Systems and methods of detecting compounds using vaporization agents

Abstract

Embodiments herein relate to compound detection systems. In an embodiment, a compound detection system includes an input opening to a flow path for receiving a fluid sample, a capture structure for receiving the fluid sample, a heating element configured to heat the capture structure to a temperature to vaporize first components of the fluid sample, and a detector assembly configured to receive the vaporized first components and to detect the presence of compounds among the first components, wherein the system includes a vaporization agent and can be configured so that the vaporization agent can be vaporized by the heating element.

Description

[0001] PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0002] SYSTEMS AND METHODS OF DETECTING COMPOUNDS USING VAPORIZATION AGENTS

[0003] This application is being filed as a PCT International Application on November 26, 2025, in the name of Consumer Safety Technology, LLC, a U. S. national corporation, applicant for the designation of all countries, and Di Huang, a Chinese Citizen; Erin Alejandra Mulhem-Guillier, a U. S. Citizen; Kayla Rose Merker- Sutherlin, a U. S. Citizen; Joseph Jake Osborn, a U. S. Citizen; and Evan Rashied Darzi, a U. S. Citizen, inventors for the designation of all countries, and claims priority to U. S. Provisional Application No.

[0004] 63 / 726,164, filed November 27, 2024, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0005] Field

[0006] Embodiments herein relate generally to compound detection systems, and more specifically to detecting a compound in a fluid sample.

[0007] Background

[0008] Breath alcohol detection devices are used to measure an amount of alcohol in a user’s breath. It is known that the concentration of alcohol in a user’s breath is closely proportional to the concentration of alcohol in the user’s blood, which is typically the basis upon which intoxication is legally determined. Generally, a user blows into a mouthpiece of an alcohol detection device and a breath path is configured to transport at least a portion of the breath sample to a sensing element of the detection device. The capability to detect an amount of phenolic cannabinoid, such as tetrahydrocannabinol, in a user’s breath would be valuable for law enforcement, employers, and accountability partners. The concentration of phenolic cannabinoid in a user’s breath typically correlates with recent use of cannabinoid products, such as marijuana.

[0009] Summary

[0010] In a first aspect, a compound detection system can be included having a capture structure for receiving a fluid sample, a heating element configured to heat the capture structure to a temperature to vaporize first components of the fluid sample, and a detector assembly configured to receive the vaporized first components and to detect the presence of a PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0011] compound among the first components, wherein the system includes a vaporization agent and can be configured so that the vaporization agent can be vaporized by the heating element.

[0012] In a second aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, at least a portion of a flow path, the detector assembly, and / or the capture structure includes the vaporization agent.

[0013] In a third aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the detector assembly can be one of the group consisting of a fuel cell, a semiconductor sensor, an infrared (IR) sensor, a metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensor, an optical sensor, a fluorescence sensor, an electrochemical sensor, a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor, and a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor.

[0014] In a fourth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the compound can be cannabis, and the detector assembly can be configured to detect cannabis.

[0015] In a fifth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the fluid sample can be a gas sample, wherein the system further includes an input opening to a flow path for receiving the gas sample and directing the gas sample to the capture structure.

[0016] In a sixth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the fluid sample can be a liquid sample.

[0017] In a seventh aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the fluid sample can be a breath sample.

[0018] In an eighth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the vaporization agent can be selected from the group consisting of 30 / 70 propylene glycol / vegetable glycerin, caryophyllene, a-Humulene, a-Terpineol, glycerol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, water, diacetyl, acrolein, vitamin E acetate, diethylene glycol, ethyl maltol, crotonaldehyde, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and limonene.

[0019] In a ninth aspect, a compound detection system can be included having a capture structure for receiving a fluid sample, a heating element configured to heat the capture structure to a temperature to vaporize first components of the fluid sample, and a detector assembly configured to receive the vaporized first components and to detect the presence of a compound among the first components, wherein the capture structure includes a vaporization agent and can be configured so that the vaporization agent can be vaporized by the heating PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0020] element.

[0021] In a tenth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the compound can be cannabis, and the detector assembly can be configured to detect cannabis.

[0022] In an eleventh aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the vaporization agent can be selected from the group consisting of a-Humulene, a-Terpineol, water, diacetyl, acrolein, vitamin E acetate, ethyl maltol, crotonaldehyde, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and limonene.

[0023] In a twelfth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the detector assembly can be one of the group consisting of a fuel cell, a semiconductor sensor, an infrared (IR) sensor, a metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensor, an optical sensor, a fluorescence sensor, an electrochemical sensor, a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor, and a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor.

[0024] In a thirteenth aspect, a method of detecting a compound, can be included, the method including receiving a fluid sample on a capture structure, heating the capture structure and a vaporization agent to a temperature to vaporize first components of the fluid sample, and detecting, using a detector assembly, the presence of a compound among the first components.

[0025] In a fourteenth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the vaporization agent and the fluid sample can be homogeneously mixed prior to being received by the capture structure.

[0026] In a fifteenth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the vaporization agent can be deposited on the capture structure prior to receiving the fluid sample.

[0027] In a sixteenth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the vaporization agent can be deposited on the capture structure after the fluid sample can be received by the capture structure.

[0028] In a seventeenth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the vaporization agent can be deposited on at least a portion of a flow path and / or the detector assembly prior to receiving the fluid sample.

[0029] In an eighteenth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the vaporization agent can be deposited on at least a portion of a flow path and / or the detector assembly after the fluid sample can be PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0030] received by the capture structure.

[0031] In a nineteenth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the compound can be cannabis, and the detector assembly can be configured to detect cannabis.

[0032] In a twentieth aspect, in addition to one or more of the preceding or following aspects, or in the alternative to some aspects, the vaporization agent can be selected from the group consisting of 30 / 70 propylene glycol / vegetable glycerin, caryophyllene, a-Humulene, a-Terpineol, glycerol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, water, diacetyl, acrolein, vitamin E acetate, diethylene glycol, ethyl maltol, crotonaldehyde, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and limonene.

[0033] Brief Description of the Figures

[0034] Aspects may be more completely understood in connection with the following figures (FIGS.), in which:

[0035] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a sample analysis detection device in accordance with various embodiments herein.

[0036] FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a detection element analysis device in accordance with various embodiments herein.

[0037] FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing a method of detecting a compound in a fluid sample with the aid of a vaporization agent, in accordance with various embodiments herein.

[0038] FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing a method of detecting a compound in a fluid sample with the aid of a vaporization agent that is coated on a component or portion of the detector assembly, in accordance with various embodiments herein.

[0039] FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing a method of detecting a compound in a fluid sample with the aid of a vaporization agent that is added to the fluid sample, in accordance with various embodiments herein.

[0040] FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing a method of detecting a compound in a fluid sample with the aid of a vaporization agent that is added to a capture structure, in accordance with various embodiments herein.

[0041] FIG. 7 is a graph of transfer efficiency of pure THC and THC mixed with a vaporization agent in accordance with various embodiments herein.

[0042] FIG. 8 is a graph of the current of THC, a vaporization agent, and THC mixed with the vaporization agent in accordance with various embodiments herein. PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0043] FIG. 9 is a computerized detection system in accordance with various embodiments herein.

[0044] While embodiments are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example and drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the scope herein is not limited to the particular aspects described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope herein.

[0045] Detailed Description

[0046] One method of measuring a compound, in a fluid sample, either a gas sample or a liquid sample, requires the compound to be vaporized prior to reaching the detector element. However, due to some compounds having high boiling points and low vapor pressures, it can be difficult to move vaporized compounds effectively and efficiently to the detector element. It was found that adding a vaporization agent assists the vaporization efficiency of compounds. Specifically, vaporization agents have been found to facilitate the vaporization of cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC ), assist the delivery of the vaporized cannabinoid s to the detector element, and therefore maximize the transfer efficiency of the cannabinoids to the detector element. With the use of a vaporization agent in a detection system, the same amount of a compound can produce a stronger signal compared to the same amount of the compound in the same detection system without a vaporization agent.

[0047] In some embodiments, a vaporization agent can be applied as a coating to a portion of the device or to a component of the device measuring a compound prior to the fluid sample entering the device. For example, the vaporization agent can be applied to the internal surfaces of one or more of the flow paths, capture structure, or detector element of a compound detection system. Additionally, or alternatively, the detector element can be soaked in the vaporization agent. By coating the device with the vaporization agent, when the fluid sample is heated in the device to vaporize the compound, the vaporization agent also gets vaporized and facilitates the transfer of the compound to the detector element to be measured.

[0048] In other embodiments, the vaporization agent can be added to the fluid sample prior to entering the device. For example, a fluid sample can be obtained, and a vaporization agent can be mixed with the fluid sample, either in a gas or liquid state. Once mixed, the fluid sample containing the vaporization agent can enter the device. The fluid sample can then be heated and the compound along with the vaporization agent can be vaporized. This combined PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0049] vaporization facilitates the transfer of the compound to the detector element. Alternatively, the vaporization agent can be added to the capture structure after the fluid sample has been captured on the capture structure.

[0050] In other embodiments, the vaporization agent can be added to the device after a fluid sample has entered the device. For example, a fluid sample can be obtained, and a vaporization agent can then be allowed to enter the device. Despite the vaporization agent being added after the fluid sample in the device, both the fluid sample and the vaporization agent are collected in the device. The device can then heat the fluid sample and the vaporization agent and both the compound in the fluid sample and the vaporization agent are vaporized. As with the other methods discussed above, the vaporization agent allows the compound to be transferred more efficiently and effectively to the detector element compared to the compound being vaporized alone.

[0051] Additionally, it has been found that the transfer efficiency and effectiveness can be further increased when a vaporization agent is used in conjunction with a device having a shortened flow path, discussed in greater detail below. The shortened flow path decreases the distance between the elements within the device, thereby decreasing the number of places vaporized compound can be deposited or get trapped before reaching the detector element.

[0052] Further, it has been found that maintaining the flow path, capture structure, and detector element at temperatures above ambient temperature can further facilitate the compound vaporization transfer efficiency.

[0053] The vaporization agent, shortened flow path, or both, can be utilized in a variety of devices, such as a sample analysis detection device and detection element analysis device.

[0054] Sample Analysis Detection Device (FIG. 1)

[0055] Referring now to FIG. 1, a schematic view of a sample analysis detection device is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. In various examples, the detection device can detect a substance such as cannabis in a gas sample, such as a breath sample or ambient air sample. The detection device 100 can include a housing 102 and a breath inlet 104. The housing 102 is preferably a relatively hard durable material that serves to protect the internal components of the detection device 100. The breath inlet 104 can be positioned on a side of the housing 102.

[0056] Detection device 100 can be used to measure an amount of phenolic cannabinoid, such as tetrahydrocannabinol, in a user’s breath. The concentration of phenolic cannabinoid in a user’s breath typically correlates with recent use of cannabinoid products, such as PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0057] marijuana. In one embodiment, a user blows into a mouthpiece of a phenolic cannabinoid detection device, and a breath path is configured to transport at least a portion of the breath sample into the detection device for analysis.

[0058] Breath C

[0059]

[0060] The breath inlet 104 can define a breath inflow opening 106. The breath inflow opening 106 can be configured to receive a user’s breath. The breath inlet 104 can receive the mouth of the user providing a breath sample to the detection device 100. The breath inlet 104 can be configured to facilitate the user’s mouth sealing against an exterior surface of the breath inlet 104. Alternatively, the breath inlet 104 can be configured to receive a breath sample that is provided where the user is spaced apart from the breath inlet 104 and is directing breath toward the breath inlet 104 from a distance.

[0061] In various embodiments, the breath inlet 104 can be configured to be removably attachable to the detection device 100. In some embodiments, the breath inlet 104 can include a mouthpiece. The mouthpiece can be removable by means of a friction or snap fit, or similar mechanism. This permits each user to have a separate mouthpiece for sanitary reasons; it also permits easy cleaning or replacement of the mouthpiece. In various embodiments, the breath inlet 104 can be formed from a substantially rigid material configured to retain its shape when a breath sample is provided to the detection device 100. Alternatively, the breath inlet 104 can be formed from a compliant material configured to conform to a user’s mouth when a breath sample is provided to the detection device 100. The breath inlet 104 can be made from any suitable material or materials including but not limited to plastics, rubbers, silicone, metals, or the like.

[0062] In various embodiments, the user’s breath can travel into the breath inflow opening 106 and through a breath conduit path 108. The breath conduit path 108 can define a breath path 110. In some embodiments, the breath conduit path 108 is connected to a capture structure 112 discussed below. In other embodiments, the breath conduit path 108 is connected to a heating element 114, discussed below. The user’s breath can travel into the breath inflow opening 106, through the breath path 110, and into the capture structure 112. It is herein contemplated that the capture structure 112 can capture one or more breaths of the user. In various embodiments, the capture structure 112 can capture one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten breaths. For example, the capture structure 112 can capture one, two, three, four, or five breaths of the user. PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0063] Device and C Structure

[0064] In various embodiments, the detection device 100 can include a capture device 113. The capture device 113 can serve as the primary structure within the detection device 100 for collecting one or more components of a user’s breath or other fluid sample prior to analysis. In some embodiments, the capture device 113 can include the breath inflow opening 106, the breath path 110, and the capture structure 112.

[0065] In various embodiments, the capture device 113 can be integrated into the housing 102 of the detection device 100, forming a portion of the detection device 100 such that the capture device 113 and the detection device 100 share a common housing. In other embodiments, the capture device 113 can be implemented as a discrete subassembly or cartridge that is connected, inserted, or otherwise mechanically coupled to the detection device 100 at the time of use. In some embodiments, the capture device 113 can collect or capture a sample prior to being positioned within the detection device 100, In other embodiments, the capture device 113 can be incorporated into the detection device 100 prior to the capture device 113 receiving a sample. The capture device 113 can be a removable or replaceable unit with a user-accessible interface. For example, the capture device 113 can be secured into the detection device 100 by a snap-fit, threaded engagement, magnetic attachment, or a latching mechanism. A removable capture device 113 can be designed for single-use or for multiple uses with appropriate cleaning or sterilization protocols.

[0066] In various embodiments, the capture structure 112 can include a material designed to capture or trap components found in the sample, such as the user’s breath. The capture structure 112 can be made from a variety of materials. For example, the capture structure 112 can be made from a variety of porous materials and porous adsorption materials. Porous materials can include ceramics, polymers, metals, fibers, and the like. Exemplary ceramic materials can include zeolites, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, porcelain, metal-organic frameworks, alumina, silica, and the like. Exemplary polymers can include polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), Nation™ membrane (available from The Chemours Company, Wilmington, Delaware, USA), covalent organic frameworks, aramid polymers, Nylon, and the like. Exemplary metals can include aerated metals such as stainless steel, brass, copper, bronze, aluminum, titanium, iron, chromium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, gold, zinc, silver, zirconium, tungsten, and the like. In various embodiments, the capture structure can be made from aerated stainless steel. It is herein contemplated that the capture structure can be made from more than one material listed above. PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0067] It is noted that the pore size of the porous materials can affect the heat transfer efficiency and vaporization of the vaporization agent and fluid sample. In some embodiments, the pore size of the porous materials can be between 10 µm and 95 µm. For example, the pore size can be 10 µm, 30 µm, 50 µm, 70 µm, 95 µm, or can be an amount failing between any of the foregoing. For example, the pore size can be 35 pm.

[0068] Compounds of Interest

[0069] Components of a sample can include compounds of interest which the detector element is designed to detect, such as cannabinoids. Cannabinoids can include both natural cannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids. It is herein contemplated that cannabis, including a variety of cannabis compounds or metabolites, can be compounds of interest. Cannabinoids, including phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids, can include, but are not limited to, phenolic cannabinoids, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), A9-tetrahydrocannabinol (A9-THC), A8-tetrahydrocannabinol (A8-THC), cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol (CBD), 11 -hydroxy- A9- THC (11-OH-THC), arachidonyl ethanolamide (anandamide), cannabichromene, and 11-Nor-9-carboxy-A9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-ll-oic acid), and JWH-018.

[0070] Throughout the application, cannabis is described as a substance of interest or compounds of interest that are detected by a detector element. It is also possible for other substances and compounds to be detected by a detector element in the various embodiments described herein. Compounds other than cannabis can also be compounds of interest that can benefit from use of a vaporization agent in a detection assembly. For example, drugs, substances, or chemicals in Schedule I, II, III, IV, and V, including, but not limited to, substances classified according to the United States Controlled Substances Act. Schedule I substances are those that have a high potential for abuse and no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, such as heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, also known as ecstasy), methaqualone, psilocybin, psilocin, mescaline, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), phencyclidine (PCP), and peyote at the federal level. Schedule II substances are those with a high potential for abuse, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence, and include drags such as combination products with less than 15 milligrams of hydrocodone per dosage unit, cocaine, methamphetamine, amphetamine, methadone, buprenorphine, hydromorphone, meperidine, oxycodone, fentanyl, dextroamphetamine sulfate, amphetamine / dextroamphetamine (1:1), and methylphenidate. Schedule III substances have a potential for abuse less than Schedule I or II and include products containing less than 90 PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0071] milligrams of codeine per dosage unit, anabolic steroids, testosterone, androstenedione, and ketamine. Schedule IV substances are those with a low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence and include drugs such as alprazolam, carisoprodol, propoxyphene, diazepam, pentazocine, zolpidem, Tramadol, clonazepam, and lorazepam. Schedule V substances are those with a lower potential for abuse than Schedule I V and consist primarily of preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotics, for example, cough preparations containing not more than 200 milligrams of codeine per 100 milliliters, diphenoxylate / atropine, difenoxin hydrochloride / atropine sulfate, pregabalin, and attapulgite.

[0072] Other unscheduled drugs, substances, or chemicals such as intoxicants, prescription and non-prescription drugs, hallucinogens, supplements, disease and other biological biomarkers, and environmental or industrial analytes can also be detected by the detector element. Intoxicants can include, but are not limited to, ethanol, alcohol, methanol, isopropanol, acetone, toluene, xylene, benzene, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, and butane.

[0073] Prescription drugs can include, but are not limited to, amoxicillin, azithromycin, doxycycline, cephalexin, sertraline, fluoxetine, escitalopram, bupropion, quetiapine, olanzapine, risperidone, lithium, lisinopril, amlodipine, metoprolol, losartan, metformin, semaglutide, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin, montelukast, salbutamol, fluticasone, levothyroxine, omeprazole, prednisone, and hydrochlorothiazide. Non-prescription drugs can include, but are not limited to, nicotine, gabapentin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, aspirin, dextromethorphan, guaifenesin, phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine, loratadine, cetirizine, fexofenadine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, loperamide, bismuth subsalicylate, famotidine.

[0074] Hallucinogens can include, but are not limited to, salvia divinorum, amanita muscaria, dextromethorphan, calea zacatechichi, argyreia nervosa, ipomoea tricolor, kava, nymphaea caeralea, and Leonotis leonuras.

[0075] Supplements can include, but are not limited to, mitragyna speciosa (kratom), caffeine, creatine, melatonin, vitamin B12, vitamin D, vitamin A, ephedrine, St. John’s wort, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, ashwagandha, mushroom blends, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).

[0076] Diseases and other biological biomarkers can include, but are not limited to, glucose, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, urea, isoprene, ethane, pentane, water, and specific volatile organic compounds indicative of cancer or infectious disease.

[0077] Environmental or industrial analytes can include, but are not limited to, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0078] compounds (e.g., benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene), ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, formaldehyde, and particulate matter.

[0079] Heating Element

[0080] In various embodiments, after components in the fluid sample are deposited on the capture structure 112, a heating element 114 can provide heat to the capture structure 112. The heating element 114 can be configured to increase the temperature of the capture structure 112 from a starting temperature, such as room temperature (e.g., 15-25 °C), to one or more desired temperatures. In some embodiments, the desired temperature can be a temperature sufficient to vaporize one or more components of the fluid sample. In some embodiments, the desired temperature can be at least the boiling point of one or more components in the sample. For example, the desired temperature could be at least 78 °C, the boiling point of ethanol. Alternatively, the desired temperature could be at least 100 °C, the boiling point of water. Further, the desired temperature could be at least 157 °C, the boiling point of cannabinoids such as THC, or at least 170, 200, or 220 °C. Further, the desired temperature could be selected to be at least as high as the boiling point of the vaporization agent, such as at least 188, 193, or 290 °C.

[0081] Detector Element

[0082] In various embodiments, once the compounds of interest are vaporized, the compounds can move through tube 118 to the detector element 120 and ultimately be drawn out of the detection device 100 via outlet 116. The detector element 120 can include a detector configured to measure vaporized components of interest in the user’s breath. For example, the detector element 120 can be configured to measure the amount of cannabis in the user’s breath. The detector element 120 can include a variety of detector elements such as semiconductor sensors, infrared (IR) sensors, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors, optical sensors, fluorescence sensors, electrochemical sensors, complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensors, surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors, fuel cells, and the like. It is further contemplated herein that while the detector element 120 is depicted as being within the housing 102 of the detection device 100, the detector element 120 can be external to the housing 102, For example, the detector element 120 can include an external gas chromatography (GC) detector, mass spectrometry' (MS) detector, gas-chromatography-mass spectromety' (GC-MS) detector, gas chromatography-UV spectrometry (GC-UV) detector, proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), selected ion flow tube mass PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0083] spectrometry (SIFT-MS), ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry' (FTIR), laser spectrometry, secondary electrospray ionization (SESI-MS), and the like.

[0084] In various embodiments, a cannabis sensing fuel cell can detect the level of cannabis in the user’s breath. Exemplary phenolic cannabinoid sensing fuel cells are disclosed in US2023 / 0384286, titled ‘‘Systems and Methods for Oxidizing Phenolic Cannabinoids with Fuel Cells,” published on November 30, 2023, and assigned to Consumer Safety Technology, LLC, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0085] Detection Element Analysis Device (FIG. 2)

[0086] Referring now to FIG. 2, a schematic view of a detection element analysis device is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. In various examples, the analysis device can detect and analyze a substance such as cannabinoids in a fluid sample, such as a liquid sample, for example, a calibration standard solution. The analysis device 200 can include compressed air 202 and a flow controller 204. It is noted that while compressed air is described herein, other mechanisms can be used to drive the flow of the fluid sample. For example, a vacuum pump, diaphragm pump, piston pump, among others, can be utilized, such as downstream from the detector element, to pull the fluid sample through the system.

[0087] Analysis device 200 can be used to measure an amount of phenolic cannabinoid, such as tetrahydrocannabinol, in a standard liquid solution. It will be understood that using a standard solution provides a known amount of tetrahydrocannabinol. As such, a user of the device can analyze the percentage or amount of tetrahydrocannabinol that is measured and compare the measured amount to the actual amount present in the standard solution. It is desirable for the amount of tetrahydrocannabinol detected by the analysis device 200 to be at least 80% of the amount of tetrahydrocannabinol present in the solution. In some examples, the amount of tetrahydrocannabinol detected by the analysis device 200 can be at 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%, or any percentage in between. For example, the analysis device 200 can detect 99% of the amount of tetrahydrocannabinol present in the standard solution.

[0088] In various embodiments, the analysis device 200 can be used to test the function of the system, including the accuracy of the detector element 210, at the task of detecting the compound of interest.

[0089]

[0090] Air and Flow Controller PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0091] Compressed air 202, or other non-flammable compressed gases, such as ultra grade air or compressed nitrogen, can pass through flow path 212 and into flow controller 204. The flow controller 204 can regulate and maintain a desired flow rate of air passing through analysis device 200. The compressed air 202 can assist in sending vaporized components of a liquid sample to the detector element. In some embodiments, the compressed air 202 can be manually controlled. In other examples, the system can be programmed to release the compressed air 202 and operate automatically.

[0092] In various examples, the flow controller 204 can be manually adjusted to set a desired flow rate of compressed air 202 through the analysis device 200. In other examples, the flow controller 204 can be automatically adjusted due to changes in pressure or other factors to continuously regulate and maintain a desired flow rate of compressed air 202 through the analysis device 200. In some embodiments, the desired flow rate of compressed air 202 can be similar to that of a human blowing into the analysis device 200, such as to provide a breath sample. For example, the flow rate of compressed air 202 can be within a range of 0.2 standard liters per minute (“SLPM”) and 3 SLPM. In some embodiments, the flow rate of compressed air 202 can be greater than or equal to 0.2 SLPM, 0.5 SLPM, 1 SLPM, 1.5 SLPM, 2.0 SLPM, 2.5 SLPM, 3.0 SLPM, or can be an amount falling within a range between any of the foregoing.

[0093]

[0094] » Element and C Structure

[0095] In some embodiments, the flow controller 204 is connected via flow path 212 to a heating element 206 which is configured to heat a capture structure 208. Options for functionality and design of the heating element 206 and capture structure 208 are discussed above with respect to FIG. 1. For example, in some embodiments, the capture structure 208 can be disposed within a discrete capture device, such as a removable cartridge, that is separate from the analysis device 200 during sample collection. Following the collection or deposition of a sample onto the capture structure 208, the capture device can be inserted or otherwise operatively coupled within the analysis device 200 for subsequent analysis. In such embodiments, the capture device containing the capture structure 208, having received the sample externally or separately from the analysis device 200, is then positioned within the analysis device 200 such that the capture structure 208 is in thermal communication with the heating element 206. PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0096] In FIG. 2, the heating element 206 can include the capture structure 208. The incorporation of the capture structure 208 within the heating element 206 can minimize the distance between the heating element 206 and capture structure 208, reduce the length of the flow path 212 required throughout the analysis device 200, and increase the transfer efficiency of the compounds of interest to the detector element 210.

[0097] In various embodiments, the capture structure 208 can be pretreated or soaked with the fluid sample, such as a solution containing one or more compounds of interest, such as tetrahydrocannabinol. In some embodiments, the solution can be a standard solution, such that the amount of tetrahydrocannabinol present on the capture structure 208 is known. In other embodiments, the solution can be a liquid solution provided by a user containing an unknown amount of tetrahydrocannabinol.

[0098] In other embodiments, the capture structure 208 is not pretreated or soaked, and instead the compressed air 202 can contain the sample containing the one or more compounds of interest. The sample can then be provided and the compounds of the interest captured by the capture structure 208 when the compressed air 202 is flowing.

[0099] After the solution has been placed or deposited on / in the capture structure 208, the heating element 206 can provide heat to the capture structure 208. The heating element 206 can be configured to increase the temperature of the capture structure 208 from a starting temperature, such as room temperature, to one or more desired temperatures as discussed above with respect to FIG. 1 to vaporize the compounds of interest present on the capture structure 208.

[0100] Detector Element

[0101] In various embodiments, once the compounds of interest are vaporized, the compounds can move through flow path 212 to the detector element 210 and ultimately be drawn out of the analysis device 200 via outlet 214. The detector element 210, also referred to as a detector assembly, can include a detector configured to measure vaporized components of interest in the provided solution. For example, the detector element 210 can be configured to measure the amount of tetrahydrocannabinol in the solution.

[0102] The detector element 210 can include a variety of detector elements as discussed above with respect to FIG. 1.

[0103]

[0104] Agents PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0105] In various embodiments, the detection device, analysis device, and or provided sample can include one or more vaporization agents. Vaporization agents, when vaporized along with the compounds of interest, can increase the transfer efficiency of the compounds of interest from the capture structure to the detector element. Vaporization agents can additionally increase the signal strength of the compounds of interest. By increasing the transfer efficiency, a larger portion of the compounds of interest can reach the detector element, leading to a more accurate measurement of the amount of the compound of interest present in the sample provided.

[0106] Vaporization agents can include a variety of different compounds. Vaporization agents can include, but are not limited to, glycerol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, water, diacetyl, acrolein, vitamin E acetate, diethylene glycol, ethyl maltol, crotonaldehyde, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, terpenes, humulene, limonene, caryophyllene, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the vaporization agent can be approximately 100% glycerol. In other embodiments, the vaporization agent can be approximately 100% propylene glycol. In further embodiments, the vaporization agent can be approximately 70% glycerol and 30% propylene glycol. It is theorized that a variety7of compounds can be sufficient vaporization agents, but testing of the compounds should be done to ensure the compound does not interfere with the detector element signal.

[0107] In various embodiments, the vaporization agent can have a boiling point of at least about 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, or 220 °C, In various embodiments, the vaporization agent can have a boiling point of about 170, 188, 193, 200, 220, or 290 °C.

[0108] Vaporization agents can also be referred to as vaping fluid or e-fluids. Examples of vaporization agents are described in US Patent Application Publication US20016 / 0198759A1, titled, “E-cigarette or vaping fluid,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0109] Timing and Introduction of Vaporization / Xgents

[0110] Vaporization agents can be introduced into the detection device and analysis device at various times. In one embodiment, the vaporization agent can be coated within the devices prior to the introduction of a sample. For example, the vaporization agent can coat one or more internal surfaces of the devices. In one example, the vaporization agent can be coated on the capture structure prior to the sample being provided, such that when the sample is provided, it is layered atop the vaporization agent. By coating one or more internal elements of the devices, it is understood that the heating element will heat the surfaces of the devices PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0111] coated with the vaporization agents, thereby allowing the vaporization agents to vaporize and mix with the vaporized compounds of interest and the mixture can be provided to the detector element. By mixing the vaporization agent and vaporized compounds of interest, the transfer efficiency and signal of the compounds of interest detected by the detector element are increased.

[0112] In other embodiments, the vaporization agent can be homogeneously mixed with the sample prior to entering the detection device or analysis device. For example, the vaporization agent can be mixed with a gas sample, such as a breath sample, prior to entering the devices. In another example, the vaporization agent can be mixed with a liquid sample, such as a standard solution, and the liquid sample mixed with the vaporization agent can then be used to coat the capture structure.

[0113] In other embodiments, the vaporization agent can be introduced into the devices after a sample has been provided. For example, the vaporization agent can be added to the devices after compressed air or a breath sample has entered the devices, and the various compounds of interest collected on the capture structure. In one example, the vaporization agent can be added directly to the capture structure to coat the capture structure after the sample has been provided, such that the vaporization agent is layered atop the captured sample on the capture structure. In another example, the vaporization agent can be introduced via the breath inlet or via the compressed air element after the sample has been provided.

[0114] It will further be understood that the vaporization agent can be added at multiple points of time without affecting the amount of THC that is vaporized. As such, it is not necessary to mix the vaporization agent and the sample prior to vaporization of the sample and vaporization agent. For example, the vaporization agent can be introduced prior to the introduction of the sample as well as mixed with the sample. Alternatively, the vaporization agent can be introduced prior to the introduction of the sample as well as after the sample has been provided. Alternatively, the vaporization agent can be mixed with the sample as well as after the sample has been provided. Or, the vaporization agent can be introduced prior to the introduction of the sample, mixed with the sample, as well as after the sample.

[0115] It will be understood that the efficiency with which THC is vaporized from a sample can be influenced by both the identity of the vaporization agent and the method by which the vaporization agent is combined with the sample. For example, certain vaporization agents, such as 30 / 70 propylene glycol / vegetable glycerin or caryophyllene, can be more effective in facilitating the vaporization of THC by homogeneously mixing the sample and the vaporization agent. While for other vaporization agents, such as terpenes, layering the PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0116] vaporization agent and the sample on the capture structure can result in improved THC vaporization. Accordingly, the efficacy of a vaporization agent in promoting THC vaporization can depend on the vaporization agent and on the manner in which the vaporization agent is introduced or combined with the sample on the capture structure

[0117] Locations of Vaporization Agent in the Devices

[0118] As discussed above, the vaporization agent can be present on or in one or more internal elements of the devices. In various embodiments, the vaporization agent can coat at least a portion of the flow paths throughout the device. For example, the vaporization agent can coat the inside of the flow paths between the heating element and / or capture structure and the detector element. In other embodiments, the vaporization agent can coat at least a portion of the capture structure. In other embodiments, the vaporization agent can coat at least a portion of the detector element. For example, the detector element functional materials (such as a membrane electrode assembly catalyst) can be soaked in the vaporization agent. It will be understood that by soaking the functional materials of the detector element in the vaporization agent, the vaporization agent can be present on or in the internal components of the detector element.

[0119] It is contemplated herein that the vaporization agent can coat a plurality of the internal elements of the devices. For example, the vaporization agent can coat at least a portion of the flow channels and the capture structure, at least a portion of the flow channels and detector element, at least a portion of the capture structure and detector element, or at least a portion of the flow channels, capture structure, and detector element.

[0120] Length of the Devices Flow Paths

[0121] The detection device and the analysis device each contain a flow path. The flow paths allow for the sample and vaporization agent to travel throughout the devices, ultimately- making their way to the detector element. However, the length of the flow paths within the devices can directly impact the transfer efficiency and strength of the signal of the detector element A longer flow path results in a decrease in the transfer efficiency and signal strength compared to a shorter flow path. It is understood that longer flow paths provide more opportunities for the compounds of interest and vaporization agent to get trapped or deposited on the structures of the flow path, thereby preventing them from reaching the detector element. As such, it is advantageous for the devices to have flow paths that are short in length. By having shorter flow paths, each of the elements of the devices, such as the capture PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0122] structure and detector element, are placed within close proximity which decreases the chance of the compounds of interest and vaporization agent from getting caught in other portions of the devices.

[0123] In various embodiments, the flow path between the capture structure and the detector element can be between 1 centimeter and 30 centimeters in length. For example, the flow path can be 1 centimeter, 3 centimeters, 5 centimeters, 7 centimeters, 9 centimeters, 11 centimeters, 13 centimeters, 15 centimeters, 17 centimeters, 19 centimeters, 21 centimeters, 23 centimeters, 25 centimeters, 27 centimeters, 29 centimeters, and 30 centimeters, or any length in between. In one embodiment, the flow path can be 3 centimeters in length. In another embodiment, the flow path can be 20 centimeters in length.

[0124] It is noted that the flow path can be increased beyond 30 centimeters in length in some embodiments.

[0125] Temperature of the Flow Path

[0126] If the flow path is kept at a temperature approximately equal to, or slightly less than the temperature of the heating element, then a longer flow path length can be utilized without a visible decrease in the transfer efficiency or signal strength.

[0127] In some embodiments, the temperature variance between the heating element and the flow path can be greater than or equal to 0 °C, 1 °C, 2 °C, 3 °C, 4 °C, or 5 °C, or can be an amount falling within a range between any of the foregoing.

[0128] In some embodiments, a temperature variance between the heating element and the flow path can be greater than or equal to 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 °C. In some embodiments, the temperature variance can be less than or equal to 10, 9, 8, 6, or 5 °C. In some embodiments, the temperature variance can fall within a range of 1 to 10 °C, or 2 to 9 °C, or 3 to 8 °C, or 4 to 6 °C, or can be about 5 °C.

[0129] In some embodiments, the detector element can still detect a signal even if a larger temperature variance between the heating element and the flow path is experienced. For example, the temperature variance between the heating element and the flow path can be greater than or equal to 15 °C, 45 °C, 75 °C, 105 °C, 135 °C, 150 °C, or 165 °C, or can be an amount falling within a range between any of the foregoing.

[0130] Fluid Sample and Compounds of Interest

[0131] Throughout the application, breath is described as a fluid sample that is analyzed for the presence of a substance such as an intoxicant. In other examples throughout the PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0132] application, the fluid sample is described as a liquid solution. It is also possible for the embodiments of the application to be used to process a fluid sample different than breath or liquid, such as another gas sample, such as environmental or ambient air or vapor from skin, or another biological sample, such as saliva, mucous, or urine. Alternatively, the sample can be a commercially-prepared liquid sample. For example, the liquid sample can be a standard or calibration standard solution that contains a known amount of the compound(s) of interest. For example, the standard solution can contain a known amount of tetrahydrocannabinol.

[0133] Throughout the application, cannabis is described as a substance of interest or compound of interest that is detected by a detector element. It is also possible for other substances and compounds to be detected by a detector element in the various embodiments described herein, such as different intoxicants, prescription drugs, cocaine, heroin, nicotine, methamphetamine, amphetamines, hallucinogens, or other substances.

[0134] Detection of a Level of a Substance Using a Detector Element

[0135] In various embodiments, the detection device and the analysis device can each include a detection element. In some embodiments, the detection device and analysis device can each include a detection element for detecting a substance or compound of interest. In various embodiments, the detection element is configured to detect a presence of a particular substance, such as an intoxicant. In various embodiments, the detection element is configured to detect a level of a particular substance, such as an intoxicant. Throughout the present application, the detection element is described as detecting a level of a particular substance. Wherever this is described, it is also possible for the detection element to detect and output an indicator of a presence of that substance without also detecting and / or outputting a level of that substance.

[0136] Fuel Cell Definition

[0137] In various embodiments, the detection element is a fuel cell. In various embodiments, the detection element is a cannabis sensing fuel cell. A fuel cell, as discussed herein, is a type of electrochemical cell that uses electrochemical processes to oxidize compounds of interest, such as cannabis, and produce an electrical current. In one example, the fuel cell can include two metal electrodes and can include a porous acid-electrode material sandwiched between them, whereby the two metal electrodes oxidize the compound of interest. For example, the fuel cell can include two platinum electrodes with a porous acid-electrode(acid-polymeric) material sandwiched between them. The porous acid-electrode(acid-polymeric) can be a PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0138] Nafion™ membrane (available from The Chemours Company, Wilmington, Delaware, USA). The two platinum electrodes oxidize cannabis in a user’s breath to produce oxidized cannabis metabolites, protons, and electrons whereby the electrons produce an electrical current that is measured.

[0139] In various embodiments, a cannabis sensing fuel cell can detect the level of cannabis in the user’s breath.

[0140] Method of Detecting a Compound of Interest Using a Vaporization Agent (FIG. 3)

[0141] Many different methods for detecting compounds of interest using a vaporization agent are contemplated herein, including, but not limited to, methods of making, methods of using, and the like. Aspects of system / device operation described elsewhere herein can be performed as operations of one or more methods in accordance with various embodiments herein.

[0142] Referring now to FIG. 3, a flow diagram of a method is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. FIG. 3 shows a method 300 of detecting a compound. The method can include receiving a fluid sample on a capture structure 302. The fluid sample can include a gas sample, such as a breath sample, or a liquid sample, such as a standard solution.

[0143] The method can further include heating the capture structure to a temperature to vaporize first components of the fluid sample and a vaporization agent 304. In various embodiments, the capture structure can be heated to a temperature sufficient to vaporize the first components of the fluid sample and the vaporization agent. For example, the capture structure can be heated to at least 170 °C.

[0144] The method can further include detecting, using a detector assembly, the presence of a compound among the first components 306. The compound can include a cannabis compound, such as THC, but other compounds including different intoxicants, prescription drugs, cocaine, heroin, nicotine, methamphetamine, amphetamines, hallucinogens, or other substances can also be detected. It will be understood that the transfer efficiency and the signal strength of the measured THC compounds is increased due to the presence of the vaporization agent.

[0145] Method of Detecting a Compound of Interest by Coating a Device Component with a Vaporization Agent (FIG. 4)

[0146] Many different methods for detecting compounds of interest using a device coated with a vaporization agent are contemplated herein, including, but not limited to, methods of PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0147] making, methods of using, and the like. Aspects of system / device operation described elsewhere herein can be performed as operations of one or more methods in accordance with various embodiments herein.

[0148] Referring now to FIG. 4, a flow diagram of a method is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. F IG. 4 shows a method 400 of detecting a compound. The method can include coating a flow path, detector assembly, and / or capture structure with a vaporization agent 402. In various embodiments, at least a portion of the flow path, detector assembly, and / or capture structure are coated with the vaporization agent.

[0149] The method can further include receiving a fluid sample on the capture structure 404. The fluid sample can include a gas sample, such as a breath sample, or a liquid sample, such as a standard solution.

[0150] The method can further include heating the system to a temperature to vaporize first components of the fluid sample and the vaporization agent 406. In various embodiments, the system can be heated to a temperature sufficient to vaporize the first components of the fluid sample and the vaporization agent. For example, the system can be heated to at least 170 °C.

[0151] The method can further include detecting, using a detector assembly, the presence of a compound among the first components 408. The compound can include a cannabis compound, such as THC, but other compounds including different intoxicants, prescription drugs, cocaine, heroin, nicotine, methamphetamine, amphetamines, hallucinogens, or other substances can also be detected. It will be understood that the transfer efficiency and the signal strength of the measured THC compounds is increased due to the presence of the vaporization agent.

[0152] Method of Detecting a Compound of Interest by Adding a Vaporization Agent to a Sample Prior to Entering Device (FIG. 5)

[0153] Many different methods for detecting compounds of interest using a vaporization agent added to a sample prior to entering the device are contemplated herein, including, but not limited to, methods of making, methods of using, and the like. Aspects of system / device operation described elsewhere herein can be performed as operations of one or more methods in accordance with various embodiments herein.

[0154] Referring now to FIG. 5, a flow diagram of a method is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. FIG. 5 shows a method 500 of detecting a compound. The method can include adding a vaporization agent to a fluid sample 502. In various embodiments, the vaporization agent can be added to a gas sample, such as a breath sample, PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0155] prior to entering the device. In another embodiment, the vaporization agent can be added to a liquid sample, such as a standard solution, and then coated, or deposited, on the capture structure. In various embodiments, the vaporization agent added to the fluid sample is in the liquid phase.

[0156] The method can further include receiving the fluid sample and the vaporization agent on a capture structure 504. In various embodiments, the fluid sample is received, along with the added vaporization agent, as a liquid sample due to incorporation of the vaporization agent.

[0157] The method can further include heating the capture structure to a temperature to vaporize first components of the fluid sample and the vaporization agent 506. In various embodiments, the capture structure can be heated to a temperature sufficient to vaporize the first components of the fluid sample and the vaporization agent. For example, the capture structure can be heated to at least 170 °C.

[0158] The method can further include detecting, using a detector assembly, the presence of a compound among the first components 508. The compound can include a cannabis compound, such as THC, but other compounds including different intoxicants, prescription drugs, cocaine, heroin, nicotine, methamphetamine, amphetamines, hallucinogens, or other substances can also be detected. It will be understood that the transfer efficiency and the signal strength of the measured THC compounds is increased due to the presence of the vaporization agent.

[0159] Method of Detecting a Compound of Interest by Adding a Vaporization Agent After a Sample has Entered the Device (FIG. 6)

[0160] Many different methods for detecting compounds of interest using a vaporization agent added to a device after a sample has entered the device are contemplated herein, including, but not limited to, methods of making, methods of using, and the like. Aspects of system / device operation described elsewhere herein can be performed as operations of one or more methods in accordance with various embodiments herein.

[0161] Referring now to FIG. 6, a flow diagram of a method is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. FIG. 6 shows a method 600 of detecting a compound. The method can include receiving a fluid sample on a capture structure 602. The fluid sample can include a gas sample, such as a breath sample, or a liquid sample, such as a standard solution. PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0162] The method can further include adding a vaporization agent to the capture structure 604. In various embodiments, the vaporization agent can be added to the capture structure after the fluid sample has collected on the capture structure.

[0163] The method can further include heating the capture structure to a temperature to vaporize first components of the fluid sample and the vaporization agent 606. In various embodiments, the capture structure can be heated to a temperature sufficient to vaporize the first components of the fluid sample and the vaporization agent. For example, the capture structure can be heated to at least 170 °C.

[0164] The method can further include detecting, using a detector assembly, the presence of a compound among the first components 608. The compound can include a cannabis compound, such as THC, but other compounds including different intoxicants, prescription drugs, cocaine, heroin, nicotine, methamphetamine, amphetamines, hallucinogens, or other substances can also be detected. It will be understood that the transfer efficiency and the signal strength of the measured THC compounds is increased due to the presence of the vaporization agent.

[0165] Example # 1- Transfer Efficiency

[0166] An experiment was conducted to compare the transfer efficiency of pure THC and THC mixed with a vaporization agent from a capture structure to a detector element. For this experiment, a standard liquid solution containing THC in acetonitrile was utilized such that the concentration of THC was known. This standard liquid solution was coated onto the capture structure of the analysis device described in FIG. 2 and heated to a temperature of at least 170 °C to vaporize the THC compounds. The transfer efficiency of the pure THC from the capture structure to the detector element was then measured. Then the standard liquid solution containing THC was mixed with a vaporization agent and then the capture structure was coated with this THC and vaporization agent solution. The capture structure was heated to a temperature above 170 °C to vaporize both the THC compounds and the vaporization agent. The transfer efficiency of the THC and vaporization agent solution from the capture structure to the detector element was then measured.

[0167] Referring now to FIG. 7, a graph of the transfer efficiency of pure THC and THC mixed with a vaporization agent is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. As illustrated, the pure THC was transferred from the capture structure to the detector element between two seconds and eight seconds and the transfer efficiency of about 30% was ob served. PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0168] In contrast, the THC and vaporization agent solution was transferred from the capture structure to the detector element between four seconds and six seconds and close to 100% transfer efficiency was achieved.

[0169] Example #2- Measured Current

[0170] In a similar experiment as described above in Example #1, the current produced by the detector element was compared for pure THC, vaporization agent, and a THC and vaporization agent solution. For this experiment, a standard liquid solution containing THC in acetonitrile was utilized such that the concentration of THC was known. This standard liquid solution was coated onto the capture structure of the analysis device described in FIG. 2 and heated to a temperature of at least 170 °C to vaporize the THC compounds. The current of the pure THC was then measured. Then a vaporization agent was coated onto the capture structure and heated to a temperature sufficient to vaporize the vaporization agent. The current of the pure vaporization agent was then measured. Lastly, the standard liquid solution containing THC was mixed with a vaporization agent and then the capture structure was coated with this THC and vaporization agent solution. The capture structure was heated to a temperature above 170 °C to vaporize both the THC compounds and the vaporization agent. The current of the THC and vaporization agent was then measured.

[0171] Referring now to FIG. 8, a graph of the current of pure THC, vaporization agent, and THC mixed with a vaporization agent is shown in accordance with various embodiments herein. As illustrated, the pure THC and vaporization agent alone each produced minimal current over a period of about three minutes. In contrast, the THC and vaporization agent solution produced a strong current down to about -17 microamps at approximately 45 seconds. This indicates that the vaporization agent and THC solution produced the strongest THC signal.

[0172] Example #3- THC Mobility

[0173] An experiment was conducted to compare the mobility of THC throughout an analysis device. The mobility of pure THC, a THC and vaporization agent solution and a THC and vaporization agent solution through an analysis device having a shortened flow path between the capture structure and detector element was compared. For this experiment, a standard liquid solution containing THC in acetonitrile was utilized such that the concentration of THC was known. This standard liquid solution, mixed or not with a vaporization agent, was coated onto the capture structure of the analysis device described in FIG. 2 and heated to a PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0174] temperature of at least 170 °C to vaporize the THC compounds or the THC compounds and the vaporization agent.

[0175] The results of the experiment as illustrated in Table 1 below.

[0176] Table 1

[0177] Not Vaporized Decomposed or Not Vaporized THC (%) THC (%) Captured (%)

[0178] Pure THC 53.6 34.2 11.3

[0179] THC and vaporization 13.0 22.9 64.1

[0180] agent (30 / 70 propylene

[0181] glycol / vegetable glycerin)

[0182] THC and vaporization 1.1 21.7 77.7

[0183] agent (30 / 70 propylene

[0184] glycol / vegetable glycerin)

[0185] and shortened flow path

[0186] THC and vaporization 55.1 24.4 12.1

[0187] agent (a-Humulene)

[0188] THC and vaporization 10.1 77.1 5.6

[0189] agent (a-Terpineol)

[0190] THC and vaporization 18.8 23.4 39.9

[0191] agent (Caryophyllene)

[0192]

[0193] As shown in Table 1, with pure THC, only 11.3% of the THC actually vaporizes, leaving a small fraction of the THC to be measured by the detector element. In contrast, when a vaporization agent is added to the THC more of the THC vaporizes. For example, when 30 / 70 propylene glycol, 'Vegetable glycerin is utilized, 64.1% of the THC vaporizes and is available to be measured by the detector element. Other vaporization agents also see an increase in the percentage of THC that vaporizes. For example, caryophyllene leads to 39.9% of the THC vaporizing and a-Humulene leads to 12,1% of the THC vapori zing. It is noted that a-Terpineol does not lead to an increased amount of THC vaporizing, with only 5.6% of the THC vaporizing. Lastly, when THC is mixed with a vaporization agent and the analysis device includes a shortened flow path, as discussed above, 77.2% of the THC vaporizes and can be detected by the detector element. PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0194] The experiment was further modified to test the effect of different mixing methods of the THC with the vaporization agent. For these experiments, a standard liquid solution containing THC in acetonitrile was utilized such that the concentration of THC was known. This standard liquid solution was then mixed with a vaporization agent in a variety of ways. In a first way, the THC was homogeneously mixed with the vaporization agent before being coated onto the capture structure of the analysis device described in FIG. 2. In a second way, the vaporization agent was coated onto the capture structure of the analysis device described in FIG. 2 and the THC was layered atop the vaporization agent. In a third way, the THC was coated onto the capture structure of the analysis device described in FIG. 2 and the vaporization agent was layered atop the THC. Regardless of the mixing method, the capture structure is heated to a temperature of at least 170 °C to vaporize the THC compounds and the vaporization agent.

[0195] The results of the experiment as illustrated in Table 2 below.

[0196] Table 2

[0197] Mixing Method Not Decomposed or Vaporized THC Vaporized Not Captured (%)

[0198] THC (%) (%)

[0199] THC and homogeneous 18.8 23.4 39.9 vaporization agent mixing

[0200] (Caryophyllene) layering THC 5.9 70.2 23.8

[0201] atop the

[0202] vaporization

[0203] agent

[0204] layering 28.2 34.2 37.6 vaporization

[0205] agents atop the

[0206] THC THC and homogeneous 13.0 22.9 64.1 vaporization agent mixing

[0207] (30 / 70 propylene layering THC 6.3 51.2 42.5

[0208] atop the

[0209]

[0210] PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0211] glycol / vegetable vaporization

[0212] glycerin) agent

[0213] layering 50.5 26.7 22.8 vaporization

[0214] agents atop the

[0215] THC

[0216]

[0217] As shown in Table 2, the results demonstrate that homogeneous mixing of the THC with the vaporization agent prior to application onto the capture structure yields the highest percentage of THC vaporized for both caryophyllene as the vaporization agent and for 30 / 70 propylene glycol / vegetable glycerin. For example, homogeneous mixing of THC and 30 / 70 propylene glycol / vegetable glycerin resulted in a vaporized THC fraction of 64.1%, while homogeneous mixing of THC and caryophyllene resulted in 39.9% vaporized THC. In contrast, the methods involving layering of the vaporization agent and THC, specifically, layering THC atop the vaporization agent or layering the vaporization agent atop the THC on the capture structure, resulted in lower percentages of vaporized THC. For caryophyllene, layering THC atop the vaporization agent yielded 23.8% vaporized THC, while layering vaporization agent atop THC yielded 37.6%. For 30 / 70 propylene glycol / vegetable glycerin, layering THC atop the vaporization agent provided 42.5% vaporized THC, and layering vaporization agent atop THC resulted in 22.8% vaporized THC. While homogeneous mixing of THC and the vaporization agent provided the greatest efficiency of THC vaporization, the other mixing methods still enabled a significant portion of the THC to be vaporized and thus delivered to the detector element.

[0218] Computer Systems (FIG. 9)

[0219] The systems and methods presented here may be implemented in part using a computerized device, such as a smartphone, handheld, or other computerized device. FIG. 9 shows a computerized detection system consistent with various examples described herein. FIG. 9 illustrates only one particular example of computing device 900, and other computing devices 900 may be used in other embodiments. Although computing device 900 is shown as a standalone computing device, computing device 900 may be any component or system that includes one or more processors or another suitable computing environment for executing software instructions in other examples and need not include all the elements shown here. PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0220] As shown in the specific example of FIG. 9, computing device 900 includes one or more processors 902, memory 904, one or more input devices 906, one or more output devices 908, one or more communication modules 910, and one or more storage devices 912. Computing device 900, in one example, further includes an operating system 916 executable by computing device 900. The operating system includes, in various examples, services such as a network service 918. One or more applications, such as an intoxication monitoring application 920, are also stored on storage device 912 and are executable by computing device 900.

[0221] Each of components 902, 904, 906, 908, 910, and 912 may be interconnected (physically, communicatively, and / or operatively) for inter-component communications, such as via one or more communication channels 914, In some examples, communication channels 914 include a system bus, network connection, inter-processor communication network, or any other channel for communicating data. Applications such as intoxication monitoring application 920 and operating system 916 may also communicate information with one another as well as with other components in computing device 900.

[0222] Processors 902, in one example, are configured to implement functionality and / or process instructions for execution within computing device 900. For example, processors 902 may be capable of processing instructions stored in storage device 912 or memory 904.

[0223] Examples of processors 902 include any one or more of a microprocessor, a controller, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or similar discrete or integrated logic circuitry.

[0224] One or more storage devices 912 may be configured to store information within computing device 900 during operation. Storage device 912, in some examples, is known as a computer-readable storage medium. In some examples, storage device 912 comprises temporary memory, meaning that a primary purpose of storage device 912 is not long-term storage. Storage device 912 in some examples includes a volatile memory, meaning that storage device 912 does not maintain stored contents when computing device 900 is turned off. In other examples, data is loaded from storage device 912 into memory 904 during operation. Examples of volatile memories include random access memories (RAM), dynamic random-access memories (DRAM), static random-access memories (SRAM), and other forms of volatile memories known in the art. In some examples, storage device 912 is used to store program instructions for execution by processors 902. Storage device 912 and memory' 904, in various examples, are used by software or applications running on computing device PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0225] 900 such as intoxication monitoring application 920 to temporarily store information during program execution.

[0226] Storage device 912, in some examples, includes one or more computer-readable storage media that may be configured to store larger amounts of information than volatile memory. Storage device 912 may further be configured for long-term storage of information. In some examples, storage devices 912 include non-volatile storage elements. Examples of such non-volatile storage elements include magnetic hard discs, optical discs, floppy discs, flash memories, or forms of electrically programmable memories (EPROM) or electrically erasable and programmable (EEPROM) memories.

[0227] Computing device 900, in some examples, also includes one or more communication modules 910. Computing device 900 in one example uses communication module 910 to communicate with external devices via one or more networks, such as one or more wireless networks. Communication module 910 may be a network interface card, such as an Ethernet card, an optical transceiver, a radio frequency transceiver, or any other type of device that can send and / or receive information. Other examples of such network interfaces include Bluetooth, 3G, 4G, LTE, 5G, Wi-Fi radios, and Near-Field Communications (NFC), and Universal Serial Bus (USB). In some examples, computing device 900 uses communication module 910 to wirelessly communicate with an external device such as via public network such as the Internet.

[0228] Computing device 900 also includes, in one example, one or more input devices 906. Input device 906, in some examples, is configured to receive input from a user through tactile, audio, or video input. Examples of input device 906 include a touchscreen display, a mouse, a keyboard, a voice responsive system, video camera, microphone, or any other type of device for detecting input from a user.

[0229] One or more output devices 908 may also be included in computing device 900. Output device 908, in some examples, is configured to provide output to a user using tactile, audio, or video stimuli. Output device 908, in one example, includes a display, a sound card, a video graphics adapter card, or any other type of device for converting a signal into an appropriate form understandable to humans or machines. Additional examples of output device 908 include a speaker, a light-emitting diode (LED) display, a liquid crystal display (LCD), or any other type of device that can generate output to a user.

[0230] Computing device 900 may include operating system 916. Operating system 916, in some examples, controls the operation of components of computing device 900, and provides an interface from various applications such as intoxication monitoring application 920 to PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0231] components of computing device 900. For example, operating system 916, in one example, facilitates the communication of various applications such as intoxication monitoring application 920 with processors 902, communication unit 910, storage device 912, input device 906, and output device 908. Applications such as intoxication monitoring application 920 may include program instructions and / or data that are executable by computing device 900. As one example, intoxication monitoring application 920 may include instructions that cause computing device 900 to perform one or more of the operations and actions described in the examples presented herein. Instead of an intoxication monitoring application 920, the system may include an intoxication interlock application, a personal monitoring application, a substance detection application, or other applications.

[0232] It should be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a,” "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and / or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

[0233] It should also be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the phrase “configured” describes a system, apparatus, or other structure that is constructed or configured to perform a particular task or adopt a particular configuration. The phrase "configured" can be used interchangeably with other similar phrases such as arranged and configured, constructed and arranged, constructed, manufactured and arranged, and the like.

[0234] All publications and patent applications in this specification are indicative of the level of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated by reference.

[0235] As used herein, the recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints shall include all numbers subsumed within that range (e.g., 2 to 8 includes 2.1, 2.8, 5.3, 7, etc.).

[0236] The headings used herein are provided for consistency with suggestions under 37 CFR 1.77 or otherwise to provide organizational cues. These headings shall not be viewed to limit or characterize the invention(s) set out in any claims that may issue from this disclosure. As an example, although the headings refer to a “Field,” such claims should not be limited by the language chosen under this heading to describe the so-called technical field. Further, a description of a technology in the “Background” is not an admission that technology is prior art to any invention(s) in this disclosure. Neither is the “Summary” to be considered as a characterization of the invention(s) set forth in issued claims. PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1

[0237] The embodiments described herein are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed in the following detailed description. Rather, the embodiments are chosen and described so that others skilled in the art can appreciate and understand the principles and practices. As such, aspects have been described with reference to various specific and preferred embodiments and techniques. However, it should be understood that many variations and modifications may be made while remaining within the spirit and scope herein.

Claims

PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1The Claims Are:

1. A compound detection system comprising:a capture structure for receiving a fluid sample;a heating element configured to heat the capture structure to a temperature to vaporize first components of the fluid sample; anda detector assembly configured to receive the vaporized first components and to detect the presence of a compound among the first components;wherein the system comprises a vaporization agent and is configured so that the vaporization agent is vaporized by the heating element.

2. The compound detection system of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of a flow path, the detector assembly, and / or the capture structure comprises the vaporization agent.

3. The compound detection system according to any one of claims 1-2, wherein the detector assembly is one of the group consisting of a fuel cell, a semiconductor sensor, an infrared (IR) sensor, a metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensor, an optical sensor, a fluorescence sensor, an electrochemical sensor, a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor, and a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor.

4. The compound detection system according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the compound is cannabis, and the detector assembly is configured to detect cannabis.

5. The compound detection system according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein the fluid sample is a gas sample, wherein the system further comprises an input opening to a flow path for receiving the gas sample and directing the gas sample to the capture structure.

6. The compound detection system according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein the fluid sample is a liquid sample.PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU17. The compound detection system according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein the fluid sample is a breath sample.

8. The compound detection system according to any one of claims 1-7, wherein the vaporization agent is selected from the group consisting of 30 / 70 propylene glycol / vegetable glycerin, caryophyllene, a-Humulene, a-Terpineol, glycerol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, water, diacetyl, acrolein, vitamin E acetate, diethylene glycol, ethyl maltol, crotonaldehyde, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and limonene.

9. A compound detection system comprising:a capture structure for receiving a fluid sample;a heating element configured to heat the capture structure to a temperature to vaporize first components of the fluid sample; anda detector assembly configured to receive the vaporized first components and to detect the presence of a compound among the first components;wherein the capture structure comprises a vaporization agent and is configured so that the vaporization agent is vaporized by the heating element.

10. The compound detection system of claim 9, wherein the compound is cannabis, and the detector assembly is configured to detect cannabis.

11. The compound detection system according to any one of claims 9-10, wherein the vaporization agent is selected from the group consisting of a-Humulene, a-Terpineol, water, diacetyl, acrolein, vitamin E acetate, ethyl maltol, crotonaldehyde, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and limonene.

12. The compound detection system according to any one of claims 9-11, wherein the detector assembly is one of the group consisting of a fuel cell, a semiconductor sensor, an infrared (IR) sensor, a metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensor, an optical sensor, a fluorescence sensor, an electrochemical sensor, a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor, and a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor.PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU113. A method of detecting a compound, comprising:receiving a fluid sample on a capture structure;heating the capture structure and a vaporization agent to a temperature to vaporize first components of the fluid sample; anddetecting, using a detector assembly, the presence of a compound among the first components.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the vaporization agent and the fluid sample are homogeneously mixed prior to being received by the capture structure.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein the vaporization agent is deposited on the capture structure prior to receiving the fluid sample.

16. The method of claim 13, wherein the vaporization agent is deposited on the capture structure after the fluid sample is received by the capture structure.

17. The method of claim 13, wherein the vaporization agent is deposited on at least a portion of a flow path and / or the detector assembly prior to receiving the fluid sample.

18. The method of claim 13, wherein the vaporization agent is deposited on at least a portion of a flow path and / or the detector assembly after the fluid sample is received by the capture structure.

19. The method according to any one of claims 13-18, wherein the compound is cannabis, and the detector assembly is configured to detect cannabis.

20. The method according to any one of claims 13-19, wherein the vaporization agent is selected from the group consisting of 30 / 70 propylene glycol / vegetable glycerin, caryophyllene, a- Humulene, a-Terpineol, glycerol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, vegetable glycerin,PDSD Ref. No.: 365.0128WOU1water, diacetyl, acrolein, vitamin E acetate, diethylene glycol, ethyl maltol, crotonaldehyde, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and limonene.

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