be illustrated as shown in Schematic B below.Schematic BDEFINITIONSUnless stated to the contrary, implicit from the context, or customary in the art, all parts and percents are based on weight, and all test methods are current as of the filing date of this disclosure.The term "composition, " as used herein, includes a mixture of materials, which comprise the composition, as well as reaction products and decomposition products formed from the materials of the composition. Any reaction product or decomposition product is typically present in trace or residual amounts.The term "polymer, " as used herein, refers to a polymeric compound prepared by polymerizing monomers, whether of the same or a different type. The generic term polymer thus includes the term homopolymer (employed to refer to polymers prepared from only one type of monomer, with the understanding that trace amounts of impurities can be incorporated into the polymer structure) , and the term interpolymer as defined hereinafter. Trace amounts of impurities, such as catalyst residues, can be incorporated into and / or within the polymer. Typically, a polymer is stabilized with very low amounts ( “ppm” amounts) of one or more stabilizers.The term "interpolymer, " as used herein, refers to a polymer prepared by the polymerization of at least two different types of monomers. The term interpolymer thus includes the term copolymer (employed to refer to polymers prepared from two different types of monomers) and polymers prepared from more than two different types of monomers.The term “lithium source, ” as used herein, in reference to an anode composition, refers to a compound (typically an ionic compound) that contains one or more lithium (Li) atoms and / or one or more lithium (Li+) cations, and typically one or more lithium (Li+) cations.The term “sodium source, ” as used herein, in reference to an anode composition, refers to a compound (typically an ionic compound) that contains one or more sodium (Na) atoms and / or one or more sodium (Na+) cations, and typically one or more sodium (Na+) cations.The term “potassium source, ” as used herein, in reference to an anode composition, refers to a compound (typically an ionic compound) that contains one or more potassium (K) atoms and / or one or more potassium (K+) cations, and typically one or more potassium (K+) cations.The term “slurry, ” as used herein, refers to a mixture comprising one or more insoluble materials, such as particles, suspended in a solvent, such as water. The mixture may also comprise one or more soluble materials, such as, for example, glucose, dissolved in the solvent, such as water.The term “solvent, ” as used herein, refers to a substance (typically in liquid form) of one or more compounds capable of dissolving and / or dispersing one or more other substances.The term “cathode electrode, ” as used herein in reference to a battery, refers to an electrode, in a polarized electrical device, through which current flows out.The term “anode electrode, ” as used herein in reference to a battery, refers to an electrode in a polarized electrical device, through which current flows in, from an outside circuit. For example, an anode is the negative electrode in a lithium-ion battery. It is typically where an oxidation reaction takes place during discharge. In most lithium-ion batteries, the anode is made of graphite, which allows lithium ions to intercalate between its layers during charging.The term “anode composition, ” as used herein, refers to a composition used to form the composite layer on an anode electrode.The term “composite layer, ” as used herein, in reference to an anode electrode, refers to a layer on the electrode, and which layer is formed from a mixture of one or more organic materials (for example, one or more polymers) and one or more inorganic materials (for example, one or more carbon allotropes, such as graphite and carbon nanotubes) .The term “Si-containing compound, ” as used herein, in reference to a Si / C mixture, refers to an Si atom, a compound containing one or more Si atoms, and / or a compound containing one or more Si ions. Si-containing compounds include, for example, Si, SiO and SiO2.The term “Si / C mixture” and similar terms, as used herein, in reference to an anode composition, refer to a mixture comprising carbon (for example, graphite) and one or more “Si-containing compounds. ” The silicon carbon (Si / C) mixtures are typically semi conductive materials, where silicon is highly dispersed within a carbon matrix. A Si / C mixture typically exhibits, not only acceptable faradaic yield at the first cycle, but also a large capacity and good rechargeability.The term “conductive agent, ” as used herein in reference to an anode composition, refers to a material (for example, a compound) added to the composition to increase the ability of the composition to charge and discharge current.The term “binder, ” as used herein in reference to an anode composition, refers to a material (for example, a polymer) added to the composition to provide adhesion of the components within the composition and / or adhesion of the composition to a metal collector.The term “thickening agent, ” as used herein in reference to an anode composition, refers to a material that can increase the viscosity of the composition with little or no change to the other properties of the composition.The phrase “applying the anode composition to at least one planar surface of a metal foil” and similar phrases, in reference to the process of preparing an anode electrode, described herein, refer to the act of contacting the metal surface with the anode composition, typically in slurry form. This contact may occur by wetting the metal surface with the composition using a brush, a spray, a roller, or by any other means known in the art.The term “planar surface, 'in reference to a metal foil of certain width, length and thickness, or of certain diameter and thickness, or other dimensions, refers to the surface area formed by the width and length, or the surface area formed by the diameter, or the surface area formed from the larger dimensions of the foil.The term “electrochemical cell, ” as used herein, refers to a device that generates electrical energy from chemical energy. Electrical energy can also be applied to these cells to cause one or more chemical reactions to occur.The term “battery, ” as used herein, refers to a container containing one or more electrochemical cells, in which chemical energy is converted to electrical energy. As discussed, a battery is a device that stores chemical energy and converts it into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions. Batteries contain one or more cells, each containing three main components: an anode (negative electrode) , a cathode (positive electrode) , and an electrolyte that facilitates the movement of ions between the electrodes. LIB stands for Lithium-Ion Battery, which is a type of rechargeable battery commonly used in various electronic devices and electric vehicles. Such a battery operates based on the movement of lithium ions between the cathode and anode during charging and discharging cycles.The term “lithium battery, ” as used herein, refers to a battery that uses a lithium source in one or more electrochemical cells. Examples of lithium batteries include, but are not limited to, a lithium-ion battery (as discussed above) , a lithium metal battery, a lithium-sulfur battery, a lithium-selenium battery, or a lithium-air battery.The term, “anode assembly, ” as used herein, refers to battery component that comprises one or more anodes electrodes.The term “electrolyte, ” as used herein, in reference to a battery, refers to a solution capable of carrying ions back and forth between a cathode and an anode of the battery.The terms “thermally treating, ” “thermally treated, ” “thermal treatment, ” and similar terms, as used herein, in reference to a composition or a coated foil, each as discussed herein, refer to increasing the temperature of the “material at issue” by application of heat. As an example, heat may be applied by electrical means (for example, a heating coil in an oven or a vacuum oven) . Note, the thermal treatment may take place, for example, under vacuum, or it may take place under a nitrogen or air atmosphere. Note, the temperature at which the thermal treatment takes place, refers to the temperature of the “heat-applying” device (for example, a hot press) , or, if the device contains an enclosed or semi-enclosed atmosphere, the temperature of the atmosphere within the device, such as, for example, the atmosphere within an oven, a vacuum oven or a tunnel.The terms "comprising, " "including, " "having, " and their derivatives, are not intended to exclude the presence of any additional component, step or procedure, regardless of whether the same is specifically disclosed. In order to avoid any doubt, all compositions claimed through use of the term "comprising" may include, for example, any additional additive, adjuvant, or compound, whether polymeric or otherwise, unless stated to the contrary. In contrast, the term, "consisting essentially of” excludes from the scope of any succeeding recitation any other component, step or procedure, excepting those that are not essential to operability. The term "consisting of” excludes any component, step or procedure, not specifically delineated or listed.Listing of Some Polymer, Composition and Process FeaturesGrafted PolymerA] A grafted polymer formed from at least the following components a and b:a) at least one polyacrylic acid (PAA) , and where some of its acid (COOH) groups may be neutralized with at least one metal cation; andb) at least one compound of Structure I below:wherein each R, in each occurrence, is independently hydrogen, or an alkyl;R1, in each occurrence, is independently hydrogen, or an alkyl;R2, in each occurrence, is independently hydrogen, or an alkyl;X is NH or O; andn is an integer ≥ 1. Note, the “at least one compound of Structure I” refers to a type of compound of Structure I, as opposed to a numerical amount of Structure I. Similarly, the “at least one polyacrylic acid (PAA) refers to a type of PAA.B] The grafted polymer of A] above, wherein, for Structure I, each R, in each occurrence, is independently hydrogen, or a C1-C5 alkyl; or hydrogen, CH3, or CH2CH3; or hydrogen or CH3, or hydrogen.C] The grafted polymer of A] or B] above, wherein, for Structure I, each R1 is independently hydrogen, or a C1-C5 alkyl; or hydrogen, CH3, or CH2CH3; or hydrogen or CH3; or hydrogen; and further all the R1 groups are the same.D] The grafted polymer of any one of A] -C] (A] through C] ) above, wherein, for Structure I, each R2 is independently hydrogen, or a C1-C5 alkyl; or hydrogen, CH3, or CH2CH3; or hydrogen or CH3; or hydrogen; and further all the R2 groups are the same.E] The grafted polymer of any one of A] -D] above, wherein, for Structure I, n is an integer from 1 to 10; or an integer from 1 to 7; or an integer from 1 to 5; or an integer from 1 to 3.F] The grafted polymer of any one of A] -E] above, wherein X is NH, as follows:G] The grafted polymer of any one of A] -E] above, wherein X is O, as follows:H] The grafted polymer of any one of A] -F] above, wherein Structure I is selected from Structure Iai as follows:I] The grafted polymer of any one of A] -F] or H] above, wherein Structure I is selected from Structure i as follows:wherein n is an integer ≥ 1, and further n is an integer from 1 to 10; or an integer from 1 to 7; or an integer from 1 to 5; or an integer from 1 to 3.J] The grafted polymer of any one of A] -F] , H] or I] above, wherein Structure I is selected from Structure ii as follows:K] The grafted polymer of any one of A] -J] above, wherein component b is at least two compounds of Structure I; and further two compounds of Structure I.L] The grafted polymer of any one of A] -J] above, wherein component b is one compound of Structure I.M] The grafted polymer of any one of A] -L] above, wherein the at least one PAA of component a has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) ≥ 1,000, or ≥ 5,000, ≥ or 10,000, or ≥ 20,000, or ≥ 30,000, or ≥ 40,000, or ≥ 50,000 g / mol.N] The grafted polymer of any one of A] -M] above, wherein the at least one PAA of component a has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) ≤ 500,000, or ≤ 200,000, or ≤ 100,000, or ≤ 90,000, or ≤ 80,000 g / mol. Note, the Mw may be determined, as discussed in Section 2.2 (Gel Permeation Chromatography) of A.H. Dowing et al., The Influence of Poly (acrylic) Acid Number Average Molecular Weight and Concentration in Solution on the Compressive Fracture Strength and Modulus of a Glass-Ionomer Restorative, Dental Materials, 27 (2011) , 535-543; which is incorporated herein by reference.O] The grafted polymer of any one of A] -N] above, wherein the mole ratio of component b to the acrylic acid in component a is ≥ 0.01, or ≥ 0.02, or ≥ 0.03, or ≥ 0.04, or ≥ 0.05.P] The grafted polymer of any one of A] -O] above, wherein the mole ratio of component b to the acrylic acid in component a is ≤ 1.0, or ≤ 0.80, or ≥ 0.60, or ≤ 0.40, or ≤ 0.30, or ≤ 0.25, or ≥ 0.20, or ≤ 0.15.Q] The grafted polymer of any one of A] -P] above, wherein component a is at least two polyacrylic acid (PAA) polymers; and further two polyacrylic acid (PAA) polymers.R] The grafted polymer of any one of A] -P] above, wherein component a is one polyacrylic acid (PAA) polymer.S] The grafted polymer of any one of A] -R] above, wherein ≥ 50 mole%, or ≥ 55 mole%, ≥ 60 mole%, ≥ 65 mole%, or ≥ 70 mole%, or ≥ 75 mole%of the acid groups (COOH) of component a are neutralized with at least one metal cation.T] The grafted polymer of S] above, wherein the acid groups are neutralized with a Li cation, a Na cation and / or a K cation; and further neutralized with a Li cation.U] The grafted polymer of S] or T] above, wherein the Li cation is from LiOH, Li2CO3, LiH2PO4, Li2O, Li2C2O4, LiOH, LiX, ROCO2Li, HCOLi, ROLi, (ROCO2Li) 2, Li2S, LiySOz, or a combination thereof; wherein X = F, C1, I, or Br; R = a hydrocarbyl group, y = 1 or 2, z = 3 or 4; and further the Li cation is from LiOH.V] The grafted polymer of any one of A] -U] above, wherein some of the acid groups of component a are neutralized with one metal cation; and further with a lithium cation.W] The grafted polymer of any one of A] -R] above, wherein ≤ 10 wt%, or ≤ 5.0 wt%, or ≤ 2.0 wt%, or ≤ 1.0 wt%of the acid groups of component a are neutralized with at least one metal cation (for example, Li ion, Na ion and / or K ion) ; and further none of the acid groups are neutralized with a metal cation.Anode CompositionA2] An anode composition comprising, as component z, the grafted polymer of any one of A] -W] above, neutralized with a Li source, a Na source and / or a K source; ; and further ≥ 50 mole%, or ≥ 55 mole%, ≥ 60 mole%, ≥ 65 mole%, or ≥ 70 mole%, or ≥ 75 mole%of the acid (COOH) are neutralized with a Li source, a Na source and / or a K source.B2] An anode composition of A2] above, wherein the grafted polymer is neutralized with a Li source; and further ≥ 50 mole%, or ≥ 55 mole%, ≥ 60 mole%, ≥ 65 mole%, or ≥ 70 mole%, or ≥ 75 mole%of the acid (COOH) are neutralized with the Li source.C2] An anode composition of A2] or B2] above, wherein the Li source is selected from LiOH, Li2CO3, LiH2PO4, Li2O, Li2C2O4, LiOH, LiX, ROCO2Li, HCOLi, ROLi, (ROCO2Li) 2, Li2S, LiySOz, or a combination thereof; wherein X = F, Cl, I, or Br; R = a hydrocarbyl group, y = 1 or 2, z = 3 or 4; and further the Li source selected from LiOH.D2] The anode composition of any one of A2] -C2] above, wherein the anode composition further comprises, as component y, a Si / C mixture.E2] The anode composition of D2] above, wherein the Si / C mixture comprises graphite and at least “Si-containing compound” selected from Si, SiO, SiO2 or any combination thereof.F2] The anode composition of D2] or E2] above, wherein the Si / C mixture comprises graphite and at least “Si-containing compound” selected from SiO, SiO2 or any combination thereof, and further from SiO.G2] The anode composition of any one of A2] -F2] above, wherein the anode composition further comprises at least one conductive agent as component x.H2] The anode composition of G2] above, wherein component x is selected from carbon black, carbon nanotubes (for example, TUBALL CNT) , or a mixture thereof.I2] The anode composition of G2] or H2] above, wherein the anode composition comprises two conductive agents (x1 and x2) as component x.J2] The anode composition of I2] above, wherein the weight ratio of component x1 to componentx2 is ≥ 0.80, or ≥ 0.85, or ≥ 0.90, or ≥ 0.95 and / or ≤ 3.0, or ≤ 2.5, or ≤ 2.0, or ≤ 1.5, or ≤ 1.2.K2] The anode composition of any one of A2] -J2] above, wherein the anode composition further comprises at least one thickening agent / binder as component w.L2] The anode composition of K2] above, wherein component w is selected from a cellulose or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose; and further component w is sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.M2] The anode composition of any one of A2] -L2] above, wherein the anode composition further comprises at least one binder as component v.N2] The anode composition of M2] above, wherein component v is selected from a latex binder (for example, an emulsion of a synthetic rubber (such as SBR or a modified SBR) ; for example, a waterborne emulsion of a synthetic rubber) .O2] The anode composition of anyone of A2] -N2] above, wherein component z is present in an amount ≥ 0.10 wt%, or ≥ 0.20 wt%, or 0.40 wt%, or ≥ 0.60 wt%, or ≥ 0.80 wt%, or 1.0 wt%, or ≥ 1.1 wt%, or ≥ 1.2 wt%, or ≥ 1.3 wt%based on the weight of the anode composition.P2] The anode composition of anyone of A2] -O2] above, wherein component z is present in an ≤ 5.0 wt%, or ≤ 4.5 wt%, or ≤ 4.0 wt%, or ≤ 3.5 wt%, or ≤ 3.0 wt%, or ≤ 2.8 wt%, or ≤ 2.5 wt%, or ≤ 2.2 wt%, or ≤ 2.0 wt%, or ≤ 1.8 wt%, or ≤ 1.6 wt%, based on the weight of the anode composition.Q2] The anode composition of any one of D2] -P2] above, wherein the weight ratio of component y to component z is ≥ 40, or ≥ 45, or ≥ 50, or ≥ 52, or ≥ 54, or ≥ 56, or ≥ 58.R2] The composition of any one of D2] -Q2] above, wherein the weight ratio of component y to component z is ≤ 80, or ≤ 75, or ≤ 70, or ≤ 68, or ≤ 66, or ≤ 64, or ≤ 62.S2] The anode composition of any one of G2] -R2] above, wherein components x is present in an amount ≥ 2.0 wt%, or ≥ 3.0 wt%, or ≥ 4.0 wt%, or ≥ 4.5 wt%, or ≥ 5.0 wt%, or ≥ 5.5 wt%, or ≥ 6.0 wt%and / or ≤ 10 wt%, or ≤ 9, 0 wt%, or ≤ 8.0 wt%, ≤ 7.5 wt%, or ≤ 7.0 wt%, or ≤ 6.5 wt%, based on the weight of the anode composition.T2] The anode composition of anyone of K2] -S2] above, wherein component w is present in an amount ≥ 0.10 wt%, or ≥ 0.20 wt%, or 0.40 wt%, or ≥ 0.50 wt%and / or ≤ 1.0 wt%, or ≤ 0.9 wt%, or ≤ 0.8 wt%, or ≤ 0.7 wt%, based on the weight of the anode composition.U2] The anode composition of anyone of M2] -T2] above, wherein component v is present in an amount ≥ 0.50 wt%, or ≥ 0.60 wt%, or 0.70 wt%, or ≥ 0.80 wt%, or ≥ 0.90 wt%, or ≥ 1.0 wt%, or ≥ 1.1 wt%, or ≥ 1.2 wt%and / or ≤ 3.0 wt%, or ≤ 2.5 wt%, or ≤ 2.0 wt%, or ≤ 1.8 wt%, or ≤ 1.6 wt%, based on the weight of the anode composition.V2] The anode composition of any one of M2] -U2] above, wherein the weight ratio of component z to component v is ≥ 0.60, or ≥ 0.70, or ≥ 0.80, or ≥ 0.85, or ≥ 0.90, or ≥ 0.95 and / or ≤ 3.0, or ≤ 2.5, or ≤ 2.0, or ≤ 1.8, or ≤ 1.6, or ≤ 1.4, or ≤ 1.2, or ≤ 1.1.W2] The anode composition of any one of D2] -V2] above, wherein component y is present in an amount ≥ 60 wt%, or ≥ 70 wt%, or ≥ 75 wt%, or ≥ 80 wt%, or ≥ 82 wt%, or ≥ 84 wt%, or ≥ 86 wt%and / or < 100 wt%, or ≤ 98 wt%, or ≤ 96 wt%, ≤ 94 wt%, or ≤ 92 wt%, based on the weight of the anode composition.X2] The anode composition of any one of D2] -W2] above, wherein the sum of components z and y is present in an amount ≥ 70 wt%, or ≥ 75 wt%, or ≥ 80 wt%, or ≥ 85 wt%, or ≥ 90 wt%and / or < 100 wt%, or ≤ 98 wt%, or ≤ 96 wt%, ≤ 95 wt%, or ≤ 94 wt%, or ≤ 93 wt%, based on the weight of the anode composition.Y2] The anode composition of any one of M2] -X2] above, wherein the component z is present in an amount ≥ 1.0 wt%, or ≥ 2.0 wt%, or ≥ 5.0 wt%, or ≥ 10 wt%, or ≥ 20 wt%, or ≥ 30 wt%, or ≥ 40 wt%and / or ≤ 90 wt%, or ≤ 80 wt%, or ≤ 70 wt%, ≤ 60 wt%, or ≤ 50 wt%, based on the sum weight of components z, v and w.Z2] The anode composition of any one of M2] -Y2] above, wherein the sum of components z, v and w is present in an amount ≥ 1.0 wt%, or ≥ 2.0 wt%, or ≥ 2.5 wt%, or ≥ 3.0 wt%, or ≥ 3.5 wt%and / or ≤ 10 wt%, or ≤ 8.0 wt%, or ≤ 6.0 wt%, ≤ 5.0 wt%, or ≤ 4.0 wt%, based on the weight of the anode composition.A3] The anode composition of any one of A2] -Z2] above, wherein the composition comprises ≤ 1.0 ppm, or ≤ 0.50 ppm, or ≤ 0.20 ppm, or ≤ 0.10 ppm, or ≤ 0.05 ppm, or ≤ 0.02 ppm, or ≤ 0.01 ppm of an epoxy-containing compound or an epoxy-containing polymer, based on the weight of the composition, and further the composition does not comprise an epoxy-containing compound (a compound containing one (numerical) or more epoxy groups) or an epoxy-containing polymer (a polymer containing one (numerical) or more epoxy groups) .B3] The anode composition of any one of A2] -A3] above, wherein the composition comprises ≤ 1.0 ppm, or ≤ 0.50 ppm, or ≤ 0.20 ppm, or ≤ 0.10 ppm, or ≤ 0.05 ppm, or ≤ 0.02 ppm, or ≤ 0.01 ppm of a polyol, based on the weight of the composition, and further the composition does not comprise a polyol.C3] The anode composition of any one of A2] -B3] above, wherein the composition comprises ≤ 1.0 ppm, or ≤ 0.50 ppm, or ≤ 0.20 ppm, or ≤ 0.10 ppm, or ≤ 0.05 ppm, or ≤ 0.02 ppm, or ≤ 0.01 ppm of a polyether, based on the weight of the composition, and further the composition does not comprise a polyether.D3] The anode composition of any one of A2] -C3] above, wherein the composition comprises ≤ 1.0 ppm, or ≤ 0.50 ppm, or ≤ 0.20 ppm, or ≤ 0.10 ppm, or ≤ 0.05 ppm, or ≤ 0.02 ppm, or ≤ 0.01 ppm of a plasticizer, based on the weight of the composition, and further the composition does not comprise a plasticizer (a substance, typically a compound, that is added to a composition to increase its flexibility, decrease its viscosity and / or decrease its friction during handling or manufacture) .E3] The anode composition of any one of A2] -D3] above, wherein the composition comprises ≤ 1.0 ppm, or ≤ 0.50 ppm, or ≤ 0.20 ppm, or ≤ 0.10 ppm, or ≤ 0.05 ppm, or ≤ 0.02 ppm, or ≤ 0.01 ppm of a MAH and / or maleic acid containing polymer, based on the weight of the composition, and further the composition does not comprise a MAH and / or maleic acid containing polymer (a polymer containing one (numerical) or more MAH groups and / or one or more maleic acid groups) .F3] An article comprising at least one component formed from the anode composition of any one of A2] -E3] above; and further the article is a battery.Anode ElectrodeA4] An anode electrode comprising a composite layer formed from the anode composition of any one of A2] -E3] above.B4] The anode electrode of A4] above, wherein the anode electrode further comprises a metal foil.C4] The anode electrode of B4] above, wherein the metal of the metal foil is selected from aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper, copper alloy, and further selected from copper.D4] The anode electrode of B4] or C4] above, wherein the metal foil has a thickness ≥ 7, or ≥ 8, or ≥ 9 μm and / or ≤ 25, or ≤ 20, or ≤ 18, or ≤ 15, ≤ 12 μm.E4] The anode electrode of any one of B4] -D4] above, the electrode is formed from a process comprising coating at least one planar surface the metal foil with a slurry comprising the anode composition of any one of A2] -E3] above, and a solvent, to form a coated foil; and further coating one planar surface of the metal foil to form the coated foil.F4] The anode electrode of E4] above, wherein the process further comprises thermally treating the coated foil to form the anode electrode.G4] The anode electrode of F4] above, wherein the coated foil is thermally treated at a temperature ≥ 50℃, or ≥ 55℃, or ≥ 60℃, or ≥ 65℃, or ≥ 70℃, or ≥ 75℃, or ≥ 80℃and / or ≤ 100℃ or ≤ 95℃, or ≤ 90℃ or ≤ 85℃.H4] The anode electrode of any one of A4] -G4] above, wherein the anode electrode has a peel strength ≥ 0.40 N / 2cm, or ≥ 0.50 N / 2cm, or ≥ 0.60 N / 2cm, or ≥ 0.70 N / 2cm, or ≥ 0.80 N / 2cm, or ≥ 1.00 N / 2cm, or ≥ 1.50 N / 2cm, or ≥ 1.80 N / 2cm and / or ≥ 5.00 N, or ≥ 4.50 N / 2cm. Peel Strength is determined as discussed below.Anode Assembly and BatteryA5] A anode assembly comprising at least one anode electrode of any one of A4] -H4] above; and further the at least one anode is compacted.B5] A battery comprising the anode assembly of A5] above.C5] The battery of B5] above, wherein the battery is a lithium battery.D5] The battery of B5] or C5] above, wherein the battery has a resistivity ≤ 1.40 Ω·cm, or ≤ 1.30 Ω·cm, or ≤ 1.20 Ω·cm, or ≤ 1.10 Ω·cm, or ≤ 1.00 Ω·cm, or ≤ 0.95 Ω·cm, or ≤ 0.90 Ω·cm, or ≤ 0.85 Ω·cm and / or ≥ 0.10 Ω·cm, or ≥ 0.20 Ω·cm. Resistivity is determined as discussed below.E5] The battery of any one of B5] -D5] above, wherein the battery has a capacity ≥ 400 MAhg-1, or ≥ 450 MAhg-1, or ≥ 500 MAhg-1 and / or ≤ 800 MAhg-1, or ≤ 750 MAhg-1, or ≤700 MAhg-1. The capacity is determined as discussed below.ProcessesF5] A process to form the anode composition of any one of A2] -E3] above, the process comprising mixing at least components z and y; and further mixing at least components z and y in the presence of a solvent to form a slurry.G5] The process of F5] above, further comprising mixing at least components z, y, x, w and v; and further mixing at least components z, y, x, w and v in the presence of a solvent to form a slurry.H5] The process of F5] or G5] above, further comprising thermally treating the slurry to evaporate the solvent, and to form the anode composition.I5] The process of H4] above, wherein the slurry is thermally treated at a temperature ≥ 50℃, or ≥ 55℃, or ≥ 60℃, or ≥ 65℃, or ≥ 70℃, or ≥ 75℃, or ≥ 80℃ and / or ≤ 100℃ or ≤ 95℃, or ≤ 90℃ or ≤ 85℃.A6] A process to form an anode electrode, the process comprising applying to at least one planar surface of a metal foil, a slurry comprising the anode composition of any one of A2] -E3] above, and a solvent.B6] The process of A6] above, wherein the metal of the metal foil is selected from aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper, copper alloy, and further copper.C6] The process of A6] or B6] above, wherein the metal foil has a thickness ≥ 7, or ≥ 8, or ≥ 9 μm and / or ≤ 25, or ≤ 20, or ≤ 18, or ≤ 15, ≤ 12 μm.D6] A process to form an anode assembly, the process comprising compacting at least one anode electrode of any one of A4] -H4] above.E6] The process of D6] above, wherein the process comprises compacting at least two anode electrodes.F6] A process to form a battery, the process comprising inserting the anode assembly of A5] above into an electrolyte.G6] The process of F6] above, wherein the battery is a lithium battery.TEST METHODSPeel StrengthThe Peel Strength determination of each dried Si / C anode composition on the metal current collector followed ASTM D903. For each anode composition, a “20 mm width” anode electrode test sample was covered by tape, and the taped anode composition peeled off from the metal foil (substrate) at 180 degree, at a 50 mm / minute rate, using KJ-1065 peel strength instrument. The steady force (see Figure 2) was recorded, and at least 3 test samples (per anode composition) were tested for average value. Note the interface between the tape and the anode composition did not fail.As discussed above, peel force was measured using a 20 mm test sample. This adhesion test involved peeling the anode composition from the collector, while maintaining a 180-degree angle between the two substrates during the peeling process. See, for example, Figure 1. This test is often used to test a flexible bonded layer's adhesion strength on a rigid substrate. The peel resistance is measured as the “anode composition” is peeled from the copper foil. The result helps in assessing the bonding quality between the anode composition and the copper foil.Specifically, the dried coated anode electrode was cut into 2.0 cmx 15 cn small test samples. Tape (3M 810) was then applied to the exposed surface of the anode coating on the electrode test sample. The contact between the tape and the anode coating was uniform and free of air bubbles. After applying the tape, the tape surface was gently pressed to ensure a firm adhesion. The taped, test sample was inserted into the clamp of the peeling tester, ensuring that the sample was securely positioned. The tester peeled the dried anode composition off the copper foil surface at a speed of 50 mm / min, set at an angle 180 degrees. During the peeling process, the instrument recorded the force required to peel the composition from the foil surface.Electrical Properties (Resistivity and Capacity)The resistivity and capacity of each cell battery containing an anode electrode was tested on a Neware battery tester (Shenzhen, China) in a voltage range of 0.01-1.5V for half-cell. The Neware battery testing equipment comes equipped with testing software (BTS8.0.0) , and data analysis software (BTSDA) , used to test and analyze cycle performance and rate performance. All the testing was performed at room temperature (air atmosphere) . Per anode composition, at least four test batteries were tested and an average reported.EXPERIMENTALCommercial Reagents and polymers are listed below.Polyacrylic acid homopolymer (PAA) is Dow ACUMER 1510 (ACUMER 1510 is a polyacrylic acid hydrophilic colloidal solution)-25 wt%PAA, based on the weight of the colloidal solution. Mw = 60,000 g / mol.n- (2-Aminoethyl) piperazine (AEP, MW 129.21 g / mol) ) available from The Dow Chemical Company.Ethyl-3- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) ; N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS) and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) each available from Adamas.The sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) 2200 available from DAICEL Miraizu Ltd..Latex Binder 302A (modified SBR) , 40 wt%mod. SBR, based on the weight of the emulsion, and available from ShenZhen DASAI Tech. Co. Ltd..The Si / C material available from Liyang Zichen New Material Technology Co., Ltd., this commercial Si / C material (800mAh g-1) containing graphite and SiO.Conductive agent TUBALL CNT available from Haiyi Co., Ltd..Conductive agent Super P was available from Imerys.The electrolyte LB-046 (1M LiPF6 in DEC: EC = 1: 1 vol%with 10%FEC ) available from DoDoChem.Representative Synthesis of LiPAA, and the LiPAA-g-AEPThe PAA (1.5 g PAA homopolymer) was added to 150 ml of deionized water in a flask. An aqueous solution of lithium hydroxide (0.5 g) was prepared, and added to the flask to adjust the pH to the desired neutralization level (see Figure 5) . Next, EDC (2 g) and NHS (0.75 g) were added to the solution. The solution was stirred for one hour at room temperature. Then, the AEP was slowly added to the solution. The amount of AEP added was based on the desired molar ratio of acrylic acid (AA) of AEP to PAA of 1-5, 1-8, 1-10, 1-20, respectively, and the final product was LiPAA-g-AEP. Note, the AEP reacts with free acid (COOH) groups of the PAA. The amount of neutralization for each polymer (IE-1, IE-2, IE-3, IE-4) , by LiOH, was 75 mol%, based on the total moles of acid groups. The control CE was also neutralized, by LiOH, to 75 mol%.The calibration curve of Figure 5 was based on known molar amounts of PAA and know molar amounts of LiOH. The pH was measured with a pH meter. After the completion of the reaction, the final solution in the flask was purified by dialysis in distilled water for 48 hours (dialysis bag (132633-0.5m) and dialysis bag clips were purchased from Shanghai Titan Scientific Co., Ltd. ) . The final product (LiPAA-g-AEP) was obtained from freeze-drying the purified solution. The Freeze Dryer (ZLGJ-18) was purchased from Zhengzhou Hua Chen Instrument Co., Ltd..Representative Calculation for the Amount of AEP Needed to Achieve a Certain Mole Ratio of AEP to AA (for example, a mole ratio of AEP to AA of 1: 8)Given: the mole ratio of (-NH2) to (-COOH) is 1: 8, AEP (Mw = 129.2 g / mol) and AA (Mw = 72.06 g / mol) .Note, 1 mole of-NH2, which corresponds to 1 mole of AEP, and 8 moles of-COOH, which requires 8 moles of AA repeating units. The masses are calculated as follows:Mass of AEP = 129.21 g / mol × 1 mole = 129.21 g;Mass of AA = 8 moles × 72.06 g / mol = 576.48 g;According to the mole ratio, when 1.5 g of PAA is used, the corresponding mass of AEP can be calculated as follows:Moles AA = (1.5 g PAA x 1 mol / 72.06 g) = 0.0208 mole AA.Moles of AEP = Mole AA / 8 = 0.0208 moles AA / 8 = 0.00260 mole AEP.Amount (g) of AEP = 0.00260 mole AEP x 129.21 g / mol = 0.336 g AEP.Representative Anode Electrode Preparation -Inventive ExamplePreparation of the Anode Composition-Slurry FormThe Si / C anode slurry composition was prepared by uniformly mixing, in deionized water, for 1.5 hour (room temp, air atmosphere) , the following components to form an anode composition as a homogeneously mixed slurry: i) active material (Si / C, 90 wt%) , ii) Super P (3.2 wt%) , iii) NaCMC (0.6wt%) , iv) SBR (1.5wt%) , v) CNT (3.2wt%) , and vi) LiPAA-g-AEP (1.5 g) .Preparation of the Anode ElectrodeUsing a spoon, 0.5 g of the above slurry was placed on a 3cm x 15 cm x 9μm copper foil. A 200 μm doctor blade (within a coating machine) was used to evenly spread the slurry over the foil to form a coated foil. Each coated foil was dried at 80℃, under vacuum, for 8 hours, to remove the solvent (water) , and to form a dried coated foil. After this drying stage, a punch machine was used to cut 12 mm diameter circular electrodes from the dried coated foil. The active material loading on each electrode was 1.5 mg / cm2. The coating machine, doctor blade, and punching machine were purchased from Shenzhen Kejing Star Technology Co., Ltd., and the Cu foil was purchased from Canrd Co., Ltd..In the above dried coating, the silicon-carbon active material (Si / C) constituted 90 wt%of this total dried anode composition. The mass of the above 12 mm diameter dried electrode was measured, and after subtracting the mass of the copper foil, the total mass of the dried coating (dried anode composition) was determined. By multiplying this total mass by 0.90 (to account for the 90 wt%of the Si / C) , the weight of the active material was determined. For a 12 mm diameter electrode, the area is: π × (6 mm) 2 ≈ 113.1 mm2 = 1.131 cm2. The area loading of the active material (Si / C) on the cut foil sheet as 1.5 mg / cm2. The dried anode contains active material (90wt%) , Super P (3.2 wt%) , NaCMC (0.6wt%) , Latex Binder (1.5wt%) , LiPAA-g-AEP (1.5wt%) and CNT (3.2wt%) . See Table 1.Table 1: Dried Anode Compositions (wt. parts)Preparation of Half CellsThe prepared electrodes, as discussed above, were assembled into CR2032 cells, in an argon-filled glove box (each of H2O and O2 is < 1.0 ppm) , using a CELGARD 2325 separator. Per anode composition, five pre-cut anode electrodes were assembled into a cell. A “1.0 M LiPF6” solution in a mixture of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate (EC / DEC, 1: 1 by volume) , containing 10 vol%fluoroethylene carbonate, was used as the electrolyte, The electrolyte (80 μL) was added to each coin cell. The capacity was calculated based on the mass loading of active material (Si / C) of each electrode.The CR2032 cells are a type of coin or button cell battery. The "CR" prefix indicates that the battery uses lithium chemistry (with a manganese dioxide cathode) , and the "2032" notation refers to the battery′s physical dimensions: 20: diameter of 20 mm; and 32: thickness of 3.2 mm. The CR2032 battery cases were purchased from Canrd Co., Ltd.. The CELGARD 2325 separator was purchased from Canrd Co., Ltd.. The thickness of the separator was 25 μm.PropertiesAdhesionMechanical properties of the electrodes, especially the adhesion at the interface of the dried anode composition and the metal foil (current collector) , have a critical impact on the electrochemical performance of batteries formed from the same. Only a strong adhesion can compensate for the expansion of an electrode and maintain the electrode's structure integrity. Otherwise, the electrode may be peeled off from current collector and cause the battery performance to drop and / or create a safety issue. The peel strength of each Si / C anode composition was tested, and the results are shown in Figure 2.As seen in Figure 2, the comparative example CE using PAA showed peel strength around 0.15 N / 2cm, while the inventive examples (IE) showed much stronger adhesion above around 0.5 N / 2cm. The highest peel strength, close to 2 N / 2cm, was observed for the anode composition with an AEP to AA ratio of 1: 8. This peel strength was almost 10 times that of the CE example. The peel strength results proved that by grafting AEP to the PAA backbone, the peel strength improves significantly.Electrical Properties: Resistance and CapacityBattery resistance is one of a few key characteristics that define a lithium-ion cell's performance. A cell's power density, dissipation, efficiency, and state of health (SoH) all depend on its resistance. The resistance testing results of the cell batteries containing the Si / C anode electrodes are shown in Figure 3. As seen in Figure 3, the resistance of CE example using PAA, was around 1.4 Ω*cm, while resistance of all inventive examples were from 0.7 to 0.8 Ω*cm. The significant resistance drop revealed that AEP improved the conductivity of the anode compositions in LIBs.A higher energy density battery provides for a lower weight and smaller volume battery. The demand for a high-capacity LIB has witnessed a surge due to the increasing demand for electric vehicles and energy storage devices. Battery capacity is also influenced by the conductivity of the anode composition. The capacity test results of the cell batteries containing the Si / C anode electrodes are shown in Figure 4.In Figure 4, the cycling performances are shown. Discharge capacity of the comparative example CE is below 400 mAh g-1 during the 100 cycle testing. While all the IE examples have a much higher (improved) capacity. When the ratio of AEP to AA is 1: 8, the capacity is above 550 mAh g-1.
Claims
1.A grafted polymer formed from at least the following components a and b:a) at least one polyacrylic acid (PAA) , and where some of its acid groups may be neutralized with at least one metal cation; andb) at least one compound of Structure I below:wherein each R, in each occurrence, is independently hydrogen, or an alkyl;R1, in each occurrence, is independently hydrogen, or an alkyl;R2, in each occurrence, is independently hydrogen, or an alkyl;X is NH or O; andn is an integer ≥ 1.2.The grafted polymer of claim 1, wherein, for Structure I, each R, in each occurrence, is independently hydrogen, or a C1-C5 alkyl.3.The grafted polymer of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein, for Structure I, n is an integer from 1 to 10.4.The grafted polymer of any one of claims 1-3, wherein Structure I is selected from Structure Iai as follows: 5.The grafted polymer of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the mole ratio of component b to the acrylic acid in component a is from 0.01 to 1.0.6.An anode composition comprising, as component z, the grafted polymer of any one of claims 1-5, neutralized with a Li source.7.The anode composition of claim 6, wherein the anode composition further comprises, as component y, a Si / C mixture.8.The anode composition of claim 6 or claim 7, wherein the anode composition further comprises at least one conductive agent as component x.9.The anode composition of any one of claims 6-8, wherein the anode composition further comprises at least one binder as component v.10.The anode composition of anyone of claims 6-9, wherein component z is present in an amount from 0.10 wt%to 5.0 wt%, based on the weight of the anode composition.11.The anode composition of any one of claims 6-10, wherein the weight ratio of component y to component z is from 40 to 80.12.The anode composition of any one of claims 6-11, wherein the weight ratio of component z to component v is from 0.60 to 3.0.13.The anode composition of any one of claims 6-12, wherein the sum of components z and y is present in an amount from 70 wt%to < 100 wt%, based on the weight of the anode composition.14.An anode electrode comprising a composite layer formed from the anode composition of any one of claims 6-13.15.The anode electrode of claim 14, wherein the anode electrode further comprises a metal foil.16.The anode electrode of claim 14 or claim 15, wherein the anode electrode has a peel strength from 0.40 N / 2cm to 5.00 N / 2cm.17.An anode assembly comprising at least one anode electrode of any one of claims 14-16.18.A battery comprising the anode assembly of claim 17.19.The battery of claim 18, wherein the battery is a lithium battery.20.A process to form an anode electrode, the process comprising applying to at least one planar surface of a metal foil, a slurry comprising the anode composition of any one of claims 6-13, and a solvent.