Methods for improving milk production and behavior in dairy cows

Abstract

Provided herein are methods of: increasing milk production in dairy cows post-parturition, improving milking behavior in dairy cows, increasing marbling in carcasses of beef steers, increasing backfat in carcasses of beef steers, and improving USDA quality of carcasses of beef steers.

Description

METHODS FOR IMPROVING MILK PRODUCTION AND BEHAVIOR IN DAIRY COWS AND METHODS FOR ENHANCING CARCASS QUALITY OF BEEF STEER BACKGROUND

[0001] In dairy cattle, the transition period is the period from 21 days before to 21 days after parturition, and it is known to be an extremely important and challenging period of the life cycle of dairy cows. High-producing dairy cows undergo extreme metabolic adaptations during this period. Feed consumption increases approximately 2-fold between the week preceding parturition and the first 30 days postpartum; however, nutrient intake is often insufficient to meet lactation demands. As a result of this catabolic state, high-producing dairy cows might lose 1.5 kg / day of body weight in the first three weeks postpartum when energy balance is -7 to -9 Meal net energy for lactation (NEL) / day. Additionally, the transition period presents a formidable collection of stressful events for dairy cows.Prepartum cows are transferred to individual calving pens during stage 1 of parturition. Their newborn calves are separated from their dams immediately after parturition. Postpartum cows are then moved to postpartum lactating cow pens, from which they are taken to milking parlors 3 times daily. For first lactation cows this will be their first exposure to the milking parlor and milking procedures. Therefore, the transition period exposes animals to incredible levels of social, nutritional, environmental, and physiological stresses which often leads to losses in productivity.

[0002] In addition, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has established a beef grading program for evaluating beef carcasses after slaughter. The USDA grading system uses eight different grades to represent various levels of marbling in beef: Prime, Choice, Select, Standard, Commercial, Utility, Cutter, and Canner. The grades are based on two main criteria: the degree of marbling (intramuscular fat) in the beef, and the maturity (estimated age of the animal at slaughter). Prime has the highest marbling content when compared to other grades and is capable of fetching a premium at restaurants and supermarkets. Choice is the most common grade sold in retail outlets, and represents roughly half of all graded beef. Select is sold as a cheaper, leaner option in many stores and is the lowest grade typically found for consumer purchase as a steak.SUMMARY

[0003] The present disclosure stems from the recognition that reducing stress in postpartum dairy cows would improve milk production and milking behavior. Administration of a fatty composition enhances milk productivity and promotes calmer milking behavior during the milking process.

[0004] Accordingly, disclosed herein are methods that improve milk production and reduce unwanted milking behaviors in dairy cows post-parturition by administering a fatty acid composition. Cows treated with the fatty acid composition after calving showed significant increases in milk yield and exhibited calmer behavior during milking compared to untreated cows.

[0005] In one aspect, disclosed are methods of increasing milk production in dairy cows post-parturition, the method comprising administering a fatty acid composition to the dairy cows.

[0006] In another aspect, disclosed are methods of improving milking behavior in dairy cows, the method comprising administering a fatty acid composition to the dairy cows.

[0007] The present disclosure also stems from the recognition that reducing stress in yearling cattle would improve carcass quality of the treated cattle. Administration of a fatty composition to beef cattle enhances marbling, increases levels of backfat, and improves overall carcass quality.

[0008] Accordingly, disclosed herein are methods that increase marbling and backfat and improve the carcass quality of beef steer post- slaughter by administering a fatty acid composition prior to slaughter. Beef steer treated with the fatty acid composition at a sufficient time prior to slaughter showed significant increases in marbling score, backfat thickness, and USDA grades compared to untreated beef steer.

[0009] In one aspect, disclosed are methods of increasing marbling in carcasses of beef steers, the methods comprising administering a fatty acid composition to the beef steers prior to slaughter of the beef steers.

[0010] In another aspect, disclosed are methods of increasing backfat in carcasses of beef steers, the methods comprising administering a fatty acid composition to the beef steers prior to slaughter of the beef steers.

[0011] In another aspect, disclosed are methods of improving USDA quality of carcasses of beef steers, the methods comprising administering a fatty acid composition to the beef steers prior to slaughter of the beef steers.

[0012] The details of certain embodiments of the invention are set forth in the Detailed Description of Certain Embodiments, as described below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the Definitions, Examples, Figures, and Claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] FIG. 1 is a graph showing administration of the exemplary fatty acid composition after calving improved milk production in dairy cows (x-axis is lbs. milk / day).

[0014] FIG. 2 is a graph showing administration of the exemplary fatty acid composition after calving improved milk production throughout the lactation. Gray line represents the cows treated with the fatty acid composition and black line the control cows (x-axis is lbs. milk / day; y-axis is months).

[0015] FIG. 3 is a graph showing administration of the exemplary fatty acid composition after calving significantly improves behavior at first milking. Cows treated with the fatty acid composition (gray) had significantly fewer attempts to kick the milking unit off compared to the control cows (black).

[0016] FIG. 4 is a graph showing feed intake (dry matter basis) of beef steers administered mBAS (n = 15) or mineral oil (CON; n = 15) during a 138-day finishing period. On day 75, steers received a terminal growth-promoting implant (Synovex Plus®; Zoetis, Florham Park, NJ). A treatment x day interaction was detected (P < 0.01). SEM = standard error meanDEFINITIONS

[0017] The terms “steer” or “beef steer” refer to castrated male cattle. As used herein, beef steer are categorized by weight into three groups: “younger” (less than about 400 lbs);“yearling” (about 900 lbs); and “finished” (greater than about 1500 lbs). In certain embodiments, the beef steer is treated with Synovex Choice®. In certain embodiments, the beef steer is treated with trenbolone acetate and estradiol benzoate.

[0018] The terms “dairy cow” or “dairy cattle” refer to cattle bred with the ability to produce large quantities of milk, from which dairy products are made. Dairy cattle generally are of the species Bos taurus.

[0019] The term “parturition” refers to the action of giving birth to young. “Postparturition” is the period of time after giving birth.

[0020] The term “milking behavior” refers to the actions of dairy cows during milking. In certain embodiments milking behavior includes how often they visit a milking system(frequency), how long they wait (waiting time), and / or how they respond to the milking process (stepping and kicking).

[0021] The term “marbling” refers to the intermingling or dispersion of intramuscular fat within the lean meat in beef. Graders evaluate the amount and distribution of marbling in the ribeye muscle at the cut surface after the carcass has been ribbed between the 12th and 13th ribs. Degree of marbling is the primary determination of quality grade.

[0022] The terms “composition” and “formulation” are used interchangeably.

[0023] The term “administer,” “administering,” or “administration” refers to implanting, absorbing, ingesting, injecting, inhaling, or otherwise introducing a composition described herein, in or on a dairy cow or beef steer.

[0024] An “effective amount” of a composition described herein refers to an amount sufficient to elicit the desired biological response. An effective amount of a composition described herein may vary depending on such factors as the desired biological endpoint, the pharmacokinetics of the composition, the condition being treated, the mode of administration, and the age and health of the subject. In certain embodiments, an effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In certain embodiments, an effective amount is a prophylactic treatment. In certain embodiments, an effective amount is the amount of a compound described herein in a single dose. In certain embodiments, an effective amount is the combined amounts of a compound described herein in multiple doses.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTSIncreased milk production in dairy cows

[0025] Provided herein is a method of increasing milk production in a dairy cow postparturition, the method comprising administering a fatty acid composition to the dairy cow. In certain embodiments, the increased milk production is observed and / or measured in a single dairy cow. In certain embodiments, the increased milk production is observed and / or measured in a population of dairy cows.

[0026] In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition is done within about 24 hours post-parturition. In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition is done within about 14 hours post-parturition. In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition is done within about 12 hours post-parturition. In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition is done within about 96, 72, 68, 24, 22, 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, or 1 hour post-parturition.

[0027] In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow. As defined herein, an untreated dairy cow is a dairy cow not administered the composition post-parturition. In certain embodiments, the increase in daily milk yield is a statistically significant increase. In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow over a period of at least 1 month post-parturition. In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow over a period of at least 2 months post-parturition. In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow over a period of at least 3 months postparturition. In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow over a period of at least 4 months post-parturition. In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow over a period of at least 5 months post-parturition. In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow over a period of at least 6 months post-parturition.

[0028] In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow of at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, or at least 5%. In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow of at least 2%. In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow of at least 3%. In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow of at least 4%. In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow of at least 5%.

[0029] In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow of at least 2 Ibs / day. In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow of at least 3 Ibs / day. In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow of at least 4 Ibs / day.Improved milking behavior in dairy cows

[0030] Also provided herein is a method of improving milking behavior in a dairy cow, the method comprising administering a fatty acid composition to the dairy cow. In certain embodiments, the improved milking behavior is observed and / or measured in a single dairy cow. In certain embodiments, the improved milking behavior is observed and / or measured in a population of dairy cows.

[0031] In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition is done within about 24 hours post-parturition. In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition is done within about 14 hours post-parturition. In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition is done within about 12 hours post-parturition. In certain embodiments, the administering of the composition is done within about 96, 72, 68, 24, 22, 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, or 1 hour post-parturition.

[0032] In certain embodiments, after administering the composition the dairy cow kicks a milking machine during milking fewer times than an untreated cow kicks a milking machine during milking. As defined herein, an untreated dairy cow is a dairy cow not administered the composition. In certain embodiments, the improvement in milking behavior is a statistically significant improvement. In certain embodiments, the dairy cow kicks the milking machine less than or equal to 80%, less than or equal to 70%, less than or equal to 60%, less than or equal to 50%, or less than or equal to 40% of the number of kicks by an untreated cow. In certain embodiments, the dairy cow kicks the milking machine less than or equal to 80% of the number of kicks by an untreated cow. In certain embodiments, the dairy cow kicks the milking machine less than or equal to 70% of the number of kicks by an untreated cow. In certain embodiments, the dairy cow kicks the milking machine less than or equal to 60% of the number of kicks by an untreated cow. In certain embodiments, the dairy cow kicks the milking machine less than or equal to 50% of the number of kicks by an untreated cow. In certain embodiments, the dairy cow kicks the milking machine less than or equal to 40% of the number of kicks by an untreated cow.

[0033] In certain embodiments, the reduction in kicks of the milking machine occurs during a first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth milking session postparturition. In certain embodiments, the reduction in kicks of the milking machine occurs during a first milking session post-parturition.Increased marbling in beef steer carcasses

[0034] Also provided herein is a method of increasing marbling in a carcass of a beef steer, the method comprising administering a fatty acid composition to the beef steer prior to slaughter of the beef steer. In certain embodiments, the increased marbling is observed and / or measured in a single beef steer. In certain embodiments, the increased marbling is observed and / or measured in a population of beef steers.

[0035] In certain embodiments, the beef steer is a yearling steer. In certain embodiments, the yearling steer is an Angus yearling steer. In certain embodiments, the beef steer has a weight of about 850-950 lbs at the time of a first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the beef steer has a weight of about 875-925 lbs at the time of a first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the beef steer has a weight of about 890-910 lbs at the time of a first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the beef steer has a weight of about 895-905 lbs at the time of a first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the beef steer has a weight of about 900-910 lbs at the time of a first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the beef steer has a weight of about 900 lbs at the time of a first administering of the fatty acid composition.

[0036] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises a second administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the second administering of the fatty acid composition is about 70-80 days after the first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the second administering of the fatty acid composition is about 60-90 days after the first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the second administering of the fatty acid composition is about 70-90 days after the first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the second administering of the fatty acid composition is about 60-80 days after the first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the second administering of the fatty acid composition is about 75 days after the first administering of the fatty acid composition.

[0037] In certain embodiments, a marbling score of the carcass is at least 485, at least 490, at least 495, at least 500, or at least 505. In certain embodiments, a marbling score of the carcass is at least 485. In certain embodiments, a marbling score of the carcass is at least 490. In certain embodiments, a marbling score of the carcass is at least 495. In certain embodiments, a marbling score of the carcass is at least 500. In certain embodiments, a marbling score of the carcass is at least 505.

[0038] In certain embodiments, a marbling score of the carcass is at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4, or at least 5% greater than a marbling score of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. As defined herein, an untreated beef steer is a beef steer not administered the composition. In certain embodiments, the increase in marbling score is a statistically significant increase. In certain embodiments, a marbling score of the carcass is at least 1% greater than a marbling score of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a marbling score of the carcass is at least 2% greater than a marbling score of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a marbling score of the carcass is at least 3% greater than a marbling score of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a marbling score of the carcass is at least 4% greater than a marbling score of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a marbling score of the carcass is at least 5% greater than a marbling score of a carcass of an untreated beef steer.

[0039] In certain embodiments, the marbling score is determined about 24 hours after slaughter of the beef steer. In certain embodiments, the marbling score is determined about 12-96 hours after slaughter of the beef steer.Increased backfat in beef steer carcasses

[0040] Also provided herein is a method of increasing backfat in a carcass of a beef steer, the method comprising administering a fatty acid composition to the beef steer prior to slaughter of the beef steer. In certain embodiments, the increased backfat is observed and / or measured in a single beef steer. In certain embodiments, the increased backfat is observed and / or measured in a population of beef steers.

[0041] In certain embodiments, the beef steer is a yearling steer. In certain embodiments, the yearling steer is an Angus yearling steer. In certain embodiments, the beef steer has a weight of about 850-950 lbs at the time of a first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the beef steer has a weight of about 875-925 lbs at the time of a first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the beef steer has a weight of about 890-910 lbs at the time of a first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the beef steer has a weight of about 895-905 lbs at the time of a first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the beef steer has a weight of about 900-910 lbs at the time of a first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the beef steer has a weight of about 900 lbs at the time of a first administering of the fatty acid composition.

[0042] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises a second administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the second administering of the fatty acid composition is about 70-80 days after the first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the second administering of the fatty acid composition is about 60-90 days after the first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the second administering of the fatty acid composition is about 70-90 days after the first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the second administering of the fatty acid composition is about 60-80 days after the first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the second administering of the fatty acid composition is about 75 days after the first administering of the fatty acid composition.

[0043] In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of the beef steer is at least 0.55 inches, at least 0.56 inches, at least 0.57 inches, at least 0.58 inches, or at least 0.59 inches. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of the beef steer is at least 0.55 inches. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of the beef steer at least 0.56 inches. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of the beef steer at least 0.57 inches. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of the beef steer at least 0.58 inches. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of the beef steer at least 0.59 inches.

[0044] In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of the beef steer is at least 0.55 inches, at least 0.56 inches, at least 0.57 inches, at least 0.58 inches, or at least 0.59 inches. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of the beef steer is at least 0.55 inches. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of the beef steer is at least at least 0.56 inches. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of the beef steer is at least 0.57 inches. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of the beef steer is at least 0.58 inches. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of the beef steer is at least 0.59 inches.

[0045] In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of the beef steer is at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9, or at least 10% greater than a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. As defined herein, an untreated beef steer is a beef steer not administered the composition. In certain embodiments, the increase in backfat thickness is a statistically significant increase. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness at the twelfth ribof the beef steer is at least 1% greater than a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of the beef steer is at least 2% greater than a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of the beef steer is at least 3% greater than a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of the beef steer is at least 4% greater than a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of the beef steer is at least 5% greater than a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of the beef steer is at least 6% greater than a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of the beef steer is at least 7% greater than a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of the beef steer is at least 8% greater than a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of the beef steer is at least 9% greater than a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of the beef steer is at least 10% greater than a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer.

[0046] In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of the beef steer is at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9, or at least 10% greater than a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. As defined herein, an untreated beef steer is a beef steer not administered the composition. In certain embodiments, the increase in backfat thickness is a statistically significant increase. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of the beef steer is at least 1% greater than a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of the beef steer is at least 2% greater than a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of the beef steer is at least 3% greater than a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth ribof the beef steer is at least 4% greater than a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of the beef steer is at least 5% greater than a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of the beef steer is at least 6% greater than a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of the beef steer is at least 7% greater than a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of the beef steer is at least 8% greater than a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of the beef steer is at least 9% greater than a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer. In certain embodiments, a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of the beef steer is at least 10% greater than a backfat thickness between the twelfth and thirteenth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer.

[0047] In certain embodiments, the backfat thickness is determined about 24 hours after slaughter of the beef steer. In certain embodiments, the backfat thickness is determined about 12-96 hours after slaughter of the beef steer.Improved USDA quality of beef steer carcasses

[0048] Also provided herein is a method of improving USDA quality of a carcass of a beef steer, the method comprising administering a fatty acid composition to the beef steer prior to slaughter of the beef steer. In certain embodiments, the improved USDA quality is observed and / or measured in a single beef steer. In certain embodiments, the improved USDA quality is observed and / or measured in a population of beef steers.

[0049] In certain embodiments, the beef steer is a yearling steer. In certain embodiments, the yearling steer is an Angus yearling steer. In certain embodiments, the beef steer has a weight of about 850-950 lbs at the time of a first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the beef steer has a weight of about 875-925 lbs at the time of a first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the beef steer has a weight of about 890-910 lbs at the time of a first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the beef steer has a weight of about 895-905 lbs at the time of a firstadministering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the beef steer has a weight of about 900-910 lbs at the time of a first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the beef steer has a weight of about 900 lbs at the time of a first administering of the fatty acid composition.

[0050] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises a second administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the second administering of the fatty acid composition is about 70-80 days after the first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the second administering of the fatty acid composition is about 60-90 days after the first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the second administering of the fatty acid composition is about 70-90 days after the first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the second administering of the fatty acid composition is about 60-80 days after the first administering of the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the second administering of the fatty acid composition is about 75 days after the first administering of the fatty acid composition.

[0051] In certain embodiments, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, or at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 94.5%, or at least 94.9% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Choice or Prime. In certain embodiments, at least 88% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Choice or Prime. In certain embodiments, at least 89% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Choice or Prime. In certain embodiments, at least 90% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Choice or Prime. In certain embodiments, at least 91% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Choice or Prime. In certain embodiments, at least 92% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Choice or Prime. In certain embodiments, at least 93% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Choice or Prime. In certain embodiments, at least 94% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Choice or Prime. In certain embodiments, at least 94.5% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Choice or Prime. In certain embodiments, at least 94.9% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Choice or Prime.

[0052] In certain embodiments, less than or equal to 12%, less than or equal to 11%, less than or equal to 10%, less than or equal to 9%, less than or equal to 8%, less than or equal to 7%, less than or equal to 6%, less than or equal to 5.5%, or less than or equal to 5.1% of thecarcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Select. In certain embodiments, less than or equal to 12% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Select. In certain embodiments, less than or equal to 11% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Select. In certain embodiments, less than or equal to 10% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Select. In certain embodiments, less than or equal to 9% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Select. In certain embodiments, less than or equal to 8% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Select. In certain embodiments, less than or equal to 7% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Select. In certain embodiments, less than or equal to 6% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Select. In certain embodiments, less than or equal to 5.5% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Select. In certain embodiments, less than or equal to 5.1% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Select.

[0053] In certain embodiments, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, or at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 94.5%, or at least 94.9% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Choice or Prime; and less than or equal to 12%, less than or equal to 11%, less than or equal to 10%, less than or equal to 9%, less than or equal to 8%, less than or equal to 7%, less than or equal to 6%, less than or equal to 5.5%, or less than or equal to 5.1% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Select.

[0054] In certain embodiments, the USDA quality grade is determined about 24 hours after slaughter of the beef steer. In certain embodiments, the USDA quality grade is determined about 12-96 hours after slaughter of the beef steer.Fatty Acid Composition

[0055] The fatty acid composition of the present disclosure comprises about 0.5-42.8% (wt / wt%) oleic acid, about 0.5-52.2% (wt / wt%) myristic acid, about 3-31.2% (wt / wt%) palmitic acid, and about 0.5-25% (wt / wt%) arachidonic acid, or derivatives thereof.

[0056] In certain embodiments, the fatty acid composition further comprises about 0.2-12.5% (wt / wt%) lauric acid, or a derivative thereof.

[0057] In certain embodiments, the fatty acid composition further comprises about 0.1-22.6% (wt / wt%) capric acid, or a derivative thereof.

[0058] In certain embodiments, the fatty acid composition further comprises about 8-65% (wt / wt%) linoleic acid or a derivative thereof.

[0059] In certain embodiments, the fatty acid composition further comprises about 0.1-12.6% (wt / wt%) behenic acid, or a derivative thereof.

[0060] In certain embodiments, the fatty acid composition further comprises about 0.2-12.5% (wt / wt%) lauric acid, about 0.1-22.6% (wt / wt%) capric acid, about 8-65% (wt / wt%) linoleic acid, and about 0.1-12.6% (wt / wt%) behenic acid, or derivatives thereof.

[0061] In certain embodiments, the fatty acid composition comprises about 0.5-42.8% (wt / wt%) oleic acid, about 0.5-52.2% (wt / wt%) myristic acid, about 3-31.2% (wt / wt%) palmitic acid, about 0.5-25% (wt / wt%) arachidonic acid, about 0.2-12.5% (wt / wt%) lauric acid, about 0.1-22.6% (wt / wt%) capric acid, about 8-65% (wt / wt%) linoleic acid, and about 0.1-12.6% (wt / wt%) behenic acid, or derivatives thereof.

[0062] In certain embodiments, the fatty acid composition comprises about 22.8% (wt / wt%) oleic acid, about 10.7% (wt / wt%) myristic acid, about 17% (wt / wt%) palmitic acid, about 7.9% (wt / wt%) arachidonic acid, about 8.5% (wt / wt%) lauric acid, about 3.2% (wt / wt%) capric acid, about 28.8% (wt / wt%) linoleic acid, and about 1.1% (wt / wt%) behenic acid, or derivatives thereof.

[0063] In certain embodiments, the fatty acid composition includes the fatty acids in amounts listed in Table 1.Table 1. Fatty Acid CompositionFatty acid QuantityLinoleic acid 30 mL (27 g)Palmitic acid 16 gOleic acid 24 mL (21.4 g)Arachidonic acid 8 mL (7.4 g)Myristic acid 10 gLauric acid 8 gCapric acid 3 gBehenic acid 1 g

[0064] In certain embodiments, the fatty acid composition is administered in a homogeneous solution. In certain embodiments, the homogeneous solution comprises mineraloil and the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the fatty acid composition and / or homogeneous solution comprising the fatty acid composition is any composition disclosed in Internation Application No. PCT / US2022 / 051632, filed December 2, 2022, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0065] As used herein, the term “mineral oil” is any of various colorless, odorless, light mixtures of higher alkanes from a mineral source, particularly a distillate of petroleum. Mineral oil is a colorless, transparent, oily liquid that is odorless and tasteless, and considered GRAS (Generally Regarded as Safe). Pharmaceutical-grade mineral oil, food-grade mineral oil, and / or industrial grade mineral oil are all liquid by-products of refining crude petroleum to make gasoline and other petroleum products. Mineral oil is a transparent, colorless oil, composed mainly of alkanes and cycloalkanes, related to petroleum jelly. It has a density of about 0.8-0.87 g / mL. All grades of mineral oil are useful in the homogeneous solution.

[0066] In certain embodiments, the mineral oil is USP-Grade mineral oil.

[0067] In certain embodiments, the homogeneous solution comprises about 65-99% (wt / wt%) mineral oil and about 1-35% (wt / wt%) the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the homogeneous solution comprises about 88-92% (wt / wt%) mineral oil and about 8-12% (wt / wt%) the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the homogeneous solution comprises about 88.5-89.3% (wt / wt%) mineral oil and about 10.7-11.5% (wt / wt%) the fatty acid composition. In certain embodiments, the homogeneous solution comprises about 89% (wt / wt%) mineral oil and about 11% (wt / wt%) the fatty acid composition. In an embodiment, the homogeneous solution includes the fatty acids and mineral oil in the amounts listed in Table 2. The homogenous solution represented in Table 2 is also referred to herein as maternal bovine appeasing substance (mBAS; FerAppease®).Table 2. Homogeneous solutionFatty acid QuantityLinoleic acid 30 mLPalmitic acid 16 gOleic acid 24 mLArachidonic acid 8 mLMyristic acid 10 gLauric acid 8 gCapric acid 3 gBehenic acid 1 gMineral Oil-USP Grade 900 mL

[0068] In certain embodiments, the administering of the fatty acid composition is or comprises topical administration. In certain embodiments, the administering of the homogeneous solution is or comprises topical administration. In certain embodiments, the fatty acid composition is administered in an amount of about 5 to about 30 mL of the homogeneous solution. In certain embodiments, the homogeneous solution is administered in an amount of about 5 to about 30 mL of the homogeneous solution. In certain embodiments, the fatty acid composition is administered in an amount of about 10 mL of the homogeneous solution. In certain embodiments, the homogeneous solution is administered in an amount of about 10 mL of the homogeneous solution. In certain embodiments, the fatty acid composition is administered by applying about 5 mL of the homogeneous solution to the nuchal skin area of the dairy cow or beef steer and about 5 mL of the homogeneous solution above the muzzle of the dairy cow or beef steer. In certain embodiments, the homogeneous solution is administered by applying about 5 mL of the homogeneous solution to the nuchal skin area of the dairy cow or beef steer and about 5 mL of the homogeneous solution above the muzzle of the dairy cow or beef steer.

[0069] In certain embodiments, the fatty acid composition is administered as a topical pour-on solution to the skin of the dairy cow or beef steer. In certain embodiments, the homogeneous solution is administered as a topical pour-on solution to the skin of the dairy cow or beef steer.

[0070] Also encompassed by the disclosure are kits. The kits provided may comprise a composition or solution described herein and a container (e.g., a vial, ampule, bottle, syringe, and / or dispenser package, or other suitable container). In some embodiments, provided kits may optionally further include a second container comprising an excipient for dilution or suspension of a composition or solution described herein. In some embodiments, the composition or solution described herein provided in the first container and the second container are combined to form one unit dosage form.

[0071] In certain embodiments, a kit described herein further includes instructions for using the kit. A kit described herein may also include information as required by a regulatory agency such as the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In certain embodiments, the information included in the kits is prescribing information. In certain embodiments, theinstructions comprise administering the fatty acid composition, or a homogeneous solution comprising the fatty acid composition to a dairy cow or beef steer.EXAMPLES

[0072] In order that the disclosure described herein may be more fully understood, the following examples are set forth. The examples described in this application are offered to illustrate the compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods provided herein and are not to be construed in any way as limiting their scope.

[0073] The fatty acid composition utilized in the following examples is the homogeneous solution described in Table 2 (mBAS).1. Materials and Methods for studying milking production and behavior

[0074] A study was conducted on a commercial dairy farm in upstate New York, milking over 2,000 Holstein cows three times daily. Cows were housed in freestall barns and were offered a total mixed ration (TMR) to meet the nutritional needs of lactating cows.

[0075] A total of 345 fresh cows were randomly assigned to one of two groups: control (no treatment) or treated with the fatty acid composition. Cows in the treated group received a single 10 mL dose of the fatty acid composition within 14 hours of calving (5 mL applied behind the head and 5 mL applied above the muzzle).

[0076] The study measured two key outcomes:

[0077] Milk Production: Daily milk yields were recorded for the first six months of lactation.

[0078] Milking Behavior: Behavior during the first milking session was observed by counting the number of times cows kicked the milking machine.Results of study

[0079] Cows treated with the fatty acid composition after parturition produced significantly more milk when compared to control cows. On average control cows produced 79 lb. of milk per day while mBAS treated cattle produced 83 lb. of milk per day (FIG. 1). Cows treated with mBAS produced more milk than control cows throughout their lactation (FIG. 2).

[0080] Behavior during the first milking was evaluated by counting the number of times cows kicked the milking unit during milking. Control cows kicked the milking unit 2.2 times on average whereas the mBAS treated cows kicked the milking unit only 0.9 times on average during the first milking.2. Evaluating carcass quality of beef steer

[0081] Angus yearling steers (n = 240) were purchased from a commercial Stocker operation in central Oklahoma. Steers arrived at the research feedyard (Bushland, TX) after a 6-h road transport on d -1, and steer body weight (BW) was recorded upon arrival (905 ± 5 lbs). Steers were allowed to rest for 24 h (d -1 to 0) as a single group with free-choice access to wheat straw and water. At initial processing (d 0), steers were ranked by arrival BW (d -1) and received 1 of 2 treatments: 1) 10 mL of mBAS or 2) 10 mL of mineral oil (CON; placebo). Treatments were applied topically to the nuchal skin area (5 mL) and above the muzzle (5 mL). Steers were also vaccinated against Clostridium (Covexin 8; Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ) and respiratory pathogens (Vista Once SQ; Merck Animal Health), dewormed (Safe-Guard, Merck Animal Health), and implanted (Synovex Choice®; Zoetis, Florham Park, NJ) during initial process, and were distributed into 30 drylot pens according to arrival BW and treatment (n = 8 steers / pen, 15 pens / treatment). Steer BW was also collected at initial processing (d 0), which was averaged with arrival BW to represent initial BW. On day 75, all steers were reimplanted (Synovex Plus®; Zoetis), weighed, and received another 10-mL dose of mBAS or placebo according to treatment (5 mL in nuchal skin area and 5 mL above the muzzle).

[0082] During the finishing period (day 0 to 138), steers had free-choice access to water and total-mixed rations (TMR; Table 3) that were offered once daily (0600 h). On day 139 (1000 h), all steers were loaded into 10 livestock trailers (3 pens / treatment in each trailer) and transported to a packing facility (Tyson Foods; Amarillo, TX). Steer BW was recorded on days 138 and 139, which were averaged to represent final BW. Steer average daily gain (ADG) was calculated according to initial BW, BW at the time of reimplant (day 75), and final BW. Feed intake [dry matter (DM) basis] was evaluated by recording daily offer and measuring refusals every 7 days, which was divided by the number of steers within each pen, and expressed as lbs per steer / day. Samples of offered and non-consumed TMR were dried for 96 h at 50°C for DM calculation.

[0083] Hot carcass weight (HCW) was recorded upon slaughter on d 139, whereas trained personnel assessed carcass characteristics including backfat thickness at the 12th-rib, marbling, and Longissimus muscle (LM) area after a 24-h chill. Total liveweight / pen was calculated by summing the initial and final BW of steers within each pen, and the same approach was used for HCW of each pen. Hence, final BW and HCW of steers that did not complete the experiment (mortalities) was considered zero. A pen-basis economical evaluation was performed according to initial and final liveweight of each pen ($2.20 / lb forinitial and $ 1.85 / lb for final liveweight value, respectively) or according to total carcass value of each pen (Table 7). Feed costs were calculated using total feed intake of each pen ($250 / ton as average for step 1-3 and finishing TMRs). The profit of each pen was estimated as sale value - (initial value + feed costs + medication costs) on liveweight or carcass value basis. Data were analyzed using pen as the experimental unit, and either the MIXED (quantitative data) or GLIMMIX (binary data) procedures of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC).

[0084] For this trial the cattle were processed at a Tyson Foods plant located in the state of Texas. Tyson Foods classifies beef carcasses using a combination of traditional USDA grading and advanced technologies to ensure consistent quality and yield.1. USDA Grading:• Quality Grades: USDA inspectors assess marbling, maturity, and other factors to assign grades such as Prime, Choice, or Select, indicating the expected tenderness and flavor of the meat.• Yield Grades: These grades estimate the proportion of usable lean meat to fat and bone, ranging from Yield Grade 1 (highest yield) to Yield Grade 5 (lowest yield).2. Advanced Technologies:• Video Image Analysis (VIA): Tyson employs VIA systems to capture high-resolution images of the ribeye area. Specialized software analyzes these images to objectively evaluate marbling, fat thickness, and ribeye area, enhancing the accuracy and consistency of carcass classification.• Instrument Grading: In collaboration with the USDA, Tyson has implemented instrument grading procedures that utilize technology to assess carcass characteristics, ensuring precise and standardized grading.

[0085] The USDA Carcass Quality Scores are part of the USDA beef grading system, which predicts the eating quality of beef based on two critical factors: marbling and maturity. Below are detailed insights into the quality scoring system:1. Quality Grades and Marbling Scores

[0086] Marbling, or intramuscular fat, is the primary determinant of quality grades. The USDA evaluates marbling in the ribeye muscle between the 12th and 13th ribs.Marbling Scores and Corresponding Quality Grades:Marbling Score USDA Quality DescriptionGradeAbundant Prime Superior marbling; very tender, juicy, andflavorful.Moderately Prime High-quality marbling.AbundantSlightly Abundant Prime Excellent eating quality.Moderate Choice Good marbling; widely available for grilling / roasting.Modest Choice Consistent flavor and tenderness. Small Choice Moderate eating quality.Slight Select Leaner cuts; requires careful cooking to maintain juiciness.Traces Standard Minimal marbling; used for processed or ground beef.Practically Devoid Standard Little to no marbling.2. Maturity Assessment

[0087] Maturity refers to the physiological age of the animal at slaughter, affecting the texture and color of the meat. The USDA assesses:• Skeletal Maturity:o Based on the degree of ossification in bones, particularly the cartilage in the vertebral column.• Lean Maturity:o Determined by the color and texture of the ribeye muscle (younger carcasses have finer, lighter-colored muscles).Maturity Scores:

[0088] Maturity is graded from A (youngest) to E (oldest):Maturity Approx. Age DescriptionA 9 to 30 months Bright red lean; minimal ossification.B 30 to 42 months Slightly darker lean; more cartilage ossification.C-E Over 42 months Darker, coarser lean; significant ossification.3. Combining Marbling and Maturity

[0089] The USDA combines marbling scores and maturity scores to assign a final quality grade:• Prime: A maturity + abundant / slightly abundant marbling.• Choice: A maturity + small / modest / moderate marbling.• Select: A maturity + slight marbling.• Standard: A maturity + traces or practically devoid marbling.

[0090] If carcasses have advanced maturity (B-E), the quality grade may be downgraded regardless of marbling.4. Visual Inspection

[0091] USDA-certified graders visually inspect the ribeye muscle for marbling patterns and determine scores. For consistency:• Graders are trained using standard visual charts with representative images.• Modern plants use technologies like Video Image Analysis (VIA) for additional precision.5. Impacts of Quality Grades• Prime: Rare (less than 3% of graded beef); preferred by high-end markets.• Choice: Most common (about 70% of graded beef); well-suited for most consumer preferences.• Select: Leaner, less marbled cuts; typically lower-priced.• Standard: Often used in processed or ground beef products.

[0092] For this trial the cattle were processed at a Tyson Foods plant located in the state of Texas. The marbling score was calculated by the plant using the VIA method. Tyson Foods employs Video Image Analysis (VIA) technology to enhance the accuracy and consistency of beef carcass evaluations. This advanced system captures high-resolution images of the ribeye area between the 12th and 13th ribs, allowing for precise assessment of marbling, fat thickness, and ribeye area.Table 3. Composition and nutritional profile of the TMRs offered for ad libitum consumption to steers during the experiment.Item Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Finishing (dO- 7) (d 8 - 14) (d 15 - 21) (d 22 to 138) Composition, dry matterbasisCorn stalks, % 39.4 29.7 19.9 12.2 Steam-flaked corn, % 36.8 46.7 57.9 66.4 Sweet Bran, % 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.5 Dried distillers’ grains, % 5.54 3.85 1.66 0.00 Crude corn oil, % 0.00 1.21 1.83 2.45 Urea 0.482 0.605 0.730 0.855Mineral-vitamin mix,1% 3.43 3.44 3.46 3.48Nutritional profile, drymatter basisNet energy for maintenance, 1.67 1.84 1.87 2.17 Mcal / kgNet energy for gain, Mcal / kg 1.06 1.22 1.23 1.48 Neutral detergent fiber, % 37.7 31.5 29.5 22.0 Crude protein, % 13.8 14.0 12.7 13.5 Crude fat, % 3.11 4.07 4.12 4.951Containing sodium monensin (Rumensin; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) at 1320 g / ton.ResultsTable 4. Performance responses during the finishing period (day 0 to 138) of beef steers administered mBAS (n = 15) or mineral oil (CON; n = 15).Item CON mBAS SEM P-value Initial BW (d 0), lbs 906.7 904.6 7.8 0.84 Reimplant BW (d 75) 1336 1341 5 0.49 ADG (d 0 to 75), Ibs / d 5.74 5.81 0.07 0.49 Final BW (d 138), lbs 1591 1614 9 0.04 ADG (d 75 to 138), Ibs / d 4.05 4.34 0.10 0.03 ADG (d O to 138), Ibs / d 4.97 5.14 0.06 0.04 Gain to feed, Ibs / dd 0 to 74, Ibs / lbs 0.232 0.231 0.002 0.86 d 75 to 138, Ibs / lbs 0.144 0.148 0.002 0.24 d O to 138, Ibs / lbs 0.189 0.190 0.001 0.49 Mortality, % 3.33 1.67 1.57 0.46Table 5. Carcass parameters of beef steers administered mBAS (n = 15) or mineral oil (CON; n = 15) during a 138-d finishing period.Item CON mBAS SEM P-value Hot carcass weight, lbs 968.6 984.2 5.7 0.04 Dressing, % 60.9 60.9 0.1 0.90 Backfat, in 0.544 0.596 0.015 0.02Longissimus muscle area, in216.5 16.5 0.1 0.87 Marbling score 481.7 508.1 7.3 0.01 Yield grade 2.78 2.97 0.07 0.02 Carcasses graded Choice or Prime, % 87.9 94.9 2.58 0.05 Carcasses graded Select 12.1 5.08 2.58 0.05 Carcasses graded Choice 51.7 45.8 4.63 0.36 Carcasses graded Premium Choice 34.5 48.3 4.52 0.03 Carcasses graded Prime 1.70 0.841 1.33 0.65 Carcass with liver abscesses, % 7.82 7.76 2.50 0.98 Carcass classified as dark cutters, % 0.833 1.67 1.01 0.56Table 6. Productive and economical responses of pens containing beef steers administered mBAS (n = 15) or mineral oil (CON; n = 15).Item CON mBAS SEM P-value Productive responsesInitial liveweight (d 0), Ibs / pen 7,254 7,237 12 0.30 Final liveweight (d 138), lbs / pen 12,409 12,703 182 0.26 Liveweight gain, lbs / pen 5,155 5,466 181 0.23 Hot carcass weight, lbs 7,489 7,744 134 0.19 Total feed intake, lbs / pen 28,570 29,388 404 0.16 Gain to feed, Ibs / lbs per pen 0.180 0.185 0.004 0.42 Economical assessmentInitial value, $ / pen 15,959 15,921 25 0.30 Sale value, $ / penLiveweight 22,957 23,501 337 0.26 Carcass value 21,914 22,704 379 0.15 Feed cost, $ / pen 3,566 3,692 14 < 0.01 Processing medications, $ / pen 159.2 159.5 0.4 0.63 Profit, $ / penLiveweight (lbs) 3,267 3,747 293 0.25 RO1 = 10:1 ($480 profit difference / $47.6 mBAS use per pen) Carcass value ($) 2,225 2,949 344 0.14 R 01 = 15:1 ($724 profit difference / $47.6 mBAS use per pen)Table 7. Values used to estimate carcass value according to HCW, quality grade, and yield grade.CH8TC3 SglSCTIndex 3=88-838® 000-800®Valves «>$207.28 $268.2®Change » •1<82 -1.24Current Index Reflects the gquivalent of 184,573 head of cattle.SUPPLY (Live} 40,881 Hd5 quiv alee t; $282.77 $255.7588 W (Sex) 55,802 H *5 quiv alee t; $252.8® $284.58Cive-8ux Spread? ( 8.83) ( 8.51)....... input Sreak wn.....National daily direct Cattle t 8 xe 8eef Cutouts(S day accumulated vghtd avg} Ch ®88-8®8# $583 <88Wight 8 ie Wad t Se 8®8-88®4 $278.08Live Steer? 2522 $188.17 24^517; Current Ids 222.5Live Heifer; 115g 3108.31 8,823; Previous Ids; 133.?Prsd Steer? 588 $283.13 11,888Orsd Heifer; 872 3283.28 2,571Grading $ Sreafcdwn Oro Credit; 11.22Ch S -508®"} 3?.5sx<- Steer dressing X t 03.2Ch 808-750®; 35.42^? Heifer dressing X.Ch 758- 588® < 52.? Processing Cost t 12 <83Se C88-30 4; 12.42^? Slaughter Cost 58,58Se 888-788®: 3. 4^:Se 758-888®; 9.msequivalent Values far Outlying geef Carcass TypesSeals Value 287.20 Carcass Wights38-5838588-883® 838-5888 838-2 8® 2®8@® / pty / Yield (1) -20.28 -17.11 -3.84 -15.45Prise 2-3- 17.35 $225.54 $207.72 $384.03 3381.75 $288.30 Certified 2-3 5.58 3233. 8 $275 <37 $253.00 $258.84 $277.03 Choice 1 3.35 $282.34 $273.52 $288.03 $287.55 $275.20 Select 1 -23.23 3234. 8 $240.04 $264.85 $281.82 $248.88S ad rd 1-3 -30.41 $210.58 $231.75 $2 8,8? $245.03 $233.42Prime 4 3.88 $201.78 $273.87 $252.80 $288.84 $275.03 Choice 4 -22 <45 $245.54 $257.72 $274.03 $271.75 $258.30 Reflects total boxed beef load count fro® past 5 daysmultiplied by 75, the average head per boxed beef load.(1) differentials based upon current premi ws and discounts.Wtes Index reflects simple average of live and box equivalents.Scarce; 8534 WrWt H vs Service. v«s koines, 148ryant Smith 525-284-446® £>e m«L?hl»d^8 s. usda.gov24 Hour recorded market inforaiation 525- 84 -403®< ams. us a. ov / mnr eport s / .5428. txtw. a®s < u s da < gov? LPS rketWu'sPageEQUIVALENTS AND SCOPE

[0093] In the claims articles such as “a,” “an,” and “the” may mean one or more than one unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. Claims or descriptionsthat include “or” between one or more members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. The invention includes embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. The invention includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.

[0094] The terms “approximately” or “about” in reference to a number are generally taken to include numbers that fall within a range of 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20% in either direction (greater than or less than) of the number unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from the context.

[0095] Furthermore, the invention encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, and descriptive terms from one or more of the listed claims is introduced into another claim. For example, any claim that is dependent on another claim can be modified to include one or more limitations found in any other claim that is dependent on the same base claim. Where elements are presented as lists, e.g., in Markush group format, each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group. It should it be understood that, in general, where the invention, or aspects of the invention, is / are referred to as comprising particular elements and / or features, certain embodiments of the invention or aspects of the invention consist, or consist essentially of, such elements and / or features. For purposes of simplicity, those embodiments have not been specifically set forth in haec verba herein. It is also noted that the terms “comprising” and “containing” are intended to be open and permits the inclusion of additional elements or steps. Where ranges are given, endpoints are included. Furthermore, unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context and understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values that are expressed as ranges can assume any specific value or sub-range within the stated ranges in different embodiments of the invention, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0096] This application refers to various issued patents, published patent applications, journal articles, and other publications, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. If there is a conflict between any of the incorporated references and the instant specification, the specification shall control. In addition, any particular embodiment of the present invention that falls within the prior art may be explicitly excluded from any one or more of the claims. Because such embodiments are deemed to be known to one of ordinary skill in the art, theymay be excluded even if the exclusion is not set forth explicitly herein. Any particular embodiment of the invention can be excluded from any claim, for any reason, whether or not related to the existence of prior art.

[0097] Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation many equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein. The scope of the present embodiments described herein is not intended to be limited to the above Description, but rather is as set forth in the appended claims. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various changes and modifications to this description may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention, as defined in the following claims.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A method of increasing milk production in a dairy cow post-parturition, the method comprising administering a fatty acid composition to the dairy cow.

2. A method of improving milking behavior in a dairy cow, the method comprising administering a fatty acid composition to the dairy cow.

3. A method of increasing marbling in a carcass of a beef steer, the method comprising administering a fatty acid composition to the beef steer prior to slaughter of the beef steer.

4. A method of increasing backfat in a carcass of a beef steer, the method comprising administering a fatty acid composition to the beef steer prior to slaughter of the beef steer.

5. A method of improving USDA quality of a carcass of a beef steer, the method comprising administering a fatty acid composition to the beef steer prior to slaughter of the beef steer.

6. The method of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the fatty acid composition comprises about 0.5-42.8% (wt / wt%) oleic acid, about 0.5-52.2% (wt / wt%) myristic acid, about 3-31.2% (wt / wt%) palmitic acid, and about 0.5-25% (wt / wt%) arachidonic acid, or derivatives thereof.

7. The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the fatty acid composition comprises about 0.2-12.5% (wt / wt%) lauric acid, or a derivative thereof.

8. The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the fatty acid composition comprises about 0.1-22.6% (wt / wt%) capric acid, or a derivative thereof.

9. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the fatty acid composition comprises about 8-65% (wt / wt%) linoleic acid or a derivative thereof.

10. The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the fatty acid composition comprises about 0.1-12.6% (wt / wt%) behenic acid, or a derivative thereof.

11. The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the fatty acid composition comprises about 0.2-12.5% (wt / wt%) lauric acid, about 0.1-22.6% (wt / wt%) capric acid, about 8-65% (wt / wt%) linoleic acid, and about 0.1-12.6% (wt / wt%) behenic acid, or derivatives thereof.

12. The method of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the fatty acid composition comprises about 22.8% (wt / wt%) oleic acid, about 10.7% (wt / wt%) myristic acid, about 17% (wt / wt%) palmitic acid, about 7.9% (wt / wt%) arachidonic acid, about 8.5% (wt / wt%) lauric acid, about 3.2% (wt / wt%) capric acid, about 28.8% (wt / wt%) linoleic acid, and about 1.1% (wt / wt%) behenic acid, or derivatives thereof.

13. The method of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the fatty acid composition is administered in a homogeneous solution.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the homogeneous solution comprises mineral oil and the fatty acid composition.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the mineral oil is USP-Grade mineral oil.

16. The method of any one of claims 13-15, wherein the homogeneous solution comprises about 65-99% (wt / wt%) mineral oil and about 1-35% (wt / wt%) the fatty acid composition.

17. The method of any one of claims 13-16, wherein the homogeneous solution comprises about 88-92% (wt / wt%) mineral oil and about 8-12% (wt / wt%) the fatty acid composition.

18. The method of any one of claims 13-17, wherein the homogeneous solution comprises about 88.5-89.3% (wt / wt%) mineral oil and about 10.7-11.5% (wt / wt%) the fatty acid composition.

19. The method of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the administering is topical administration.

20. The method of any one of claims 13-19, wherein the homogeneous solution is administered in an amount of about 10 mL of the homogeneous solution.

21. The method of claim 19 or 20, wherein the homogeneous solution is administered by applying about 5 mL of the homogeneous solution to the nuchal skin area of the dairy cow or beef steer and about 5 mL of the homogeneous solution above the muzzle of the dairy cow or beef steer.

22. The method of any one of claims 1, 2, or 6-21, wherein the administering is done within about 24 hours post-parturition.

23. The method of any one of claims 1, 2, or 6-21, wherein the administering is done within about 14 hours post-parturition.

24. The method of any one of claims 1, 2, or 6-23, wherein the administering results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein the increase in daily milk yield is a statistically significant increase.

26. The method of any one of claims 1 or 6-25, wherein the administering results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow over a period of at least 1 month post-parturition.

27. The method of any one of claims 1 or 6-26, wherein the administering results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow over a period of at least 2 months post-parturition.

28. The method of any one of claims 1 or 6-27, wherein the administering results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow over a period of at least 3 months post-parturition.

29. The method of any one of claims 1 or 6-28, wherein the administering results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow over a period of at least 4 months post-parturition.

30. The method of any one of claims 1 or 6-29, wherein the administering results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow over a period of at least 5 months post-parturition.

31. The method of any one of claims 1 or 6-30, wherein the administering results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow over a period of at least 6 months post-parturition.

32. The method of any one of claims 1 or 6-31, wherein the administering results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow of at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, or at least 5%.

33. The method of any one of claims 1 or 6-32, wherein the administering results in an increase in daily milk yield compared to an untreated dairy cow of at least 2 Ibs / day, at least 3 Ibs / day, or at least 4 Ibs / day.

34. The method of any one of claims 2 or 6-23, wherein after administering the dairy cow kicks a milking machine during milking fewer times than an untreated cow kicks a milking machine during milking.

35. The method of claim 34, wherein the dairy cow kicks the milking machine less than or equal to 80%, less than or equal to 70%, less than or equal to 60%, less than or equal to 50%, or less than or equal to 40% of the number of kicks by the untreated cow.

36. The method of claim 34 or 35, wherein the reduction in kicks of the milking machine occurs during a first milking session post-parturition.

37. The method of any one of claims 3-21, wherein the beef steer is a yearling steer.

38. The method of claim 37, wherein the yearling steer is an Angus yearling steer.

39. The method of any one of claims 3-21, 37, or 38, wherein the beef steer has a weight of about 850-950 lbs at the time of a first administering of the fatty acid composition.

40. The method of claim 39 further comprising a second administering of the fatty acid composition.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein the second administering of the fatty acid composition is about 70-80 days after the first administering of the fatty acid composition.

42. The method of any one of claims 3, 6-21, or 37-41, wherein a marbling score of the carcass is at least 485, at least 490, at least 495, at least 500, or at least 505.

43. The method of any one of claims 3, 6-21, or 37-42, wherein a marbling score of the carcass is at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, or at least 5% greater than a marbling score of a carcass of an untreated beef steer.

44. The method of claim 42 or 43, wherein the marbling score is determined about 24 hours after slaughter of the beef steer.

45. The method of any one of claims 4, 6-21, or 37-41, wherein a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of the beef steer is at least 0.55 inches, at least 0.56 inches, at least 0.57 inches, at least 0.58 inches, or at least 0.59 inches.

46. The method of any one of claims 4, 6-21, 37-41, or 45, wherein a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of the beef steer is at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9, or at least 10% greater than a backfat thickness at the twelfth rib of a carcass of an untreated beef steer.

47. The method of claim 42 or 43, wherein the backfat thickness is determined about 24 hours after slaughter of the beef steer.

48. The method of any one of claims 5-21 or 37-41, wherein at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, or at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 94.5%, or at least 94.9% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Choice or Prime.

49. The method of any one of claims 5-21, 37-41, or 48, wherein less than or equal to 12%, less than or equal to 11%, less than or equal to 10%, less than or equal to 9%, less than or equal to 8%, less than or equal to 7%, less than or equal to 6%, less than or equal to 5.5%, or less than or equal to 5.1% of the carcasses of a population of treated beef steer have a USDA quality grade of Select.

50. The method of claim 48 or 49, wherein the USDA quality grade is determined about 24 hours after slaughter of the beef steer.

Images