Absorbent core and absorbent article comprising the same
The layered absorbent core structure with controlled permeability and nonwoven sheets addresses absorption speed, capacity, and comfort issues, achieving efficient SAP distribution and reduced rewet in personal hygiene products.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- PROCTER & GAMBLE CO
- Filing Date
- 2025-02-11
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-04
Smart Images

Figure CN2025076769_04062026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
ABSORBENT CORE AND ABSORBENT ARTICLE COMPRISING THE SAMEFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The invention relates to absorbent cores and their use in personal hygiene absorbent articles.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Absorbent articles for personal hygiene such as disposable baby diapers, training pants for toddlers or adult incontinence undergarments, are designed to absorb and contain body exudates, in particular urine. These absorbent articles comprise several layers providing different functions, typically including a topsheet, a backsheet and an absorbent core in-between, among other layers.
[0003] The absorbent core should be able to absorb and retain the exudates for a prolonged amount of time, for example overnight for a diaper, minimize re-wet to keep the wearer dry, and avoid soiling of clothes or bed sheets. Absorbent cores have typically comprised a blend of comminuted wood pulp cellulose fibers with superabsorbent polymers (SAP) particles, also called absorbent gelling materials (AGM) , as absorbent material.
[0004] Absorbent cores without fluff cellulose fibers (also called “airfelt-free” cores) have been more recently proposed. The SAP particles may be for example enclosed within discrete pockets. It has been also proposed to immobilize SAP particles with a microfibrous adhesive network to a nonwoven substrate by an adhesive (see e.g. WO2008 / 155699A1) . WO 2021 / 132295A discloses an absorbent sheet comprising a first fiber sheet, a second fiber sheet, and absorbent polymers disposed between these fiber sheets where Klemm water absorption heights of the first fiber sheet is higher than the Klemm water absorption height of the second fiber sheet.
[0005] More recently, airfelt-free cores comprising a high loft, fibrous, nonwoven layer with SAP at least partially distributed within this central high loft nonwoven have been disclosed (see e.g. WO2016 / 106021A1) . SAP particles are applied on one or both sides of the high loft nonwoven, with the SAP particles deposited on the surface of the nonwoven layer being at least partially distributed and trapped within the pores of the nonwoven layer. A nonwoven is further adhesively attached on each surface of the high loft nonwoven layer to further immobilize the SAP particles between the nonwoven and the high loft nonwoven layer. WO2022 / 120693A discloses an absorbent core comprising SAP1 particles disposed one side of a high loft nonwoven and SAP2 particles disposed the other side of the high loft nonwoven where SAP1 has a higher capacity than SAP2.
[0006] There is a continuous need to improve the performances of absorbent cores, in particular in terms of absorption speed, absorption capacity, low rewet and / or wearer comfort, while keeping the overall costs of manufacture as low as possible.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The present invention is directed to an absorbent core comprising a top layer having a first MD wicking length at 3 min, a bottom layer having a second MD wicking length at 3 min, an intermediate layer disposed between the top layer and the bottom layer, the intermediate layer having a third MD wicking length at 3 min, a first absorption layer disposed between the top layer and the intermediate layer, the first absorption layer comprising first superabsorbent polymer particles “SAP1” , and a second absorption layer disposed between the intermediate layer and the bottom layer, the second absorption layer comprising second superabsorbent polymer particles “SAP2” , wherein the intermediate layer has at least one of: a SAP permeability no higher than about 1%at static condition as measured according to SAP permeability Test; and a SAP permeability no higher than about 25%at vibration condition for 10 seconds as measured according to SAP permeability Test, and wherein the first MD wicking length is no less than about 10 mm.
[0008] The present invention is also directed to an absorbent core comprising a top layer having a first MD wicking length at 3 min, a bottom layer having a second MD wicking length at 3 min, an intermediate layer disposed between the top layer and the bottom layer, the intermediate layer having a third MD wicking length at 3 min as measured according to Wicking Length Test; a first absorption layer disposed between the top layer and the intermediate layer, the first absorption layer comprising first superabsorbent polymer particles “SAP1” and a first nonwoven sheet comprising high loft nonwoven wherein at least part of SAP1 is trapped in the high loft nonwoven; and a second absorption layer disposed between the intermediate layer and the bottom layer, the second absorption layer comprising second superabsorbent polymer particles “SAP2” and a second nonwoven sheet comprising high loft nonwoven wherein at least part of SAP2 is trapped in the high loft nonwoven, wherein the intermediate layer has at least one of: a SAP permeability no higher than about 1%at static condition as measured according to SAP permeability Test; and a SAP permeability no higher than about 25%at vibration condition for 10 seconds as measured according to SAP permeability Test, and wherein the first MD wicking length is no less than about 10 mm.
[0009] The present invention is also directed to a method for making an absorbent core according to the present invention comprising in any order the steps of:
[0010] - providing an intermediate layer, a liquid-permeable top layer, and a bottom layer;
[0011] - depositing first superabsorbent particles “SAP1” on a first side of the intermediate layer, and attaching the first side of the intermediate layer with the liquid-permeable top layer;
[0012] - depositing second superabsorbent particles “SAP2” on the second side of the intermediate layer, and attaching the second side of the intermediate layer with the bottom layer;
[0013] wherein the step of depositing SAP1 and SAP2 may be performed in any order.
[0014] The present invention is also directed to method for making an absorbent core according to the present invention comprising in any order the steps of:
[0015] - providing an intermediate layer, a liquid-permeable top layer, and a bottom layer;
[0016] - depositing first superabsorbent particles “SAP1” on a first side of the liquid-permeable top layer, and attaching the first side of the top layer with a first side of the intermediate layer;
[0017] - depositing second superabsorbent particles “SAP2” on a first side of the bottom layer, and attaching the first side of the bottom layer with a second side of the intermediate layer;
[0018] wherein the step of depositing SAP1 and SAP2 may be performed in any order.
[0019] The present invention is also directed to a method for making an absorbent core according to the present invention comprising in any order the steps of:
[0020] - providing an intermediate layer, a first nonwoven sheet and a second nonwoven sheet, and laminating the first nonwoven sheet, the intermediate layer, and the second nonwoven sheet in the order to obtain a laminate layer,
[0021] - Providing a liquid-permeable top layer, and a bottom layer;
[0022] - depositing first superabsorbent particles “SAP1” on a first side of the laminate layer, and attaching the first side of the laminate layer with the liquid-permeable top layer;
[0023] - depositing second superabsorbent particles “SAP2” on the second side of the laminate layer, and attaching the second side of the laminate layer with the bottom layer;
[0024] wherein the step of depositing SAP1 and SAP2 may be performed in any order.
[0025] The present invention is also directed to an absorbent article comprising a topsheet, a backsheet, and an absorbent core disclosed herein and disposed between the topsheet and the backsheet.
[0026] The article is illustrated in the Figures as a taped diaper. For ease of discussion, the absorbent article and the acquisition-distribution system will be discussed with reference to the numerals referred to in these Figures. The Figures and detailed description should however not be considered limiting the scope of the claims, unless explicitly indicated otherwise. In particular, the invention may also be used in a wide variety of absorbent article forms, such as pant type diapers, which are pre-formed and are worn like an underwear garment, or female protection sanitary pads.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0027] Fig. 1 shows a top view of an exemplary absorbent core with the top and intermediate layers partially removed.
[0028] Fig. 2 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an absorbent core.
[0029] Fig. 3 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an alternative absorbent core.
[0030] Fig. 4 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an alternative absorbent core.
[0031] Fig. 5 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an alternative absorbent core.
[0032] Fig. 6 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an absorbent core as in Fig. 3 with a core wrapping layer.
[0033] Fig. 7 is a schematic sketch of a process for making a wet-laid nonwoven.
[0034] Fig. 8 shows a schematic cross-sectional of an absorbent article comprising the absorbent core of Fig. 6.
[0035] Fig. 9 is a schematic sketch of an exemplary process for making an absorbent core of the invention.
[0036] Fig. 10 is a schematic sketch of another exemplary process for making an absorbent core of the invention.
[0037] Fig. 11A and Fig. 11B illustrate the Wicking Area Test.
[0038] Fig. 12 is a partial cross-sectional side view of a suitable permeability measurement system for conducting the Urine Permeability Measurement Test.
[0039] Fig. 13 is a cross-sectional side view of a piston / cylinder assembly for use in conducting the Urine Permeability Measurement Test.
[0040] Fig. 14 is a top view of a piston head suitable for use in the piston / cylinder assembly shown in Fig. 13.
[0041] Fig. 15 is a cross-sectional side view of the piston / cylinder assembly of Fig. 13 placed on fritted disc for the swelling phase.
[0042] Fig. 16 illustrates an apparatus used in the Modified Fluid Acquisition Test.
[0043] Fig. 17A is a side view of the curved component used in the Modified Fluid Acquisition Test.
[0044] Fig. 17B is an end view of the curved component of Fig. 17A.
[0045] Fig. 17C is a bottom view of the curved component of Fig. 17A.
[0046] Fig. 17D is a bottom perspective view of the curved component of Fig. 17A.
[0047] Fig. 17E is a top perspective view of the curved component of Fig. 17A.
[0048] Fig. 18A illustrates a top plate assembly used in the Modified Fluid Acquisition Test.
[0049] Fig. 18B illustrates equipment used in the Modified Fluid Acquisition Test.
[0050] Fig. 19A illustrates equipment used in the SAP Permeability Test.
[0051] Fig. 19B illustrates the SAP Permeability Test.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0052] Definitions of terms
[0053] The term “absorbent article” as used herein refers to disposable products such as taped diapers, diapers having a closed waist opening (pants) , feminine hygiene sanitary napkins and the like, which are placed against or in proximity to the body of the wearer to absorb and contain bodily exudates such as urine, feces and menses discharged from the body. Typical absorbent articles comprise a topsheet, a backsheet, an absorbent core, an acquisition layer and other components. A liquid permeable topsheet forms at least a portion of the wearer-facing side of the article, and a backsheet forms at least a portion, and typically the whole, of the garment-side of the article. The articles may be provided with fastening elements, such as tapes (taped diapers) or may be provided already pre-formed with a waist opening and a pair of leg openings as in an underwear (pant diapers) . The absorbent articles may be for use with babies, infants, women or incontinent adults. Typical features of absorbent articles are further discussed further below.
[0054] As used herein, the term “cellulose fibers” intends to include both natural cellulose fibers such as pulp and cotton, and regenerated cellulose fibers such as rayon including viscose, Lyocell, Modal and cuprammonium rayon unless specified differently.
[0055] The term "joined" or “bonded” or “attached” , as used herein, encompasses configurations whereby an element is directly secured to another element by affixing the element directly to the other element e.g. by gluing, and configurations whereby an element is indirectly secured to another element by affixing the element to intermediate member (s) which in turn are affixed to the other element.
[0056] The terms “comprise, ” “comprising, ” and “comprises” are open ended terms, each specifies the presence of the feature that follows, e.g. a component, but does not preclude the presence of other features, e.g. elements, steps, components known in the art or disclosed herein. These terms based on the verb “comprise” should be read as encompassing the narrower terms “consisting essential of” which excludes any element, step or ingredient not mentioned which materially affect the way the feature performs its function, and the term “consisting of” which excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified. Any preferred or exemplary examples described below are not limiting the scope of the claims, unless specifically indicated to do so. The words “typically” , “normally” , “preferably” , “advantageously” , “in particular” and the likes also qualify features which are not intended to limit the scope of the claims unless specifically indicated to do so.
[0057] The terms “machine direction” or “MD” is the direction parallel to the direction of travel of the web in a manufacturing process. The machine direction is typically the longitudinal direction of a component of an absorbent article. The “cross machine direction” or “CD” is the direction substantially perpendicular to the MD and in the plane generally defined by the web.
[0058] The terms “nonwoven” , “nonwoven layer” , “nonwoven sheet” or “nonwoven web” are used interchangeably to mean an engineered fibrous assembly, primarily planar, which has been given a designed level of structural integrity by physical and / or chemical means, excluding weaving, knitting or papermaking (ISO 9092: 2019 definition) . The directionally or randomly orientated fibers, are bonded by friction, and / or cohesion and / or adhesion. The fibers may be of natural or synthetic origin and may be staple or continuous filaments or be formed in situ. Commercially available fibers have diameters ranging from less than about 0.001 mm to more than about 0.2 mm and they come in several different forms such as short fibers (known as staple, or chopped) , continuous single fibers (filaments or monofilaments) , untwisted bundles of continuous filaments (tow) , and twisted bundles of continuous filaments (yam) . Nonwoven webs can be formed by many processes such as meltblowing, spunbonding, solvent spinning, electrospinning, carding and airlaying. The basis weight of nonwoven webs is usually expressed in grams per square meter (g / m2 or gsm) .
[0059] Absorbent Core
[0060] As used herein, the term “absorbent core” refers to a component for an absorbent article comprising an absorbent material that can absorb and retain body fluid such as urine and menstrual blood.
[0061] By “absorbent material” it is meant a material which has some absorbency property or liquid retaining properties, such as SAP, cellulosic fibers as well as synthetic fibers. Typically, glues used in making absorbent cores have no absorbency properties and are not considered as absorbent material. The core wrap is not considered as absorbent material for the purpose of assessing the percentage of SAP in the absorbent core.
[0062] The absorbent cores according to this invention may be manufactured in a continuous stream that can be stored and transported for example as a roll of absorbent core material, and are then individualized when integrated in an absorbent article, such as a diaper and a sanitary napkin. Absorbent cores have the most absorbent capacity of the components of the absorbent article and comprises all, or at least the majority of, SAP particles. The terms “absorbent core” and “core” are herein used interchangeably.
[0063] The absorbent cores of the invention may be substantially planar. By substantially planar, it is meant that the absorbent core can be laid flat on a planar surface and primarily extend in an x and an y direction. The absorbent cores may also be typically thin and conformable, so that they can also be laid on a curved surface for example a drum during the making process, or stored and handled as a continuous roll of stock material comprising a plurality of cores before being converted into an absorbent article.
[0064] An exemplarily individualized absorbent core is represented in a flat state of Fig. 1. Though the absorbent core 28 in Fig. 1 is in a rectangle shape having a front edge 280, a back edge 282 and two longitudinally-extending side edges 284, 286, the absorbent core of the present invention can be in a variety of shapes meeting various needs.
[0065] The absorbent core’s height in the z direction is small relative to its other dimensions in the transversal direction x and the longitudinal direction y. Unless otherwise indicated, dimensions and areas disclosed herein apply to the core in this flat-out configuration.
[0066] Referring to Fig. 2, the absorbent core of the invention comprises a liquid-permeable top layer 41, a bottom layer 42, an intermediate layer 45 disposed between the top layer 41 and the bottom layer 42, a first absorption layer 44 comprising first superabsorbent polymer particles “SAP1” 60 and disposed between the top layer 41 and the intermediate layer 45, and a second absorption layer 46 comprising second superabsorbent polymer particles “SAP2” 62 and disposed between the intermediate layer 45 and the bottom layer 42.
[0067] The intermediate layer has a SAP permeability no higher than about 1%, or no higher than about 0.9%, or no higher than about 0.8%at static condition as measured according to SAP Permeability Test; or a SAP permeability no higher than about 25%, or no higher than about 20 %, or no higher than about 15%or no higher than about 10%at vibration condition for 10 second vibration as measured according to SAP Permeability Test.
[0068] An absorbent core can be designed to have different types of SAP. For example, the absorbent core may have a first SAP with a higher capacity disposed close to the top layer, and a second SAP with a higher permeability disposed closed to the bottom layer. Employment of first SAP swelling slower than the second SAP can mitigate SAP blocking issue, and keep the topsheet dry. To maximize the design intend, it may be ideal that the two different types of SAP particles are separated from each other, however, these upper SAP and bottom SAP are tend to be mixed in a core structure during core manufacturing process, production of absorbent articles comprising the same, or usage of the absorbent articles. With disposing an intermediate layer having a SAP permeability no higher than about 20%as measured according to SAP permeability Test in between two absorption layers, the negative mixture could be avoided, and intended core design can be achieved.
[0069] Referring to Fig. 3, the first absorption layer 44 may further comprise a first nonwoven sheet 442 having a top surface oriented towards the top layer 41 and a bottom surface oriented towards the intermediate layer 45, wherein at least part of SAP is deposited on the top surface of the first nonwoven sheet 442. Alternatively or additionally, the second absorption layer 46 may further comprise a second nonwoven sheet 462 having a top surface oriented towards the intermediate layer 45 and a bottom surface oriented towards the bottom layer 42, wherein at least part of SAP is deposited on the top surface of the second nonwoven sheet 462. When the absorption layer 44, 46 comprises a nonwoven sheet 442, 462, at least part of SAP may be penetrated into the nonwoven sheet 442, 462, and part of SAP remains between the nonwoven sheet 442 and the top layer 41, and / or between the nonwoven sheet 462 and the bottom layer 42.
[0070] The top layer 41 has a first MD wicking length at 3 min of no less than about 10 mm as measured according to Wicking Length Test. The bottom layer 42 and the intermediate layer have a second MD wicking length at 3 min and a third MD wicking length at 3 min, as measured according to Wicking Length Test, respectively.
[0071] In one embodiment, the first MD wicking length is equal to or greater than the third MD wicking length. The first MD wicking length may be at least 3 times, or at least 4 times, or at least 5 times greater than the third MD wicking length. With the top layer having a significantly high MD wicking length, the absorbent core of the present invention can draw down the fluid from a topsheet quicky and effectively and drives the topsheet dryness, and utilize SAP in the absorbent core better in the xy plane-direction as well as z-direction.
[0072] For ease of discussion, the absorbent cores, articles and processes of the invention will be discussed with reference to the Figures and the numerals referred to in these Figures; however these are not intended to limit the scope of the claims unless specifically indicated.
[0073] Top layer and bottom layer
[0074] The top layer 41 is on the side of the absorbent core intended to be placed closest to the wearer-facing side of the absorbent article and may be liquid-permeable. The bottom layer 42 is positioned on the other side of the absorbent core closest to the garment-facing side of the absorbent article. It may be liquid-permeable or liquid impermeable. The top layer and the bottom layer provide a cover on each the first and second absorption layers for preventing the SAP particles from falling out of the absorbent core during the core and article making process and / or during use of the absorbent article.
[0075] The top layer has a first MD wicking length at 3 min no less than about 10 mm as measured according to Wicking Length Test, and the bottom layer has a second MD wicking length at 3min as measured according to Wicking Length Test.
[0076] The first MD wicking length may be at least about 3 times, or at least about 5 times, or at least about 7 times, or at least 10 times greater than the second MD wicking length.
[0077] The first MD wicking length may be equal to or greater than the third MD wicking length of the intermediate layer 45 as measured according to Wicking Length Test. The first MD wicking length may be at least about 3 times, or at least about 5 times, or at least about 7 times, or at least 10 times greater than the third MD wicking length.
[0078] Nonwoven materials are typically inherently hydrophobic, and optionally, the top layer or bottom layer may be treated differently to render to the top layer more hydrophilic than the bottom layer.
[0079] The top layer 41 can be wider than the bottom layer 42 so that this excess material can be folded around the longitudinal side edges 284, 286 of the core 28 to form a C-wrap seal over the bottom layer 42, as illustrated in Fig. 4. Alternatively, the bottom layer 42 can be wider than the top layer 41 so that this excess material can be folded around the longitudinal side edges 284, 286 of the core 28 to form a C-wrap seal over the top layer 41, as illustrated in Fig. 5.
[0080] In addition to the top layer and the bottom layer, the absorbent core 28 can further comprise a wrapping layer 3 that encompasses the absorption layers and the top and bottom layers, such by forming a C-wrap around the longitudinally extending side edges 284, 286 of the core, as shown in Fig. 6. By “C-wrap” , it is meant that the layer covers at least the top side or bottom side of the core, extends along its side edges to form flaps that are then folded and attached, typically by gluing, over the opposite side of the core. The wrapping layer 3 may thus have a cross-section similar to the letter C (when rotated 90°) . A C-wrap construction may further help containing the SAP particles during the making or wearing of the absorbent article. The wrapping layer may for example be made of a low basis weight nonwoven layer, for example having a basis weight of from 5 to 40 gsm, in particular from 8 to 25 gsm, in particular a SMS nonwoven, but other materials are of course possible. As one example, the wrapping layer 3 may extends from the bottom side of the core 28 and having flaps folded over the top side of the core as represented in Fig. 6. The inverted configuration is also possible, with the C-wrapped layer 3 extending from the top side and with the flaps folded over the bottom side. The folded flaps may end and be attached in the vicinity of the longitudinally extending side edges of the core or may be longer than represented to that they overlap and attached to another. The presence of a wrapping layer is optional though is preferred especially if the top layer and the bottom layer are not sealed along their longitudinal sides.
[0081] The top layer 41 and / or the bottom layer 42 are preferably attached at least partially to the first absorption layer 44 and / or the second absorption layer 46. When the optional first nonwoven sheet 442 and / or second nonwoven 462 are present, the top layer 41 and / or the bottom layer 42 may be attached at least partially to the optional first nonwoven sheet 442 and / or second nonwoven 462, for example via adhesive.
[0082] A layer of glue 71 may exist for example between the top layer 41 and the first absorption layer 44. Any type of conventional glue and glue application method may be used. In one embodiment, a glue may be sprayed on substantially the whole of the surface of the layers before putting the two layers in close contact so that they become attached. The glue may also be applied by a contact method to one of the layers, in this case in particular the top layer or the first absorption layer, typically by slot-coating a series of parallel thin lines of glue in the machine direction (y direction) . A layer of glue 72 may also be similarly applied between the bottom layer 42 and the second absorption layer 46. These layers of glue also have the advantages that they can immobilize the SAP particles in the dry state that have not penetrate within the optional nonwoven sheet during the making of the core.
[0083] Top layer
[0084] The top layer is liquid-permeable, so that a fluid can easily reach the absorption layer through the top layer during use.
[0085] The top layer has a first MD wicking length at 3 min at least than about 10 mm, or at least about 30mm, at least about 70mm, or at least about 90mm, or even at least 100mm at 3 min as measured according to Wicking Length Test disclosed herein.
[0086] The top layer may comprise absorbent fibers. Absorbent fibers can provide absorption of liquid insults from the topsheet when the absorbent core of the present invention is a component constituting absorbent articles. Any suitable absorbent fibers may be utilized. Some examples of absorbent fibers are cellulose fibers including cotton, pulp, rayon or regenerated cellulose or combinations thereof.
[0087] In one embodiment of the present invention, the top layer comprises first absorbent fibers and second absorbent fibers which differ from the first absorbent fibers. The total amount of the first and second absorbent fibers is at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 80%or at least about 90%by weight of the top layer. The top layer may comprise 100%absorbent fibers. The top layer may comprise absorbent fibers comprising pulp. The top layer may comprise pulp in the range of about 30%-70%, or about 40%-60%, or about 30-60%by weight of the top layer. When the amount of pulp is less than 30%by weight of the top layer, the top layer may not provide sufficient wicking power desired for the present invention, and it may also increase production cost given pulp needs to be replaced with more expensive absorbent fibers. When the amount of pulp is higher than 70%by weight of the top layer, the MD tensile strength of the top layer get lower and the top layer may not have a sufficient mechanical strength. The top layer may comprise absorbent fibers including pulp at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 80%or at least about 90%by weight of the top layer.
[0088] The absorbent fibers suitable for the top layer may be in any suitable shape. Some examples include trilobal, “H, ” “Y, ” “X, ” “T, ” round, or flat ribbon. Further, the absorbing fibers can be solid, hollow or multi-hollow.
[0089] When the top cover sheet comprising absorbent fibers especially pulp fibers absorbs liquid, it tends to lose a structural integrity to some degrees which results in weakening mechanical strength of the top cover sheet and eventually an absorbent core. It may reduce the resiliency of the absorbent article containing the absorbent core and lead to increased bunching and increased leakage risk in absorbent article during usage.
[0090] In order to address the potential problems associated with loss of structural integrity and mechanical strength illustrated above, the top layer disclosed herein may comprise first absorbent fibers and second absorbent fibers different from the first absorbent fibers. The first absorbent fibers may more contribute to high weaking power and the second absorbent fibers may more contribute to mechanical strength of the top layer. The first absorbent fibers may be pulp fibers. The second absorbent fibers may be viscose fibers. When the top layer comprises pulp, the amount of pulp may be in the range of about 30%-70%, or about 40%-60%, or about 30-60%by weight of the top layer.
[0091] In some examples, the top layer comprises pulp fibers at least about 30%and viscose fibers at least about 40%by weight for the top layer.
[0092] The top layer may further comprise synthetic fibers. Optional synthetic fibers forming the top layer may be made partially or entirely of a relatively resilient synthetic fibers, in particular polypropylene (PP) , polyamide (PA, such as nylons) or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers. Synthetic fibers may impart the top layer a better MD tensile strength.
[0093] The top layer may have a first wicking area at least about 100mm2, at least about 150mm2, at least about 170mm2, or at least about 190mm2, as measured according to Wicking Area Test disclosed herein.
[0094] The top layer may be for example a nonwoven having a basis weight of between 5 gsm and 60 gsm, or between 10 gsm and 50 gsm, or between 20 gsm and 50 gsm.
[0095] The top layer may comprise spunlace or wetlaid nonwoven. The top layer may be wetlaid nonwoven produced by wetlaying. The principle of wetlaying is similar to paper manufacturing. Referring to Fig. 8, a dilute slurry of water and fibers in a container 810 is deposited on a moving wire screen where the water is drained and the fibers form a web 820. The web can be further dewatered by pressing between rollers 830 and get dried to obtain wetlaid nonwoven. Impregnation with binders 840 is often included in a later stage of the process.
[0096] The top layer may have an MD tensile strength of at least about 12N, or at least about 14N, or at least about 15N as measured according to Tensile Strength Test disclosed herein. Materials such as a tissue sheet having an MD tensile strength lower than 12N is not suitable for a top layer in the present invention as it does not have a sufficient mechanical strength to endure a core manufacturing process and an absorbent article manufacturing process. The top layer may have an MD tensile strength / basis weight at least about 1.5 N / gsm, or at least 1.8 N / gsm, or at least 2 N / gsm.
[0097] The top layer may not contain absorbent fibers.
[0098] The top layer may be treated to render it hydrophilic, for example by treating it with a surfactant or other methods as is known in the art.
[0099] Bottom layer
[0100] The bottom layers may be made of a relatively thin and cheap material, as are commonly used for the production of conventional cores. The bottom layer may be for example a nonwoven web having a basis weight of between 5 gsm and 50 gsm, such as a carded nonwoven, spunbond nonwoven ( “S” ) or meltblown nonwoven ( “M” ) , and laminates of any of these. For example, spunmelt polypropylene nonwovens are suitable, in particular those having a laminate web SMS, or SMMS, or SSMMS, structure, and having a basis weight range of about 5 gsm to 20 gsm.
[0101] The bottom layer may have a second MD wicking length no greater than about 30 mm, or no greater than about 20mm, or no greater than about 10mm at 3 min as measured according to Wicking Length Test disclosed herein.
[0102] Absorption layer
[0103] Referring to Figs. 2-6, the absorbent core of the present invention comprises a first absorption layer 44 comprising SAP1 60, and a second absorption layer 46 comprising SAP2 62 separated by an intermediate layer 45. The first absorption layer 44 is disposed between a top layer 41 and an intermediate layer 45, and the second absorption layer 46 is disposed between the intermediate layer 45 and a bottom layer 42.
[0104] At least part of the SAP particles are adhesive-bonded with the top layer 41 or the bottom layer 42 by a layer of adhesive 71 or 72. In one embodiment, SAP1 are bonded to the top layer 41 using a microfibrous adhesive and / or SAP1 are bonded to the bottom layer 42 using a microfibrous adhesive.
[0105] Superabsorbent polymer particles
[0106] The term “superabsorbent polymer” (herein abbreviated as “SAP” in the singular and plural form) typically refers to absorbent materials that can absorb at least 10 times their weight of an aqueous 0.9%saline solution as measured using the Centrifuge Retention Capacity (CRC) test (EDANA method NWSP 241.0. R2 (19) ) , referred herein as capacity.
[0107] SAP are water-insoluble but water-swellable cross-linked polymers capable of absorbing large quantities of fluids. SAP are in particulate form so as to be flowable in the dry state. Typical particulate SAP are polyacrylate polymers, however it is not excluded that other polymer materials may also be used. For example, starch-based particulate absorbent polymer material may also be used, as well polyacrylamide copolymer, ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer, cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers, cross-linked polyethylene oxide, and starch grafted copolymer of polyacrylonitrile.
[0108] SAP may be polyacrylates and polyacrylic acid polymers that are internally and / or surface cross-linked. The superabsorbent polymer for the absorbent core of the present invention may be selected from polyacrylates and polyacrylic acid polymers that are internally and surface cross-linked. The superabsorbent polymers can be internally cross-linked, i.e. the polymerization is carried out in the presence of compounds having two or more polymerizable groups which can be free-radically copolymerized into the polymer network. Exemplary superabsorbent polymer particles of the prior art are for example described in WO2006 / 083584, WO2007 / 047598, WO2007 / 046052, WO2009 / 155265, WO2009 / 155264. Preferably, the SAP particles comprise crosslinked polymers of polyacrylic acids or their salts or polyacrylates or derivatives thereof.
[0109] Referring to Figs. 2-6, the first absorption layer 44 close to the top layer 41 comprises first SAP ( “SAP1” ) 60, and the second absorption layer 46 close to the bottom layer 42 comprises a second SAP ( “SAP2” ) 62. Both SAP1 and SAP2 may be in the form of particles.
[0110] SAP1 and SAP2 may be the same type of SAP, or may be different from each other. When SAP1 differs from SAP2, it may differ from SAP2 for example, in particle size profile, absorption capacity, permeability, AAP, or T20, each of which will be explained further herein.
[0111] When SAP1 differs from SAP2, in one embodiment, SAP1 has a higher capacity than SAP2 as measured by CRC test disclosed herein. The capacity of SAP1 may be of at least 30 g / g, or in the range of from 32 g / g to 50 g / g, and the capacity of SAP2 may be of at least 20 g / g, or in the range of from 25 g / g to 45 g / g. The capacity of SAP1 may be at least 2 g / g, or at least 4 g / g, higher than the capacity of SAP2. In the embodiment, the second SAP may have a permeability of more than 5 UPM units, as measured by the UPM method.
[0112] When SAP1 is different from SAP2, in another embodiment, SAP2 has a higher permeability than SAP1, and or the permeability of SAP2 is more than 5 x 10-7 cm3. s / g.
[0113] The UPM Test method typically measures the flow resistance of a preswollen layer of superabsorbent polymer particles, i.e. the flow resistance is measured at equilibrium. Therefore, such superabsorbent polymer particles having a high UPM value exhibit a high liquid permeability when a significant volume of the absorbent article is already wetted by the liquid exudates. These embodiments exhibit good absorption properties not only at the first gush but also at the subsequent gushes.
[0114] The UPM permeability may be expressed in UPM value, where 1 UPM unit is 1 x 10-7 (cm3. s) / g. The permeability of SAP2 is or more than 6 x 10-7 cm3. s / g, or at least 7.5 x 10-7 cm3. s / g, or at least 10 x 10-7 cm3. s / g, or at least 15 x 10-7 cm3. s / g, or in the range of from 30 x 10-7 cm3. s / g to 70 x 10-7 cm3. s / g. The permeability of SAP2 may be of at least 5 x 10-7 cm3. s / g higher than the permeability of SAP1, or at least 10 x 10-7 cm3. s / g higher the permeability of SAP1.
[0115] Superabsorbent material having the required properties may be sourced from commercial suppliers, which have a wide range of SAP property available. Typically, capacity and permeability are in trade-off, as one SAP having high capacity may have relatively low permeability and vice-versa.
[0116] The SAP particles may be relatively small (under 1 mm in their longest dimension) in their dry state and may be roughly circular in shape, but granules, fibers, flakes, spheres, powders, platelets and other shapes and forms are also known to persons skilled in the art. Typically, the SAP may be in the form of spherical-like particles. The absorbent material may thus consist or consist essentially of the SAP distributed within the high loft nonwoven.
[0117] Some of SAP particles may be agglomerated, as e.g. taught in EP3391961A1.
[0118] The superabsorbent polymer particles of the core of the invention may in particular comprise at least 5%, or at least 10%, or at least 20%, or at least 30%, or at least 40%, or at least 50%by weight of the agglomerated superabsorbent polymer particles.
[0119] The surface of the SAP particles may be coated. The surface of the SAP may be surface crosslinked. The SAP particles may also comprise surface and / or edge modified clay platelets. The clay platelets may be montmorillonite, hectorite, laponite or mixtures thereof. The clay platelets may be laponite. The SAP may comprise from 0.1 to 5%by weight of clay platelets with modified surfaces and / or edges compared to the weight of the precursor superabsorbent polymer particles.
[0120] SAP can also be characterized by the time it takes them to reach an uptake of 20 g / g of less than 220 s, so-called T20, as measured by the SAP K (t) test method described below. Any of SAP1 and / or SAP2 may in particular have a T20 in the range of from 100 s to 220 s. The SAP1 or SAP2 or both SAP T20 values may be less than 200 s, or less than 180 s, or less than 160 s. The time T20 may also be of at least of 100 s, 104 s, 120 s or 140 s, and any combinations of these upper and lower values to form a range, e.g. of from 100 s to 200 s.
[0121] SAP having the required T20 can be synthesized using for example the teaching of WO2015 / 041, 784A1 which discloses SAP having a T20 ranging of from 104 s to 211 s. The SAP having a desired T20 may also be acquired directly from conventional SAP suppliers. For example, the inventive example below uses a SAP bought via Amazon under product name SCHAUCH HVDE 235, “Der Alleskoenner “, having a measured SAP T20 of 165 s.
[0122] The total amount of SAP present in the absorbent core may also vary according to expected user of the article. Diapers for newborns require less SAP than infant or adult incontinence diapers. The total amount of all SAP in the core may be for example comprised from about 2 g to 50 g, in particular from 5 g to 40 g, or for 10 g to 20 g for typical enfant diapers. The absorbent core may typically comprise from 3 g to 10 g of SAP1, and / or from 3 g to 10 g of SAP2. The basis weight for all SAP within the absorbent core may be for example of at least 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 g / m2 or more, or from 200 to 400 g / m2. The average basis weight of SAP1 may be of at least 50 g / m2, or from 100 g / m2 to 300 g / m2. The average basis weight of SAP2 may be of at least 50 g / m2, or from 100 g / m2 to 300 g / m2. The average basis weight is calculated by dividing the weight of the SAP considered by the surface of the high loft central layer.
[0123] The absorbent core may typically comprise at least 60%by weight of superabsorbent polymer particles (all SAP added) , or at least 70%, by total weight of the core.
[0124] The basis weight (amount deposited per unit of surface) of the superabsorbent polymer particle may also be varied to create a profiled distribution of SAP, for example, in the longitudinal direction to provide more absorbency towards the center and the middle of the core, but also in the transversal direction, or both directions of the core. The absorbent core may also comprise one or more longitudinally (or otherwise) extending channels, which are areas of the absorption layer substantially free of SAP within the absorbent material layer. One or more channels may also be formed in absorbent cores comprising a mix of cellulose fibers and SAP particles, or a nonwoven containing SAP particles.
[0125] Intermediate layer
[0126] The intermediate layer 45 is liquid-permeable so that the fluid absorbed by the first absorption layer can easily reach the second absorption layer through the intermediate layer during use. Intermediate layer has a third MD wicking length at 3 min as measured according to Wicking Length Test disclosed herein.
[0127] The intermediate layer has a SAP permeability no higher than about 1%, or no higher than 0.9%, or no higher than 0.8%at static condition as measured according to SAP permeability Test; or the intermediate layer has a SAP permeability no higher than about 25%, or no higher than 24%, or no higher than 20%at 10 seconds vibration condition as measured according to SAP permeability Test. The intermediate layer may have a SAP permeability no higher than about 35%, or no higher than 30%at 30 seconds vibration condition as measured according to SAP permeability Test.
[0128] The intermediate layer preferably substantially prevents migration of SAP1 in the first absorption layer 44 to the second absorption layer 46.
[0129] The intermediate layer may comprise relatively resilient synthetic fibers such as fibers comprising polyethylene (PE) , polypropylene (PP) , polyamide (PA, such as nylons) , polyethylene terephthalate (PET) , and combinations thereof. The diameter of the fibers may for example range from 0.01 mm to 0.50 mm.
[0130] The basis weight of the intermediate layer may for example range from 15 gsm to 500 gsm, in particular from 20 gsm to 200 gsm, more particularly of from 30 gsm to 100 gsm.
[0131] The intermediate layer may have a thickness of at least 0.30 mm, or ranging from 0.30 mm to 2.00 mm, or from 0.50 mm to 1.5 mm, as measured at a pressure of 4.14 kPa (0.6 psi) according to the test method described further below.
[0132] The intermediate layer may comprise absorbent fibers. Descriptions relating to absorbent fibers described above with respect with the top layer above applicable herein.
[0133] While the invention is not limited to a specific type of nonwoven or fibers, the intermediate layer 45 may comprise a spunmelt nonwoven. Spunmelt is a generic term describing the manufacturing of nonwoven webs directly from thermoplastic polymers. It encompasses two processes and the combination of both: spunlaid (also known as spunbond) nonwoven and meltblown nonwoven. In a spunlaid process, polymer granules are melted and molten polymer is extruded through spinnerets. The continuous filaments are cooled and deposited onto a conveyor to form a uniform web. Some remaining temperature can cause filaments to adhere to one another, but this cannot be regarded as the principal method of bonding. The spunlaid process has the advantage of giving nonwovens greater strength, but raw material flexibility is more restricted. Co-extrusion of second components is used in several spunlaid processes, usually to provide extra properties or bonding capabilities. In meltblown web formation, low viscosity polymers are extruded into a high velocity airstream on leaving the spinneret. This scatters the melt, solidifies it and breaks it up into a fibrous web.
[0134] The intermediate layer may be bonded carded webs ( “BCW” ) . "Bonded carded web" refers to nonwovens that are made from staple fibers that are sent through a combing or carding unit, which separates and generally aligns the staple fibers in the machine direction to form a generally machine direction-oriented fibrous nonwoven web.
[0135] First and second nonwoven sheets
[0136] Referring to Figs. 3-6, the first absorption layer 44 may further comprise a first nonwoven sheet 442 having a top surface oriented towards the top layer 41 and a bottom surface oriented towards the bottom layer 42, wherein SAP1 60 is deposited at least on the top surface of the first nonwoven sheet 442. Independently, the second absorption layer 46 may further comprise a second nonwoven sheet 462 having a top surface oriented towards the top layer 41 and a bottom surface oriented towards the bottom layer 42, wherein SAP2 62 is deposited at least on the bottom surface of the second nonwoven sheet 462.
[0137] The first and / or the second nonwoven sheet 442, 462, collectively “the nonwoven sheet” , may serve as a substrate for the SAP particles 60, 62 which are at least partially distributed within pores in the nonwoven sheets. The SAP particles may be substantially uniformly blended across the thickness of the nonwoven sheet 442, 462. However, the SAP particles may be distributed heterogeneously in the vertical direction. The SAP particles are typically deposited on one side of each of the nonwoven sheet and drawn into the nonwoven sheet 442, 462 for example by gravity or a negative pressure on the opposite side of the nonwoven. In this way, some particles remain close to the surface of the nonwoven sheet 442, 462 and other, typically smaller, particles may penetrate deeper within the pores of the nonwoven sheet 442, 462. The SAP particles which are not trapped within the pores of the nonwoven sheet but remain at the surface may be adhesive-bonded with the top layer 41 or the bottom layer 42 by a layer of adhesive 71 or 72. The adhesive may be applied on the top and bottom layers 41, 42 before being combined with other layer such as the intermediate layer while still tacky with the nonwoven sheet 442, 462.
[0138] The two optional nonwoven sheets may be comprised of the same material or different nonwovens. For example, liquid permeability in the first nonwoven sheet 442 may be enhanced by using a low basis weight nonwoven. Of course, other configurations are also possible. The optional two nonwoven sheets can be of equal dimensions in the X, Y plane of the core, but they may also have different length and / or width. Two nonwoven sheets of unequal length could be beneficial to provide different amount of SAP along the absorbent core.
[0139] The optional nonwoven sheet may comprise high loft nonwoven, but other types of high loft material are not excluded. The nonwoven sheet may comprise or consist of synthetic fibers, optionally mixed with natural fibers such as cellulose or cotton fibers or viscose fibers for example. The nonwoven sheet may be substantially free of free cellulose fibers which are not integrated with the other fibers of the nonwoven. The amount of such free cellulose fibers in the absorbent core may be less than 10%by weight of the total absorbent core, or less than 5%by weight of the total absorbent core, or less than 1%by weight of the total absorbent core, or completely free of such free cellulose fibers. The high loft material may comprise at least 10%, 30%50%, 70%, 90%and up to 100%by weight of the nonwoven sheet, of synthetic fibers.
[0140] The optional nonwoven sheet may comprise relatively resilient synthetic fibers such as fibers comprising PE, PP, PA such as nylons, PET, and combinations thereof.
[0141] The thickness, basis weight and density of the nonwoven sheet are typically homogenous in both transversal direction (x) and longitudinal direction (y) . The orientation of fibers in the nonwoven sheet may be in-homogenous such as predominant orientation of fibers into one direction x or y such as in carded nonwovens. Furthermore, the fiber orientation in the nonwoven sheet in thickness direction z may be different versus the predominant orientation in one or both directions x and / or y.
[0142] The nonwoven sheet may have a thickness of at least 0.30 mm, or ranging from 0.30 mm to 2.00 mm, or from 0.50 mm to 1.5 mm, as measured at a pressure of 4.14 kPa (0.6 psi) according to the test method described further below. The nonwoven sheet may have a thickness ranging from 0.30 mm to 2.50 mm or from 0.5 to 2.0 mm or from 0.7 to 1.3 mm, as measured at a pressure of 0.83 kPa (0.12 psi) according to the test method described further below.
[0143] The basis weight of the nonwoven sheet may for example range from 15 gsm to 500 gsm, in particular from 20 gsm to 200 gsm, more particularly of from 30 gsm to 100 gsm.
[0144] While the present invention is not limited to a specific type of nonwoven or fibers, a particular example of suitable nonwoven as the nonwoven sheet are bonded carded webs ( “BCW” ) . "Bonded carded web" refers to nonwovens that are made from staple fibers that are sent through a combing or carding unit, which separates and generally aligns the staple fibers in the machine direction to form a generally machine direction-oriented fibrous nonwoven web.
[0145] When the nonwoven sheet 442, 462 is in a rectangle shape, a front and a back edges are typically shorter than side edges. The front edge of the nonwoven sheet corresponds to the edge intended to be placed towards the front edge of the absorbent article in which the core is or will be integrated.
[0146] The optional first nonwoven sheet 442 and second nonwoven sheet 446 respectively may comprise high loft nonwoven.
[0147] The term “high loft” refers to low density bulky fabrics, as compared to flat, paper-like fabrics. High loft nonwovens are characterized by a relatively high porosity. This means that there is a relatively high amount of void space in which superabsorbent polymer particles can be distributed. The high loft nonwoven without SAP particles may have a density at a pressure of 4.14kPa (0.6 psi) below 0.20 g / cm3, in particular ranging from 0.05 g / cm3 to 0.15 g / cm3, or a density at a pressure of 2.07 kPa (0.3 psi) below 0.20 g / cm3, in particular ranging from 0.02 g / cm3 to 0.15 g / cm3, or a density at a pressure of 0.83 kPa (0.12 psi) below 0.15 g / cm3, in particular ranging from 0.01 g / cm3 to 0.15 g / cm3.
[0148] The density can be calculated by dividing the basis weight of the high loft nonwoven by its thickness measured at the respective pressure according to Thickness and Density Test disclosed herein.
[0149] Channel
[0150] The absorbent core of the present invention may comprise at least one longitudinally extending zone substantially free of SAP1 particles or SAP2 particles.
[0151] The absorbent core of the present invention may comprise at least one longitudinally or transversally extending zone substantially free of SAP1 particles or SAP2 particles. In one embodiment, the first absorption layer in the absorbent core of the present invention comprises at least one longitudinally-extending channel substantially free of SAP1. Additionally or independently, the second absorption layer in the absorbent core of the present invention comprises at least one longitudinally-extending channel substantially free of SAP2. These one or more zones substantially free of SAP, (SAP1, or SAP1 and SAP2) particles are referred to herein as “channels” .
[0152] By “substantially free of SAP” , it is meant that the basis weight of the SAP material in each of these zones is at least less than 25%, in particular less than 20%, in particular less than 10%, of the average basis weight of the SAP in the nonwoven sheet as a whole. The channel may in particular be zones of the nonwoven sheet where there are no SAP particles. In this regard, minimal amount such as involuntary contaminations with SAP particles that may occur during the making process are not considered as absorbent material.
[0153] By “longitudinally extending” , it is meant that the channels extend more in the longitudinal direction (y) than in the transversal direction (x) . Likewise, by “transversally extending” , it is meant that the channels extend more in the transversal direction (x) than in the longitudinal direction (y) . The channels may be oriented parallel to the longitudinal or transversal direction. However, it is not excluded that the channels may be curved, in particular concave towards the longitudinal or transversal axis, or straight and tilted at an angle relative to the longitudinal or transversal direction. The channels may be any of S, 8, U, X, V, T, +, 0 shape, and combinations thereof.
[0154] Components of the absorbent articles described herein may at least partially be comprised of bio-based content as described in U.S. Pat. Appl. No. 2007 / 0219521A1. For example, the superabsorbent polymer component may be bio-based via their derivation from bio-based acrylic acid. Bio-based acrylic acid and methods of production are further described in U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2007 / 0219521 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,703,450; 9,630,901 and 9,822,197. Other components, for example nonwoven and film components, may comprise bio-based polyolefin materials. Bio-based polyolefins are further discussed in U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. Nos. 2011 / 0139657, 2011 / 0139658, 2011 / 0152812, and 2016 / 0206774, and U.S. Pat. No. 9,169,366. Example bio-based polyolefins for use in the present disclosure comprise polymers available under the designations SHA7260TM, SHE150TM, or SGM9450FTM (all available from Braskem S.A. ) .
[0155] An absorbent article component may comprise a bio-based content value from about 10%to about 100%, from about 25%to about 100%, from about 40%to about 100%, from about 50%to about 100%, from about 75%to about 100%, or from about 90%to about 100%, for example, using ASTM D6866-10, method B.
[0156] Process for Absorbent Core Making
[0157] An exemplary continuous process for making absorbent cores according to the present invention with an optional first and second nonwoven sheets exemplified in Fig. 2 is illustrated in Fig. 9. The various arrows in Fig. 9 represent the rotational directions of the various roll-releasing cylinders and roll-winding cylinders and the running directions of the manufacturing materials during the production flow process. Other processes and modifications are of course possible.
[0158] As illustrated in Fig. 9, the apparatus for making the absorbent cores may include a bottom layer web unwinder 6, a bottom layer glue spraying head 7, an intermediate layer material unwinder 5, a first SAP particles dispenser 9 and optional vacuum suction box 10, a pair of second press of rollers 11 and 12, a second SAP particles dispenser 13 and optional vacuum suction box 14, a top layer web unwinder 15, a top layer glue spraying head 16, a pair of third press of rollers 17 and 18, trimming off knives 19, 20, and a product roll winding roller 21. During production, a roll of an intermediate layer web 45 is installed on the intermediate layer material unwinder 5. A roll of top layer material 41, which can be a paper or nonwoven roll, is installed on the top layer web unwinder 15. During the continuous process of making the absorbent cores, the bottom layer 42 passes through the glue spraying head 7 and is applied on one side with a glue 72, before being attached to the intermediate layer 45 between the second press rollers 11 and 12.
[0159] The SAP particles are charged in the first and second SAP particles sieve plates 9 and 13.
[0160] In one embodiment, as shown in Fig. 9, the intermediate layer 45 passes through the first SAP dispenser 9 and vacuum suction box 10, wherein the SAP particles 62 are deposited into the intermediate layer 45. After the bottom layer 42 and the intermediate layer 45 have been pressed together between the rollers 11 and 12, these combined layers may optionally pass between a second SAP particles sieve plate 13 and vacuum suction box 14 that cooperate to deposit SAP particles 60 onto the second surface of the intermediate layer 45. The top layer 41 which has been applied with an adhesive 72 by a glue spraying head 16 is then joined to the intermediate layer 45 to cover the second surface of the intermediate layer 45 between two press rollers 17 and 18. Of course in the preceding the top layer and bottom layer may be used interchangeably.
[0161] In another embodiment, the first SAP particles dispenser 9 and optional vacuum suction box 10 is positioned to dispose SAP particles 62 on a one side of the bottom layer material 42 before glue application by the glue spraying head 7, and the second SAP particles dispenser 13 and optional vacuum suction box 14 is positioned to distribute the SAP particles, SAP2, on a one side of the top layer material 41 before glue application by the glue spraying head 16. With the changes in the positions of SAP particle dispensers 9 and 13, the absorbent core of the present invention may be produced by a method comprising in any order the steps of providing an intermediate layer, a liquid-permeable top layer, and a bottom layer; depositing first superabsorbent particles “SAP1” on a first side of the liquid-permeable top layer, and attaching the first side of the top layer with a first side of the intermediate layer; depositing second superabsorbent particles “SAP2” on a first side of the bottom layer, and attaching the first side of the bottom layer with a second side of the intermediate layer. Of course in the preceding the top layer and bottom layer may be used interchangeably.
[0162] The first and second SAP particles dispenser 9, 13 may be both provided with a frequency changing and speed adjusting device (not drawn in Fig. 9) , adjusted to maintain a vibration frequency that matches the product roll winding roller 21 linear velocity and to ascertain that the deposited SAP is mostly uniformly distributed on the intermediate layer web 45, or on the top layer material 21 and the bottom layer material 42.
[0163] The press rollers 17 and 18 may have a substantially flat surface, or they may have elevated areas where extra pressure and heat should be applied onto the core. These elevated areas may coincide with channel zones in the core, and thus provide a mechanical bonding, ultrasonic bonding and / or heat bonding within the channel zones. The press rollers 11-12, 17-18 may be heated. It is also possible that the rollers have elevated areas along the longitudinal side edges and / or the back and front edges (360° perimeter) the core. A better bonding can be achieved in these zones when they are free of SAP as in the channel zones 26. Trimming knives 19 and 20 can be provided to trim the longitudinal side edges of the continuous band of absorbent core before the stream of the absorbent core material is finally rolled into a roll of absorbent core material by the product roll winding roller 21.
[0164] The roll of absorbent core material thus formed may be stored or transported to an article production site where it is further converted into an absorbent product. It is also possible that instead of forming a roll, the stream of absorbent core material may be directly fed into a converting line, in which case the absorbent cores will be individualized by cutting along their front and back edges.
[0165] A wrapping layer 3 (not represented in Fig. 9) may also be fed before the core material is rolled to wrap the top, central and bottom layer as shown discussed in relation to Fig. 6 to prevent losses of SAP though the side edges of the absorbent core. Alternative such wrapping layer may also be attached to the core when further converting the core material web.
[0166] Another exemplary continuous process for making the absorbent cores with an optional first and second nonwoven sheets exemplified in Fig. 3 is illustrated in Fig. 10.
[0167] As illustrated in Fig. 10 and Fig. 3, with employment of the optional first and second nonwoven sheets, the apparatus for making the absorbent cores may further include a first nonwoven sheet web unwinder 3, a second nonwoven sheet web unwinder 4, intermediate layer glue spraying heads 17, a pair of first press rollers 51 and 52, and a laminate roller 8.
[0168] The first and second SAP particles dispenser 9, 13 may be both provided with a frequency changing and speed adjusting device (not drawn in Fig. 10) , adjusted to maintain a vibration frequency that matches the product roll winding roller 21 linear velocity and to ascertain that the deposited SAP is mostly uniformly distributed on the laminate web 47.
[0169] During production, a roll of a first nonwoven sheet web 442 and a roll of a second nonwoven sheet web 462 are installed on the first nonwoven sheet web unwinder 3 and the second nonwoven sheet web unwinder 4, respectively, and an intermediate layer material 45 is installed on the intermediate layer material unwinder 5. The first nonwoven sheet web 442 and the second nonwoven sheet web 462 are laminated with the intermediate layer material 45 and formed a laminate 47.
[0170] The SAP particles are charged in the first and second SAP particles sieve plates 9 and 13. A roll of top layer material 41, which can be a paper or nonwoven roll, is installed on the top layer web unwinder 15. During the continuous process of making the absorbent cores, the bottom layer 42 passes through the spraying head 7 and is applied on one side with a glue 72, before being attached to the laminate 47 between the second press rollers 11 and 12. The laminate 47 passes through the first SAP dispenser 9 and vacuum suction box 10, wherein the SAP particles 62 are deposited into the laminate 47 and at least partially distributed into the fibers the second nonwoven sheet material 462 from a first surface of the laminate 47.
[0171] SAP are deposited on the top surface and / or the bottom surface of the laminate 47 respectively. The SAP particles can at least partially penetrate within the pores of the first and / or the second nonwoven sheets, so that they are at least partially distributed within the first and / or the second nonwoven. The particles are thus partially trapped within the pores of the nonwoven sheet (s) on one hand, and partially exist between the top and / or the bottom layers 41, 42 and the laminate 47.
[0172] After the bottom layer 42 and the laminate 47 have been pressed together between the rollers 11 and 12, these combined layers may optionally pass between a second SAP particles sieve plate 13 and vacuum suction box 14 that cooperate to deposit SAP particles 60 onto the second surface of the laminate 47 and blend the SAP particles in the fibers of the first nonwoven sheet material 442 from this second surface. The top layer 41 which has been applied with an adhesive 72 by a glue spraying head 16 is then joined to the laminate 47 to cover the second surface of the laminate 47 between two press rollers 17 and 18. In the preceding the top layer and bottom layer may be used interchangeably. For remaining steps, the same steps and descriptions provided with respect to the process illustrated in Fig. 9 can apply to the process illustrated in Fig. 10 as well. Absorbent article 20
[0173] The absorbent cores may be incorporated into any kind of personal hygiene articles as well as inserts in hybrid systems comprising a washable outer cover and a disposable insert. A schematic cross-sectional view showing some of the main components of a diaper absorbent article 20 is illustrated in Fig. 8. In Fig. 8, the absorbent core with a wrapping layer 3 of Fig. 6 is shown, but this is of course not limiting and for illustration only. Absorbent articles typically comprise a wearer-facing fluid permeable topsheet 36 and a garment-facing liquid impermeable backsheet 38 attached to each other along their perimeter. The absorbent core is placed between these layers and may be attached directly and indirectly to these layers, typically by gluing or heat / pressure bonding.
[0174] The topsheet 36 is preferably compliant, soft-feeling, and non-irritating to the wearer's skin. Further, at least a portion of the topsheet is liquid permeable, permitting liquids to readily penetrate through its thickness. A suitable topsheet may be manufactured from a wide range of materials, such as porous foams, reticulated foams, apertured plastic films, or woven or nonwoven materials of natural fibers (e.g., wood or cotton fibers or viscose) , synthetic fibers or filaments (e.g., polyester or polypropylene or bicomponent PE / PP fibers or mixtures thereof) , or a combination of natural and synthetic fibers. If the topsheet includes fibers, the fibers may be spunbond, carded, wet-laid, meltblown, hydroentangled, or otherwise processed as is known in the art, in particular spunbond PP nonwoven. Typical diaper topsheets have a basis weight of from about 10 gsm to about 28 gsm, in particular between from about 12 gsm to about 18 gsm but other basis weights are possible.
[0175] The backsheet 38 is typically impermeable to liquids (e.g. urine) . The backsheet may for example be or comprise a thin plastic film such as a thermoplastic film having a thickness of less than about 0.10 mm. Suitable backsheet materials may include breathable materials which permit vapors to escape from the absorbent article while still preventing exudates from passing through the backsheet. A covering low basis weight nonwoven may be attached to the external surface of the film to provide for a softer touch.
[0176] The absorbent articles may also comprise a liquid management layer 54 (also called fluid acquisition or fluid distribution layer) directly under the topsheet 36. The function of such a layer is to rapidly acquire the fluid from the topsheet away from the wearer-facing side and / or to distribute over a larger area so it is more efficiently absorbed by the absorbent core. It is also possible that such a liquid management layer may be placed between the backsheet and the absorbent core. A further layer 4 may be present between the liquid management 54 and the absorbent core 28. The further layer 4 may be another such acquisition or distribution layer, or may be a tissue paper or low basis weight NW layer that provides an additional wrapping of the absorbent core 28’ to avoid SAP particles from escaping outside the core.
[0177] Absorbent articles such as diapers, training pants, adult hygienic pants may typically further comprise components that improve the fit of the article around the legs of the wearer, in particular barrier leg cuffs 32 and gasketing cuffs 34. The barrier leg cuffs may be formed by a piece of material, typically a nonwoven, which is partially bonded to the rest of the article and can be partially raised away and thus stand up from the plane defined by the topsheet. The barrier leg cuffs are typically delimited by a proximal edge joined to the rest of the article, typically the topsheet and / or the backsheet, and a free terminal edge intended to contact and form a seal with the wearer’s skin. The standing up portion of the cuffs typically comprises an elastic element, for example one or a plurality of elastic strands 35. The barrier leg cuffs provide improved containment of liquids and other body exudates approximately at the junction of the torso and legs of the wearer.
[0178] In addition to the barrier leg cuffs, the article may comprise gasketing cuffs 34, which are formed in the same plane as the chassis of the absorbent article, in particular which may be at least partially enclosed between the topsheet or the barrier leg cuffs and the backsheet, and may be placed laterally outwardly relative to the upstanding barrier leg cuffs. The gasketing cuffs can provide a better seal around the thighs of the wearer. Usually each gasketing leg cuff will comprise one or more elastic string or elastic element 33 comprised in the chassis of the diaper for example between the topsheet and backsheet in the area of the leg openings.
[0179] The absorbent articles may also include other typical components found in diapers, training pants, replaceable inserts or adult incontinence products (and not further represented) . A releasable fastening system for taped diapers may be provided to provide lateral tensions about the circumference of the absorbent article to hold the absorbent article on the wearer. This fastening system is not necessary for training pants since the waist region of these articles is already bonded. The fastening system usually comprises a fastener such as tape tabs, hook and loop fastening components, interlocking fasteners such as tabs &slots, buckles, buttons, snaps, and / or hermaphroditic fastening components, although any other known fastening means are generally acceptable. A landing zone is normally provided on the front waist region of the article for the fastener to be releasably attached.
[0180] The absorbent article may comprise front ears and back ears as is known in the art. The ears can be integral part of the chassis, for example formed from the topsheet and / or backsheet as side panel. Alternatively, they may be separate elements attached by gluing and / or heat embossing. The back ears are advantageously stretchable to facilitate the attachment of the tabs on the landing zone and maintain the taped diapers in place around the wearer’s waist. The front ears may also be elastic or extensible to provide a more comfortable and contouring fit by initially conformably fitting the absorbent article to the wearer and sustaining this fit throughout the time of wear well past when absorbent article has been loaded with exudates since the elasticized ears allow the sides of the absorbent article to expand and contract.
[0181] Typically, adjacent layers will be joined together using conventional bonding method such as adhesive coating via slot coating or spraying on the whole or part of the surface of the layer, or thermo-bonding, or pressure bonding or combinations thereof. The bonding between components is for clarity and readability not represented in the majority of Figures, in particular Fig. 8, except for adhesive layers 71, 72. Adjacent layers of the article should be considered to be attached to another unless specifically mentioned otherwise. For example, the backsheet and the bottom layer of the absorbent core may be typically glued together. The adhesives used may be any standard hotmelt glue as known in the art.
[0182] MEASUREMENT
[0183] 1. Basis Weight Test
[0184] The basis weights of materials are measured according to WSP 604.0 (08) . All measurements are performed in a laboratory maintained at 23 ℃ ± 2 C° and 50%± 2%relative humidity and test specimens are conditioned in this environment for at least 2 hours prior to testing. To obtain the nonwoven sample, cut a rectangle-shaped nonwoven specimen from the article with an area of 100 cm2 (for example, 100mm × 100mm) , and measure its basis weight following the measurement principle used by the standard method above. At least 5 replicates for the test specimen are tested and the average value of the at least five replicates is reported to the nearest 1 gsm (g / m2) as the basis weight of the test specimen.
[0185] 2. Thickness and Density Test
[0186] This test is used to measure the thickness (caliper) of nonwoven in a standardized manner. The density can then be calculated from the thickness and the basis weight of the layer. In the case of a nonwoven layer (nonwoven sheet) containing SAP, unless otherwise mentioned, the thickness and density are indicated for the nonwoven in the absence of SAP particles. The measurement should preferably be made on the nonwoven before it was converted into an absorbent core. If the starting material is not available, the nonwoven sheet can be obtained by carefully extracting it from an absorbent core. A freeze spray may be used to separate the nonwoven sheet from the other layers. When the nonwoven sheet contains SAP, the majority of SAP particles should be removed for example by careful shaking or suction. The nonwoven samples should be kept at least 24 hours at 21℃ ± 2℃ and 50%± 10%RH to equilibrate, in particular if they have been previously compressed.
[0187] Equipment: Mitutoyo manual caliper gauge with a resolution of 0.01 mm, or equivalent instrument.
[0188] Contact Foot: Flat circular foot with a diameter of 16.0 mm (± 0.2 mm) . A circular weight may be applied to the foot (e.g., a weight with a slot to facilitate application around the instrument shaft) to achieve the target weight. The total weight of foot and added weight (including shaft) is selected to provide the desire pressure, for example 4.14kPa of pressure (0.6 psi) to the sample. The thickness can be determined at different pressures, using accordingly different weights applied to the foot. The thickness and density measurements indicate the applied pressure, for example measured at 4.14 kPa (0.6 psi) or 1.2 kPa.
[0189] The caliper gauge is mounted with the lower surface of the contact foot in a horizontal plane so that the lower surface of the contact foot contacts the center of the flat horizontal upper surface of a base plate approximately 20 x 25 cm. The gauge is set to read zero with the contact foot resting on the base plate.
[0190] Ruler: Calibrated metal ruler graduated in mm.
[0191] Stopwatch: Accuracy 1 second.
[0192] Sample preparation: The nonwoven sheet is conditioned at least 24 hours as indicated above.
[0193] Measurement procedure: The layer is laid flat with the bottom side, i.e. the side intended to be placed towards the backsheet in the finished article facing down. The point of measurement, i.e. the middle of the sample, is carefully drawn on the top side of the layer, taking care not to compress or deform the layer. In the unlikely case that the high loft nonwoven layer is not homogeneous in the transversal direction or longitudinal direction, the values are measured in the center of a sample corresponding to the center of an absorbent core that would be made from the sample.
[0194] The contact foot of the caliper gauge is raised and the nonwoven layer is placed flat on the base plate of the caliper gauge with the top side of the core up so that when lowered, the center of the foot is on the marked measuring point.
[0195] The foot is gently lowered onto the sample and released (ensure calibration to “0” prior to the start of the measurement) . The caliper value is read to the nearest 0.01 mm, 10 seconds after the foot is released.
[0196] The procedure is repeated for each measuring point. Ten samples are measured in this manner for a given material and the average thickness is calculated and reported with an accuracy of one tenth mm. The basis weight of each sample is calculated by dividing the weight of each sample by their area.
[0197] The density, in g / cm3, is calculated by dividing the basis weight (in g / cm2) of the material by the thickness (in cm) .
[0198] 3. Tensile Strength Test
[0199] MD tensile strength of a specimen is measured according to NWSP 110.4-09 with conditions below.
[0200] - Test Speed: 100 mm / min
[0201] - Sample Width: 50mm
[0202] - Sample length: sufficiently longer than gauge length
[0203] - Gauge Length: 100mm
[0204] 4. Wicking Length Test
[0205] A wicking length in a machine direction of a nonwoven is measured according to ISO 9073-6:2000 “Textiles –Test methods for nonwovens –Part 6: Absorption 6. Liquid wicking rate” . (EN29073 part 6)
[0206] When a nonwoven to be tested is available in a raw material form, a specimen with a size of 30mm x 250mm is cut from the raw material. When a nonwoven is a component of an absorbent core or a finished product, the nonwoven is removed from the core or the finished product using a razor blade to excise the nonwoven from other components of the finished product to provide a nonwoven specimen with a size of 30mm x 250mm is cut from the raw material. A cryogenic spray (such as Cyto-Freeze, Control Company, Houston TX) may be used to remove the nonwoven specimen from other components of the finished product, if necessary.
[0207] 4 replica for each sample are tested and an average value (arithmetic mean) of the 4 replica is reported as an MD wicking length.
[0208] 5. Wicking Area Test
[0209] This method measures the XY distribution area by free dropping 0.1ml test liquid on a test material such as nonwoven. Test liquid, 0.9%NaCl with dye color, was prepared by dissolving 45g NaCl in 2500ml deionized water and dyeing the solution obtained with a colorant.
[0210] When a nonwoven to be tested is available in a raw material form, a specimen with a size of 100mm x 100mm is cut from the raw material. When a nonwoven is a component of an absorbent core or a finished product, the nonwoven is removed from the core or the finished product using a razor blade to excise the nonwoven from other components of the finished product to provide a nonwoven specimen with a size of 100mm x 100mm is cut from the raw material. A cryogenic spray (such as Cyto-Freeze, Control Company, Houston TX) may be used to remove the nonwoven specimen from other components of the finished product, if necessary.
[0211] Procedure
[0212] 1. Cut a specimen with a size of 100mm x 100mm is cut from a raw material or an absorbent core.
[0213] 2. Put a cylindrical bracket with a circle cavity (diameter 6-8cm) on a bench top.
[0214] 3. Referring to in Fig. 11A, place the specimen on the bracket flatly in such a way that the center of the specimen is placed on the center of circle cavity of the bracket.
[0215] 4. Drop 10ul test liquid in the center of the specimen. At this moment start a stopwatch.
[0216] 5. Remove the specimen from the bracket after 1 min, and place it on a bench top.
[0217] 6. Draw an outline of a wicking area, a colored area, on the specimen, referring to Fig. 11B.
[0218] 7. Measure the wicking area by image J or VHX digital microscope, or equivalent software program at a proper magnification to capture the entire wicking area.
[0219] 8. Repeat the steps 1-7 for 4 additional replica. Averages of the wicking areas from 5 specimens is reported as a wicking area of the specimen.
[0220] 6. Centrifuge Retention Capacity (CRC)
[0221] The CRC measures the capacity of the superabsorbent polymer particles to absorb for free swelling in excess liquid. The CRC is measured according to EDANA method NWSP 241.0. R2 (19) .
[0222] 7. Absorption against Pressure (AAP)
[0223] The AAP is measured according to EDANA standard test NWSP 242.0 R2 (19) , with the pressure used being 0.7 psi and 0.3 psi, as indicated as AAP@0.7psi and AAP@0.3psi, respectively.
[0224] 8. Urine Permeability Measurement (UPM) Test
[0225] Lab Conditions:
[0226] This test has to be performed in a climate conditioned room at standard conditions of 23℃± 2℃ temperature and 45%± 10%relative humidity.
[0227] Urine Permeability Measurement System
[0228] This method determined the permeability of a swollen hydrogel layer 1318. The equipment used for this method is described below.
[0229] Fig. 12 shows permeability measurement system 1000 set-up with the constant hydrostatic head reservoir 1014, open-ended tube for air admittance 1010, stoppered vent for refilling 1012, laboratory rack 1016, delivery tube 1018 with flexible tube 1045 with Tygon tube nozzle 1044, stopcock 1020, cover plate 1047 and supporting ring 1040, receiving vessel 1024, balance 1026 and piston / cylinder assembly 1028.
[0230] Fig. 13 shows the piston / cylinder assembly 1028 comprising a metal weight 1112, piston shaft 1114, piston head 1118, lid 1116, and cylinder 1120. The cylinder 1120 is made of transparent polycarbonate (e.g., ) and has an inner diameter p of 6.00 cm (area = 28.27 cm2) with inner cylinder walls 1150 which are smooth. The bottom 1148 of the cylinder 1120 is faced with a stainless-steel screen cloth (ISO 9044 Material 1.4401, mesh size 0.038 mm, wire diameter 0.025 mm) (not shown) that is bi-axially stretched to tautness prior to attachment to the bottom 1148 of the cylinder 1120. The piston shaft 1114 is made of transparent polycarbonate (e.g., ) and has an overall length q of approximately 127 mm. A middle portion 1126 of the piston shaft 1114 has a diameter r of 22.15 (± 0.02) mm. An upper portion 1128 of the piston shaft 1114 has a diameter s of 15.8 mm, forming a shoulder 1124. A lower portion 1146 of the piston shaft 1114 has a diameter t of approximately 5 / 8 inch (15.9 mm) and is threaded to screw firmly into the center hole 1218 (see Fig. 10) of the piston head 1118. The piston head 1118 is perforated, made of transparent polycarbonate (e.g., ) , and is also screened with a stretched stainless-steel screen cloth (ISO 9044 Material 1.4401, mesh size 0.038 mm, wire diameter 0.025 mm) (not shown) . The weight 1112 is stainless steel, has a center bore 1130, slides onto the upper portion 1128 of piston shaft 1114 and rests on the shoulder 1124. The combined weight of the piston head 1118, piston shaft 1114 and weight 1112 is 596 g (± 6 g) , which corresponds to 0.30 psi over the inner area of the cylinder 1120. The combined weight may be adjusted by drilling a blind hole down a central axis 1132 of the piston shaft 1114 to remove material and / or provide a cavity to add weight. The cylinder lid 1116 has a first lid opening 1134 in its center for vertically aligning the piston shaft 1114 and a second lid opening 1136 near the edge 1138 for introducing fluid from the constant hydrostatic head reservoir 1014 into the cylinder 1120.
[0231] A first linear index mark (not shown) is scribed radially along the upper surface 1152 of the weight 1112, the first linear index mark being transverse to the central axis 1132 of the piston shaft 1114. A corresponding second linear index mark (not shown) is scribed radially along the top surface 1160 of the piston shaft 1114, the second linear index mark being transverse to the central axis 1132 of the piston shaft 1114. A corresponding third linear index mark (not shown) is scribed along the middle portion 1126 of the piston shaft 1114, the third linear index mark being parallel with the central axis 1132 of the piston shaft 1114. A corresponding fourth linear index mark (not shown) is scribed radially along the upper surface 1140 of the cylinder lid 1116, the fourth linear index mark being transverse to the central axis 1132 of the piston shaft 1114. Further, a corresponding fifth linear index mark (not shown) is scribed along a lip 1154 of the cylinder lid 1116, the fifth linear index mark being parallel with the central axis 1132 of the piston shaft 1114. A corresponding sixth linear index mark (not shown) is scribed along the outer cylinder wall 1142, the sixth linear index mark being parallel with the central axis 1132 of the piston shaft 1114. Alignment of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth linear index marks allows for the weight 1112, piston shaft 1114, cylinder lid 1116, and cylinder 1120 to be repositioned with the same orientation relative to one another for each measurement.
[0232] The cylinder 1120 specification details are:
[0233] Outer diameter u of the Cylinder 1120: 70.35 mm (±0.05 mm)
[0234] Inner diameter p of the Cylinder 1120: 60.0 mm (±0.05 mm)
[0235] Height ν of the Cylinder 1120: 60.5 mm. Cylinder height must not be lower than 55.0 mm!
[0236] The cylinder lid 1116 specification details are:
[0237] Outer diameter w of cylinder lid 1116: 76.05 mm (±0.05 mm)
[0238] Inner diameter x of cylinder lid 1116: 70.5 mm (±0.05 mm)
[0239] Thickness y of cylinder lid 1116 including lip 1154: 12.7 mm
[0240] Thickness z of cylinder lid 1116 without lip 1154: 6.35 mm
[0241] Diameter a of first lid opening 1134: 22.25 mm (±0.02 mm)
[0242] Diameter b of second lid opening 1136: 12.7 mm (±0.1 mm)
[0243] Distance between centers of first and second lid openings 1134 and 1136: 23.5 mm The weight 1112 specification details are:
[0244] Outer diameter c: 50.0 mm
[0245] Diameter d of center bore 1130: 16.0 mm
[0246] Height e: 39.0 mm
[0247] The piston head 1118 specification details are:
[0248] Diameter f: 59.7 mm (±0.05 mm)
[0249] Height g: 16.5 mm. Piston head height must not be less than 15.0 mm.
[0250] Outer holes 1214 (14 total) with a 9.30 (±0.25) mm diameter h, outer holes 1214 equally spaced with centers being 23.9 mm from the center of center hole 1218.
[0251] Inner holes 1216 (7 total) with a 9.30 (±0.25) mm diameter i, inner holes 1216 equally spaced with centers being 13.4 mm from the center of center hole 1218.
[0252] Center hole 1218 has a diameter j of approximately 5 / 8 inches (15.9 mm) and is threaded to accept a lower portion 1146 of piston shaft 1114.
[0253] Prior to use, the stainless steel screens (not shown) of the piston head 1118 and cylinder 1120 should be inspected for clogging, holes or over-stretching and replaced when necessary. A urine permeability measurement apparatus with damaged screen can deliver erroneous UPM results, and must not be used until the screen has been replaced.
[0254] A 5.00 cm mark 1156 is scribed on the cylinder 1120 at a height k of 5.00 cm (±0.05 cm) above the screen (not shown) attached to the bottom 1148 of the cylinder 1120. This marks the fluid level to be maintained during the analysis. Maintenance of correct and constant fluid level (hydrostatic pressure) is critical for measurement accuracy.
[0255] A constant hydrostatic head reservoir 1014 is used to deliver salt solution 1032 to the cylinder 1120 and to maintain the level of salt solution 1032 at a height k of 5.00 cm above the screen (not shown) attached to the bottom 1148 of the cylinder 1120. The bottom 1034 of the air-intake tube 1010 is positioned so as to maintain the salt solution 1032 level in the cylinder 1120 at the required 5.00 cm height k during the measurement, i.e., bottom 1034 of the air tube 1010 is in approximately same plane 1038 as the 5.00 cm mark 1156 on the cylinder 1120 as it sits on the cover plate 1047 and supporting ring 1040 (with circular inner opening of not less than 64 mm diameter) above the receiving vessel 1024.
[0256] The cover plate 1047 and supporting ring 1040 are parts as used in the equipment used for the method “K (t) Test Method (Dynamic Effective Permeability and Uptake Kinetics Measurement Test method) ” as described herein and is called or “Time Dependent Permeability Tester” , Equipment No. 03-080578 and is commercially available at BRAUN GmbH, Frankfurter Str. 145, 61476 Kronberg, Germany. Upon request, detailed technical drawings are also available.
[0257] Proper height alignment of the air-intake tube 1010 and the 5.00 cm mark 1156 on the cylinder 1120 is critical to the analysis. A suitable reservoir 1014 consists of a jar 1030 containing: a horizontally oriented L-shaped delivery tube 1018 connected to a flexible tube 1045 (e.g. Tygon tube, capable to connect nozzle and reservoir outlet) and to a Tygon tube nozzle 1044 (inner diameter at least 6.0 mm, length appr. 5.0 cm) for fluid delivery, a vertically oriented open-ended tube 1010 for admitting air at a fixed height within the constant hydrostatic head reservoir 1014, and a stoppered vent 1012 for re-filling the constant hydrostatic head reservoir 1014. Tube 1010 has an internal diameter of approximately 12 mm, but not less than 10.5 mm. The delivery tube 1018, positioned near the bottom 1042 of the constant hydrostatic head reservoir 1014, contains a stopcock 1020 for starting / stopping the delivery of salt solution 1032. The outlet 1044 of the delivery flexible tube 1045 is dimensioned (e.g. outer diameter 10 mm) to be inserted through the second lid opening 1136 in the cylinder lid 1116, with its end positioned below the surface of the salt solution 1032 in the cylinder 1120 (after the 5.00 cm height of the salt solution 1032 is attained in the cylinder 1120) . The air-intake tube 1010 is held in place with an o-ring collar 1049. The constant hydrostatic head reservoir 1014 can be positioned on a laboratory reck 1016 at a suitable height relative to that of the cylinder 1120. The components of the constant hydrostatic head reservoir 1014 are sized so as to rapidly fill the cylinder 1120 to the required height (i.e., hydrostatic head) and maintain this height for the duration of the measurement. The constant hydrostatic head reservoir 1014 must be capable of delivering salt solution 1032 at a flow rate of at least 2.6 g / sec for at least 10 minutes.
[0258] The piston / cylinder assembly 1028 is positioned on the supporting ring 1040 in the cover plate 1047 or suitable alternative rigid stand. The salt solution 1032 passing through the piston / cylinder assembly 1028 containing the swollen hydrogel layer 1318 is collected in a receiving vessel 1024, positioned below (but not in contact with) the piston / cylinder assembly 1028.
[0259] The receiving vessel 1024 is positioned on the balance 1026 which is accurate to at least 0.001 g. The digital output of the balance 1026 is connected to a computerized data acquisition system 1048.
[0260] Preparation of Reagents (not illustrated)
[0261] Jayco Synthetic Urine (JSU) 1312 (see Fig. 15) is used for a swelling phase (see UPM Procedure below) and 0.118 M Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Solution 1032 is used for a flow phase (see UPM Procedure below) . The following preparations are referred to a standard 1 liter volume. For preparation of volumes other than 1 liter, all quantities are scaled accordingly.
[0262] JSU: A 1L volumetric flask is filled with distilled water to 80%of its volume, and a magnetic stir bar is placed in the flask. Separately, using a weighing paper or beaker the following amounts of dry ingredients are weighed to within ± 0.01 g using an analytical balance and are added quantitatively to the volumetric flask in the same order as listed below. The solution is stirred on a suitable stir plate until all the solids are dissolved, the stir bar is removed, and the solution diluted to 1L volume with distilled water. A stir bar is again inserted, and the solution stirred on a stirring plate for a few minutes more.
[0263] Quantities of salts to make 1 liter of Jayco Synthetic Urine:
[0264] Potassium Chloride (KCl) 2.00 g
[0265] Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4) 2.00 g
[0266] Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4) 0.85 g
[0267] Ammonium phosphate, dibasic ( (NH4) 2HPO4) 0.15 g
[0268] Calcium chloride (CaCl2) 0.19 g – [or hydrated calcium chloride (CaCl2·2H2O) 0.25 g]
[0269] Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) 0.23 g – [or hydrated magnesium chloride (MgCl2·6H2O) 0.50 g]
[0270] To make the preparation faster, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium phosphate (dibasic) and magnesium chloride (or hydrated magnesium chloride) are combined and dissolved in the 80%of distilled water in the 1L volumetric flask. Calcium chloride (or hydrated calcium chloride) is dissolved separately in approximately 50 ml distilled water (e.g. in a glass beaker) and the calcium chloride solution is transferred to the 1L volumetric flask after the other salts are completely dissolved therein. Afterwards, distilled water is added to 1L (1000 ml ± 0.4 ml) and the solution is stirred for a few minutes more. Jayco synthetic urine may be stored in a clean plastic container for 10 days. The solution should not be used if it becomes cloudy.
[0271] 0.118 M Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Solution: 0.118 M Sodium Chloride is used as salt solution 1032. Using a weighing paper or beaker 6.90 g (± 0.01 g) of sodium chloride is weighed and quantitatively transferred into a 1L volumetric flask (1000 ml ± 0.4 ml) ; and the flask is filled to volume with distilled water. A stir bar is added and the solution is mixed on a stirring plate until all the solids are dissolved.
[0272] The conductivity of the prepared Jayco solution must be in the range of appr. 7.48-7.72 mS / cm and of the prepared 0.118 M Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Solution in the range of appr. 12.34-12.66 mS / cm (e.g. measured via COND 70 INSTRUMENT without CELL, #50010522, equipped with Cell VPT51-01 C=0.1 from xs instruments or via LF 320 / Set, #300243 equipped with TetraCon 325 from WTW or COND 330i , #02420059 equipped with TetraCon 325 from WTW) . The surface tension of each of the solutions must be in the range of 71-75 mN / m (e.g. measured via tensiometer K100 from Kruess with Pt plate) .
[0273] Test Preparation
[0274] Using a solid reference cylinder weight (not shown) (50 mm diameter; 128 mm height) , a caliper gauge (not shown) (measurement range 25 mm, accurate to 0.01 mm, piston pressure max. 50 g; e.g. Mitutoyo Digimatic Height Gage) is set to read zero. This operation is conveniently performed on a smooth and level bench (not shown) of at least approximately 11.5 cm x 15 cm. The piston / cylinder assembly 1028 without superabsorbent polymer particles is positioned under the caliper gauge (not shown) and a reading, L1, is recorded to the nearest 0.01 mm.
[0275] The constant hydrostatic head reservoir 1014 is filled with salt solution 1032. The bottom 1034 of the air-intake tube 1010 is positioned so as to maintain the top part (not shown) of the liquid meniscus (not shown) in the cylinder 1120 at the 5.00 cm mark 1156 during the measurement. Proper height alignment of the air-intake tube 1010 at the 5.00 cm mark 1156 on the cylinder 1120 is critical to the analysis.
[0276] The receiving vessel 1024 is placed on the balance 1026 and the digital output of the balance 1026 is connected to a computerized data acquisition system 1048. The cover plate 1047 with the supporting ring 1040 is positioned above the receiving vessel 1024.
[0277] UPM Procedure
[0278] 1.5 g (± 0.05g) of superabsorbent polymer particles is weighed onto a suitable weighing paper or weighing aid using an analytical balance. The moisture content of the superabsorbent polymer particles is measured according to the Edana Moisture Content Test Method NWSP 230.0. R2 (15) or via a Moisture Analyzer (HX204 from Mettler Toledo, drying temperature 130℃, starting superabsorber weight 3.0 g (± 0.5 g) , stop criterion 1 mg / 140 s) . If the moisture content of the superabsorbent polymer particles is greater than 3wt%, then the superabsorbent polymer particles are dried to a moisture level of < 3wt%, e.g. in an oven at 105℃ for 3 h or e.g. at 120℃for 2 h.
[0279] The empty cylinder 1120 is placed on a level benchtop 1046 (not shown) and the superabsorbent polymer particles are quantitatively transferred into the cylinder 1120. The superabsorbent polymer particles are evenly dispersed on the screen (not shown) attached to the bottom 1148 of the cylinder 1120 while rotating the cylinder 1120, e.g. aided by a (manual or electrical) turn table (e.g. petriturn-E or petriturn-M from Schuett) . It is important to have an even distribution of particles on the screen (not shown) attached to the bottom 1148 of the cylinder 1120 to obtain the highest precision result. After the superabsorbent polymer particles have been evenly distributed on the screen (not shown) attached to the bottom 1148 of the cylinder 1120 particles must not adhere to the inner cylinder walls 1150. The piston shaft 1114 is inserted through the first lid opening 1134, with the lip 1154 of the lid 1116 facing towards the piston head 1118. The piston head 1118 is carefully inserted into the cylinder 1120 to a depth of a few centimeters. The lid 1116 is then placed onto the upper rim 1144 of the cylinder 1120 while taking care to keep the piston head 1118 away from the superabsorbent polymer particles. The weight 1112 is positioned on the upper portion 1128 of the piston shaft 1114 so that it rests on the shoulder 1124 such that the first and second linear index marks are aligned. The lid 1116 and piston shaft 1126 are then carefully rotated so as to align the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth linear index marks are then aligned with the first and the second linear index marks. The piston head 1118 (via the piston shaft 1114) is then gently lowered to rest on the dry superabsorbent polymer particles. Proper seating of the lid 1116 prevents binding and assures an even distribution of the weight on the hydrogel layer 1318.
[0280] Swelling Phase:
[0281] A fritted disc of at least 8 cm diameter (e.g. 8-9 cm diameter) and at least 5.0 mm thickness (e.g. 5-7 mm thickness) with porosity “coarse” or “extra coarse” (e.g. Chemglass Inc. #CG 201-51, coarse porosity; or e.g. Robu 1680 with porosity 0) 1310 is placed in a wide flat-bottomed Petri dish 1314 and JSU 1312 is added by pouring JSU 1312 onto the center of the fritted disc 1310 until JSU 1312 reaches the top surface 1316 of the fritted disc 1310. The JSU height must not exceed the height of the fritted disc 1310. It is important to avoid any air or gas bubbles entrapped in or underneath the fritted disc 1310.
[0282] The entire piston / cylinder assembly 1028 is lifted and placed on the fritted disc 1310 in the Petri dish 1314. JSU 1312 from the Petri dish 1314 passes through the fritted disc 1310 and is absorbed by the superabsorbent polymer particles (not shown) to form a hydrogel layer 1318. The JSU 1312 available in the Petri dish 1314 should be enough for all the swelling phase. If needed, more JSU 1312 may be added to the Petri dish 1314 during the hydration period to keep the JSU 1312 level at the top surface 1316 of the fritted disc 1310. After a period of 60 minutes, the piston / cylinder assembly 1028 is removed from the fritted disc 1310, taking care to ensure the hydrogel layer 1318 does not lose JSU 1312 or take in air during this procedure. The piston / cylinder assembly 1028 is placed under the caliper gauge (not shown) and a reading, L2, is recorded to the nearest 0.01 mm. If the reading changes with time, only the initial value is recorded. The thickness of the hydrogel layer 1318, L0 is determined from L2 –L1 to the nearest 0.1 mm.
[0283] The piston / cylinder assembly 1028 is transferred to the supporting ring 1040 in the cover plate 1047. The constant hydrostatic head reservoir 1014 is positioned such that the delivery tube nozzle 1044 is placed through the second lid opening 1136. The measurement is initiated in the following sequence:
[0284] a) The stopcock 1020 of the constant hydrostatic head reservoir 1014 is opened to permit the salt solution 1032 to reach the 5.00 cm mark 1156 on the cylinder 1120. This salt solution 1032 level should be obtained within 10 seconds of opening the stopcock 1020.
[0285] b) Once 5.00 cm of salt solution 1032 is attained, the data collection program is initiated.
[0286] With the aid of a computer 1048 attached to the balance 1026, the quantity g (in g to accuracy of 0.001 g) of salt solution 1032 passing through the hydrogel layer 1318 is recorded at intervals of 20 seconds for a time period of 10 minutes. At the end of 10 minutes, the stopcock 1020 on the constant hydrostatic head reservoir 1014 is closed.
[0287] The data from 60 seconds to the end of the experiment are used in the UPM calculation. The data collected prior to 60 seconds are not included in the calculation.
[0288] For each time period of 20 seconds (time t (i-1) to ti) after the initial 60 seconds of the experiment, the respective flow rate Fs (t) (in g / s) and the respective mid-point of the time t (1 / 2) t (in s) is calculated according to the following formulas:
[0289] and
[0290] The flow rate Fs (t) of each time interval (t (i-1) to ti) is plotted versus the mid-point of the time t(1 / 2) t of the time interval (t (i-1) to ti) . The intercept is calculated as Fs (t=0) .
[0291] Calculation of the Intercept:
[0292] The intercept is calculated via a best-fit regression line, e.g. as following: the equation for the intercept of the regression line, a, is: a=yAVG-b·xAVG (III)
[0293] where the slope, b, is calculated as:
[0294] and where xAVG and yAVG are the sample means AVERAGE of the known_x’s and AVERAGE of the known_y’s , respectively.
[0295] Calculation of Urine Permeability Measurement Q:
[0296] The intercept Fs (t=0) is used to calculate Q according to the following formula:
[0297] where the flow rate Fs (t=0) is given in g / s, L0 is the initial thickness of the hydrogel layer 1318 in cm, ρ is the density of the salt solution 1032 in g / cm3 (e.g. 1.003 g / cm3 at room temperature) . A (from the equation above) is the area of the hydrogel layer 1318 in cm2 (e.g. 28.27 cm2) , ΔP is the hydrostatic pressure in dyne / cm2 (e.g. 4920 dyne / cm2) , and the Urine Permeability Measurement, Q, is in units of cm3sec / g. The average of three determinations should be reported.
[0298] 9. Modified Fluid Acquisition Test
[0299] The Modified Fluid Acquisition ( "MFA" ) Test is designed to measure the speed at which 0.9%saline solution is absorbed into an absorbent article that is compressed at 2.07 kPa. A known volume is introduced four times, each successive dose starting five (5) minutes after the previous dose has absorbed. Times needed to absorb each dose are recorded. The test fluid is 0.9%w / v saline solution and is prepared by weighing 9.0 g ± 0.05g of NaCl into a weigh boat, transferring it into a 1L volumetric flask, and diluting to volume with de-ionized water.
[0300] The MFA apparatus is depicted in Fig. 16 through Fig. 18B. The MFA apparatus comprises a bladder assembly 3001 and a top plate assembly 3200 that includes a deposition assembly 3100. A controller 3005 is used to 1) monitor the impedance across electrodes 3106, recording the time interval 0.9%saline solution is in a cylinder 3102, 2) interface with a liquid pump 3004 to start / stop dispensing, and 3) time intervals between dosing. The controller 3005 is capable of recording time events to ± 0.01 sec. A house air supply 3014 is connected to a pressure regulator 3006 capable of delivering air at a suitable flow / pressure to maintain 2.07 kPa in the bladder assembly 3001. A liquid pump 3004 (Ismatec MCP-Z gear pump, available from Cole Palmer, Vernon Hills, IL or equivalent) capable of delivering a flow of 10-80 mL at a rate of 3-15 mL / sis attached to a steel tube 3104 of the deposition assembly 3100 via tygon tubing 3015.
[0301] The bladder assembly 3001 is constructed of 12.7 mm Plexiglas with an overall dimension of 80 cm long by 30 cm wide by 10 cm tall. A manometer 3007 to measure the pressure inside the assembly and a pressure gauge 3006 to regulate the introduction of air into the assembly are installed through two holes through the light side. A bladder 3013 is assembled by draping a 50 mm by 100 mm piece of silicone film, (thickness 0.02", Shore A durometer value of 20, available as Part#86435K85 from McMaster-Carr, Cleveland, OH) over the top of the box with enough slack that the film touches the bottom of the box at its center point. An aluminum frame 3003 with a flange is fitted over the top of the film and secured in place using mechanical clamps 3010.
[0302] When in place, the assembly should be leak free at a pressure of 3.45 kPa. A front 3008 and back 3009 sample support of 5 cm by 30 cm by 1 mm are used to anchor the sample. The absorbent article is attached to the top surface of the sample supports by either adhesive tape or mechanical "hook" fasteners. These supports can be adjusted along the length of the aluminum frame 3003 via a simple pin and hole system to accommodate different size absorbent articles and to correctly align their loading point.
[0303] The top plate assembly 3200 is constructed of an 80 cm by 30 cm piece of 12.7 mm Plexiglas reinforced with an aluminum frame 3109 to enhance rigidity. The plate has a cutout l70 mm wide by 201 mm long centered laterally on the plate, l70 mm from the front of the plate 3201 for mounting of the deposition assembly. In addition, the top plate has thirty-six (36) 3.2 mm diameter holes drilled through it distributed as shown in Fig. 18A. The holes prevent air from being trapped under the top plate as the bladder is inflated. The top plate assembly 3200 is connected to the bladder assembly 3001 via two hinges 3012. During use, the top assembly is closed onto the bladder assembly and locked into place using a mechanical clamp 301l.
[0304] The deposition assembly 3100 is fitted into the top plate 3200 and includes 1) a liquid introduction cylinder 3102, 2) a curved surface 3101 at the loading point of the absorbent article and 3) electrodes 3106 that are used to detect fluid in the cylinder 3102. The detailed dimensions of the curved component are provided in Fig. 17A to Fig. 17E. Fig. 17A is a side view of the curved component. Fig. 17B is an end view of the curved component. Fig. 17C is a bottom view of the curved component. Fig. 17D is a bottom perspective view of the curved component. Fig. 17E is a top perspective view of the curved component. This curved component can be milled or 3D printed. The top portion of the introduction cylinder is a 50.8 mm O. D. Plexiglas cylinder 3102 with a 38.1 mm LD. This is fitted into the curved component to give the introduction cylinder a total height of 100 mm. Imbedded electrodes run from connectors on the upper surface of the curved component and terminate flush with an inside wall of the introduction cylinder, 2 mm from the bottom of the cylinder. The two electrodes are positioned 180 degrees apart. A nylon screen 3107 is cut and affixed flush with the bottom of the cylinder such that the sample cannot swell into the cylinder. A 5 mm semi-circle is cut in the screen in the immediate area of the two electrodes. The deposition assembly is inserted into the top plate as shown in Fig. 18A such that the curved surface is flush with the bottom of the top-plate assembly 3200. The introduction cylinder 3102 is topped with a loose-fitting nylon cap 3103. The cap has a 6.35 mm O. D. steel tube 3104 inserted through its center. When the cap is in place, the bottom of the tube ends 20 mm above the screen 3107. The cap also has an air hole 3105 to ensure negative pressure does not impede the absorption speed.
[0305] The absorbent article is first prepared by excising any inner or outer leg cuffs, waist caps, elastic ears or side panels, taking care not to disturb the topsheet that resides above the article's core region. Place the absorbent article flat onto a lab bench and identify the intersection of the longitudinal centerline with the size dependent loading point as defined in Table 1.
[0306] Table 1. Conditions for Modified Fluid Acquisition Testing:
[0307] * the boy loading point is used for unisex diapers.
[0308] Attach the front end of the absorbent article to the top surface of the front sample plate 3008 by either adhesive tape or mechanical "hook" fasteners with a topsheet facing upward. The placement is such that just the chassis and not the absorptive core overlays the plate. The sample plate 3008 is attached to the aluminum frame 3003 such that the size-dependent Loading Point (as defined in Table 1) of the absorbent article will be centered longitudinally and laterally within the cylinder 3102 when the top plate assembly has been closed. The back end of the absorbent article is secured to the back sample plate 3009 by either adhesive tape or mechanical "hook" fasteners, once again ensuring that only the chassis and not the absorptive core overlays the plate. The back sample plate 3009 is then attached to the aluminum frame 3003 such that the article is taunt but not stretched. The top plate assembly is closed and fastened, and the bladder is inflated to 2.07 kPa ± 0.07 kPa. The pressure is maintained at this level during the complete loading sequence of the test.
[0309] The pump 3004 is primed and then calibrated to deliver the size-dependent volume and flow rate selected from Table 1. Volume and flow rate must be within ± 2%of target. The cap 3103 is placed into the cylinder 3102. The controller 3005 is started, which in tum delivers the first dose of 0.9%saline solution. After the volume has been absorbed, the controller waits for 5.0 minutes before addition of the next dose. This cycle is repeated for a total of four doses. If the fluid leaks out of or around the article (i.e., is not absorbed into the article) then the test is aborted. Also if any acquisition time exceeds 1200 seconds, the test is aborted. The acquisition time is defined as the difference between the start time (i.e., when the 0.9%saline is first introduced into the cylinder and that conducting fluid completes the circuit between the electrodes) and the stop time (i.e., when the fluid has completely drained from the cylinder and the circuit between the electrodes is broken) . Acquisition times are recorded by the controller for each dose to the nearest 0.01 second. After the last dose is acquired, pressure is applied for an additional 10 minutes. Open the pressure relief valve 3016 to deflate the bladder and then remove the sample from the acquisition system.
[0310] In like fashion, run a total of eight (8) replicates for each absorbent article to be evaluated. Calculate and report the Acquisition Times (sec) for each dose as the arithmetic mean of the replicates to the nearest 0.01 sec.
[0311] 10. Rewet Test
[0312] The Rewet Test is performed immediately after the MFA Test. The Rewet Test comprises measuring the mass of fluid expressed from an absorbent article under pressure after loading by the MFA protocol. Filter paper is used as the rewet substrate. A suitable filter paper is WhatmanTM 125mm diameter (Cytiva Cat No. 1001-125) or equivalent. Upon receipt, the filter paper stored at about 23℃ ± 2 C° and about 50%± 2 %relative humidity for 2 hours prior to testing. Equipment for the test consists of a Plexiglas disk 70.0 mm in diameter and a stainless steel confining weight that rests upon it. The mass of the disk and confining weight combined is 812.5 g which corresponds to a pressure of 2.07 kPa. Filter papers are put together as the stacks of three (3) assembled for use during rewet testing. Measure and record the mass of the dry filter paper stack and record to the nearest 0.001 g.
[0313] Within 30 seconds after the conclusion of the MFA test, remove the absorbent article from the acquisition apparatus and place it flat on a bench top with a topsheet facing upward. Then, place a pre-weighed stack of filter paper centered at the loading point (as determined previously in the MFA test) , place the Plexiglass disk onto the stack, and gently place the confining weight onto the disk. Wait for 15.0 seconds ± 0.5 seconds and remove the weight and disc. Immediately measure the mass of the wet filter paper and record to the nearest 0.001 g. Calculate the filter paper value as the difference between the wet and dry weight of the stack and record to the nearest 0.001g.
[0314] In like fashion, run a total of eight (8) replicates for each absorbent article to be evaluated. Calculate and report the Collagen Rewet (mg) for each dose as the arithmetic mean of the replicates to the nearest 0.001g.
[0315] 11. SAP Permeability Test
[0316] SAP permeability of a subject nonwoven is measured using a sieve shaker or an equivalent instrument under three conditions, a static condition, a 10 second vibration condition and a 30 second vibration condition.
[0317] If a nonwoven is available in its raw material form, a specimen is cut from the raw material. If a nonwoven is a component layer such as an intermediate layer constituting an absorbent core, the nonwoven layer is removed from other components of the absorbent core so as to minimize stretching, bending, folding, or any other distortion or perturbation to the nonwoven layer, for example, using a razor blade to excise the nonwoven layer from adjacent layers.
[0318] Referring to Fig. 19A and 19B, a sieve shaker 190, 8411 Sieve Shaker (diameter: 30cm, circle motion) Fujian Banglida New Material Co. (China) or an equivalent instrument, having a container 192 and clamps 194 is prepared. Nonwoven specimen 196 is carefully placed directly on top of the container 192 to have a flat surface but without causing tension on the nonwoven specimen 196, and fixed using clamps 194. Nothing is placed between the container 192 and nonwoven specimen 196.
[0319] When the SAP permeability test is conducted from raw materials SAP, either SAP1 which is supposed to be used for the first absorption layer or SAP2 which is supposed to be used for the second absorption layer is used as SAP 64 for the SAP permeability test.
[0320] When the SAP permeability test is conducted on an absorbent core or an absorbent article, SAP extracted from the absorbent core, regardless whether SAP1 and SAP2 are the same SAP type or different SAP types, is used as SAP 64 for the SAP permeability test.
[0321] 1) SAP permeability measurement at static condition
[0322] a. Make sure the container 192 is clean and empty.
[0323] b. Referring to Fig. 19B, place gently 3g of SAP 64 on the center of the nonwoven specimen 196.
[0324] c. Stay 1 minute at static condition.
[0325] d. Collect SAP in the container 192, and weigh the collected SAP. Record the weight of collected SAP as M0.
[0326] e. Calculate SAP permeability at static, “SP0” , according to Equation below.
[0327] Static SAP permeability
[0328] 2) SAP permeability measurement at vibration condition
[0329] 2-1) 10 second vibration
[0330] a. Make sure the container 192 is clean and empty.
[0331] b. Referring to Fig. 19A, Place gently 3g of SAP 64 on the center of the nonwoven specimen 196.
[0332] c. Sieve for 10 seconds with vibration rate of 1400 times / min.
[0333] d. Collect SAP in the container 192, and weigh the collected SAP. Record the weight of collected SAP as M1.
[0334] e. Calculate SAP permeability at 10 second vibration, “SP1” , according to Equation below.
[0335] 10s SAP permeability
[0336] 2-2) 30 second vibration
[0337] a. Repeat steps a-c of 2-1) above with 30 second vibration at step c.
[0338] b. Collect SAP in the container 192, and weigh the collected SAP. Record the weight of collected SAP as M2.
[0339] c. Calculate SAP permeability at 30 second vibration, “SP2” , according to Equation below.
[0340] 30s SAP permeability
[0341] EXAMPLES
[0342] Example 1: SAP
[0343] The properties of different commercially sourced SAP were measured and are reported in Table 2 below. These SAP were used to make absorbent cores as indicated in Table 4.
[0344] Table 2
[0345] SAP A: from BASF, Germany
[0346] SAP B: from Satellite, China
[0347] SAP A has a relatively high CRC, while SAP B has a relatively high permeability.
[0348] Example 2: Nonwoven
[0349] Various nonwovens were tested for MD wicking length, XY wicking area, MD tensile strength, and SAP permeability according to test methods disclosed herein and results are displayed in Table 3 below. The SAP permeability test was conducted using SAP A and SAP B disclosed in Example 1 above. Values indicated in the tables with “n. a” were not measured.
[0350] Table 3
[0351] Table 3-continued
[0352] Nonwoven 7: 7dtex high loft nonwoven from Tengbang, China
[0353] Nonwoven 8: 7dtex high loft nonwoven from Tengbang, China
[0354] Nonwoven 9: 2dtex from Tengbang, China
[0355] Example 3: Absorbent core
[0356] Absorbent cores using various top layers, bottom layers, intermediate layers, and commercially available SAP were produced according to Table 4 below. Basis weight of SAP1 and SAP2 each was 185.5gam in all cores.
[0357] Table 4
[0358] *: In Core 5, it was observed part of each SAP1 and SAP2 was penetrated into the intermediate layer.
[0359] Example 3: Absorbent article
[0360] Baby diapers 1-7 as exemplary absorbent articles having absorbent cores disclosed in Example 2 above were fabricated using a common topsheet, distribution layer, and backsheet.
[0361] Acquisition time and rewet of each of Diapers1-7 were measured according to Acquisition Speed Test and Rewet Test disclosed herein, and results are indicated in Table 5 below.
[0362] Table 5
[0363] Diapers 1, 3, 4 and 7 having absorbent cores according to the present invention exhibited a significantly fast acquisition speed as well as significantly low rewet.
[0364] Diapers 2, 5 and 6 having absorbent cores where each top layer has an MD wicking length less than about 10 mm showed noticeably inferior rewet to the invention diapers. Further Diapers 5 and 6 exhibit significantly slow acquisition speed.
[0365] Diaper 5 having core 5 which fails on both employing a proper intermediate layer and employing a top layer having an MD wicking length no less than about 10 mm performed poorly in both aspects of acquisition speed and rewet compared to the invention diapers.
[0366] Diaper 2 having core 2 which fails on employing a top layer having an MD wicking length no less than about 10 mm shows a high rewet value compared to the invention diapers. Diaper 6 having core 6 which fail on employing a top layer having an MD wicking length no less than about 10 mm showed a high acquisition speed value and rewet value compared to the invention diapers. Diaper 2 performed better than Diaper 6 in acquisition speed. Without intending to be bound by theory, it may be due to having an intermediate layer with good wicking power.
[0367] The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm. ”
[0368] Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or related patent or application and any patent application or patent to which this application claims priority or benefit thereof, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.
[0369] While particular examples of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.
Claims
1.An absorbent core for use in an absorbent article, the absorbent core extending in a transversal direction and a longitudinal direction and having a thickness in a vertical direction perpendicular to the transversal direction and longitudinal direction, the absorbent core comprising:a top layer having a first MD wicking length at 3 min as measured according to Wicking Length Test,a bottom layer having a second MD wicking length at 3 min as measured according to Wicking Length Test,an intermediate layer disposed between the top layer and the bottom layer, the intermediate layer having a third MD wicking length at 3 min as measured according to Wicking Length Test,a first absorption layer disposed between the top layer and the intermediate layer, the first absorption layer comprising first superabsorbent polymer particles “SAP1” , anda second absorption layer disposed between the intermediate layer and the bottom layer, the second absorption layer comprising second superabsorbent polymer particles “SAP2” ,wherein the intermediate layer has a at least one of:- a SAP permeability no higher than about 1%at static condition as measured according to SAP permeability Test, and- a SAP permeability no higher than about 25%at vibration condition for 10 seconds as measured according to SAP permeability Test, andwherein the first MD wicking length is no less than about 10 mm.2.The absorbent core of claim 1, wherein the first MD wicking length is equal to or greater than the third MD wicking length.3.The absorbent core according to any of the preceding claims, wherein at least part of the SAP1 is adhesive-bonded with the top layer.4.The absorbent core according to any of the preceding claims, wherein at least part of the SAP2 is adhesive-bonded with the bottom layer.5.The absorbent core according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the second absorption layer further comprises a second nonwoven sheet wherein at least part of the SAP2 is trapped in the second nonwoven sheet.6.The absorbent core according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the first absorption layer further comprises a first nonwoven sheet, wherein at least part of the SAP1 is trapped in the first nonwoven sheet.7.The absorbent core according to claim 6, wherein at least one of the first nonwoven sheet and the second nonwoven sheet comprises high loft nonwoven.8.The absorbent core according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the top layer comprises first absorbent fibers and second absorbent fibers, the second absorbent fibers being different from the first absorbent fibers, and wherein the total amount of the first absorbent fibers and the second absorbent fibers is at least about 70%by weight of the top layer.9.The absorbent core according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the top layer comprises pulp and viscose fibers.10.The absorbent core of any of the preceding claims, wherein the top layer comprises an MD tensile strength at least about 12N.11.The absorbent core of any of the preceding claims, wherein the top layer essentially consists of absorbent fibers.12.The absorbent core of any of the preceding claims, wherein the top layer comprises wetlaid nonwoven.13.The absorbent core of any of the preceding claims, wherein the top layer has a first wicking area, wherein the first wicking area is at least about 100 mm2 as measured according to Wicking Area Test.14.The absorbent core of any of the preceding claims, wherein SAP2 is different from SAP1.15.The absorbent core of claim 14, wherein SAP2 is different from SAP1 at least in one of capacity as measured by the CRC test, permeability as measured by the UPM method, T20 as measured by SAP K (t) test and AAP at 0.7 psi as measured by Absorption against Pressure test described herein.16.The absorbent core according to claim 15, wherein SAP1 has a higher capacity than SAP2.17.The absorbent core according to claim 15, wherein SAP2 has a higher permeability than SAP1.18.The absorbent core of any of the preceding claims, wherein the first absorption layer has a profiled distribution of SAP1.19.The absorbent core of any of the preceding claims, wherein the first absorption layer has a profiled distribution of SAP2.20.The absorbent core of any of the preceding claims, wherein the first absorption layer comprises at least one longitudinally extending or transversally extending channel substantially free of SAP1.21.The absorbent core of any of the preceding claims, wherein the second absorbent comprises at least one longitudinally extending or transversally extending channel substantially free of SAP2.22.An absorbent core for use in an absorbent article, the absorbent core extending in a transversal direction and a longitudinal direction and having a thickness in a vertical direction perpendicular to the transversal direction and longitudinal direction, the absorbent core comprising:a top layer having a first MD wicking length at 3 min as measured according to Wicking Length Test,a bottom layer having a second MD wicking length at 3 min as measured according to Wicking Length Test,an intermediate layer disposed between the top layer and the bottom layer, the intermediate layer having a third MD wicking length at 3 min as measured according to Wicking Length Test,a first absorption layer disposed between the top layer and the intermediate layer, the first absorption layer comprising first superabsorbent polymer particles “SAP1” and a first nonwoven sheet comprising high loft nonwoven wherein at least part of SAP1 is trapped in the high loft nonwoven, anda second absorption layer disposed between the intermediate layer and the bottom layer, the second absorption layer comprising second superabsorbent polymer particles “SAP2” and a second nonwoven sheet comprising high loft nonwoven wherein at least part of SAP2 is trapped in the high loft nonwoven,wherein the intermediate layer has at least one of:- a SAP permeability no higher than about 1%at static condition as measured according to SAP permeability Test, and- a SAP permeability no higher than about 25%at vibration condition for 10 seconds as measured according to SAP permeability Test, andwherein the first MD wicking length is no less than about 10 mm.23.A method for making an absorbent core according to any of the claims 1-22, the method comprising in any order the steps of:- providing an intermediate layer, a liquid-permeable top layer, and a bottom layer;- depositing first superabsorbent particles “SAP1” on a first side of the intermediate layer, and attaching the first side of the intermediate layer with the liquid-permeable top layer;- depositing second superabsorbent particles “SAP2” on the second side of the intermediate layer, and attaching the second side of the intermediate layer with the bottom layer;wherein the step of depositing SAP1 and SAP2 may be performed in any order.24.A method for making an absorbent core according to any of the claims 1-21, the method comprising in any order the steps of:- providing an intermediate layer, a liquid-permeable top layer, and a bottom layer;- depositing first superabsorbent particles “SAP1” on a first side of the liquid-permeable top layer, and attaching the first side of the top layer with a first side of the intermediate layer;- depositing second superabsorbent particles “SAP2” on a first side of the bottom layer, and attaching the first side of the bottom layer with a second side of the intermediate layer;wherein the step of depositing SAP1 and SAP2 may be performed in any order.25.A method for making an absorbent core according to any of the claims 1-22, the method comprising in any order the steps of:- providing an intermediate layer, a first nonwoven sheet and a second nonwoven sheet, and laminating the first nonwoven sheet, the intermediate layer, and the second nonwoven sheet in the order to obtain a laminate layer,- Providing a liquid-permeable top layer, and a bottom layer;- depositing first superabsorbent particles “SAP1” on a first side of the laminate layer, and attaching the first side of the laminate layer with the liquid-permeable top layer;- depositing second superabsorbent particles “SAP2” on the second side of the laminate layer, and attaching the second side of the laminate layer with the bottom layer;wherein the step of depositing SAP1 and SAP2 may be performed in any order.26.The method for making an absorbent core according to claim 24, wherein at least one of the first nonwoven and the second nonwoven is high loft nonwoven.27.An absorbent article comprising a topsheet, a backsheet, and an absorbent core disposed between the topsheet and the backsheet, wherein the absorbent core is one according to any of claims 1-22.