Inhibitors of TREK (TWIK related k + channels) channel function
Compounds with TREK-1 and TREK-2 inhibitory activity address the scarcity of effective treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders by inhibiting TREK channels, offering therapeutic benefits for depression, schizophrenia, and other related conditions.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- ONO PHARMA CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-12-16
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-25
AI Technical Summary
There is a scarcity of potent, efficacious, and selective inhibitors of TREK-1, TREK-2, or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 channels that are effective in treating neurological, psychiatric, inflammatory, respiratory, renal, and cardiovascular disorders, as well as cancer and lung fibrosis associated with K2P K+ channel dysfunction.
Development of compounds with prominent TREK-1, TREK-2, or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 inhibitory activity, specifically compounds of formula (I) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, which are used in pharmaceutical compositions to treat disorders associated with TREK channel dysfunction.
The compounds effectively inhibit TREK channels, providing therapeutic benefits for disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders, neuropathic pain, cancer, and lung fibrosis, demonstrating significant TREK-1 and TREK-2 inhibitory activity.
Smart Images

Figure CN2025142688_25062026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
INHIBITORS OF TREK (TWIK RELATED K+ CHANNELS) CHANNEL FUNCTION[Technical Field]
[0001] The present disclosure relates to compounds, compositions, and methods for preventing and / or treating disorders associated with K2P K+ channels, specifically TREK (TWIK Related K+ Channel) dysfunction for which inhibitors of TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 would provide therapeutic benefit.[Background Art]
[0002] Potassium (K+) channels are membrane proteins that are expressed in virtually every cell of the organism. K+ channel subunits (~80 genes) can be divided into three main structural classes comprising shaker type voltage-gated (Kv) , inward rectifier (Kir) and K+ channels with two-pore domains (K2P) (Kubo et al., Pharmacol Rev. 2005, 57, 509, Gutman, et al. Pharmacol Rev. 2005, 57, 473, Goldstein et al. Pharmacol Rev. 2005, 57, 527) . The third family of K+channels was discovered 20 years ago (Lesage et al. EMBO J. 1996, 15, 1004) . The 15 human K2P K+ channels have been identified so far and classified into 6 structural subgroups: TWIK, TREK (TWIK RElated K+ channels) , TASK (TWIK related Acid-Sensitive K+ channels) , TALK (TWIK related ALkaline pH-activated K+ channels) , THIK (Tandem pore domain Halothane Inhibited K+ channels) and TRESK (TWIK RElated Spinal cord K+ channel) (Enyedi et al. Physiol. Rev. 2010, 90, 559) . K2P K+ channels are responsible for background or ‘leak’ K+currents. These channels are regulated by various physical and chemical stimuli, including membrane stretch, temperature, acidosis, lipids and inhalational anaesthetics. Furthermore, channel activity is tightly controlled by membrane receptor stimulation and second messenger phosphorylation pathways. Several members of this novel family of K+ channels are highly expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems in which they are proposed to play an important physiological role (TRENDs in Neurosci. 2001) .
[0003] TREK-1, and TREK-2, which belong to TREK subgroup, are thermo-and mechano-gated K+ channel that is activated by lysophospholipids and PUFAs including arachidonic acid. They are regulated by G-protein-coupled receptors through PKA and PKC phosphorylation (Channels (Austin) . 2011 Sep-Oct; 5 (5) : 402-9) . TREK-1 gene is widely expressed in the Central Nervous System (CNS) with limited distribution in the periphery. In the CNS, TREK-1 expression is highest in the striatal tissues, the caudate and the putamen, as well as in spinal cord, foetal brain, amygdala and thalamus. In the periphery, TREK-1 expression is observed in heart, stomach and small intestine. TREK-2 gene has quite a similar expression profile compared to TREK-1 with high expression in particularly caudate, putamen and foetal brain. However, in contrast to TREK-1, TREK-2 is also highly expressed in cerebellum and corpus callosum well as in several peripheral tissues, particularly kidney (Mol. Brain Res. 2001, 86, 101) .
[0004] TREK-1 deficient mice display an increased efficacy of serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission, and a depression-resistant phenotype (Nature Neurosci. 2006, 9, 1134) . Spadin, a naturally occurring peptide, blocks TREK-1 and results in a rapid onset of antidepressant efficacy (Br. J. Pharmacol. 2014, 172, 771) . Moreover, antidepressants such as fluoxetine and paroxetine directly inhibit TREK channels (Nat. Neurosci. 2006, 9, 1134; Br. J. Pharmacol. 2005, 144, 821) . Thus, inhibition of TREK-1 with a small molecule holds promise for the treatment of depression, as well as other mood disorders (Front. Pharmacol. 2018, 9, 863) .
[0005] Inhibition of TREK-1 protects mice from cognitive impairment induced by anesthesia and, coupled with a high density in the hippocampus, TREK-1 is a potential therapeutic target against memory impairment induced by volatile anesthetics and in other CNS disorders with cognitive deficits (Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 2017, 145, 199) . TREK-1 gene expression is increased in hippocampus of patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy control (Neuropsychopharmacology 2010, 35, 239-57. ) . Intrathecal injection of microRNA targeting to TREK-1 ameliorates neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction sciatic nerve injury (Neurochem Res. 2018, 43, 1143) , suggesting that inhibition of TREK-1 may be efficacious in cognitive disorders and neuropathic pain. Knockdown of TREK-1 significantly inhibits prostatic cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, and induces a G1 / Scell cycle arrest (Cancer Res. 2008, 68, 1197-203., Oncotarget. 2015, 6, 18460-8. ) . TREK-1 is also overexpressed in human ovarian cancer tissues, and the treatment of TREK-1 inhibitors (curcumin and L-methionine) suppress ovarian cancer cell proliferation and increase late apoptosis (Clin. Transl. Oncol. 2013, 15, 910-8. ) . Thus, TREK-1 inhibitors can be useful for the treatment of prostatic and ovarian cancer TREK-1 gene is also expressed in lung and TREK-1 knockdown leads to amelioration of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis (Biomedicines. 2023, 11 (5) , 1279. ) , indicating that TREK-1 inhibitors can be useful for the treatment of lung fibrosis.
[0006] Neurotensin (NT) suppresses TREK-2 current through NT receptor 1-mediated activation of PLC / PKC pathway in entorhinal cortex layer II stellate neurons, leading to depolarization of membrane potential and enhancement of neuronal excitability. Furthermore, NT-induced enhancement of spatial learning is diminished in TREK-2 KO mice, suggesting that TREK-2 inhibitors may be useful for the treatment of cognitive impairment, such as Alzheimer's disease (J. Neurosci. 2014, 34, 7027-42. ) . TREK-2 is expressed in human bladder carcinoma cell in which TREK-2 contributes to the regulation of resting membrane potential. TREK-2 KD decreases the cell proliferation (Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2013, 17, 511-6. ) . Thus, TREK-2 inhibitors also may be efficacious in the treatment of bladder carcinoma.
[0007] Selective inhibition of TREK-1, by a small molecule inhibitor, has potential therapeutic benefit for: depression, schizophrenia, cognitive disorders including dementia, neuropathic pain, stroke, prostatic cancer, ovarian cancer and lung fibrosis (Nat. Neurosci. 2006, 9, 1134, Neuropsychopharmacology 2010, 35, 239, Neurobiol. Learn Mem. 2017, 145, 199, Neurochem Res. 2018, 43, 1143, Neurosci Lett. 2018, 671, 93, Cancer Res. 2008, 68, 1197, Clin. Transl. Oncol. 2013, 15, 910, Biomedicines. 2023, 11 (5) , 1279. ) .
[0008] Selective inhibition of TREK-2, by a small molecule inhibitor, has potential therapeutic benefit for: cognitive disorders including dementia, stroke and bladder carcinoma (J. Neurosci. 2014, 34, 7027, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005, 327, 1163, Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2013, 17, 511) . The expression level of TREK-2 is increased in cortex and hippocampus of acute rat cerebral ischemia model (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005, 327, 1163-9. ) . Thus, TREK-2 inhibitors may be useful for the treatment of stroke.
[0009] All of the above mentioned disorders may also be effectively treated by a both TREK-1 and TREK-2 inhibitor with varying degrees of TREK-1 and TREK-2 preference.
[0010] PTL 1 discloses that the compound represented of formula (I) : or any pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, wherein; X1 is N or CR6; X2 is N or CR7; X3 is N or CR8; X4 is N or CR9; L is – (C=O) -NR3-or -NR3- (C=O) -; R1 is a group -Z-R12; wherein Z is -C0-4alk-S (=O) (=NH) -or the like; R2 is halo or a group -Y-R13, wherein Y is -C0-4alk-or the like; R3 is H or the like; R4 is H, halo, C1-8alk, or C1-4haloalk; R5 is H, halo, C1-8alk, or C1-4haloalk; R6 is H or the like; R7 is H or the like; R8 is H or the like; R9 is H or the like; R12 is H, R12b or the like; R12b is independently, at each instance, selected from the group consisting of C1-6alk substituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 group (s) selected from F, Cl, or the like; RX is selected from the group consisting of or the like; Each of R10a, R10b, R10c, R10d, R10e, R10f, R10g, R10h, R10i, and R10j is H, halo.
[0011] However, there is no statement or suggestion that the compounds in this disclosure have a prominent TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 inhibitory activity.[Citation List][Patent Literature][PTL 1]WO2020 / 132653[Summary of Invention][Technical Problem]
[0012] Despite advances in K2P K+ channel research and TREK-1 / TREK-2 pharmacology channel research, there is still a scarcity of compounds that are potent, efficacious, and selective inhibitors of the either TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2, and also effective in the treatment of neurological, psychiatric, inflammatory, respiratory, renal and cardiovascular disorders, cancer or lung fibrosis associated with K2P K+ channels, specifically TREK (TWIK RElated K+ channels) dysfunction for which inhibitors of TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 would offer therapeutic benefit.[Solution to Problem]
[0013] In order to achieve the foregoing objects, the present inventors conducted intensive studies to find a compound having a TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 inhibitory effect, and found that compounds of formula (I) have a prominent TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 inhibitory activity. In one aspect, disclosed are compounds of formula (I) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: all symbols are defined as below.
[0014] Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, methods of making the compounds, kits comprising the compounds, and methods of using the compounds, compositions and kits for prevention and / or treatment of disorders, such as neurological and / or psychiatric disorders, associated with TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 dysfunction for which inhibitors of TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 would offer therapeutic benefit in a mammal.[Brief Description of Drawings]
[0015] [Fig. 1] Fig. 1; Shows that the effect of Compound 28, 31, 197 and 201 in the mouse forced swim test. The vertical axis shows the immobility time, and the horizontal axis shows the group to which vehicle, the test compound or imipramine was administered. *p<0.05 compared to the vehicle-treated group (Dunnett's test) , ##p<0.01, ###p<0.001 compared to the vehicle-treated group (Student t-test) .[Description of Embodiments]
[0016] Disclosed herein are inhibitors of TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2. That is, the disclosure relates to; [1] A compound of formula (I) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: ring A is or 8 to 10-membered bicycle which may be substituted by 1 to 6 halogen atoms; ring B is or 8 to 10-membered bicycle which may be substituted by 1 to 6 halogen atoms; ring C is 5 or 6-membered aromatic monocycle; X1 is (1) CR3 or (2) N; X2 is (1) CR3-1 or (2) N; X3 is selected from the group consisting of (1) CR11, (2) NR10 or N, (3) S and (4) O; with proviso that when ringC is 5-membered aromatic ring, (2) is NR1w; when ringC is 6-membered aromatic ring, (2) is N; X4 is (1) CR12 or (2) N; X5 is (1) CR6 or (2) N; R1 is selected from the group consisting of (1) C1-4 alkyl, (2) C1-4 haloalkyl, (3) C2-4 alkenyl, (4) C2-4 haloalkenyl, (5) C2-4 alkynyl, (6) C2-4 haloalkynyl, (7) C3-6 cycloalkyl and (8) 4 to 6-membered saturated monocyclic heterocycle, wherein each of the groups (1) to (6) may be substituted by 1 to 3 C3-6 cycloalkyl (s) or 4 to 6-membered saturated monocyclic heterocycle (s) ; R2 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) C1-4 alkyl, (3) C1-4 haloalkyl and (4) -CO-R2-1; R2-1 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) C1-4 alkyl, (3) C1-4 haloalkyl and (4) 5 to 6-membered carbocyclic ring which may be substituted by 1 to 5 halogen atoms; R3 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom, (3) C1-4 alkyl and (4) C1-4 haloalkyl; R3-1 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom, (3) C1-4 alkyl and (4) C1-4 haloalkyl; R4 is selected from the group consisting of (1) C1-4 alkyl, (2) C1-4 haloalkyl, (3) -NH2, (4) C3-6 cycloalkyl and (5) 4 to 6-membered saturated monocyclic heterocycle, wherein each of the groups (1) or (2) may be substituted by 1 to 3 C3-6 cycloalkyl (s) or C1-4 alkyl (s) ; and each of the groups (3) or (4) in R4 may be substituted by 1 or 2 C1-4 alkyl (s) ; R5 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a halogen atom, (2) C1-4 alkyl and (3) C1-4 haloalkyl; R6 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom, (3) C1-4 alkyl, (4) C1-4 haloalkyl, (5) C1-4 alkoxy and (6) C1-4 haloalkoxy; R7 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom, (3) C1-4 alkyl, (4) C1-4 haloalkyl, (5) C1-4 alkoxy, (6) C1-4 haloalkoxy and (7) C3-6 cycloalkyl which may be substituted by 1 to 3 C1-4 alkyl (s) ; R8 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a halogen atom, (2) C1-4 alkyl and (3) C1-4 haloalkyl; R9 is (1) a hydrogen atom or (2) C1-4 alkyl; R10 is (1) a hydrogen atom or (2) C1-4 alkyl; R11 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom, (3) C1-4 alkyl and (4) C1-4 haloalkyl; R12 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom, (3) C1-4 alkyl, (4) C1-4 haloalkyl, (5) C1-4 alkoxy, (6) C1-4 haloalkoxy and (7) C3-6 cycloalkyl which may be substituted by 1 to 3 C1-4 alkyl (s) ; m represents an integer of 0 to 3; n represents an integer of 0 to 2. [1-1] A compound of formula (I) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: ring A is or 8 to 10-membered bicycle which may be substituted by 1 to 6 halogen atoms; ring B is or 8 to 10-membered bicycle which may be substituted by 1 to 6 halogen atoms; ring C is 5 or 6-membered aromatic monocycle; X1 is (1) CR3 or (2) N; X2 is (1) CR3-1 or (2) N; X3 is selected from the group consisting of (1) CR11, (2) NR10 or N, (3) S and (4) O; with proviso that when ringC is 5-membered aromatic ring, (2) is NR10; when ringC is 6-membered aromatic ring, (2) is N; X4 is (1) CR12 or (2) N; X5 is (1) CR6 or (2) N; R1 is selected from the group consisting of (1) C1-4 alkyl, (2) C1-4 haloalkyl, (3) C2-4 alkenyl, (4) C2-4 haloalkenyl, (5) C2-4 alkynyl, (6) C2-4 haloalkynyl, (7) C3-6 cycloalkyl and (8) 4 to 6-membered saturated monocyclic heterocycle, wherein each of the groups (1) to (6) may be substituted by 1 to 3 C3-6 cycloalkyl (s) or 4 to 6-membered saturated monocyclic heterocycle (s) ; R2 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) C1-4 alkyl, (3) C1-4 haloalkyl and (4) -CO-R2-1; R2-1 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) C1-4 alkyl, (3) C1-4 haloalkyl and (4) 5 to 6-membered carbocyclic ring which may be substituted by 1 to 5 halogen atoms; R3 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom, (3) C1-4 alkyl and (4) C1-4 haloalkyl; R3-1 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom, (3) C1-4 alkyl and (4) C1-4 haloalkyl; R4 is selected from the group consisting of (1) C1-4 alkyl, (2) C1-4 haloalkyl, (3) -NH2, (4) C3-6 cycloalkyl and (5) 4 to 6-membered saturated monocyclic heterocycle, wherein each of the groups (1) or (2) may be substituted by 1 to 3 C3-6 cycloalkyl (s) ; and each of the groups (3) or (4) in R4 may be substituted by 1 or 2 C1-4 alkyl (s) ; R5 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a halogen atom, (2) C1-4 alkyl and (3) C1-4 haloalkyl; R6 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom, (3) C1-4 alkyl, (4) C1-4 haloalkyl, (5) C1-4 alkoxy and (6) C1-4 haloalkoxy; R7 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom, (3) C1-4 alkyl, (4) C1-4 haloalkyl, (5) C1-4 alkoxy, (6) C1-4 haloalkoxy and (7) C3-6 cycloalkyl which may be substituted by 1 to 3 C1-4 alkyl (s) ; R8 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a halogen atom, (2) C1-4 alkyl and (3) C1-4 haloalkyl; R9 is (1) a hydrogen atom or (2) C1-4 alkyl; R10 is (1) a hydrogen atom or (2) C1-4 alkyl; R11 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom, (3) C1-4 alkyl and (4) C1-4 haloalkyl; R12 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom, (3) C1-4 alkyl, (4) C1-4 haloalkyl, (5) C1-4 alkoxy, (6) C1-4 haloalkoxy and (7) C3-6 cycloalkyl which may be substituted by 1 to 3 C1-4 alkyl (s) ; m represents an integer of 0 to 3; n represents an integer of 0 to 2. [2] The compound according to [1] or [1-1] , which is a compound of formula (I-A) : wherein X1A is selected from (1) CH or (2) N; and the other symbols are as defined in [1] ; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [2-1] The compound according to [1] or [1-1] , which is a compound of formula (I-A1) : wherein all symbols are as defined in [1] or [2] ; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [2-2] The compound according to [1] or [1-1] , which is a compound of formula (I-A2) : wherein all symbols are as defined in [1] or [2] ; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [2-3] The compound according to any one of [1] , [1-1] ans [2] , wherein ringA is (1) or (2) dihydrobenzofuran; ring B is selected from the group consisting of (1) (2) imidazopyridine, (3) quinoline and (4) pyrazolopyridine; and the other symbols are as defined in [1] or [2] ; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [2-4] The compound according to amy one of [1] , [1-1] and [2] , wherein ringA is selected from the group consisting of (1) (2) (3) and (4) dihydrobenzofuran; ring B is selected from the group consisting of (1) (2) imidazo [1, 2-a] pyridine, (3) quinoline and (4) pyrazolo [1, 5-a] pyridine; and the other symbols are as defined in [1] or [2] ; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [3] The compound according to any one of [1] , [1-1] and [2] , wherein ringA is and the other symbols are as defined in [1] or [2] ; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [4] The compound according to any one of [1] to [3] , [1-1] , and [2-1] to [2-4] , wherein ringB is and the other symbols are as defined in [1] or [2] ; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [5] The compound according to any one of [1] to [4] , [1-1] , and [2-1] to [2-4] , which is a compound of formula (I-B) : wherein all symbols are as defined in [1] or [2] ; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [6] The compound according to any one of [1] to [5] , [1-1] , and [2-1] to [2-4] , wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of (1) C1-4 alkyl, (2) C1-4 haloalkyl and (7) a C3-6 cycloalkyl group; and the other symbols are as defined in [1] or [2] ; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [7] The compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to [1] or [1-1] , wherein the compound is (1) (S) -5-chloro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (2) (R) -5-chloro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (3) 5-chloro-N- [5- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -2'-isopropyl-2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (4) 5-chloro-2-methoxy-N- [5- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] benzamide; (5) 5-chloro-N- [4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (6) 5-chloro-N- [4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxynicotinamide; (7) 5-chloro-2-methoxy-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -4- [2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} nicotinamide; (8) (S) -5-chloro-N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'-isopropyl-2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (9) (R) -5-chloro-N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'-isopropyl-2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (10) (S) -5- (difluoromethyl) -2-methoxy-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2- [2-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} benzamide; (11) (R) -5- (difluoromethyl) -2-methoxy-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2- [2-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} benzamide; (12) (S) -5-chloro-N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (13) (R) -5-chloro-N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (14) 5-bromo-N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (15) (S) -N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (16) (R) -N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (17) 5-chloro-N- {5- [S- (difluoromethyl) sulfonimidoyl] -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl} -2-methoxybenzamide; (18) 5-chloro-N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (19) 5-chloro-N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxynicotinamide; (20) 5-chloro-N- [4- (2-cyclopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxynicotinamide; (21) 5-chloro-N- [6- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (22) 5-chloro-N- [6- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxynicotinamide; (23) 5-chloro-N- [5-fluoro-4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (24) 5-chloro-N- [6- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -5-fluoro-4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (25) (S) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -5-(trifluoromethoxy) benzamide; (26) (R) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -5-(trifluoromethoxy) benzamide; (27) 5- (difluoromethoxy) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] benzamide; (28) (S) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (29) (R) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (30) 5- (difluoromethyl) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] benzamide; (31) 2-methoxy-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2- [2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} -5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (32) 5- (1, 1-difluoroethyl) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] benzamide; (33) 5-chloro-N- {2- [2- (1, 1-difluoroethyl) phenyl] -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl} -2-methoxybenzamide; (34) (S) -N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (35) (R) -N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (36) 5-chloro-N- [4- (2-ethylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (37) N- [4- (2-ethylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethoxy) benzamide; (38) N- [4- (2-ethylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (39) (S) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -6-methoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (40) (R) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -6-methoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (41) (S) -N- {2- [2- (1, 1-difluoroethyl) phenyl] -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl} -2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (42) (R) -N- {2- [2- (1, 1-difluoroethyl) phenyl] -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl} -2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (43) 5- (difluoromethoxy) -2-fluoro-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2- [2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} benzamide; (44) (S) -N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (45) (R) -N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (46) (S) -N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethoxy) benzamide; (47) (R) -N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethoxy) benzamide; (48) N- {4- [2- (difluoromethyl) phenyl] -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl} -2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (49) 2-fluoro-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2- [2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} -5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (50) 5-chloro-N- {4- [2- (difluoromethyl) phenyl] -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl} -2-methoxybenzamide; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [8] A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound according to any one of [1] to [7], [1-1] , and [2-1] to [2-4] , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. [9] The pharmaceutical composition according to [8] , which is a TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 inhibitor.
[0010] The pharmaceutical composition according to [8] , which is a preventive and / or therapeutic agent for a disorder associated with TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 dysfunction.
[0011] The pharmaceutical compostion according to
[0010] , wherein the disorder associated with TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 dysfunction is a neurological and / or psychiatric disorder. [11-1] The pharmaceutical composition according to
[0010] , wherein the disorder associated with TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 dysfunction is a neurological and / or psychiatric disorder, cognitive disorder, pain, cancer or lung fibrosis.
[0012] The pharmaceutical compostion according to
[0011] , wherein the neurological and / or psychiatric disorder is selected from the group consisting of depression, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, neuropathic pain and cerebral infarction. [12-1] The pharmaceutical composition according to
[0012] , wherein schizophrenia is cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. [12-2] The pharmaceutical composition according to
[0012] , wherein the neurological and / or psychiatric disorder is depression or cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia.
[0013] A method for preventing and / or treating a disorder associated with TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 dysfunction, comprising administering an effective amount of the compound according to any one of [1] to [7] , [1-1] , and [2-1] to [2-4] , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a mammal.
[0014] The compound according to any one of [1] to [7] , [1-1] , and [2-1] to [2-4] , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in prevention and / or treatment of a disorder associated with TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 dysfunction.
[0015] Use of the compound according to any one of [1] to [7] , [1-1] , and [2-1] to [2-4] , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for manufacturing a preventive and / or therapeutic agent for a disorder associated with TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 dysfunction.
[0016] A kit comprising the compound according to any one of [1] to [7] , [1-1] , and [2-1] to [2-4] , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more of: (a) at least one agent known to decrease a TREK-1 channel activity; (b) at least one agent known to decrease a TREK-2 channel activity; (c) at least one agent known to prevent and / or treat a disorder associated with TREK channel dysfunction in which inhibitors of TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 would offer therapeutic benefit in a mammal; (d) instructions for preventing and / or treating a disorder associated with TREK channel dysfunction in which inhibitors of TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 would offer therapeutic benefit in a mammal; and (e) instructions for administering the compound in connection with cognitive behavioral therapy.
[0017] Disclosed herein are inhibitors of the TREK (TWIK Related K+ channels) -subtypes 1 and 2 (TREK-1 and TREK-2) , methods of making the same, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same, and methods of preventing and / or treating neurological, psychiatric, inflammatory, respiratory, renal and cardiovascular disorders associated with TREK channel dysfunction using the same. The compounds include, but not limited to, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0018] Definitions Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In case of conflict, the present document, including definitions, will control. Preferred methods and materials are described below, although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in practice or testing of the present disclosure. All publications, patent applications, patents and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. The materials, methods, and examples disclosed herein are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
[0019] The terms “comprise (s) , ” “include (s) , ” “having, ” “has, ” “can, ” “contain (s) , ” and variants thereof, as used herein, are intended to be open-ended transitional phrases, terms, or words that do not preclude the possibility of additional acts or structures. The singular forms “a, ” “an” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The present disclosure also contemplates other embodiments “comprising, ” “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of, ” the embodiments or elements presented herein, whether explicitly set forth or not.
[0020] The modifier “about” used in connection with a quantity is inclusive of the stated value and has the meaning dictated by the context (for example, it includes at least the degree of error associated with the measurement of the particular quantity) . The modifier “about” should also be considered as disclosing the range defined by the absolute values of the two endpoints. For example, the expression “from about 2 to about 4” also discloses the range “from 2 to 4. ” The term “about” may refer to plus or minus 10%of the indicated number. For example, “about 10%” may indicate a range of 9%to 11%, and “about 1” may mean from 0.9-1.1. Other meanings of “about” may be apparent from the context, such as rounding off, so, for example “about 1” may also mean from 0.5 to 1.4.
[0021] Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms are described in more detail below. For purposes of this disclosure, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed., inside cover, and specific functional groups are generally defined as described therein. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in Organic Chemistry, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito, 1999; Smith and March March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition, John Wiley &Sons, Inc., New York, 2001; Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1989; Carruthers, Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987; the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0022] Examples of the “halogen” as used herein include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms. Examples of the “C1-4 alkyl” as used herein include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl and tert-butyl groups. In the present disclosure, the C2-4 alkenyl group refers to, for example, a vinyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, and isomers thereof, and the like. In the present disclosure, the C2-4 alkynyl group refers to, for example, an ethynyl group, a propynyl group, a butynyl group, and isomers thereof. Examples of the “C1-4 alkoxy” as used herein include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy and isobutoxy groups.
[0023] Examples of the “C1-4 haloalkyl” include a fluoromethyl group, chloromethyl group, bromomethyl group, iodomethyl group, difluoromethyl group, trifluoromethyl group, 1-fluoroethyl group, 2-fluoroethyl group, 2-chloroethyl group, pentafluoroethyl group, 1-fluoropropyl group, 2-chloropropyl group, 3-fluoropropyl group, 3-chloropropyl group, 4, 4, 4-trifluorobutyl group and 4-bromobutyl and the like. Examples of the “C1-4 haloalkoxy” include a trifluoromethoxy group, trichloromethoxy group, chloromethoxy group, bromomethoxy group, fluoromethoxy group, iodomethoxy group, difluoromethoxy group, dibromomethoxy group, 2-chloroethoxy group, 2, 2, 2-trifluoroethoxy group, 2, 2, 2-trichloroethoxy group, 3-bromopropoxy group, 3-chloropropoxy group, 2, 3-dichloropropoxy group and the like. Examples of the “C2-4 haloalkenyl” include fluorovinyl, difluorovinyl, chlorovinyl, dichlorovinyl, a perfluorovinyl group, a perchlorovinyl group, 3, 3, 3-trifluoropropenyl, a perfluoropropenyl group, a perfluorobutenyl group, and isomers thereof, and the like. Examples of the “C2-4 haloalkynyl” include fluoroethynyl, chloroethynyl, 3, 3, 3-trifluoropropynyl, a perfluoroethynyl group, a perfluoropropynyl group, a perfluorobutynyl group, and isomers thereof, and the like.
[0024] Examples of the “C3-6 cycloalkyl” include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl groups, and the like. Examples of the “4 to 6-membered saturated monocyclic heterocycle” include azetidine, oxetane, thietane, pyrrolidine, pyrazolidine, imidazolidine, tetrahydrofuran, dioxolane, tetrahydrothiophene, oxathiolane, piperidine, piperadine, tetrahydropyran, dioxane, dithiane, and the like. Examples of the "5 to 6-membered carbocyclic ring" includes monocyclic unsaturated, partially saturated, or saturated 5 to 6-membered carbocyclic rings. Examples of the “5 or 6-membered aromatic monocycle includes a benzene ring, pyrrole, imidazole, triazole, tetrazole, pyrazole, furan, thiophene, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, furazan, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine and the like. Examples of the “5-membered aromatic ring” includes a pyrrole, imidazole, triazole, tetrazole, pyrazole, furan, thiophene, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, furazan, oxadiazole, thiadiazole and the like. Examples of the “6-membered aromatic ring” includes a pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine and the like.
[0025] Examples of the “8 to 10-membered bicycle” include a pentalene, perhydropentalene, indene, perhydroindene, indane, azulene, perhydroazulene, naphthalene, dihydronaphthalene, tetrahydronaphthalene, perhydronaphthalene, thienopyrazole, thienoimidazole, pyrazolothiazole, indole, isoindole, indolizine, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, indazole, purine, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, imidazopyridine, benzofurazan, benzothiadiazole, benzotriazole, indoline, isoindoline, dihydrobenzofuran, perhydrobenzofuran, dihydroisobenzofuran, perhydroisobenzofuran, dihydrobenzothiophene, perhydrobenzothiophene, dihydroisobenzothiophene, perhydroisobenzothiophene, dihydroindazole, perhydroindazole, dihydrobenzoxazole, perhydrobenzoxazole, dihydrobenzothiazole, perhydrobenzothiazole, dihydrobenzoimidazole, perhydrobenzoimidazole, dioxaindane, benzodithiolane, dithianaphthalene, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinolidine, phthalazine, pteridine, naphthyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, chromene, dihydroquinoline, tetrahydroquinoline, perhydroquinoline, dihydroisoquinoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline, perhydroisoquinoline, dihydrophthalazine, tetrahydrophthalazine, perhydrophthalazine, dihydronaphthyridine, tetrahydronaphthyridine, perhydronaphthyridine, dihydroquinoxaline, tetrahydroquinoxaline, perhydroquinoxaline, dihydroquinazoline, tetrahydroquinazoline, perhydroquinazoline, dihydrocinnoline, tetrahydrocinnoline, perhydrocinnoline, benzooxathiane, dihydrobenzoxazine, dihydrobenzothiazine, pyrazinomorpholine, benzodioxane, chroman, benzodithiane, pyrazolopyridine, imidazo [1, 2-a]pyridine, pyrazolo [1, 5-a] pyridine and the like.
[0026] For compounds described herein, groups and substituents thereof may be selected in accordance with permitted valence of the atoms and the substituents, such that the selections and substitutions result in a stable compound, e.g., which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, and the like.
[0027] The term “inhibitor” as used herein refers to a molecular entity (e.g., but not limited to, a disclosed compound) that decreases or disappears the activity of the target receptor protein.
[0028] The term “ligand” as used herein refers to a natural or synthetic molecular entity that is capable of associating or binding to a receptor to form a complex and mediate, prevent or modify a biological effect. Thus, the term “ligand” encompasses allosteric modulators, inhibitors, activators, agonists, antagonists, natural substrates and analogs of natural substrates.
[0029] The terms “natural ligand” and “endogenous ligand” as used herein are used interchangeably, and refer to a naturally occurring ligand, found in nature, which binds to a receptor.
[0030] The term “thallium flux assay” herein refers to a fluorescence-based assay used to monitor the activity of TREK channels. Thallium is a congener of potassium that readily fluxes through the pore of TREK channels. Thallium flux is measured using a commercially available, thallium-sensitive fluorescent dye called Thallos. The detail method is described below.
[0031] The term “patch clamp technique” herein refers to the “gold standard” technique for evaluating TREK channel pharmacology. The detail method is described below.
[0032] The term “MK-801-induced novel object recognition test” herein refers to the experiment to evaluate in vivo efficacy in the schizophrenic cognitive impairment animal model. The detail method is described below. MK-801 is also known as dizocilpine.
[0033] The term “TREK inhibitor” as used herein refers to any exogenously administered compound or agent that directly or indirectly inhibits the channel in an animal, in particular a mammal, for example a human.
[0034] The term “dysfunction” as used herein refers to any abnormal functions that induce activation or inhibition of the channel in an animal, in particular a mammal, for example a human.
[0035] For the recitation of numeric ranges herein, each intervening number there between with the same degree of precision is explicitly contemplated. For example, for the range of 6-9, the numbers 7 and 8 are contemplated in addition to 6 and 9, and for the range 6.0-7.0, the number 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, and 7.0 are explicitly contemplated.
[0036] Compounds In one aspect, disclosed is a compound of formula (I) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: all symbols are defined as below.
[0037] In some embodiments, the formula (I) is preferably the formula (I-A) : (wherein all symbols are as defined as above) .
[0038] In some embodiments, the formula (I) is preferably the formula (I-A1) : (wherein all symbols are as defined as above) .
[0039] In some embodiments, the formula (I) is preferably the formula (I-A2) : (wherein all symbols are as defined as above) .
[0040] In some embodiments, the formula (I) is preferably the formula (I-B) : (wherein all symbols are as defined as above) . ring A is preferably (1) or (2) dihydrobenzofuran; and the other symbols are as defined as below.
[0041] More preferable ring A is (1) (2) (3) or (4) dihydrobenzofuran; and the other symbols are as defined as above.
[0042] Most preferable ring A is and the other symbols are as defined as above.
[0043] Ring B is preferably (1) or (2) 8 to 10-membered bicycle which may be substituted by a halogen atom; and the other symbols are as defined as above.
[0044] More preferable ring B is (1) (2) imidazopyridine, (3) quinoline or (4) pyrazolopyridine; wherein each of the group of (2) to (4) may be substituted by a halogen atom; and the other symbols are as defined as above. Furthermore preferable ring B is (1) (2) imidazo [1, 2-a] pyridine, (3) quinoline or (4) pyrazolo [1, 5-a] pyridine; wherein each of the group of (2) to (4) may be substituted by a halogen atom; and the other symbols are as defined as above.
[0045] Most preferable ring B is and the other symbols are as defined as above.
[0046] Ring C is preferably (1) (2) or (3)
[0047] More preferable ring C is
[0048] R1 is preferably (1) C1-4 alkyl, (2) C1-4 haloalkyl, (3) C3-6 cycloalkyl group or (4) 4 to 6-membered saturated monocyclic heterocycle; wherein (1) C1-4 alkyl may be substituted by a C3-6 cycloalkyl or 4 to 6-membered saturated monocyclic heterocycle; . More preferable R1 is (1) C1-4 alkyl, (2) C1-4 haloalkyl or (3) C3-6 cycloalkyl group. Most preferable R1 is methyl.
[0049] R2 is preferably (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) C1-4 alkyl or (3) -CO-R2-1; wherein R2-1 is as defined as above. More preferable R2 is (1) a hydrogen atom or (2) C1-4 alkyl. Most preferable R2 is a hydrogen atom. R2-1 is preferably (1) C1-4 alkyl or (2) 5 to 6-membered carbocyclic ring which may be substituted by a halogen atom.
[0050] R3 is preferably (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom or (3) C1-4 alkyl. More preferable R3 is (1) a hydrogen atom or (2) a fluorine atom. Most preferable R3 is a hydrogen atom. R3-1 is preferably (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom or (3) C1-4 alkyl. More preferable R3-1 is (1) a hydrogen atom or (2) a fluorine atom. Most preferable R3-1 is a hydrogen atom.
[0051] R4 is preferably (1) C1-4 alkyl, (2) C1-4 haloalkyl, (3) -NH2 or (4) C3-6 cycloalkyl group. More preferable R4 is (1) C1-4 alkyl, (2) C1-4 haloalkyl, or (3) C3-6 cycloalkyl group. Most preferable R3 is difluoroethyl.
[0052] R5 is preferably (1) a halogen atom or (2) C1-4 alkyl. More preferable R5 is (1) a fluorine atom, (2) a chlorine atom or (3) C1-4 alkyl.
[0053] R6 is preferably (1) a halogen atom or (2) C1-4 alkoxy. More preferable R6 is (1) a fluorine atom or (2) C1-4 alkoxy. Furthemore preferable R6 is (1) a fluorine atom or (2) methoxy. Most preferable R6 is methoxy.
[0054] R7 is preferably (1) a halogen atom, (2) C1-4 alkyl, (3) C1-4 haloalkyl, (4) C1-4 alkoxy or (5) C1-4 haloalkoxy. More preferable R7 is (1) a chlorine atom, (2) a bromine atom, (3) C1-4 haloalkyl or (4) C1-4 haloalkoxy. Most preferable R7 is trifluoromethyl.
[0055] R8 is preferably (1) a halogen atom or (2) C1-4 alkyl. More preferable R8 is (1) a fluorine atom.
[0056] R9 is preferably a hydrogen atom. R10 is preferably a hydrogen atom. R11 is preferably (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom and (3) C1-4 alkyl. More preferable R11 is a hydrogen atom. R12 is preferably (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom or (3) C1-4 alkyl. More preferable R12 is a hydrogen atom.
[0057] X1 is preferably N. X1A is preferably N. X2 is preferably CR3-1. X3 is preferably (1) CH, (2) NR10 or N or (3) S; with proviso that when ringC is 5-membered aromatic ring, (2) is NR10; when ringC is 6-membered aromatic ring, (2) is N. More preferable X3 is CH. X4 is preferably CH. X5 is preferably CR6.
[0058] m is preferably an integer of 0 or 1. More preferable m is an integer of 0. n is preferably an integer of 0 or 1. More preferable n is an integer of 0.
[0059] In some embodiments, the compound is preferably, but is not limited to: (1) (S) -5-chloro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (2) (R) -5-chloro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (3) 5-chloro-N- [5- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -2'-isopropyl-2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (4) 5-chloro-2-methoxy-N- [5- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] benzamide; (5) 5-chloro-N- [4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (6) 5-chloro-N- [4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxynicotinamide; (7) 5-chloro-2-methoxy-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -4- [2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} nicotinamide; (8) (S) -5-chloro-N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'-isopropyl-2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (9) (R) -5-chloro-N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'-isopropyl-2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (10) (S) -5- (difluoromethyl) -2-methoxy-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2- [2-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} benzamide; (11) (R) -5- (difluoromethyl) -2-methoxy-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2- [2-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} benzamide; (12) (S) -5-chloro-N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (13) (R) -5-chloro-N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (14) 5-bromo-N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (15) (S) -N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (16) (R) -N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (17) 5-chloro-N- {5- [S- (difluoromethyl) sulfonimidoyl] -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl} -2-methoxybenzamide; (18) 5-chloro-N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (19) 5-chloro-N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxynicotinamide; (20) 5-chloro-N- [4- (2-cyclopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxynicotinamide; (21) 5-chloro-N- [6- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (22) 5-chloro-N- [6- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxynicotinamide; (23) 5-chloro-N- [5-fluoro-4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (24) 5-chloro-N- [6- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -5-fluoro-4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (25) (S) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -5-(trifluoromethoxy) benzamide; (26) (R) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -5-(trifluoromethoxy) benzamide; (27) 5- (difluoromethoxy) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] benzamide; (28) (S) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (29) (R) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (30) 5- (difluoromethyl) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] benzamide; (31) 2-methoxy-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2- [2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} -5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (32) 5- (1, 1-difluoroethyl) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] benzamide; (33) 5-chloro-N- {2- [2- (1, 1-difluoroethyl) phenyl] -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl} -2-methoxybenzamide; (34) (S) -N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (35) (R) -N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (36) 5-chloro-N- [4- (2-ethylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide; (37) N- [4- (2-ethylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethoxy) benzamide; (38) N- [4- (2-ethylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (39) (S) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -6-methoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (40) (R) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -6-methoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (41) (S) -N- {2- [2- (1, 1-difluoroethyl) phenyl] -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl} -2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (42) (R) -N- {2- [2- (1, 1-difluoroethyl) phenyl] -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl} -2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (43) 5- (difluoromethoxy) -2-fluoro-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2- [2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} benzamide; (44) (S) -N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (45) (R) -N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (46) (S) -N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethoxy) benzamide; (47) (R) -N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethoxy) benzamide; (48) N- {4- [2- (difluoromethyl) phenyl] -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl} -2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (49) 2-fluoro-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2- [2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} -5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide; (50) 5-chloro-N- {4- [2- (difluoromethyl) phenyl] -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl} -2-methoxybenzamide; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0060] The compound of the formula (I) is preferably such a compound that some or all of the above-mentioned preferred examples for ring A, ring B, R1, R2, R9, X1 and X2 are combined. The compound of the formula (I-A) is preferably such a compound that some or all the above-mentioned preferred examples for ring A, ring B, R1, X1A and X2 are combined. The compound of the formula (I-A1) is preferably such a compound that some or all the above mentioned preferred examples for ring B, ringC, R1, R4, R5, X1A, X2, X3 and m are combined. The compound of the formula (I-A2) is preferably such a compound that some or all the above mentioned preferred examples for ringC, R1, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, X1A, X2, X3, X4 and m are combined. The compound of the formula (I-B) is preferably such a compound that some or all of the above-mentioned preferred examples for R1, R4, R6, R7, R8, X1A, X2 and X4 are combined. In some embodiments, a disorder associated with TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 dysfunctionis preferably neurological and / or psychiatric disorder.
[0061] More preferable disorder associated with TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 dysfunction is depression, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, neuropathic pain or cerebral infarction.
[0062] Furthermore preferable disorder associated with TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 dysfunction is depression, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder.
[0063] Most preferable disorder associated with TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 dysfunction is depression or schizophrenia.
[0064] In some embodiments, schizophrenia is preferably cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia (CIAS) .
[0065] In some embodiments, the compounds have a prominent TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 inhibitory activity.
[0066] In some embodiments, the compounds may inhibit TREK-1 selectively. In some embodiments, the compounds may inhibit TREK-2 selectively. In some embodiments, the compounds may inhibit both TREK-1 and TREK-2 to varying degrees. The disclosed compounds may inhibit TREK-1 and / or TREK-2 via a competitive antagonist mechanism or through an allosteric, non-competitive mechanism.
[0067] The disclosed compounds may inhibit TREK-1 and / or TREK-2 response in TREK-1 or TREK-2-transfected CHO-K1 cells with an IC50 less than, or equivalent to the IC50 for TREK-1 or TREK-2. That is, a disclosed compound can have selectivity for the TREK-1 vis-a-vis TREK-2, a disclosed compound can have selectivity for the TREK-2 vis-a-vis TREK-1, or no selectivity. For example, in some embodiments, a disclosed compound can inhibit TREK-1 response with an IC50 of about 5-fold less, about 10-fold less, about 20-fold less, about 30-fold less, about 50-fold less, about 100-fold less, about 200-fold less, about 300-fold less, about 400-fold less, or greater than about 500-fold less than that for TREK-2. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound can inhibit TREK-2 response with an IC50 of about 5-fold less, about 10-fold less, about 20-fold less, about 30-fold less, about 50-fold less, about 100-fold less, about 200-fold less, about 300-fold less, about 400-fold less, or greater than about 500-fold less than that for TREK-1. In some embodiments, a disclosed compound can inhibit TREK-1 and TREK-2 responses with comparable IC50 values.
[0068] In the present disclosure, the isomer includes all of these isomers, unless otherwise specified. For example, each of an alkyl, a haloalkyl, an alkenyl, a haloalkenyl, an alkynyl, a haloalkynyl, an alkoxy and a haloalkoxy includes both of a linear form and a branched form thereof. In addition, an isomer in a double bond, a ring or a condensed ring (an E-, Z-, cis-or trans-form) , an isomer due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon or the like (an R-or S-form, an α-or β-configuration, an enantiomer, a diastereomer) , an optical isomer having an optical rotation (aD-, L-, d-or l-form) , a polar body obtained by chromatographic separation (ahighly polar body, a poorly polar body) , an equilibrium compound and a rotational isomer, and a mixture and a racemic mixture thereof at an arbitrary mixing ratio are also included within the scope of the present disclosure. In the present disclosure, the isomer includes all of tautomeric isomers.
[0069] In the present disclosure, unless otherwise specified, the symbol: represents that a substituent binds to the back side on the paper surface (in other words, α-configuration) , the symbol: represents that a substituent binds to the front side on the paper surface (in other words, β-configuration) , the symbol: represents α-configuration or β-configuration, the symbol: represents a mixture of α-configuration and β-configuration as long as the symbol is substituted at an asymmetric carbon atom.
[0070] The compound may exist as a stereoisomer wherein asymmetric or chiral centers are present. The stereoisomer is “R” or “S” depending on the configuration of substituents around the chiral carbon atom. The terms “R” and “S” used herein are configurations as defined in IUPAC 1974 Recommendations for Section E, Fundamental Stereochemistry, in Pure Appl. Chem., 1976, 45: 13-30. The disclosure contemplates various stereoisomers and mixtures thereof and these are specifically included within the scope of this disclosure. Stereoisomers include enantiomers and diastereomers, and mixtures of enantiomers or diastereomers. Individual stereoisomers of the compounds may be prepared synthetically from commercially available starting materials, which contain asymmetric or chiral centers or by preparation of racemic mixtures followed by methods of resolution well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art. These methods of resolution are exemplified by (1) attachment of a mixture of enantiomers to a chiral auxiliary, separation of the resulting mixture of diastereomers by recrystallization or chromatography and optional liberation of the optically pure product from the auxiliary as described in Furniss, Hannaford, Smith, and Tatchell, “Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, ” 5th edition (1989) , Longman Scientific &Technical, Essex CM20 2JE, England, or (2) direct separation of the mixture of optical enantiomers on chiral chromatographic columns, or (3) fractional recrystallization methods.
[0071] It should be understood that the compound may possess tautomeric forms, as well as geometric isomers, and that these also constitute embodiments of the disclosure.
[0072] The present disclosure also includes an isotopically-labeled compound, which is identical to those recited in formula (I) , but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes suitable for inclusion in the compounds of the disclosure are hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, fluorine, and chlorine, such as, but not limited to 2H, 3H, 13C, 14C, 15N, 18O, 17O, 31P, 32P, 35S, 18F, and 36Cl, respectively. Substitution with heavier isotopes can afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and, hence, may be preferred in some circumstances. The compound may incorporate positron-emitting isotopes for medical imaging and positron-emitting tomography (PET) studies for determining the distribution of receptors. Suitable positron-emitting isotopes that can be incorporated in compounds of formula (I) are 11C, 13N, 15O, and 18F. Isotopically-labeled compounds of formula (I) can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the accompanying Examples using appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of non-isotopically-labeled reagent.
[0073] Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts The disclosed compounds may exist as pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to salts or zwitterions of the compounds which are water or oil-soluble or dispersible, suitable for treatment of disorders without undue toxicity, irritation, and allergic response, commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio and effective for their intended use. The salts may be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or separately by reacting an amino group of the compounds with a suitable acid. For example, a compound may be dissolved in a suitable solvent, such as but not limited to methanol and water and treated with at least one equivalent of an acid, like hydrochloric acid. The resulting salt may precipitate out and be isolated by filtration and dried under reduced pressure. Alternatively, the solvent and excess acid may be removed under reduced pressure to provide a salt. Representative salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, citrate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, digluconate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, formate, isethionate, fumarate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, naphthylenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, picrate, oxalate, maleate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, glutamate, para-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric and the like. The amino groups of the compounds may also be quaternized with alkyl chlorides, bromides and iodides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, lauryl, myristyl, stearyl and the like.
[0074] Basic addition salts may be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the disclosed compounds by reaction of a carboxyl group with a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a metal cation such as lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or aluminum, or an organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine. Quaternary amine salts can be prepared, such as those derived from methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine, tributylamine, pyridine, N, N-dimethylaniline, N-methylpiperidine, N-methylmorpholine, dicyclohexylamine, procaine, dibenzylamine, N, N-dibenzylphenethylamine, 1-ephenamine and N, N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperidine, piperazine, and the like.
[0075] In the present disclosure, all the mentions of the compound of the present disclosure include a compound represented by formula (I) , or a salt, a solvate, or a cocrystal thereof.
[0076] The compound represented by formula (I) and a salt thereof may be present in a not-solvation form, or in a solvation form with pharmaceutically acceptable solvent such as water or ethanol. Preferable solvates include hydrate. The compound represented by formula (I) and a salt thereof can be converted into a solvate by a well-known method.
[0077] The compound represented by formula (I) can form a cocrystal with an appropriate cocrystal former. As the cocrystal, pharmaceutically acceptable cocrystal that is formed with a pharmaceutically acceptable cocrystal former is preferable. The cocrystal is typically defined as a crystal that is formed of two or more different molecules by intermolecular interaction that is different from ionic bond. Furthermore, the cocrystal may be a composite of a neutral molecule and a salt. The cocrystal can be prepared by recrystallization from a solvent by a well-known method, for example, melting crystallization, or physically pulverizing the components together. Appropriate cocrystal formers include ones described in WO2006 / 007448.
[0078] The compound represented by the formula (I) can be administered as a prodrug. The prodrug of the compound represented by the formula (I) refers to a compound which is converted in vivo to the compound represented by the formula (I) by the reaction with enzymes, gastric acid and the like. Examples of the prodrug of the compound represented by the formula (I) include, when the compound represented by the formula (I) has an amino group, compounds in which the amino group is acylated, alkylated or phosphorylated (e.g. compounds represented by the formula (I) in which the amino group thereof is converted to eicosanoyl, aranyl, pentylaminocarbonyl, (5-methyl-2-oxo-1, 3-dioxolen-4-yl) methoxycarbonyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyrrolidylmethyl, pivaloyloxymethyl, acetoxymethyl, tert-butyl or the like) ; when the compound represented by the formula (I) has a hydroxy group, compounds in which the hydroxy group is acylated, alkylated, phosphorylated or converted to borate (e.g. compounds represented by the formula (I) in which the hydroxy group thereof is converted to acetyl, palmitoyl, propanoyl, pivaloyl, succinyl, fumaryl, alanyl, dimethylaminomethylcarbonyl or the like) ; when the compound represented by the formula (I) has a carboxy group, compounds in which the carboxy group is esterified or amidated (e.g. compounds represented by the formula (I) in which the carboxy group thereof is converted to methyl ester, ethyl ester, isopropyl ester, phenyl ester, carboxymethyl ester, dimethylaminomethyl ester, pivaloyloxymethyl ester, phthalidyl ester, 1-{(ethoxycarbonyl) oxy} ethyl ester, (5-methyl-2-oxo-1, 3-dioxolen-4-yl) methyl ester, 1- { [ (cyclohexyloxy) carbonyl] oxy} ethyl ester, methylamide or the like) and the like. The prodrug of the compound represented by the formula (I) may be the one which is converted to the compound represented by the formula (I) under the physiological condition such as those disclosed in “Iyakuhin no Kaihatsu” , vol. 7 “Bunshi Sekkei” , p. 163-198, 1990, Hirokawa Shoten Co.
[0079] General Synthesis Compounds of formula (I) may be prepared by synthetic processes or by metabolic processes. Preparation of the compounds by metabolic processes includes those occurring in the human or animal body (in vivo) or processes occurring in vitro.
[0080] Abbreviations which have been used in the descriptions of following examples are: AcOH is acetic acid; Ac2O is acetic anhydride; amphos is di-tert-butyl (4-dimethylaminophenyl) phosphine; 2, 2'-bipyridine is 2-pyridin-2-ylpyridine; CHP is cumene hydroperoxide; DAST is diethylaminosulfur trifluoride; DCE is dichloroethane; DCM is dichloromethane; DIAD is diisopropyl diazene-1, 2-dicarboxylate; DIEA is N, N-diisopropylethylamine; DMF is N, N-dimethylformamide; DMSO is dimethyl sulfoxide; DPE-phos is bis (2-Diphenylphosphinophenyl) ether; EtOAc or EA is ethyl acetate; FA is formic acid; B2pin2 is 4, 4, 4', 4', 5, 5, 5', 5'-octamethyl-2, 2'-bi (1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane) ; KHMDS is potassium bis(trimethylsilyl) amide; L-DBT is Dibenzyl L-Tartrate; NMI is 1-methyl-1H-imidazole; NMM is N-methylmorpholine; Pd (dppf) Cl2 is [1, 1’ -bis (diphenylphosphino) ferrocene] dichloropalladium (II) ; Pd2 (dba) 3 is tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium (0) ; PE is petroleum ether; PhMe is toluene; PIDA is iodobenzene diacetate; PYCLU is chlorodipyrrolidinocarbenium hexafluorophosphate; RT or rt or r.t. maens room temperature; SFC is supercritical fluid chromatography; TCFH is N- (chloro (dimethylamino) methylene) -N-methylmethanaminium hexafluorophosphate; TEA is triethylamine; TFA is trifluoromethyl acetic acid; TMS is trimethylsilyl; .
[0081] Compounds of formula (I) can be synthesized as shown in Scheme I to XVII.
[0082] Scheme I wherein Xa is selected from the group consisting of (1) halogen, (2) tolsylate, (3) mesylate and (4) triflate and the other symbols are defined as above. As shown in Scheme I, compounds A1 may be coupled with a variety of boranes or diborones under the the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling conditions, generally known in the art, to provide intermediates A2. Q is boronic acid or boronic acid ester. For example, the reaction may be conducted with a borane reagent such as HBpin in the presence of a palladium catalyst such as Pd (dppf) Cl2 and a base (e.g, TEA) in a solvent such as 1, 4-dioxane with heating up to around 90℃.
[0083] Scheme II wherein Xb and Xc are selected from (1) halogen, (2) tolsylate, (3) mesylate and (4) triflate and the other symbols are defined as above. Scheme II illustrates a general route to the intermediates A4. Compound A3 with a chlorine as Xb and a bromine as Xc may be coupled with a boronic acid or a boronic ester A2 under standard Suzuki-Miyaura coupling conditions (e.g. Pd (dppf) Cl2 and Na2CO3) in solvent (e.g. 1, 4-dioxane / H2O) to provide A4 with heating up to around 90℃.
[0084] Scheme III wherein all symbols are defined as above. As shown in Scheme III, compounds A5 may be formed by the reaction of compound A4 under i) standard SNAr reaction conditions with a sodium thioalkoxide such as an aqueoius solution of CH3SNa in a solvent such as DMF with cooling or heating up to around 80℃, or ii) palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling conditions, generally known in the art, with a thiol such as p-methoxybenzyl thiol in the presence of a palladium catalyst such as Pd2 (dba) 3, a phosphine ligand such as xantphos and a base (e.g, DIEA) in a solvent such as 1, 4-dioxane with heating up to around 120℃.
[0085] Scheme IV wherein all symbols are defined as above. As shown in Scheme IV, compounds A6 may be formed by the reaction of compound A4 under standard SNAr reaction conditions with Na2S in a solvent such as DMF and water with cooling or heating up to around 100℃.
[0086] Scheme V wherein PG is selected from the group consisting of (1) benzyl, (2) 4-methoxy-benzyl, and (3) 2, 4-di-methoxy-benzyl and the other symbols are defined as above. As shown in Scheme V, compounds A6 may be formed from compound A5’ by deprotection of a protecting group (described as a PG in the scheme) such as deprotection of p-methoxybenzyl group with TFA up to around 80℃.
[0087] Scheme VI wherein Xd are selected from (1) halogen, (2) tolsylate, (3) mesylate and (4) triflate and the other symbols are defined as above. As shown in Scheme VI, compounds A5 may be formed by the reaction of compound A6 i) under copper-catalyzed cross-coupling conditions with a boronic acid (R1B (OH) 2) such as a cyclopropyl boronic acid in the presence of a copper catalyst such as Cu (OAc) 2, a base (e.g. TEA) , a phosphine ligand such as 2, 2-bipyridine under oxgen in a solvent such as DCM or DCE with heating up to around 80℃, ii) under standard SN2 reaction conditons with a variety of alkyl halides (R1-Xd) under basic conditions, generally known in the art, or iii) with the reagents generating a difluorocarbene such as ClF2CCO2Na in the presence of base such as K2CO3 in a solvent such as DMF with heating up to around 80℃.
[0088] Scheme VII wherein all symbols are defined as above. As shown in Scheme VII, compounds A5 may be converted to aniline intermediates A7 under reductive conditions, generally known in the art. For example, the reaction may be conducted with hydrogen source such as an iron powder in the presence of an acid (e.g, ammonium chloride) in a solvent such as THF-H2O with heating up to around 75℃ or with hydrogen source such as hydrogen in the presence of palladium catalyst (e.g, 5%palladium on carbon) in a solvent such as ethyl acetate.
[0089] Scheme VIII wherein Xe is (1) a halogen atom, or (2) hydroxyl group and the other symbols are defined as above. Scheme VIII illustrates a general route to compounds A8. Compounds A8 may be formed by the reaction of compound A7 with compound A19 under i) standard amide coupling conditions (e.g. TCFH, NMI or NMM, MeCN) at ambient temperature or with heating up to around 60 ℃ when Xe is a hydroxy group, or ii) standard acylation conditions (e.g. DIPEA, DCM) with cooling or heating up to around 60℃ when Xe is a halogen.
[0090] Scheme IX wherein all symbols are defined as above. As shown in Scheme IX, compounds A8 may be converted to sulfoximine compounds (I-A) under oxidative conditions, generally known in the art. For example, the reaction may be conducted with an amine source such as (NH4) 2CO3 in the presence of an oxidant (e.g, PhI (OAc) 2) in a solvent such as MeOH at ambient temperature or with heating up to around 50℃. Asymmetric oxidation and subsequent introduction of amine unit may be performed, generally known in the art. For example, the reaction may be conducted under Sharpless asymmetric oxidation condition (e.g. Ti (OiPr) 4, L-DBT, CHP) in a solvent such as DCM with cooling or heating up to around 40℃, and then resuling sulfoxide may be converted to sulfoximine compounds (I-A) with an amine source such as (NH4) CO2NH2 in the presence of an oxidant (e.g, PhI (OAc) 2) in a solvent such as MeOH at ambient temperature or with heating up to around 50℃.
[0091] Scheme X wherein all symbols are defined as above. As shown in Scheme X, compounds A9 and A10 may be isolated as each enantiomer by a standard chiral separation of compound (I-A) by a standard chiral separation method, generally known in the art, such as SFC separation and chiral HPLC separation of a mixture of a pair of enantiomers.
[0092] Scheme XI wherein all symbols are defined as above. Scheme XI illustrates a general route to compounds A11 (= formula (I) when R9 is H) . Compounds A11 may be formed by the reaction of compound (I-A) under reductive amination conditions (e.g. HCHO, NaBH (OAc) 3) in a solvent such as MeOH with cooling or heating up to around 40℃.
[0093] Scheme XII wherein Xf is selected from (1) a halogen atom, or (2) hydroxyl group and the other symbols are defined as above. Scheme XII illustrates a general route to compounds A12. Compounds A12 may be formed by the reaction of compound (I-A) under i) standard amide coupling conditions (e.g. TCFH, NMI or NMM) in a solvent such as MeCN at ambient temperature or with heating up to around 60℃when Xf is a hydroxy group, or ii) standard acylation conditions (e.g. DIPEA) in a solvent such as DCM with cooling or heating up to around 60℃ when Xf is a halogen.
[0094] Scheme XIII wherein all symbols are defined as above. As shown in Scheme XIII, compounds A13 and A14 may be isolated as each enantiomer by a standard chiral separation of compound A11 by a standard chiral separation method, generally known in the art, such as SFC separation and chiral HPLC separation of a mixture of a pair of enantiomers. Compounds A13 and A14 may be formed by the conditions described in Scheme XI using each enantiomer.
[0095] Scheme XIV wherein all symbols are defined as above. As shown in Scheme XIV, compounds A15 and A16 may be isolated as each enantiomer by a standard chiral separation of compound A12 by a standard chiral separation method, generally known in the art, such as SFC separation and chiral HPLC separation of a mixture of a pair of enantiomers. Compounds A15 and A16 may be formed by the conditions described in Scheme XII using each enantiomer.
[0096] Scheme XV wherein Xg is selected from (1) halogen, (2) tolsylate, (3) mesylate and (4) triflate, and Rj is C1-4 alkyl, the other symbols are defined as above. As shown in Scheme XV, intermediate A18 may be formed by the reaction of compound A17 with a variety of boronic acids and boronic acid esters under standard Suzuki coupling conditions (e.g. Palladium source, Cs2CO3 and dioxane / water) .
[0097] Scheme XVI wherein all symbols are defined as above. As shown in Scheme XVI, intermediate A19 may be formed by the reaction of compound A18 under standard saponification conditions, generally known in the art, (e.g. NaOH, MeOH) to provide the carboxylic acid A19.
[0098] Scheme XVII wherein all symbols are defined as above. As shown in Scheme XVII, intermediate A3 may be formed from compound A20 under standard nitration conditions, generally known in the art, (e.g. HNO3, H2SO4) to provide A3 with cooling or heating up to around 60℃.
[0099] The compounds used as the starting material in each of the reactions is known or can be easily prepared by known method.
[0100] The compounds and intermediates may be isolated and purified by methods well-known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis. Examples of conventional methods for isolating and purifying compounds can include, but are not limited to, chromatography on solid supports such as silica gel, alumina, or silica derivatized with alkylsilane groups, by recrystallization at high or low temperature with an optional pretreatment with activated carbon, thin-layer chromatography, distillation at various pressures, sublimation under vacuum, and trituration, as described for instance in “Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry” , 5th edition (1989) , by Furniss, Hannaford, Smith, and Tatchell, pub. Longman Scientific &Technical, Essex CM20 2JE, England.
[0101] A disclosed compound may have at least one basic nitrogen whereby the compound can be treated with an acid to form a desired salt. For example, a compound may be reacted with an acid at or above room temperature to provide the desired salt, which is deposited, and collected by filtration after cooling. Examples of acids suitable for the reaction include, but are not limited to tartaric acid, lactic acid, succinic acid, as well as mandelic, atrolactic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, toluenesulfonic, naphthalenesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, carbonic, fumaric, maleic, gluconic, acetic, propionic, salicylic, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric, sulfuric, citric, hydroxybutyric, camphorsulfonic, malic, phenylacetic, aspartic, or glutamic acid, and the like.
[0102] Reaction conditions and reaction times for each individual step can vary depending on the particular reactants employed and substituents present in the reactants used. Specific procedures are provided in the Examples section. Reactions can be worked up in the conventional manner, e.g. by eliminating the solvent from the residue and further purified according to methodologies generally known in the art such as, but not limited to, crystallization, distillation, extraction, trituration and chromatography. Unless otherwise described, the starting materials and reagents are either commercially available or can be prepared by one skilled in the art from commercially available materials using methods described in the chemical literature. Starting materials, if not commercially available, can be prepared by procedures selected from standard organic chemical techniques, techniques that are analogous to the synthesis of known, structurally similar compounds, or techniques that are analogous to the above described schemes or the procedures described in the synthetic examples section.
[0103] Routine experimentations, including appropriate manipulation of the reaction conditions, reagents and sequence of the synthetic route, protection of any chemical functionality that cannot be compatible with the reaction conditions, and deprotection at a suitable point in the reaction sequence of the method are included in the scope of the disclosure. Suitable protecting groups and the methods for protecting and deprotecting different substituents using such suitable protecting groups are well known to those skilled in the art; examples of which can be found in PGM Wuts and TW Greene, in Greene's book titled Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (4th ed.) , John Wiley &Sons, NY (2006) , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Synthesis of the compounds of the disclosure can be accomplished by methods analogous to those described in the synthetic schemes described hereinabove and in specific examples.
[0104] When an optically active form of a disclosed compound is required, it can be obtained by carrying out one of the procedures described herein using an optically active starting material (prepared, for example, by asymmetric induction of a suitable reaction step) , or by resolution of a mixture of the stereoisomers of the compound or intermediates using a standard procedure (such as chromatographic separation, recrystallization or enzymatic resolution) .
[0105] Similarly, when a pure geometric isomer of a compound is required, it can be obtained by carrying out one of the above procedures using a pure geometric isomer as a starting material, or by resolution of a mixture of the geometric isomers of the compound or intermediates using a standard procedure such as chromatographic separation.
[0106] It can be appreciated that the synthetic schemes and specific examples as described are illustrative and are not to be read as limiting the scope of the disclosure as it is defined in the appended claims. All alternatives, modifications, and equivalents of the synthetic methods and specific examples are included within the scope of the claims.
[0107] Pharmaceutical Compositions and Formulations The disclosed compounds may be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to a subject (such as a patient, which may be a human or non-human) . The disclosed compounds may also be provided as formulations, such as spray-dried dispersion formulations.
[0108] The pharmaceutical compositions and formulations may include a “therapeutically effective amount” or a “prophylactically effective amount” of the agent. A “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic result. A therapeutically effective amount of the composition may be determined by a person skilled in the art and may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the composition to elicit a desired response in the individual. A therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of a compound of the disclosure (e.g., a compound of formula (I) ) are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects. A “prophylactically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired prophylactic result. Typically, since a prophylactic dose is used in subjects prior to or at an earlier stage of disease, the prophylactically effective amount will be less than the therapeutically effective amount.
[0109] For example, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) , may be about 0.01 mg to about 1000 mg at a time by oral administration to a patient for once to several times per day, or about 0.01 mg to about 1000 mg at a time by parenteral administration to a patient, or continuous administration to a patient for 30 minutes to 24 hours per day intravenously. It may be administrated to patients once to several times per day.
[0110] Needless to say, as mentioned above, the effective amount to be used vary dependent upon various conditions. Therefore, effective amount lower than the ranges specified above may be sufficient in some cases, and effective amount higher than the ranges specified above are needed in some cases.
[0111] The pharmaceutical compositions and formulations may include pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, ” as used herein, means a non-toxic, inert solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sugars such as, but not limited to, lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as, but not limited to, corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as, but not limited to, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as, but not limited to, cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as, but not limited to, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols; such as propylene glycol; esters such as, but not limited to, ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as, but not limited to, magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol, and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such as, but not limited to, sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator.
[0112] Thus, the compounds and their physiologically acceptable salts may be formulated for administration by, for example, solid dosing, eye drop, in a topical oil-based formulation, injection, inhalation (either through the mouth or the nose) , implants, or oral, buccal, parenteral, or rectal administration. Techniques and formulations may generally be found in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, ” (Meade Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. ) . Therapeutic compositions must typically be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage.
[0113] The route by which the disclosed compounds are administered and the form of the composition will dictate the type of carrier to be used. The composition may be in a variety of forms, suitable, for example, for systemic administration (e.g., oral, rectal, nasal, sublingual, buccal, implants, or parenteral) or topical administration (e.g., dermal, pulmonary, nasal, aural, ocular, liposome delivery systems, or iontophoresis) .
[0114] Carriers for systemic administration typically include at least one of diluents, lubricants, binders, disintegrants, colorants, flavors, sweeteners, antioxidants, preservatives, glidants, solvents, suspending agents, wetting agents, surfactants, combinations thereof, and others. All carriers are optional in the compositions.
[0115] Suitable diluents include sugars such as glucose, lactose, dextrose, and sucrose; diols such as propylene glycol; calcium carbonate; sodium carbonate; sugar alcohols, such as glycerin; mannitol; and sorbitol. The amount of diluent (s) in a systemic or topical composition is typically about 50 to about 90%.
[0116] Suitable lubricants include silica, talc, stearic acid and its magnesium salts and calcium salts, calcium sulfate; and liquid lubricants such as polyethylene glycol and vegetable oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and oil of theobroma. The amount of lubricant (s) in a systemic or topical composition is typically about 5 to about 10%.
[0117] Suitable binders include polyvinyl pyrrolidone; magnesium aluminum silicate; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; gelatin; tragacanth; and cellulose and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium carboxymethylcellulose. The amount of binder (s) in a systemic composition is typically about 5 to about 50%.
[0118] Suitable disintegrants include agar, alginic acid and the sodium salt thereof, effervescent mixtures, croscarmellose, crospovidone, sodium carboxymethyl starch, sodium starch glycolate, clays, and ion exchange resins. The amount of disintegrant (s) in a systemic or topical composition is typically about 0.1 to about 10%.
[0119] Suitable colorants include a colorant such as an FD&C dye. When used, the amount of colorant in a systemic or topical composition is typically about 0.005 to about 0.1%.
[0120] Suitable flavors include menthol, peppermint, and fruit flavors. The amount of flavor (s) , when used, in a systemic or topical composition is typically about 0.1 to about 1.0%.
[0121] Suitable sweeteners include aspartame and saccharin. The amount of sweetener (s) in a systemic or topical composition is typically about 0.001 to about 1%.
[0122] Suitable antioxidants include butylated hydroxyanisole ( “BHA” ) , butylated hydroxytoluene ( “BHT” ) , and vitamin E. The amount of antioxidant (s) in a systemic or topical composition is typically about 0.1 to about 5%.
[0123] Suitable preservatives include benzalkonium chloride, methyl paraben and sodium benzoate. The amount of preservative (s) in a systemic or topical composition is typically about 0.01 to about 5%.
[0124] Suitable glidants include silicon dioxide. The amount of glidant (s) in a systemic or topical composition is typically about 1 to about 5%.
[0125] Suitable solvents include water, isotonic saline, ethyl oleate, glycerine, hydroxylated castor oils, alcohols such as ethanol, and phosphate buffer solutions. The amount of solvent (s) in a systemic or topical composition is typically from about 0 to about 100%.
[0126] Suitable suspending agents include AVICEL RC-591 (from FMC Corporation of Philadelphia, PA) and sodium alginate. The amount of suspending agent (s) in a systemic or topical composition is typically about 1 to about 8%.
[0127] Suitable surfactants include lecithin, Polysorbate 80, and sodium lauryl sulfate, and the TWEENS from Atlas Powder Company of Wilmington, Delaware. Suitable surfactants include those disclosed in the C. T. F. A. Cosmetic Ingredient Handbook, 1992, pp. 587-592; Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 15th Ed. 1975, pp. 335-337; and McCutcheon's Volume 1, Emulsifiers &Detergents, 1994, North American Edition, pp. 236-239. The amount of surfactant (s) in the systemic or topical composition is typically about 0.1%to about 5%.
[0128] Although the amounts of components in the systemic compositions may vary depending on the type of systemic composition prepared, in general, systemic compositions include 0.01%to 50%of an active compound (e.g., a compound of formula (I) ) and 50%to 99.99%of one or more carriers. Compositions for parenteral administration typically include 0.1%to 10%of actives and 90%to 99.9%of a carrier including a diluent and a solvent.
[0129] Compositions for oral administration can have various dosage forms. For example, solid forms include tablets, capsules, granules, and bulk powders. These oral dosage forms include a safe and effective amount, usually at least about 5%, and more particularly from about 25%to about 50%of actives. The oral dosage compositions include about 50%to about 95%of carriers, and more particularly, from about 50%to about 75%.
[0130] Tablets can be compressed, tablet triturates, enteric-coated, sugar-coated, film-coated, or multiple-compressed. Tablets typically include an active component, and a carrier comprising ingredients selected from diluents, lubricants, binders, disintegrants, colorants, flavors, sweeteners, glidants, and combinations thereof. Specific diluents include calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, mannitol, lactose and cellulose. Specific binders include starch, gelatin, and sucrose. Specific disintegrants include alginic acid and croscarmellose. Specific lubricants include magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and talc. Specific colorants are the FD&C dyes, which can be added for appearance. Chewable tablets preferably contain sweeteners such as aspartame and saccharin, or flavors such as menthol, peppermint, fruit flavors, or a combination thereof.
[0131] Capsules (including implants, time release and sustained release formulations) typically include an active compound (e.g., a compound of formula (I) ) , and a carrier including one or more diluents disclosed above in a capsule comprising gelatin. Granules typically comprise a disclosed compound, and preferably glidants such as silicon dioxide to improve flow characteristics. Implants can be of the biodegradable or the non-biodegradable type.
[0132] The selection of ingredients in the carrier for oral compositions depends on secondary considerations like taste, cost, and shelf stability, which are not critical for the purposes of this disclosure.
[0133] Solid compositions may be coated by conventional methods, typically with pH or time-dependent coatings, such that a disclosed compound is released in the gastrointestinal tract in the vicinity of the desired application, or at various points and times to extend the desired action. The coatings typically include one or more components selected from the group consisting of cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate, ethyl cellulose, EUDRAGIT (Registered Trademark) coatings (available from Evonik Industries of Essen, Germany) , waxes and shellac.
[0134] Compositions for oral administration can have liquid forms. For example, suitable liquid forms include aqueous solutions, emulsions, suspensions, solutions reconstituted from non-effervescent granules, suspensions reconstituted from non-effervescent granules, effervescent preparations reconstituted from effervescent granules, elixirs, tinctures, syrups, and the like. Liquid orally administered compositions typically include a disclosed compound and a carrier, namely, a carrier selected from diluents, colorants, flavors, sweeteners, preservatives, solvents, suspending agents, and surfactants. Peroral liquid compositions preferably include one or more ingredients selected from colorants, flavors, and sweeteners.
[0135] Other compositions useful for attaining systemic delivery of the subject compounds include sublingual, buccal and nasal dosage forms. Such compositions typically include one or more of soluble filler substances such as diluents including sucrose, sorbitol and mannitol; and binders such as acacia, microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Such compositions may further include lubricants, colorants, flavors, sweeteners, antioxidants, and glidants.
[0136] The disclosed compounds can be topically administered. Topical compositions that can be applied locally to the skin may be in any form including solids, solutions, oils, creams, ointments, gels, lotions, shampoos, leave-on and rinse-out hair conditioners, milks, cleansers, moisturizers, sprays, skin patches, and the like. Topical compositions include: a disclosed compound (e.g., a compound of formula (I) ) , and a carrier. The carrier of the topical composition preferably aids penetration of the compounds into the skin. The carrier may further include one or more optional components.
[0137] The amount of the carrier employed in conjunction with a disclosed compound is sufficient to provide a practical quantity of composition for administration per unit dose of the compound. Techniques and compositions for making dosage forms useful in the methods of this disclosure are described in the following references: Modern Pharmaceutics, Chapters 9 and 10, Banker &Rhodes, eds. (1979) ; Lieberman et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets (1981) ; and Ansel, Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 2nd Ed., (1976) .
[0138] A carrier may include a single ingredient or a combination of two or more ingredients. In the topical compositions, the carrier includes a topical carrier. Suitable topical carriers include one or more ingredients selected from phosphate buffered saline, isotonic water, deionized water, monofunctional alcohols, symmetrical alcohols, aloe vera gel, allantoin, glycerin, vitamin A and E oils, mineral oil, propylene glycol, PPG-2 myristyl propionate, dimethyl isosorbide, castor oil, combinations thereof, and the like. More particularly, carriers for skin applications include propylene glycol, dimethyl isosorbide, and water, and even more particularly, phosphate buffered saline, isotonic water, deionized water, monofunctional alcohols, and symmetrical alcohols.
[0139] The carrier of a topical composition may further include one or more ingredients selected from emollients, propellants, solvents, humectants, thickeners, powders, fragrances, pigments, and preservatives, all of which are optional.
[0140] Suitable emollients include stearyl alcohol, glyceryl monoricinoleate, glyceryl monostearate, propane-1, 2-diol, butane-1, 3-diol, mink oil, cetyl alcohol, isopropyl isostearate, stearic acid, isobutyl palmitate, isocetyl stearate, oleyl alcohol, isopropyl laurate, hexyl laurate, decyl oleate, octadecan-2-ol, isocetyl alcohol, cetyl palmitate, di-n-butyl sebacate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl stearate, butyl stearate, polyethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, lanolin, sesame oil, coconut oil, arachis oil, castor oil, acetylated lanolin alcohols, petroleum, mineral oil, butyl myristate, isostearic acid, palmitic acid, isopropyl linoleate, lauryl lactate, myristyl lactate, decyl oleate, myristyl myristate, and combinations thereof. Specific emollients for skin include stearyl alcohol and polydimethylsiloxane. The amount of emollient (s) in a skin-based topical composition is typically about 5%to about 95%.
[0141] Suitable propellants include propane, butane, isobutane, dimethyl ether, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and combinations thereof. The amount of propellant (s) in a topical composition is typically about 0%to about 95%.
[0142] Suitable solvents include water, ethyl alcohol, methylene chloride, isopropanol, castor oil, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, tetrahydrofuran, and combinations thereof. Specific solvents include ethyl alcohol and homotopic alcohols. The amount of solvent (s) in a topical composition is typically about 0%to about 95%.
[0143] Suitable humectants include glycerin, sorbitol, sodium 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate, soluble collagen, dibutyl phthalate, gelatin, and combinations thereof. Specific humectants include glycerin. The amount of humectant (s) in a topical composition is typically 0%to 95%.
[0144] The amount of thickener (s) in a topical composition is typically about 0%to about 95%.
[0145] Suitable powders include beta-cyclodextrins, hydroxypropyl cyclodextrins, chalk, talc, fullers earth, kaolin, starch, gums, colloidal silicon dioxide, sodium polyacrylate, tetra alkyl ammonium smectites, trialkyl aryl ammonium smectites, chemically-modified magnesium aluminum silicate, organically-modified montmorillonite clay, hydrated aluminum silicate, fumed silica, carboxyvinyl polymer, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethylene glycol monostearate, and combinations thereof. The amount of powder (s) in a topical composition is typically 0%to 95%.
[0146] The amount of fragrance in a topical composition is typically about 0%to about 0.5%, particularly, about 0.001%to about 0.1%.
[0147] Suitable pH adjusting additives include HCl or NaOH in amounts sufficient to adjust the pH of a topical pharmaceutical composition.
[0148] In some embodiments, the following components are mixed with each other in a usual method and punched out to obtain 10, 000 tablets each containing 5 mg of the active ingredient. · 5-chloro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide (50 g) ; · carboxymethylcellulose calcium (disintegrating agent) (20 g) ; · magnesium stearate (lubricant) (10 g) ; · microcrystalline cellulose (920 g) .
[0149] Spray-Dried Dispersion Formulations The disclosed compounds may be formulated as a spray-dried dispersion (SDD) . An SDD is a single-phase, amorphous molecular dispersion of a drug in a polymer matrix. It is a solid solution with the compound molecularly “dissolved” in a solid matrix. SDDs are obtained by dissolving drug and a polymer in an organic solvent and then spray-drying the solution. The use of spray drying for pharmaceutical applications can result in amorphous dispersions with increased solubility of Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II (high permeability, low solubility) and class IV (low permeability, low solubility) drugs. Formulation and process conditions are selected so that the solvent quickly evaporates from the droplets, thus allowing insufficient time for phase separation or crystallization. SDDs have demonstrated long-term stability and manufacturability. For example, shelf lives of more than 2 years have been demonstrated with SDDs. Advantages of SDDs include, but are not limited to, enhanced oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble compounds, delivery using traditional solid dosage forms (e.g., tablets and capsules) , a reproducible, controllable and scalable manufacturing process and broad applicability to structurally diverse insoluble compounds with a wide range of physical properties.
[0150] This in one embodiment, the disclosure may provide a spray-dried dispersion formulation comprising a compound of formula (I) .
[0151] Methods of Use The disclosed compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and formulations may be used in methods for treatment of disorders, such as neurological, pshychiatric, inflammatory, respiratory, renal and cardiovascular, cancer or lung fibrosis disorders associated with K2P K+ channels, specifically TREK (TWIK RElated K+ channels) dysfunction for which inhibitors of TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 would offer therapeutic benefit.
[0152] Treating disorders The disclosed compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and formulations may be used in methods for prevention and / or treatment of disorders, such as neurological and / or psychiatric disorders, associated with TREK channel dysfunction in which inhibitors of TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 would offer therapeutic benefit. The methods of prevention and / or treatment may comprise administering to a subject in need of such prevention and / or treatment a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of formula (I) , or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) .
[0153] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides to a method for enhancing cognition and / or treating, preventing, ameliorating, controlling or reducing the risk of psychiatric symptoms such as schizophrenia and depression in a mammal comprising the step of administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of formula (I) , or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) .
[0154] The compounds and compositions disclosed herein may be useful for treating, preventing, ameliorating, controlling or reducing the risk of a variety of disorders associated with selective TREK channel inhibition. Thus, provided is a method of treating or preventing a disorder in a subject comprising the step of administering to the subject at least one disclosed compound or at least one disclosed pharmaceutical composition, in an amount effective to treat the disorder in the subject.
[0155] Also provided is a method for the prevention and / or treatment of one or more disorders associated with TREK channel activity in a subject comprising the step of administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of formula (I) , or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) .
[0156] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for the prevention and / or treatment of a disorder associated with TREK channel dysfunction in which inhibitors of TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 would offer therapeutic benefit in a mammal, comprising the step of administering to the mammal an effective amount of at least one disclosed compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one disclosed compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0157] In some embodiments, the disclosed compounds and compositions have utility in preventing and / or treating a variety of neurological, psychiatric and cognitive disorders, cancer or luing fibrosis associated with the TREK-1 and / or 2 inhibition in which inhibitors of TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 would offer therapeutic benefit, including one or more of the following conditions or diseases: depression, schizophrenia, psychotic disorder NOS, brief psychotic disorder, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, shared psychotic disorder, catastrophic schizophrenia, postpartum psychosis, psychotic depression, psychotic break, tardive psychosis, myxedematous psychosis, occupational psychosis, menstrual psychosis, secondary psychotic disorder, bipolar I disorder with psychotic features, substance-induced psychotic disorder, neuropathic pain, prostatic cancer, ovarian cancer and lung fibrosis.
[0158] In some embodiments, the psychotic disorder or psychiatric disorder is a psychosis associated with an illness selected from depression, major depressive disorder, postpartum depression, treatment-resistant depression, affective disorder, bipolar disorder, electrolyte disorder, Alzheimer's disease, neurological disorder, hypoglycemia, AIDS, lupus, and post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorder and 22q11.2 deletion disorder.
[0159] In some embodiments, the neurological disorder is selected from brain tumor, dementia with Lewy bodies, cerebrovascular dementia, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, Lyme disease, syphilis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.
[0160] In some embodiments, the psychotic or psychiatric disorder is selected from schizophrenia, brief psychotic disorder, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, and shared psychotic disorder. In some embodiments, the schizophrenia is selected from catastrophic schizophrenia, catatonic schizophrenia, paranoid schizophrenia, residual schizophrenia, disorganized schizophrenia, and undifferentiated schizophrenia. In some embodiments, the disorder is selected from schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, and paranoid personality disorder. In some embodiments, the psychotic disorder is due to a general medical condition and is substance-induced or drug-induced (phencyclidine, ketamine and other dissociative anesthetics, amphetamine and other psychostimulants, and cocaine) .
[0161] In some embodiments, schizophrenia, brief psychotic disorder, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, and shared psychotic disorder are preferred for the neurological disorder.
[0162] The term “schizophrenia” used herein includes negative symptoms of schizophrenia and cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia (CIAS) .
[0163] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for preventing and / or treating a cognitive disorder, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or a composition of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, cognitive disorders include dementia (associated with Alzheimer's disease, ischemia, multi-infarct dementia, trauma, vascular problems or stroke, HIV disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, perinatal hypoxia, other general medical conditions or substance abuse) , delirium, amnestic disorder, substance-induced persisting delirium, dementia due to HIV disease, dementia due to Huntington's disease, dementia due to Parkinson's disease, Parkinsonian-ALS demential complex, dementia of the Alzheimer's type, age-related cognitive decline, and mild cognitive impairment.
[0164] The text revision of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (2000, American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC) provides a diagnostic tool that includes cognitive disorders including dementia, delirium, amnestic disorders and age-related cognitive decline. The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (2013, American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC) provides a diagnostic tool for neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) that include delirium, followed by the syndromes of major NCD, mild NCD, and their etiological subtypes. The major or mild NCD subtypes include NCD due to Alzheimer's disease, vascular NCD, NCD with Lewy bodies, NCD due to Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal NCD, NCD due to traumatic brain injury, NCD due to HIV infection, substance / medication-induced NCD, NCD due to Huntington's disease, NCD due to prion disease, NCD due to another medical condition, NCD due to multiple etiologies, and unspecified NCD. The NCD category in DSM-5 encompasses the group of disorders in which the primary clinical deficit is in cognitive function, and that are acquired rather than developmental. As used herein, the term “cognitive disorders” includes prevention and / or treatment of those cognitive disorders and neurocognitive disorders as described in DSM-IV-TR or DSM-5. The skilled artisan will recognize that there are alternative nomenclatures, nosologies and classification systems for mental disorders, and that these systems evolve with medical and scientific progress. Thus the term “cognitive disorders” is intended to include like disorders that are described in other diagnostic sources.
[0165] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for preventing and / or treating schizophrenia or psychosis, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or composition of the present disclosure. Particular schizophrenia or psychosis pathologies are paranoid, disorganized, catatonic or undifferentiated schizophrenia and substance-induced psychotic disorder. DSM-IV-TR provides a diagnostic tool that includes paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated or residual schizophrenia, and substance-induced psychotic disorder. DSM-5 eliminated the subtypes of schizophrenia, and instead includes a dimensional approach to rating severity for the core symptoms of schizophrenia, to capture the heterogeneity in symptom type and severity expressed across individuals with psychotic disorders. As used herein, the term “schizophrenia or psychosis” includes prevention and / or treatment of those mental disorders as described in DSM-IV-TR or DSM-5. The skilled artisan will recognize that there are alternative nomenclatures, nosologies and classification systems for mental disorders, and that these systems evolve with medical and scientific progress. Thus the term “schizophrenia or psychosis” is intended to include like disorders that are described in other diagnostic sources.
[0166] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for preventing and / or treating pain, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or composition of the present disclosure. Particular pain embodiments are bone and joint pain (osteoarthritis) , repetitive motion pain, dental pain, cancer pain, myofascial pain (muscular injury, fibromyalgia) , perioperative pain (general surgery, gynecological) , chronic pain and neuropathic pain.
[0167] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for preventing and / or treating inflammatory disorder, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or a composition of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, inflammatory disorders include intestinal allergies, inflammatory bowel disease, allergic asthma, allergic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis.
[0168] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for preventing and / or treating respiratory disorder, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or a composition of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, respiratory disorders include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, and lung cancer.
[0169] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for preventing and / or treating renal disorder, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or a composition of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, renal disorders include nephritic syndrome and kidney failure.
[0170] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for preventing and / or treating cardiovascular disorder, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or a composition of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, cardiovascular disorders include coronary artery diseases, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease, and venous thrombosis.
[0171] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for preventing and / or treating cancer, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound or a composition of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, cancers include cancer associated with cerebral nerve (for example, pediatric brain tumors (for example, neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, astrocytoma (for example, juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma) , ependymoma, craniopharyngioma, germ cell tumors, optic nerve glioma, choroid plexus papilloma and pontine glioma) , adult brain tumors (for example, adult astrocytoma, adult malignant astrocytoma, adult glioblastoma, adult ependymoma, adult malignant ependymoma, adult malignant oligodendroglioma, adult medulloblastoma, adult meningioma and adult malignant meningioma) , glioma (for example, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma and brain stem glioma) , pituitary adenoma, acoustic schwannoma, retinoblastoma and uveal malignant melanoma) , respiratory tract cancer (for example, pharyngeal cancer (for example, nasopharyngeal cancer, oropharyngeal cancer and hypopharyngeal cancer) , laryngeal cancer, nasal sinus cancer, lung cancer (for example, small cell cancer and non-small-cell cancer) , thymoma and mesothelioma) , gastrointestinal cancer (for example, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, duodenal cancer and large bowel cancer (for example, colon cancer, rectal cancer and anal cancer) ) , oral cancer (for example, gingival cancer, tongue cancer and salivary gland cancer) , urinary system cancer (for example, penile cancer, renal pelvis ·ureter cancer, renal cell cancer, testicular tumor, prostate cancer, prostatic cancer and bladder cancer) , cancers that affect women (for example, vulvar cancer, uterine cancer (for example, cervical cancer and endometrial cancer) , uterine sarcoma, trophoblastic disease (for example, hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, placental-site trophoblastic tumor and persistent trophoblastic disease) , vaginal cancer, breast cancer, breast sarcoma, ovarian cancer and ovarian germ cell tumor) , skin cancer (for example, melanoma (also known as malignant melanoma) (for example, malignant lentiginous melanoma, superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma and erosive melanoma) , mycosis fungoides, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, premonitory signs of skin cancer ·intraepidermal carcinoma (for example, actinic keratosis, Bowen's disease and Paget's disease) , lymphomatoid papulosis, cutaneous CD30 positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma, Sezary syndrome and cutaneous B-cell lymphoma) , bone and muscle cancer (for example, osteosarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma and liposarcoma) , thyroid cancer, carcinoid, liver cancer (also known as hepatoma) , hepatoblastoma, bile duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic endocrine tumors (for example, insulinoma, gastrinoma and VIPoma) , carcinoma of unknown primary, hereditary tumors ·familial tumors (for example, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis, hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, hereditary melanoma, Wilms'tumor, hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome and multiple endocrine neoplasia) , leukemia (for example, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloproliferative disorder, adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma) , multiple myeloma, primary macroglobulinemia, malignant lymphoma (for example, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (intermediate-and high-grade lymphomas, Burkitt's lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle-cell lymphoma, MALT (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue) lymphoma and NK (natural killer) cell lymphoma) ) . In some embodiments, cancer is preferably lung, prostatic and ovarian cancer.
[0172] The compounds and compositions may be further useful in a method for the prevention, treatment, control, amelioration, or reduction of risk of the diseases, disorders and conditions noted herein. The compounds and compositions may be further useful in a method for the prevention, treatment, control, amelioration, or reduction of risk of the aforementioned diseases, disorders and conditions, in combination with other agents.
[0173] In the prevention and / or treatment of conditions which require inhibition of a TREK channel (TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2) , an appropriate dosage level may be about 0.01 to 500 mg per day, which can be administered to a patient in single or multiple doses. For oral administration, the compositions may be provided in the form of tablets containing 1.0 to 500 milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patient to be treated. The compounds can be administered on a regimen of 1 to 4 times per day. This dosage regimen can be adjusted to provide the optimal therapeutic response. It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular patient can be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity of the particular condition, and the host undergoing therapy.
[0174] In some embodiments, the disorder in which inhibitors of TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 would offer therapeutic benefit can be selected from psychosis, depression, schizophrenia, conduct disorder, disruptive behavior disorder, bipolar disorder, psychotic episodes of anxiety, anxiety associated with psychosis, psychotic mood disorders such as severe major depressive disorder; mood disorders associated with psychotic disorders, acute mania, depression associated with bipolar disorder, mood disorders associated with schizophrenia, behavioral manifestations of mental retardation, autistic disorder, movement disorders, Tourette's syndrome, akinetic-rigid syndrome, movement disorders associated with Parkinson's disease, tardive dyskinesia, drug induced and neurodegeneration based dyskinesias, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, cognitive disorders, dementias, and memory disorders.
[0175] In some embodiments, the disorder in which inhibitors of TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 would offer therapeutic benefit is Alzheimer's disease.
[0176] Co-therapeutic methods The present disclosure is further directed to administration of a selective TREK channel inhibitor for improving treatment outcomes in the context of cognitive or behavioral therapy. That is, in some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a co-therapeutic method comprising a step of administering to a mammal an effective amount and dosage of at least one disclosed compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0177] In some embodiments, administration improves treatment outcomes in the context of cognitive or behavioral therapy. Administration in connection with cognitive or behavioral therapy can be continuous or intermittent. Administration need not be simultaneous with therapy and can be before, during, and / or after therapy.
[0178] It is understood that the disclosed co-therapeutic methods can be used in connection with the disclosed compounds, compositions, kits, and uses.
[0179] Combination Therapies In the methods of use described herein, additional therapeutic agent (s) may be administered simultaneously or sequentially with the disclosed compounds and compositions. Sequential administration includes administration before or after the disclosed compounds and compositions. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent or agents may be administered in the same composition as the disclosed compounds. In other embodiments, there may be an interval of time between administration of the additional therapeutic agent and the disclosed compounds. In some embodiments, administration of an additional therapeutic agent with a disclosed compound may allow lower doses of the other therapeutic agents and / or administration at less frequent intervals. When used in combination with one or more other active ingredients, the compounds of the present disclosure and the other active ingredients may be used in lower doses than when each is used singly. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure include those that contain one or more other active ingredients, in addition to a compound of formula (I) . The above combinations include combinations of a compound of the present disclosure not only with one other active compound, but also with two or more other active compounds.
[0180] The disclosed compounds can be used as single agents or in combination with one or more other drugs in the treatment, prevention, control, amelioration or reduction of risk of the aforementioned diseases, disorders and conditions for which the compound or the other drugs have utility, where the combination of drugs together are safer or more effective than either drug alone. The other drug (s) can be administered by a route and in an amount commonly used therefor, contemporaneously or sequentially with a disclosed compound. When a disclosed compound is used contemporaneously with one or more other drugs, a pharmaceutical composition in unit dosage form containing such drugs and the disclosed compound may be used. However, the combination therapy can also be administered on overlapping schedules. It is also envisioned that the combination of one or more active ingredients and a disclosed compound can be more efficacious than either as a single agent. Thus, when used in combination with one or more other active ingredients, the disclosed compounds and the other active ingredients can be used in lower doses than when each is used singly.
[0181] The pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present disclosure can further comprise other therapeutically active compounds as noted herein which are usually applied in the prevention and / or treatment of the above mentioned pathological conditions.
[0182] The above combinations include combinations of a disclosed compound not only with one other active compound, but also with two or more other active compounds. Likewise, disclosed compounds can be used in combination with other drugs that are used in the prevention, treatment, control, amelioration, or reduction of risk of the diseases or conditions for which disclosed compounds are useful. Such other drugs can be administered, by a route and in an amount commonly used therefor, contemporaneously or sequentially with a compound of the present disclosure. When a compound of the present disclosure is used contemporaneously with one or more other drugs, a pharmaceutical composition containing such other drugs in addition to a disclosed compound is preferred. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions include those that also contain one or more other active ingredients, in addition to a compound of the present disclosure.
[0183] The weight ratio of a disclosed compound to the second active ingredient can be varied and will depend upon the effective dose of each ingredient. Generally, an effective dose of each will be used. Thus, for example, when a compound of the present disclosure is combined with another agent, the weight ratio of a disclosed compound to the other agent will generally range from about 1000: 1 to about 1: 1000, preferably about 200: 1 to about 1: 200. Combinations of a compound of the present disclosure and other active ingredients will generally also be within the aforementioned range, but in each case, an effective dose of each active ingredient should be used.
[0184] In such combinations a disclosed compound and other active agents can be administered separately or in conjunction. In addition, the administration of one element can be prior to, concurrent to, or subsequent to the administration of other agent (s) .
[0185] Accordingly, the disclosed compounds can be used alone or in combination with other agents which are known to be beneficial in the subject indications or other drugs that affect receptors or enzymes that either increase the efficacy, safety, convenience, or reduce unwanted side effects or toxicity of the disclosed compounds. The subject compound and the other agent can be coadministered, either in concomitant therapy or in a fixed combination.
[0186] In some embodiments, the compound can be employed in combination with anti-Alzheimer's agents, beta-secretase inhibitors, cholinergic agents, gamma-secretase inhibitors, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, M1 allosteric agonists, M1 positive allosteric modulators, NSAIDs including ibuprofen, vitamin E, and anti-amyloid antibodies. In another embodiment, the subject compound can be employed in combination with sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics, antipsychotics (typical and atypical) , antianxiety agents, cyclopyrrolones, imidazopyridines, pyrazolopyrimidines, minor tranquilizers, melatonin agonists and antagonists, melatonergic agents, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, 5HT-2 antagonists, and the like, such as: adinazolam, allobarbital, alonimid, alprazolam, amisulpride, amitriptyline, amobarbital, amoxapine, aripiprazole, bentazepam, benzoctamine, brotizolam, bupropion, buspirone, butabarbital, butalbital, capuride, carbocloral, chloral betaine, chloral hydrate, clomipramine, clonazepam, cloperidone, clorazepate, chlordiazepoxide, clorethate, chlorpromazine, clozapine, cyprazepam, desipramine, dexclamol, diazepam, dichloralphenazone, divalproex, diphenhydramine, doxepin, estazolam, ethchlorvynol, etomidate, fenobam, flunitrazepam, flupentixol, fluphenazine, flurazepam, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, fosazepam, glutethimide, halazepam, haloperidol, hydroxyzine, imipramine, lithium, lorazepam, lormetazepam, maprotiline, mecloqualone, melatonin, mephobarbital, meprobamate, methaqualone, midaflur, midazolam, nefazodone, nisobamate, nitrazepam, nortriptyline, olanzapine, oxazepam, paraldehyde, paroxetine, pentobarbital, perlapine, perphenazine, phenelzine, phenobarbital, prazepam, promethazine, propofol, protriptyline, quazepam, quetiapine, reclazepam, risperidone, roletamide, secobarbital, sertraline, suproclone, temazepam, thioridazine, thiothixene, tracazolate, tranylcypromine, trazodone, triazolam, trepipam, tricetamide, triclofos, trifluoperazine, trimetozine, trimipramine, uldazepam, venlafaxine, zaleplon, ziprasidone, zolazepam, zolpidem, and salts thereof, and combinations thereof, and the like, or the subject compound can be administered in conjunction with the use of physical methods such as with light therapy or electrical stimulation.
[0187] In some embodiments, the compound can be employed in combination with levodopa (with or without a selective extracerebral decarboxylase inhibitor such as carbidopa or benserazide) , anticholinergics such as biperiden (optionally as its hydrochloride or lactate salt) and trihexyphenidyl (benzhexol) hydrochloride, COMT inhibitors such as entacapone, MAO-B inhibitors, antioxidants, A2a adenosine receptor antagonists, cholinergic agonists, NMDA receptor antagonists, serotonin receptor antagonists and dopamine receptor agonists such as alentemol, bromocriptine, fenoldopam, lisuride, naxagolide, pergolide and pramipexole. It will be appreciated that the dopamine agonist can be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, for example, alentemol hydrobromide, bromocriptine mesylate, fenoldopam mesylate, naxagolide hydrochloride and pergolide mesylate. Lisuride and pramipexol are commonly used in a non-salt form.
[0188] In some embodiments, the compound can be employed in combination with a compound from the phenothiazine, thioxanthene, heterocyclic dibenzazepine, butyrophenone, diphenylbutylpiperidine and indolone classes of neuroleptic agent. Suitable examples of phenothiazines include chlorpromazine, mesoridazine, thioridazine, acetophenazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine and trifluoperazine. Suitable examples of thioxanthenes include chlorprothixene and thiothixene. An example of a dibenzazepine is clozapine. An example of a butyrophenone is haloperidol. An example of a diphenylbutylpiperidine is pimozide. An example of an indolone is molindolone. Other neuroleptic agents include loxapine, sulpiride and risperidone. It will be appreciated that the neuroleptic agents when used in combination with the subject compound can be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, for example, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, mesoridazine besylate, thioridazine hydrochloride, acetophenazine maleate, fluphenazine hydrochloride, flurphenazine enathate, fluphenazine decanoate, trifluoperazine hydrochloride, thiothixene hydrochloride, haloperidol decanoate, loxapine succinate and molindone hydrochloride. Perphenazine, chlorprothixene, clozapine, haloperidol, pimozide and risperidone are commonly used in a non-salt form. Thus, the subject compound can be employed in combination with acetophenazine, alentemol, aripiprazole, amisulpride, benzhexol, bromocriptine, biperiden, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, clozapine, diazepam, fenoldopam, fluphenazine, haloperidol, levodopa, levodopa with benserazide, levodopa with carbidopa, lisuride, loxapine, mesoridazine, molindolone, naxagolide, olanzapine, pergolide, perphenazine, pimozide, pramipexole, quetiapine, risperidone, sulpiride, tetrabenazine, trihexyphenidyl, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine or ziprasidone.
[0189] In some embodiments, the compound can be employed in combination with an anti-depressant or anti-anxiety agent, including norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (including tertiary amine tricyclics and secondary amine tricyclics) , selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) , monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) , reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (RIMAs) , serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) , corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) antagonists, α-adrenoreceptor antagonists, neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists, atypical anti-depressants, benzodiazepines, 5-HT1A agonists or antagonists, especially 5-HT1A partial agonists, and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) antagonists. Specific agents include: amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine and trimipramine; amoxapine, desipramine, maprotiline, nortriptyline and protriptyline; fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine and sertraline; isocarboxazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine and selegiline; moclobemide: venlafaxine; duloxetine; aprepitant; bupropion, lithium, nefazodone, trazodone and viloxazine; alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, chlorazepate, diazepam, halazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam and prazepam; buspirone, flesinoxan, gepirone and ipsapirone, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
[0190] In some embodiments, the compounds can be coadministered with orthosteric muscarinic agonists, muscarinic potentiators, or cholinesterase inhibitors. In some embodiments, the compounds can be coadministered with GlyT1 inhibitors and the like such as, but not limited to: risperidone, clozapine, haloperidol, fluoxetine, prazepam, xanomeline, lithium, phenobarbital, and salts thereof and combinations thereof.
[0191] In some embodiments, the other drugs for the prevention and / or treatment of schizophrenia is at least one drug selected from typical antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics, and the like.
[0192] The typical antipsychotics may include, for example, chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, sulpiride and the like.
[0193] The atypical antipsychotics may include, for example, serotonin-dopamine antagonist, multi-acting receptor targeted antipsychotics, dopamine partial agonist and the like.
[0194] The serotonin-dopamine antagonist may include, for example, risperidone, perospirone, ziprasidone, blonanserin and the like.
[0195] The multi-acting receptor targeted antipsychotics may include, for example, olanzapine, quetiapine, clozapine, lurasidone and the like.
[0196] The dopamine partial agonist may include, for example, aripiprazole, cariprazine and the like.
[0197] In some embodiments, the other drugs for the prevention and / or treatment of depression is at least one drug selected from benzodiazepine antianxiety drug, thienodiazepine antianxiety drug, non-benzodiazepine antianxiety drug, neurokinin-1 (NK1) antagonist, tricyclic antidepressant, tetracyclic antidepressant, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, triazolopyridine antidepressant, serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) , selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) , serotonin reuptake inhibitor, noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA) , noradrenaline and dopamine disinhibition drug (NDDI) , selective serotonin reuptake enhancer (SSRE) , and the like.
[0198] The benzodiazepine antianxiety drug may include, for example, alprazolam, oxazepam, oxazolam, cloxazolam, clorazepate dipotassium, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, tofisopam, triazolam, prazepam, fludiazepam, flutazolam, flutoprazepam, bromazepam, mexazolam, medazepam, ethyl loflazepate, lorazepam and the like.
[0199] The thienodiazepine antianxiety drug may include, for example, etizolam, clotiazepam and the like.
[0200] The non-benzodiazepine antianxiety drug may include, for example, citric acid tandospirone, hydroxyzine hydrochloride and the like.
[0201] The neurokinin-1 (NK1) antagonist may include, for example, aprepitant, fosaprepitant meglumine and the like.
[0202] The tricyclic antidepressant may include, for example, amitriptyline hydrochloride, imipramine hydrochloride, clomipramine hydrochloride, dosulepin hydrochloride, nortriptyline hydrochloride, lofepramine hydrochloride, trimipramine maleate, amoxapine and the like.
[0203] The tetracyclic antidepressant may include, for example, maprotiline hydrochloride, mianserin hydrochloride, setiptiline maleate and the like.
[0204] The monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor may include, for example, safrazine hydrochloride and the like.
[0205] The triazolopyridine antidepressant may include, for example, Trazodone Hydrochloride and the like.
[0206] The serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) may include, for example, milnacipran hydrochloride, venlafaxine hydrochloride, duloxetine hydrochloride and the like.
[0207] The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) may include, for example, fluvoxamine maleate, paroxetine hydrochloride, fluoxetine hydrochloride, citalopram hydrochloride, sertraline hydrochloride, escitalopram oxalate and the like.
[0208] The serotonin reuptake inhibitor may include, for example, trazodone hydrochloride and the like.
[0209] The noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA) may include, for example, mirtazapine and the like.
[0210] The noradrenaline and dopamine disinhibition drug (NDDI) may include, for example, agomelatine and the like.
[0211] The selective serotonin reuptake enhancer (SSRE) may include, for example, tianeptine and the like.
[0212] In some embodiments, the other drugs for the prevention and / or treatment of pain is at least one drug selected from acetaminophen, a nonsteroid antiinflammatory drug, an opioid, an antidepressant, an antiepileptic agent, an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, a muscle relaxant, an antiarrhythmic agent, a steroid, a bisphosphonate and the like.
[0213] The antiarrhythmic agent may include, for example, lidocaine, mexiletine and the like.
[0214] The nonsteroid antiinflammatory drug may include, for example, sasapyrine, sodium salicylate, aspirin, aspirin formulations such as those containing aspirin-dialuminate, diflunisal, indomethacin, suprofen, ufenamate, dimethylisopropylazulene, bufexamac, felbinac, diclofenac, tolmetin sodium, Clinoril, fenbufen, nabumetone, proglumetacin, indomethacin farnesil, acemetacin, proglumetacin maleate, amfenac sodium, mofezolac, etodolac, ibuprofen, ibuprofen piconol, naproxen, flurbiprofen, flurbiprofen axetil, ketoprofen, fenoprofen calcium, tiaprofen, oxaprozin, pranoprofen, loxoprofen sodium, alminoprofen, zaltoprofen, mefenamic acid, aluminium mefenamate, tolfenamic acid, floctafenine, ketophenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone, piroxicam, tenoxicam, ampiroxicam, Napageln ointment, epirizole, tiaramide hydrochloride, tinoridine hydrochloride, emorfazone, sulpyrine, Migrenin, Saridon, Sedes G, Amipylo-N, Sorbon, pilin cold remedies, acetaminophen, phenacetin, dimetotiazine mesilate, meloxicam, celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, simetride-containing formulations and non-pilin cold remedies and the like.
[0215] The opioid may include, for example, codeine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, levorphanol, meperidine, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, propoxyphene and the like.
[0216] The antidepressant may include, for example, tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., imipramine hydrochloride, clomipramine hydrochloride, dosulepin hydrochloride, nortriptyline hydrochloride, lofepramine hydrochloride, trimipramine maleate, amoxapine) , tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., maprotiline hydrochloride, mianserin hydrochloride, setiptiline maleate) , monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (safrazine hydrochloride) , serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (e.g., milnacipran hydrochloride, venlafaxine hydrochloride) , selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (e.g., fluvoxamine maleate, paroxetine hydrochloride, ) , serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., trazodone hydrochloride) and the like.
[0217] The antiepileptic agent may include, for example, phenobarbital, Puridomin, phenytoin, ethosuximide, zonisamide, nitrazepam, clonazepam, carbamazepine, sodium valproate, acetazolamide, sulthiame, gabapentin, pregabalin and the like.
[0218] The N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist may include, for example, ketamine hydrochloride, amantadine hydrochloride, memantine hydrochloride, dextromethorphan, methadone and the like.
[0219] The muscle relaxant may include, for example, succinylcholine, suxamethonium, vecuronium bromide, pancuronium bromide, dantrolene sodium and the like.
[0220] The steroid may include, for example, as topical agents, clobetasol propionate, diflorasone diacetate, fluocinonide, mometasone furoate, betamethasone dipropionate, betamethasone butyrate propionate, betamethasone valerate, difluprednate, budesonide, diflucortolone valerate, amcinonide, halcinonide, dexamethasone, dexamethasone propionate, dexamethasone valerate, dexamethasone acetate, hydrocortisone acetate, hydrocortisone butyrate, hydrocortisone butyrate propionate, deprodone propionate, prednisolone valerate acetate, fluocinolone acetonide, beclometasone propionate, triamcinolone acetonide, flumetasone pivalate, alclometasone dipropionate, clobetasone butyrate, prednisolone, beclometasone propionate, fludroxycortide and the like.
[0221] The bisphosphonate may include, for example, etidronate, pamidronate, alendronate, risedronate, zoledronate, minodronate and the like.
[0222] Modes of Administration Methods of prevention and / or treatment may include any number of modes of administering a disclosed composition. Modes of administration may include tablets, pills, dragees, hard and soft gel capsules, granules, pellets, aqueous, lipid, oily or other solutions, emulsions such as oil-in-water emulsions, liposomes, aqueous or oily suspensions, syrups, elixirs, solid emulsions, solid dispersions or dispersible powders. For the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration, the agent may be admixed with commonly known and used adjuvants and excipients such as for example, gum arabic, talcum, starch, sugars (such as, e.g., mannitose, methyl cellulose, lactose) , gelatin, surface-active agents, magnesium stearate, aqueous or non-aqueous solvents, paraffin derivatives, cross-linking agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, lubricants, conserving agents, flavoring agents (e.g., ethereal oils) , solubility enhancers (e.g., benzyl benzoate or benzyl alcohol) or bioavailability enhancers (e.g. Gelucire. TM. ) . In the pharmaceutical composition, the agent may also be dispersed in a microparticle, e.g. a nanoparticulate composition.
[0223] For parenteral administration, the agent can be dissolved or suspended in a physiologically acceptable diluent, such as, e.g., water, buffer, oils with or without solubilizers, surface-active agents, dispersants or emulsifiers. As oils for example and without limitation, olive oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, castor oil and sesame oil may be used. More generally spoken, for parenteral administration, the agent can be in the form of an aqueous, lipid, oily or other kind of solution or suspension or even administered in the form of liposomes or nano-suspensions.
[0224] The term “parenterally, ” as used herein, refers to modes of administration which include intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, subcutaneous and intraarticular injection and infusion.
[0225] The present compound has low toxicity and thus can be safely used as a medicament.
[0226] Kits In one aspect, the disclosure provides kits comprising at least one disclosed compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more of: (a) at least one agent known to decrease a TREK-1 activity; (b) at least one agent known to decrease a TREK-2 activity; (c) at least one agent known to prevent and / or treat a disorder associated with TREK dysfunction in which inhibitors of TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 would offer therapeutic benefit in a mammal; (d) instructions for preventing and / or treating a disorder associated with TREK dysfunction in which inhibitors of TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 would offer therapeutic benefit in a mammal; or (e) instructions for administering the compound in connection with cognitive or behavioral therapy.
[0227] In some embodiments, the at least one disclosed compound and the at least one agent are co-formulated. In some embodiments, the at least one disclosed compound and the at least one agent are co-packaged. The kits can also comprise compounds and / or products co-packaged, co-formulated, and / or co-delivered with other components. For example, a drug manufacturer, a drug reseller, a physician, a compounding shop, or a pharmacist can provide a kit comprising a disclosed compound and / or product and another component for delivery to a patient.
[0228] That the disclosed kits can be employed in connection with disclosed methods of use.
[0229] The kits may include information, instructions, or both that use of the kit will provide prevention and / or treatment for medical conditions in mammals (particularly humans) . The information and instructions may be in the form of words, pictures, or both, and the like. In addition or in the alternative, the kit may include the compound, a composition, or both; and information, instructions, or both, regarding methods of application of compound, or of composition, preferably with the benefit of preventing and / or treating medical conditions in mammals (e.g., humans) .
[0230] The compounds and processes of the disclosure will be better understood by reference to the following examples, which are intended as an illustration of and not a limitation upon the scope of the disclosure. [Examples]
[0231] [Synthesis Examples] The present disclosure is hereinafter specifically described by way of Examples and Biological Examples which do not limit the present disclosure. The present compounds and compounds described in Examples are denominated according to the IUPAC nomenclature. Naming according to the IUPAC nomenclature can be done using, for example, ACD / Name (Registered Trademark, version 2019.2.0, available from Advanced Chemistry Development Inc. ) , ACD / Name Batch (Registered Trademark, version 12.02.45356, available from Advanced Chemistry Development Inc. ) or ChemDraw Professional (Registered Trademark, version 17.1.0.105 or 18.0.0.231, available from PerkinElmer Inc. ) . In each of the following Examples, the name of the objective compound of the Example is described subsequently to the number of the Example, and the compound is sometimes referred to as the “title compound” .
[0232] All NMR spectra were recorded on a 400 MHz AMX Bruker NMR spectrometer or a Bruker AVANCE III 400MHz or 600MHz NMR spectrometer. 1H chemical shifts are reported in δ values in ppm downfield with the deuterated solvent as the internal standard. Data are reported as follows: chemical shift, multiplicity (s= singlet, bs = broad singlet, d = doublet, t =triplet, q = quartet, dd = doublet of doublets, m = multiplet, ABq = AB quartet) , coupling constant, integration. LCMS analysis conditions are as below. The MS data in Examples were measured by Reversed-phase LCMS method (1) unless otherwise specified.
[0233] Reversed-phase LCMS (1) : Reversed-phase LCMS analysis was obtained on a SHIMADZU LC20-MS2010 with ESI source. MS parameters were as follows: Mobile Phase: 1.5 mL / 4 L TFA in water (solvent A) and 0.75 mL / 4 L TFA in acetonitrile (solvent B) , using the elution gradient 5%-95% (solvent B) over 0.7 minutes, then holding at 95%for 0.4 minutes, at 5%for 0.4 min, at a flow rate of 1.5 ml / min; Column: Agilent Pursit 5 C18 20*2.0 mm; Wavelength: UV 220nm, 254nm, 215nm; Column temperature: 50 oC; MS ionization: ESI.
[0234] Reversed-phase LCMS (2) : Reversed-phase LCMS analysis was obtained on a SHIMADZU LC20-MS2020 with ESI source. MS parameters were as follows: Mobile Phase: 0.8 mL / 4 L NH3H2O in water (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B) , using the elution gradient 10%-80% (solvent B) over 6.5 minutes and holding at 95%for 0.5 minutes at a flow rate of 0.8 ml / min; Column: Xbridge Shield RP-18, 5 μm, 2.1*50 mm; Wavelength: UV 220nm, 254nm, 215nm; Column temperature: 50 oC; MS ionization: ESI.
[0235] Reversed-phase LCMS (3) : Reversed-phase LCMS analysis was obtained on a SHIMADZU LC20-MS2020 with ESI source. MS parameters were as follows: Mobile Phase: 0.8 mL / 4 L NH3H2O in water (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B) , using the elution gradient 50%-100% (solvent B) over 2.5 minutes then holding at 95%for 0.5 minutes, at 50%for 0.5 min, at a flow rate of 0.8 ml / min; Column: Xbridge Shield RP-18, 5 μm, 2.1*50 mm; Wavelength: UV 220nm, 254nm, 215nm; Column temperature: 50 oC; MS ionization: ESI.
[0236] Reversed-phase LCMS (4) : Reversed-phase LCMS analysis was performed using an Agilent 1200 system comprised of a binary pump with degasser, high-performance autosampler, thermostatted column compartment, C18 column, diode-array detector (DAD) and an Agilent 6150 MSD with the following parameters. The gradient conditions were 5%to 95%acetonitrile with the aqueous phase 0.1%TFA in water over 1.4 minutes. Samples were separated on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (1.7 μm, 1.0 x 50 mm) at 0.5 mL / min, with column and solvent temperatures maintained at 55 ℃. The DAD was set to scan from 190 to 300 nm, and the signals used were 220 nm and 254 nm (both with a band width of 4nm) . The MS detector was configured with an electrospray ionization source, and the low-resolution mass spectra were acquired by scanning from 140 to 700 AMU with a step size of 0.2 AMU at 0.13 cycles / second, and peak width of 0.008 minutes. The drying gas flow was set to 13 liters per minute at 300 ℃ and the nebulizer pressure was set to 30 psi. The capillary needle voltage was set at 3000 V, and the fragmentor voltage was set at 100V. Data acquisition was performed with Agilent Chemstation and Analytical Studio Reviewer software.
[0237] Reversed-phase LCMS (5) : Reversed-phase LCMS analysis was obtained on a SHIMADZU LCMS-2020 with ESI source. MS parameters were as follows: Mobile Phase: 0.1%TFA in water (solvent A) and 0.1%TFA in acetonitrile (solvent B) , using the elution holding at 5% (solvent B) for 0.1 minutes, gradient 5%-95% (solvent B) over 1.1 minutes and holding at 95%for 0.4 minutes at a flow rate of 1.0 ml / min; Column: YMC Triart C18 Φ2.0 mm*L30mm; Wavelength: UV 220nm, 254nm; Column temperature: 30 ℃; detector MS, ELSD; MS ionization: ESI.
[0238] Prep-HPLC (FA) : An example: Mobile Phase: 0.225%FA in water (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B) , using the elution gradient 55%-85% (solvent B) over 7.8 minutes then holding at 100%for 2 minutes, at a flow rate of 25 ml / min; Column: Welch Xtimate C18 150*25mm*5μm.
[0239] Prep-HPLC (NH3) : An example: Mobile Phase: 0.05%NH3-aq and 10 mM NH4HCO3 in water (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B) , using the elution gradient 37%-67% (solvent B) over 9.5 minutes then holding at 100%for 2 minutes, at a flow rate of 25 ml / min; Column: Phenomenex Gemini 150*25mm*10μm.
[0240] Abbreviations which have been used in the descriptions of following examples are: AcOH is acetic acid; Ac2O is acetic anhydride; 2, 2'-bipyridine is 2-pyridin-2-ylpyridine; amphos is di-tert-butyl (4-dimethylaminophenyl) phosphine; DAST is diethylaminosulfur trifluoride; DCM is dichloromethane; DCE is dichloroethane; DIAD is diisopropyl diazene-1, 2-dicarboxylate; DIEA is N, N-diisopropylethylamine; DMF is N, N-dimethylformamide; DMSO is dimethyl sulfoxide; DPE-phos is bis (2-Diphenylphosphinophenyl) ether; EtOAc or EA is ethyl acetate; FA is formic acid; B2pin2 is 4, 4, 4', 4', 5, 5, 5', 5'-octamethyl-2, 2'-bi (1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane) ; KHMDS is potassium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide; NMI is 1-methyl-1H-imidazole; NMM is N-methylmorpholine; Pd (dppf) Cl2 is [1, 1’ -Bis (diphenylphosphino) ferrocene] dichloropalladium (II) ; Pd2 (dba) 3 isTris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium (0) ; PE is Petroleum Ether; PhMe is toluene; PIDA is iodobenzene diacetate; PYCLU is chlorodipyrrolidinocarbenium hexafluorophosphate; TCFH is N- (chloro (dimethylamino) methylene) -N-methylmethanaminium hexafluorophosphate; TEA is triethylamine; TFA is trifluoromethyl acetic acid; TMS is trimethylsilyl.
[0241] Scheme 1 1-Bromo-2- (1, 1-difluoroethyl) benzene (AB180-2) : To a solution of AB180-1 (5.05 mL, 37.7 mmol, CAS#: 2142-69-0) in DCM (15 mL) was added DAST (37.5 mL, 206.8 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 40℃ for 72h. The reaction mixture was poured into water (80 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 4) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL x 2) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash column on silica gel to give AB180-2 (8.12 g, 36.7 mmol, 97%yield) as colorless oil.1H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ = 7.67 -7.62 (m, 2H) , 7.38 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.28 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H) , 2.06 (t, J=18.4 Hz, 3H) .
[0242] Scheme 2 2-[2- (1, 1-Difluoroethyl) phenyl] -4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (AB180) : To a solution of AB180-2 (5.0 g, 22.6 mmol) in DMSO (50 mL) was added 4, 4, 4', 4', 5, 5, 5', 5'-octamethyl-2, 2'-bi (1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane) (8.62 g, 33.9 mmol) KOAc (4.44 g, 45.2 mmol) , Pd(dppf) Cl2 (1.16 g, 1.58 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 90℃ for 16h. The reaction mixture was poured into water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAC (20 mL x 4) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL x 2) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash column on silica gel to give AB180 (3.5 g, 13.1 mmol, 58%yield) as brown oil.1H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ = 7.60 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.46 -7.39 (m, 3H) , 2.02 (t, J=18.4 Hz, 3H) , 1.37 (s, 12H) .
[0243] Scheme 3 6-Chloro-2- [2- (1, 1-difluoroethyl) phenyl] -3-nitropyridine (A1321-2) : To a solution of A1321-1 (2.75 g, 11.6 mmol, CAS#: 91678-23-8) and AB180 (3.42 g, 12.7 mmol) in 1, 4-dioxane (28 mL) and water (7 mL) was added Pd (dppf) Cl2 (373.3 mg, 1.16 mmol) , Na2CO3 (2.46 g, 23.2 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 90℃ under nitrogen for 5h. The reaction mixture was poured into water NH4Cl (100 mL) and filtered. The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 4) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL x 2) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash column on silica gel to afford A1321-2 (3.0 g, 10.0 mmol, 87%yield) as yellow solid. LCMS: retention time: 0.958 min, ESI-MS (m / z) : 299 [M + H] +.1H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ = 8.40 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.61 -7.51 (m, 4H) , 7.24 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H) , 1.90 (t, J=18.4 Hz, 3H) .
[0244] Scheme 4 2- [2- (1, 1-Difluoroethyl) phenyl] -6- (methylthio) -3-nitropyridine (A1321-3) : To a solution of A1321-2 (3.0 g, 10 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) was added 20wt%aqueous solution of methylsulfanyl sodium (17.6 g, 50.2 mmol) at 0℃. The mixture was stirred at 20℃ for 2 h. The reaction mixture was poured into water (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 4) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL x 8) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford A1321-3 (3.0 g, 9.7 mmol, 97%yield) as brown oil. LCMS: retention time: 0.992 min, ESI-MS (m / z) : 311.0 [M + H] +.
[0245] Scheme 5 2- [2- (1, 1-Difluoroethyl) phenyl] -6- (methylthio) -3-pyridinamine (A1321-4) : To a solution of A1321-3 (3.0 g, 9.7 mmol) in methanol (30 mL) and water (10 mL) was added Fe (2.71 g, 48.3 mmol) and NH4Cl (2.59 g, 48.3 mmol) . The resulting mixture was stirred at 80℃ for 3 h. The reaction mixture was poured into water (80 mL) and filtered. The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL x 4) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL x 2) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash column on silica gel to afford A1321-4 (2.4 g, 8.6 mmol, 89%yield) as yellow oil. LCMS: retention time: 0.798 min, ESI-MS (m / z) : 281.0 [M + H] +.1H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ = 7.69 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.51 -7.49 (m, 2H) , 7.31 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.07 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.01 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H) , 3.35 (br s, 2H) , 2.48 (s, 3H) , 1.90 (t, J=18.8 Hz, 3H) .
[0246] Scheme 6 N- {2- [2- (1, 1-Difluoroethyl) phenyl] -6- (methylthio) -3-pyridinyl} -2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide (A1485-1) : To a solution of A1321-4 (1.5 g, 5.4 mmol) and 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid (1.56 g, 7.49 mmol, CAS#: 115029-23-7) in MeCN (20 mL) was added NMI (1.27 mL, 16.1 mmol) and TCFH (3.0 g, 10.7 mmol) at 20℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at 20℃ for 16h. The reaction mixture was poured into water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 4) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL x 2) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash column on silica gel to afford A1485-1 (2.06 g, 4.38 mmol, 82%yield) as yellow oil. LCMS: retention time: 0.976 min, ESI-MS (m / z) : 471.0 [M + H] +1H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ = 8.67 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H) , 8.42 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H) , 8.13 (br d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.75 -7.65 (m, 2H) , 7.60 -7.52 (m, 2H) , 7.31 -7.26 (m, 2H) , 7.11 (dd, J=8.8, 7.2 Hz, 1H) , 2.53 (s, 3H) , 1.88 (t, J=18.8 Hz, 3H) .
[0247] Scheme 7 N- {2- [2- (1, 1-Difluoroethyl) phenyl] -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl} -2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide (racemic-31 / 32) : To a solution of A1485-1 (2.06 g, 4.38 mmol) , iodobenzene diacetate (PhI (OAc) 2, 1.55 mL, 8.76 mmol) and (NH4) 2CO3 (842 mg, 8.76 mmol) in methanol (20 mL) was added at 25℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at 30℃ for 16h. The reaction mixture was poured into water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 4) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL x 4) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash column on silica gel to afford racemic-31 / 32 (1.69 g, 3.37 mmol, 77%yield) as yellow solid. LCMS: retention time: 0.814 min, ESI-MS (m / z) : 502.0 [M + H] +.1H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ = 9.18 (dd, J=0.9, 8.6 Hz, 1H) , 8.48 -8.37 (m, 2H) , 8.24 (dd, J=2.1, 8.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.82 -7.74 (m, 2H) , 7.70 -7.59 (m, 2H) , 7.39 -7.32 (m, 1H) , 7.14 (dd, J=8.8, 11.3 Hz, 1H) , 3.32 -3.21 (m, 3H) , 2.96 -2.74 (m, 1H) , 1.93 (dt, J=12.6, 18.7 Hz, 3H) .
[0248] Scheme 8 (R or S) -N- {2- [2- (1, 1-Difluoroethyl) phenyl] -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl} -2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide (Compound 31 and 32) : Racemic-31 / 32 (2.1 g, 4.19 mmol) was separated by SFC. The afforded flows were combined, concentrated and lyophilized to afford Compound 31 (708 mg, 1.41 mmol, 34%yield) and Compound 32 (582 mg, 1.16 mmol, 28%yield) as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2.
[0249] Scheme 9 (R or S) -2-methoxy-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2- [2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} -5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide (Compound 1 and 2) : Racemic-1 / 2 was separated to afford Compound 1 and 2 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-1 / 2 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0250] Scheme 10 (R or S) -5- (difluoromethyl) -2-methoxy-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2- [2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} benzamide (Compound 3 and 4) : Racemic-3 / 4 was separated to afford Compound 3 and 4 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-3 / 4 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0251] Scheme 11 (R or S) -N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide (Compound 5 and 6) : Racemic-5 / 6 was separated to afford Compound 5 and 6 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-5 / 6 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 39, Scheme 42 and Scheme 43, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180 and a corresponding bromide (2-bromo-4-fluoro-1-nitrobenzene) in place of A1321-1, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 5-bromo-2-methoxybenzoic acid.
[0252] Scheme 12 (R or S) -N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethoxy) benzamide (Compound 15 and 16) : Racemic-15 / 16 was separated to afford Compound 15 and 16 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-15 / 16 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180, and using ethanethiol (CAS#: 75-08-1) in place of methylsulfanyl sodium, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0253] Scheme 13 (R or S) -5- (difluoromethyl) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] benzamide (Compound 19 and 20) : Racemic-19 / 20 was separated to afford Compound 19 and 20 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-19 / 20 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0254] Scheme 14 (R or S) -5-chloro-N- {2- [2- (1, 1-difluoroethyl) phenyl] -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl} -2-methoxybenzamide (Compound 23 and 24) : Racemic-23 / 24 was separated to afford Compound 23 and 24 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-23 / 24 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0255] Scheme 15 (R or S) -N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide (Compound 25 and 26) : Racemic-25 / 26 was separated to afford Compound 25 and 26 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-25 / 26 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180, and using ethanethiol (CAS#: 75-08-1) in place of methylsulfanyl sodium.
[0256] Scheme 16 (R or S) -5-chloro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide (Compound 27 and 28) : Racemic-27 / 28 was separated to afford Compound 27 and 28 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-27 / 28 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0257] Scheme 17 (R or S) -N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide (Compound 29 and 30) : Racemic-29 / 30 was separated to afford Compound 29 and 30 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-29 / 30 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0258] Scheme 18 (R or S) -5- (difluoromethoxy) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] benzamide (Compound 43 and 44) : Racemic-43 / 44 was separated to afford Compound 43 and 44 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-43 / 44 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0259] Scheme 19 (R or S) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -5- (trifluoromethoxy) benzamide (Compound 45 and 46) : Racemic-45 / 46 was separated to afford Compound 45 and 46 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-45 / 46 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0260] Scheme 20 (R or S) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide (Compound 49 and 50) : Racemic-49 / 50 was separated to afford Compound 49 and 50 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-49 / 50 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180.
[0261] Scheme 21 (R or S) -N- [4- (2-ethylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethoxy) benzamide (Compound 53 and 54) : Racemic-53 / 54 was separated to afford Compound 53 and 54 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-53 / 54 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180 and a corresponding bromide (4-bromo-2-chloro-5-nitropyridine) in place of A1321-1, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0262] Scheme 22 (R or S) -5- (1, 1-difluoroethyl) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] benzamide (Compound 57 and 58) : Racemic-57 / 58 was separated to afford Compound 57 and 58 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-57 / 58 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0263] Scheme 23 (R or S) -5- (difluoromethoxy) -2-fluoro-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2- [2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} benzamide (Compound 63 and 64) : Racemic-63 / 64 was separated to afford Compound 63 and 64 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-63 / 64 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0264] Scheme 24 (R or S) -2-fluoro-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2- [2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} -5-(trifluoromethyl) benzamide (Compound 71 and 72) : Racemic-71 / 72 was separated to afford Compound 71 and 72 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-71 / 72 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180.
[0265] Scheme 25 (R or S) -5-chloro-N- [4- (2-ethylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide (Compound 75 and 76) : Racemic-75 / 76 was separated to afford Compound 75 and 76 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-75 / 76 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180 and a corresponding bromide (4-bromo-2-chloro-5-nitropyridine) in place of A1321-1, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0266] Scheme 26 (R or S) -5-chloro-N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'-isopropyl-2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide (Compound 77 and 78) : Racemic-77 / 78 was separated to afford Compound 77 and 78 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-77 / 78 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 39, Scheme 42 and Scheme 43, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180 and a corresponding bromide (2-bromo-4-fluoro-1-nitrobenzene) in place of A1321-1, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 5-bromo-2-methoxybenzoic acid.
[0267] Scheme 27 (R or S) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -6-methoxy-3- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide (Compound 82 and 83) : Racemic-82 / 83 was separated to afford Compound 82 and 83 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-82 / 83 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound AB199 that was prepared according to Scheme 60 and 61 in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0268] Scheme 28 (R or S) -N- [4- (2-ethylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide (Compound 90 and 91) : Racemic-90 / 91 was separated to afford Compound 90 and 91 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-90 / 91 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180 and a corresponding bromide (4-bromo-2-chloro-5-nitropyridine) in place of A1321-1, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0269] Scheme 29 (R or S) -5-chloro-N- {4- [2- (difluoromethyl) phenyl] -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl} -2-methoxybenzamide (Compound 94 and 95) : Racemic-94 / 95 was separated to afford Compound 94 and 95 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-94 / 95 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180 and a corresponding bromide (4-bromo-2-chloro-5-nitropyridine) in place of A1321-1, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0270] Scheme 30 (R or S) -5-chloro-N- [4- (2-cyclopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxynicotinamide (Compound 105 and 106) : Racemic-105 / 106 was separated to afford Compound 105 and 106 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-105 / 106 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180 and a corresponding bromide (4-bromo-2-chloro-5-nitropyridine) in place of A1321-1, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0271] Scheme 31 (R or S) -5-chloro-N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide (Compound 109 and 110) : Racemic-109 / 110 was separated to afford Compound 109 and 110 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-109 / 110 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 39, Scheme 42 and Scheme 43, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180 and a corresponding bromide (2-bromo-4-fluoro-1-nitrobenzene) in place of A1321-1, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 5-bromo-2-methoxybenzoic acid.
[0272] Scheme 32 (R or S) -N- {4- [2- (difluoromethyl) phenyl] -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl} -2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide (Compound 111 and 112) : Racemic-111 / 112 was separated to afford Compound 111 and 112 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-111 / 112 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180 and a corresponding bromide (4-bromo-2-chloro-5-nitropyridine, CAS#: 1261767-18-3) in place of A1321-1, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0273] Scheme 33 6-chloro-5-fluoro-4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinamine (B1002) : A mixture of sodium carbonate (305 mg, 2.83 mmol) , 4-bromo-6-chloro-5-fluoro-3-pyridinamine (B1001) (290 mg, 1.29 mmol, prepared following a procedure to synthesize an intermediate at the step 2 toward Example 12 of PCT Int. Appl., 2020005877, 02 Jan 2020) , 2-isopropylphenylboronic acid (222 mg, 1.35 mmol, CAS#: 89787-12-2) and dichloro [1, 1'-bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene] palladium (II) dichloromethane adduct (105 mg, 0.129 mmol) in 1, 4-Dioxane (2.86 mL) and water (1.43 mL) was stirred at 100℃ for 1h. After concentrating the mixture, H2O (5 mL) and DCM (20 mL) were added, and the solution was filtered through Celite (Registered Trademark) pad and concentrated. The crude product was purified by normal phase column chromatography (gradient: 0-100%EtOAc / Hexanes) to afford B1002 (272 mg, 80%yield) . ES-MS [M+H] +: 265.0
[0274] Scheme 34 5-chloro-N- [6-chloro-5-fluoro-4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide (B1003) : PYCLU (169 mg, 0.507 mmol) , pyridine (137 uL, 1.69 mmol) , B1002 (89 mg, 0.338 mmol) and 5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (95 mg, 0.507 mmol, CAS#: 3438-16-2) were dissolved in DCM (1.69 mL) and stirred at rt. After 16h, the mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by normal phase column chromatography (gradient: 2-100%EtOAc / Hexanes) to afford B1003 (74 mg, 51%yield) . ES-MS [M+H] +: 433.0
[0275] Scheme 35 5-chloro-N- {5-fluoro-4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- [ (4-methoxybenzyl) thio] -3-pyridinyl} -2-methoxybenzamide (B1004) : A mixture of 4-methoxybenzylthiol (23.8 uL, 0.171 mmol, CAS#: 6258-60-2) , B1003 (74.0 mg, 0.171 mmol) , DIEA (59.5 uL, 0.342 mmol) , tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium (0) (7.82 mg, 0.085 mmol) and xantphos (9.88 mg, 0.0171 mmol) in 1, 4-dioxane (1.7 mL) was stirred at 110℃ for 1 h. After cooling to rt, the mixture was concentrated and the crude product was purified by normal phase column chromatography (gradient: 2-100%EtOAc / Hexanes) to afford B1004 (43 mg, 45%yield) . ES-MS [M+H] +: 551.0
[0276] Scheme 36 5-chloro-N- [5-fluoro-4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6-mercapto-3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide (B1005) : A solution of B1004 (51.1 mg, 0.0927 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (1.14 mL, 14.8 mmol) was stirred at 80℃ for 3 h under microwave irradiation. After cooling to rt, this mixture was concentrated and crude product was purified by normal phase column chromatography (gradient: 2-100%EtOAc / Hexanes) to afford B1005 (22 mg, 54%yield) . ES-MS [M+H] +: 431.1
[0277] Scheme 37 5-chloro-N- [5-fluoro-4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (methylthio) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide (B1006) : To a mixture of B1005 (10.0 mg, 23.2 umol) , potassium carbonate (6.5 mg, 46.4 umol) in DMF (0.50 mL) , a solution of MeI (1.0 M in DMF, 25.5 uL, 25.5 umol) was added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 40 min. After concentrating the mixture, the residue was purified by normal phase column chromatography (gradient: 0-80%EtOAc / Hexanes) to afford B1006 (5.5 mg, 53%yield) . ES-MS [M+H] +: 445.1;1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ = 9.72 (s, 1H) , 9.48 (s, 1H) , 8.25 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.57 –7.51 (m, 2H) , 7.40 –7.33 (m, 2H) , 7.17 (dt, J=7.6, 1.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.75 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.20 (s, 3H) , 2.67 (s, 3H) , 2.68 –2.57 (m, 1H) , 1.15 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H) , 1.05 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H) .
[0278] Scheme 38 5-chloro-N- [5-fluoro-4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide (Compound 331) : To a mixture of B1006 (5.5 mg, 12.4 umol) and ammonium carbonate (3.6 mg, 37.1 umol) in MeOH (0.50 mL) , iodobenzene diacetate (16.7 mg, 51.9 umol) was added at r. t. and the mixture was stirred at rt for 1h. After concentrating the mixture, the crude mixture was purified by reverse phase chromatography (gradient: 38-78%Acetonitrile in H2O with 0.05%NH4OH) and concentrated to afford Compound 331 (3.5 mg, 59%yield) . ES-MS [M+H] +: 476.0.
[0279] Scheme 39 6-nitro-2'- (trifluoromethyl) -3-biphenylthiol (A898-3) : To a solution of A898-2 (1.00 g, 3.51 mmol, prepared in an analogous mannar to Scheme 3 where the reaction was carried out using a corresponding Aryl bromide (2-bromo-4-fluoro-1-nitrobenzene, MDL#: MFCD00792441) in place of A1321-1, and using a corresponding boronic acid compound (CAS#: 1423-27-4) in place of AB180) in DMF (8 mL) and water (2 mL) was added Na2S (547.3 mg, 7.01 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 80℃ for 1 hour. The reaction was poured into water (5 mL) and adjusted to pH=3 with 1N HCl, extracted with EtOAc (5 mL x 4) , the combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL x 2) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give A898-3 (950 mg, 3.17 mmol, 91%yield) as yellow oil.
[0280] Scheme 40 difluoromethyl 6-nitro-2'- (trifluoromethyl) -3-biphenylyl sulfide (A1359-1) : To a solution of A898-3 (850 mg, 2.84 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added K2CO3 (784 mg, 5.68 mmol) , ClF2CCO2Na (866 mg, 5.68 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 60℃ for 16hrs. The reaction mixture was poured into water (5 mL) and filtered. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (5 mL x 4) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL x 2) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash column (PE to 5%EtOAc in PE) to afford A1359-1 (270 mg, 0.77 mmol, 27%yield) as yellow oil.
[0281] Scheme 41 5-chloro-N- {5- [S- (difluoromethyl) sulfonimidoyl] -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl} -2-methoxybenzamide (Compound 265) : Compound 265 was prepared from A1359-1 in an analogous manner to Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7 as a racemic compound.
[0282] Scheme 42 cyclopropyl 6-nitro-2'- (trifluoromethyl) -3-biphenylyl sulfide (A898-3’ ) : To a solution of A898-3 (200. mg, 0.670 mmol) and cyclopropylboronic acid (86.1 mg, 1mmol) in DCE (4mL) was added Cs2CO3 (0.09mL, 0.670 mmol) , Cu (OAc) 2 (121.4 mg, 0.670 mmol) , 2, 2'-bipyridine (0.080 mL, 0.670 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 70℃ under O2 (15 psi) for 16h. TLC (PE: EtOAc=10: 1) showed new spot. The mixture was diluted with EA (20 mL) and filtered through a pad of diatomite, diluted with water (20 mL) , extracted by EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash column (PE to 10%EtOAc in PE) to give A898-3’ (70 mg, 0.206 mmol, 31%yield) as colorless oil.
[0283] Scheme 43 5-bromo-N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide (Compound 240) : Compound 240 was prepared from A898-3’ in an analogous manner to Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7 as a racemic compound.
[0284] Scheme 44 5-chloro-N- [5- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -2'-isopropyl-2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide (Compound 169) : B1006 was converted to Compound 169 by the reaction with iodobenzene diacetate and ammonium carbonate in an analogous manner to Scheme 7 as a racemic compound, wherein B1006 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5 and Scheme 6, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180 and a corresponding bromide (2-bromo-4-fluoro-1-nitrobenzene) in place of A1321-1, and using ethanethiol (CAS#: 75-08-1) in place of methylsulfanyl sodium, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0285] Scheme 45 5-chloro-2-methoxy-N- [5- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] benzamide (Compound 176) : B1007 was converted to Compound 176 by the reaction with iodobenzene diacetate and ammonium carbonate in an analogous manner to Scheme 7 as a racemic compound, wherein B1007 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5 and Scheme 6, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180 and a corresponding bromide (2-bromo-4-fluoro-1-nitrobenzene) in place of A1321-1, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0286] Scheme 46 5-chloro-N- [4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide (Compound 197) : B1008 was converted to Compound 197 by the reaction with iodobenzene diacetate and ammonium carbonate in an analogous manner to Scheme 7 as a racemic compound, wherein B1008 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5 and Scheme 6, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180 and a corresponding bromide (4-bromo-2-chloro-5-nitropyridine) in place of A1321-1, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0287] Scheme 47 5-chloro-N- [4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxynicotinamide (Compound 201) : B1009 was converted to Compound 201 by the reaction with iodobenzene diacetate and ammonium carbonate in an analogous manner to Scheme 7 as a racemic compound, wherein B1009 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5 and Scheme 6, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180 and a corresponding bromide (4-bromo-2-chloro-5-nitropyridine) in place of A1321-1, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0288] Scheme 48 5-chloro-2-methoxy-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -4- [2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} nicotinamide (Compound 205) : B1010 was converted to Compound 205 by the reaction with iodobenzene diacetate and ammonium carbonate in an analogous manner to Scheme 7 as a racemic compound, wherein B1010 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5 and Scheme 6, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180 and a corresponding bromide (4-bromo-2-chloro-5-nitropyridine) in place of A1321-1, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0289] Scheme 49 5-chloro-N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide (Compound 282) : B1012 was converted to Compound 282 by the reaction with iodobenzene diacetate and ammonium carbonate in an analogous manner to Scheme 7 as a racemic compound, wherein B1012 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5 and Scheme 6, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180 and a corresponding bromide (4-bromo-2-chloro-5-nitropyridine) in place of A1321-1, and using ethanethiol (CAS#: 75-08-1) in place of methylsulfanyl sodium, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0290] Scheme 50 5-chloro-N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxynicotinamide (Compound 283) : B1013 was converted to Compound 283 by the reaction with iodobenzene diacetate and ammonium carbonate in an analogous manner to Scheme 7 as a racemic compound, wherein B1013 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5 and Scheme 6, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180 and a corresponding bromide (4-bromo-2-chloro-5-nitropyridine) in place of A1321-1, and using ethanethiol (CAS#: 75-08-1) in place of methylsulfanyl sodium, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0291] Scheme 51 5-chloro-N- [6- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide (Compound 322) : B1014 was converted to Compound 322 by the reaction with iodobenzene diacetate and ammonium carbonate in an analogous manner to Scheme 7 as a racemic compound, wherein B1014 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 39, Scheme 42 and Scheme 43, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180 and a corresponding bromide (4-bromo-2-chloro-5-nitropyridine) in place of A1321-1, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0292] Scheme 52 5-chloro-N- [6- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxynicotinamide (Compound 323) : B1015 was converted to Compound 323 by the reaction with iodobenzene diacetate and ammonium carbonate in an analogous manner to Scheme 7 as a racemic compound, wherein B1015 was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 39, Scheme 42 and Scheme 43, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180 and a corresponding bromide (4-bromo-2-chloro-5-nitropyridine) in place of A1321-1, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0293] Scheme 53 5-chloro-N- [6- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -5-fluoro-4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide (Compound 332) : B1016 was converted to Compound 332 by the reaction with iodobenzene diacetate and ammonium carbonate in an analogous manner to Scheme 7 as a racemic compound, wherein B1016 was prepared from B1005 in an analogous manner to Scheme 42.
[0294] Scheme 54 N-[6- (N-Acetyl-S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxy-5-methylbenzamide (Compound 137) : To a solution of B1017 (60 mg, 0.14 mmol, prepared in an analogous mannar to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid. ) and TEA (0.060 mL, 0.41 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was dropwise added acetyl chloride (0.020 mL, 0.27 mmol) at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at 20℃ for 2 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated directly. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (FA) to afford Compound 137 (70 mg, 0.15 mmol, quantitative yield) as yellow solid.
[0295] Scheme 55 5-Chloro-N- {6- (N, S-dimethylsulfonimidoyl) -2- [2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} -2-methoxybenzamide (Compound 146) : To a solution of B1018 (100 mg, 0.213 mmol, prepared in an analogous mannar to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid. ) in HCOOH (2.0 mL) was added HCHO (0.17 mL, 2.1 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 100℃ for 16 hours. The afforded water layer was basified with 1 mol / L NaOH aq. to pH = 8. The mixture was washed with water (5 mL) and extracted by EtOAc (5 mL x 2) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to give yellow oil. The crude was purified by Prep-HPLC (NH3) and Prep-TLC. The afforded flows were combined, concentrated to remove most of MeCN and lyophilized to give Compound 146 (47.9 mg, 0.0962 mmol, 47%yield) as white solid.
[0296] Scheme 56 Methyl 2, 3-difluoro-5-isopropenylbenzoate (A1310-2) : To a solution of A1310-1 (400 mg, 1.59 mmol, CAS#: 1150163-69-1) and 4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-2- (prop-1-en-2-yl) -1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (535 mg, 3.19 mmol) in 1, 4-dioxane (6 mL) and water (2 mL) was added Pd(dppf) Cl2 (117 mg, 0.160 mmol) and Na2CO3 (338 mg, 3.19 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 90℃ under nitrogen for 5 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated directly. The crude product was purified by flash column on silica gel to afford A1310-2 (220 mg, 1.04 mmol, 65%yield) as colorless oil. TLC Rf = 0.5 (PE: EtOAc = 1: 0) .1H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ = 7.86 -7.74 (m, 1H) , 7.54 -7.40 (m, 1H) , 5.39 (s, 1H), 5.18 (s, 1H) , 3.97 (s, 3H) , 2.14 (s, 3H) .
[0297] Scheme 57 Methyl 2, 3-difluoro-5-isopropylbenzoate (A1310-3) : To a solution of A1310-2 (220 mg, 1.04 mmol) in methanol (5 mL) was added wet Pd / C (10%) (100 mg, 1.04 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at 25℃ under hydrogen (15 psi) for 12 h. The reaction mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to afford A1310-3 (160 mg, 0.747 mmol, 72%yield) as colorless oil. TLC Rf = 0.5 (PE: EtOAc = 10: 1) .1H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ = 7.54 (td, J=1.9, 5.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.22 (ddd, J=2.4, 7.0, 11.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.98 -3.91 (m, 3H) , 2.98 -2.87 (m, 1H) , 1.26 (s, 3H) , 1.24 (s, 3H) .
[0298] Scheme 58 2,3-Difluoro-5-isopropylbenzoic acid (A1310-4) : To a solution of A1310-3 (160 mg, 0.75 mmol) in THF (2 mL) and water (0.50 mL) was added LiOH. H2O (62.7 mg, 1.49 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25℃ for 2 h. The reaction was adjusted to pH = 3~4 with 1 mol / L HCl-aq, extracted with DCM (30 mL x 2) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL x 2) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give A1310-4 (140 mg, 0.699 mmol, 94%yield) as a yellow solid.1H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ = 7.64 (td, J=1.8, 5.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.32 -7.27 (m, 1H) , 3.01 -2.90 (m, 1H) , 1.27 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H) .
[0299] Scheme 59 2, 3-difluoro-5-isopropyl-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] benzamide (Compound 235) : Compound 235 was prepared from B1019 in an analogous manner to Scheme 6 and Scheme 7 as a racemic compound. B1019 was prepared from A1321-1 in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4 and Scheme 5 wherein the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180.
[0300] Scheme 60 2-fluoro-6-methoxy-3- (trifluoromethyl) benzaldehyde (AB199-4) : To a solution of 2-fluoro-4-methoxy-1- (trifluoromethyl) benzene (AB199-3) (1.5 g, 7.73 mmol , CAS#: 1214344-33-8) in THF (15 mL) was added LDA (4.64 mL, 9.27 mmol) at -70℃ under nitrogen. After the reaction mixture was stirred at -70℃ for 1h, DMF (1.4 mL, 18.2 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture. After the addition, the reaction mixture was stirred at -70℃ for 1h. TLC (PE / EtOAc=3 / 1) showed a new spot (Rf = 0.3) was observed. The reaction mixture was poured into sat. NH4Cl aq. (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 4) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL x 2) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give AB199-4 (1.78 g, 8.01 mmol, quantitative yield) as yellow solid.
[0301] Scheme 61 2-fluoro-6-methoxy-3- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid (AB199) : To a solution of AB199-4 (2.86 g, 12.9 mmol) in tert-Butanol (15 mL) and THF (15 mL) was added 2-methylbut-2-ene (27.3 mL, 258 mmol) . Then a solution of NaClO2 (11.64 g, 128.8 mmol) and NaH2PO4 (12.97 g, 93.99 mmol) in water (30 mL) was added at 0℃. The mixture was stirred at 20℃ for 3h. TLC (PE / EtOAc=3 / 1) showed a new spot (Rf = 0) that was observed. The reaction mixture was concentrated, then poured into water (20 mL) , acidified with 6 mol / L HCl aq. to pH = 1, extracted with EA (40 mL x 4) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 mL) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a yellow oil. The crude product was purified by flash column (EA in PE=0%~50%) to give AB199 (1.94 g, 8.15 mmol, 63%yield) as white solid.1H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ = 7.66 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.84 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.70 (s, 3H)
[0302] Scheme 62 (R or S) -N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-fluoro-6-methoxy-3- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide (Compound 41 and 42) : Racemic-41 / 42 was separated to afford Compound 41 and 42 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-41 / 42 was prepared from B1021 in an analogous manner to Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound AB199 in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid, and using a corresponding amine compound B1021 which was prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4 and Scheme 5, where the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180, and using ethanethiol (CAS#: 75-08-1) in place of methylsulfanyl sodium.
[0303] Scheme 63 2-Bromo-4-fluoro-3-methyl-1-nitrobenzene (A1284-2a) : To a solution of A1284-1b (0.65 mL, 5.3 mmol, CAS#: 1422-54-4) in H2SO4 (10.1 mL, 185 mmol) was added HNO3 (0.59 mL, 5.3 mmol) dropwise at -15 ~ -20℃, and the mixture was stirred at -15 ~ -20℃ for 20 min. The mixture was poured into ice water and extracted with DCM (25 mL x 3) . The organic layers were washed with H2O (40 mL) , sat. NaHCO3 (30 mL) and H2O (40 mL) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by flash column on silica gel to afford A1284-2a (760 mg, 3.25 mmol, 61%yield) as white solid. 1H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ = 7.67 (dd, J=5.2, 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.13 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 2.44 (s, 3H) .
[0304] Scheme 64 3-Fluoro-2'-isopropyl-2-methyl-6-nitrobiphenyl (A1337-3) : To a solution of A1284-2a (100 mg, 0.430 mmol) and (2-isopropylphenyl) boronic acid (140 mg, 0.850 mmol, CAS#: 89787-12-2) in toluene (2.5 mL) and was added K3PO4 (130 mg, 1.28 mmol) , bis (2-diphenylphosphinophenyl) ether (28 mg, 0.050 mmol) and Pd2dba3 (39 mg, 0.040 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 130℃ under nitrogen for 2h under microwave irradiation to give a black suspension. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash column on silica gel to afford A1337-3 (82 mg, 0.30 mmol, 70%yield) as yellow oil.1H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ = 8.06 (dd, J=5.2, 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.80 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.56 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.24 –7.20 (m, 2H) , 1.92 (s, 3H) .
[0305] Scheme 65 2'-Isopropyl-2-methyl-6-nitro-3-biphenylthiol (A1337-4) : To a solution of A1337-3 (117 mg, 0.430 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) and water (0.75 mL) was added Na2S (66.7 mg, 0.860 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 80℃ for 1h. The reaction was poured into water (5 mL) and adjusted to pH = 3 ~ 4 with 1 mol / L HCl-aq, extracted with DCM (4 mL x 4) , and the combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL x 3) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash column on silica gel to afford A1337-4 (84 mg, 0.29 mmol, 68%yield) as colorless oil. TLC: Rf = 0.25, PE: EA = 12: 1;1H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ = 7.70 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.40 –7.37 (m, 3H) , 7.26 –7.21 (m, 1H) , 6.95 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H) , 2.50 –2.44 (m, 1H) , 1.99 (s, 3H) , 1.16 –1.11 (m, 6H) .
[0306] Scheme 66 Cyclopropyl 2'-isopropyl-2-methyl-6-nitro-3-biphenylyl sulfide (A1337-5) : To a solution of A1337-4 (84 mg, 0.29 mmol) and cyclopropylboronic acid (50.2 mg, 0.580 mmol, CAS#: 411235-57-9) in DCE (2 mL) was added Cu (OAc) 2 (79.6 mg, 0.440 mmol) , 2, 2'-bipyridine (0.030 mL, 0.29 mmol) , TEA (0.19 mL, 1.5 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 80℃ under oxygen (15 psi) for 6h. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated directly. The crude product was purified by flash column on silica gel to afford A1337-5 (58 mg, 0.18 mmol, 61%yield) as yellow oil. TLC: Rf = 0.32, PE: EA = 20: 1.
[0307] Scheme 67 5-chloro-N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'-isopropyl-6-methyl-2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide (Compound 336) : Compound 336 was prepared from A1337-5 in an analogous manner to Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7 as a racemic compound wherein the reactions were carried out using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0308] Scheme 68 4- (2-Isopropylphenyl) -5-nitro-2-pyrimidinol (A1368-2) : To a mixture of A1368-1 (200 mg, 1.06 mmol, CAS#: 1375065-27-2) and (2-isopropylphenyl) boronic acid (260 mg, 1.58 mmol, CAS#: 89787-12-2) in 1, 4-dioxane (6 mL) and water (2 mL) was added Na2CO3 (224 mg, 2.11 mmol) Pd (dppf) Cl2 (77.2 mg, 0.110 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 90℃ for 3h under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was poured into sat. NH4Cl aq. (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 4) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL x 2) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash column on silica gel to give A1368-2 (180 mg, 0.69 mmol, 66%yield) yellow solid. LCMS: retention time: 0.711 min, ESI-MS (m / z) : 259.9 [M + H+] .
[0309] Scheme 69 2-Chloro-4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -5-nitropyrimidine (A1368-3) : A solution of A1368-2 (230 mg, 0.890 mmol) in POCl3 (6.39 mL, 67.8 mmol) was stirred at 80℃ for 14h. The reaction mixture was concentrated directly. The residue was diluted with NaHCO3 aq. (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL x 2) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give A1368-3 (250 mg, 0.900 mmol, quantitative yield) as brown oil.1H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ = 9.11 (s, 1H) , 7.42 –7.37 (m, 2H) , 7.22 –7.18 (m, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H) , 2.68 –2.59 (m, 1H) , 1.14 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H) .
[0310] Scheme 70 4-(2-Isopropylphenyl) -2- (methylthio) -5-nitropyrimidine (A1368-4) : To a solution of A1368-3 (250 mg, 0.900 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) and was added 20wt%aqueous solution of methylsulfanylsodium (630 mg, 1.8 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 25℃ for 3h. The reaction mixture was poured into water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 4) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL x 2) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash column on silica gel to give A1368-4 (97 mg, 0.34 mmol, 37%yield) as yellow solid. LCMS: retention time: 0.943 min, ESI-MS (m / z) : 289.9 [M + H+] .1H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ = 9.16 (s, 1H) , 7.48 –7.46 (m, 2H) , 7.28 –7.25 (m, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H) , 2.81 –2.71 (m, 1H) , 2.63 (s, 3H) , 1.21 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H) .
[0311] Scheme 71 (R or S) -5-chloro-N- [4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -2- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -5-pyrimidinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide (Compound 9 and 10) : Racemic-9 / 10 was separated to afford Compound 9 and 10 as the first and the second peak respectively by the SFC condition given in the Table 2, wherein racemic-9 / 10 was prepared from A1368-4 in an analogous manner to Scheme 5, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7 wherein the reactions were carried out using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0312] Scheme 72 5-chloro-N- (2- (2- (2-hydroxypropan-2-yl) phenyl) -6- (methylthio) pyridin-3-yl) -2-methoxybenzamide (A1203-5) : A1203-5 was prepared from A1321-1 in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5 and Scheme 6 wherein the reactions were carried out using a corresponding boronic acid compound in place of AB180, and using a corresponding carboxylic acid compound in place of 2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid.
[0313] Scheme 73 5-Chloro-N- {2- [2- (2-fluoro-2-propanyl) phenyl] -6- (methylthio) -3-pyridinyl} -2-methoxybenzamide (A1203-6) : To a solution of A1203-5 (180 mg, 0.410 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added DAST (0.080 mL, 0.61 mmol) at -20℃. The mixture was stirred at 0℃ for 0.5h. The reaction mixture was poured into water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (30 mL x 4) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL) , dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flash column on silica gel to give A1203-6 (150 mg, 0.337 mmol, 82%yield) as brown oil. LCMS: retention time: 1.037 min, ESI-MS (m / z) : 425.0 [M –20 + H+] , 467.1 [M + Na+]1H NMR (400MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ = 9.57 (s, 1H) , 8.91 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H) , 8.21 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.73 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.55 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.38 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.36 (dd, J=2.4, 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.27 –7.22 (m, 2H) , 6.77 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.27 (s, 3H) , 2.52 (s, 3H) , 1.75 (d, J=23.2 Hz, 3H) , 1.41 (d, J=23.2 Hz, 3H) .
[0314] Scheme 74 5-chloro-N- {2- [2- (2-fluoro-2-propanyl) phenyl] -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl} -2-methoxybenzamide (Compound 217) : Compound 217 was prepared from A1203-6 in an analogous manner to Scheme 7 as a racemic compound.
[0315] The compounds not described in scheme 1-74 can be synthesized by following methods. Compound 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 170, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 187, 188, 189, 195, 198, 199, 200, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219, 224, 225, 226, 227, 230, 233, 234, 236, 237, 238, 246, 255, 256, 258, 262, 266, 270, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 284, 285, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319, 320, 321, 324, 334, 335, 337, 338, 339, 340 and 342 can be prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3 to Scheme 7. Compound 138, 160, 183, 184, 190, 194, 196, 281, 286 and 287 can be prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3 to Scheme 7 and Scheme 54. Compound 139, 147, 150, 159, 162, 185, 186, 191, 192 and 193 can be prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3 to Scheme 7 and Scheme 55. Compound 7, 8, 21, 22, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 47, 48, 51, 52, 55, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104, 107, 108, 113 and 114 can be prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3 to Scheme 8. Compound 341 can be prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3 to Scheme 8 and Scheme 54. Compound 129, 149, 212, 228, 232, 267, 272, 273 and 274 can be prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3 and Scheme 39 to 41. Compound 288 can be prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 39 to 41 and Scheme 54. Compound 11 and 12 can be prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 39 to 41, Scheme 54 and Scheme 8. Compound 13 and 14 can be prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 39 to 41 and Scheme 8. Compound 120, 124, 148, 151, 152, 154, 167, 168, 171, 220, 221, 222, 223, 229, 231, 239, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 257, 259, 260, 261, 263, 264, 268, 269, 271, 317, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330 and 333 can be prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 39, Scheme 42 and Scheme 43. Compound 92, 93, 102 and 103 can be prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 3, Scheme 39, Scheme 42, Scheme 43 and Scheme 8 Compound 17 and 18 can be prepared in an analogous manner to Scheme 68 to Scheme 71.
[0316] [Table 1] The compounds shown in Table 1 were prepared in an analogous manner with the appropriate starting materials, and evaluated in our TREK-1 Thallium (Tl+) flux assay. The data were measured by Method 1 of TREK-1 Thalium flux assay as described below unless otherwise specified. Table 1 shows the data measured in our LCMS and 1H NMR conditions above. LCMS analysis was carried out by method of Reverse-phase LCMS (1) to (5) and 1H NMR was taken by the method described above.
[0317]
[0318]
[0319]
[0320]
[0321]
[0322]
[0323]
[0324]
[0325]
[0326]
[0327]
[0328]
[0329]
[0330]
[0331]
[0332]
[0333]
[0334]
[0335]
[0336]
[0337]
[0338]
[0339]
[0340]
[0341]
[0342]
[0343]
[0344]
[0345]
[0346]
[0347]
[0348]
[0349]
[0350]
[0351]
[0352]
[0353]
[0354]
[0355]
[0356]
[0357]
[0358]
[0359]
[0360] *1: The number in the parenthesis represents LCMS method. *2: The astarisk (*) following IC50 value means that the data was measured by Method 2 of TREK-1 Thalium flux. *3:Compound 341 was synthesized from Compound 50.
[0361] [Table 2] Table 2 shows SFC retention time of the enantiomer and its analytical condition. RT means Retention Time.
[0362]
[0363]
[0364]
[0365]
[0366]
[0367]
[0368]
[0369]
[0370]
[0371] *4: The peaks of atropisomres
[0372] [Biological Examples] Example 1: In vitro TREK-1 and TREK-2 Inhibitor Activity Measurement conditions of TREK-1 and TREK-2 Inhibitor Activity are as below. The activity data of Examples in Table 1 were measured by Method 1 unless otherwise specified.
[0373] TREK-1 Thalium flux assay Method 1; CHO-K1 cells stably expressing hTREK-1 were cultured in T225 flask. The cells were loaded with FluxOR dye and plated in 384 well plate at the experiment day. Test compounds or control compound (tert-butyl (3- ( (4- (benzyloxy) -2-methylphenyl) carbamoyl) -4-chlorophenyl) carbamate) or 0.3%DMSO (vehicle control) were added directly to the cell plates and incubated for 10 min, and then treated with thallium stimulus buffer to initiate thallium flux. To measure the efficacy and potency of test compounds, the change in fluorescence intensity (ΔRatio) and %inhibition were calculated using the following equations: ΔRatio = (fluorescence intensity at 25 seconds after thallium addition) / (average of fluorescent intensity before thallium addition) %inhibition = {1 - (ΔRatio of test compound -ΔRatio of 10 μM control compound) / (ΔRatio of 0.3%DMSO -ΔRatio of 10 μM control compound) } x100 %inhibition vs compound concentration were plotted in XLfit and calculated IC50.
[0374] Method 2; CHO-K1 cells stably expressing human TREK-1 (hTREK-1) were cultured in T225 flask. The cells were loaded with FluxOR dye and plated in 384 well plate at the experiment day. Test compounds or control compound (tert-butyl (3- ( (4- (benzyloxy) -2-methylphenyl) carbamoyl) -4-chlorophenyl) carbamate) or 0.3%DMSO (vehicle control) which were prepared on separate plates were added to the cell plates and incubated for 10 min, and then the cells with test compounds or control compound (tert-butyl (3- ( (4- (benzyloxy) -2-methylphenyl) carbamoyl) -4-chlorophenyl) carbamate) or 0.3%DMSO (vehicle control) were treated with thallium stimulus buffer to initiate thallium flux. To measure the efficacy and potency of test compounds, the change in fluorescence intensity (ΔRatio) and %inhibition were calculated using the following equations: ΔRatio = (fluorescence intensity at 25 seconds after thallium addition) / (average of fluorescent intensity before thallium addition) %inhibition = {1 - (ΔRatio of test compound -ΔRatio of 10 μM control compound) / (ΔRatio of 0.3%DMSO -ΔRatio of 10 μM control compound) } x100 %inhibition vs compound concentration were plotted in XLfit and calculated IC50. It was found that each compound of present disclosure has a prominent TREK-1 inhibitory activity.
[0375] TREK-2 Thallium flux assay HEK293 cells stably expressing human TREK-2 (hTREK-2) are plated in 384-well plates, cultured overnight, loaded with Thallos dye the following day. Test compounds or control compound (tert-butyl (3- ( (4- (benzyloxy) -2-methylphenyl) carbamoyl) -4-chlorophenyl) carbamate) or 0.3%DMSO (vehicle control) which are prepared on separate plates are added to the cell plates and incubated for 10 min, and then the cells are treated with thallium stimulus buffer to initiate thallium flux.
[0376] To measure the efficacy and potency of test compounds, the change in fluorescence intensity (ΔRatio) and %inhibition are calculated using the following equations: ΔRatio = (fluorescence intensity at 25 seconds after thallium addition) / (average of fluorescent intensity before thallium addition) %inhibition = {1 - (ΔRatio of test compound -ΔRatio of 10 μM control compound) / (ΔRatio of 0.3%DMSO -ΔRatio of 10 μM control compound) } x100
[0377] Patch clamp technique hTREK-1 and mTREK-1 patch clamp assay CHO-K1 cells stably expressing hTREK-1 or CHO-K1 cells transiently expressing mouse TREK-1 (mTREK-1) were plated on glass coverslips, and voltage clamped in the whole-cell configuration of the patch clamp technique. Cells were voltage clamped at a holding potential of -80 mV and then stepped to 0 mV for 500 msec. The voltage was subsequently ramped from -120mV to +80 mV over a 500 msec duration. This step-ramp protocol was repeated every 10 sec. The bathing solution contained the following: 135 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, 5 mM D-Glucose, 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM sucrose (adjusted to pH 7.4 with NaOH, 300 mosmol / kg H2O) . The pipette solution contained the following: 135 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EGTA, 10 mM HEPES, 2 mM Na2ATP (adjusted to pH 7.35 with KOH, 285 mosmol / kg H2O) . Test compounds were dissolved into the bathing solution. The effects of test compound on the currents were calculated at 0 mV using the following equations: %inhibition = (1-post current / pre current) x 100 %inhibition vs compound concentrations were plotted in GraphPad Prism and calculated IC50. It was found that each compound of present disclosure has a prominent TREK-1 inhibitory activity.
[0378] hTREK-2 patch clamp assay HEK293 cells stably expressing human TREK-2 are plated on glass coverslips, and voltage clamped in the whole-cell configuration of the patch clamp technique. Cells are voltage clamped at a holding potential of -80 mV and the stepped to 0 mV for 500 msec. The voltage is subsequently ramped from -120mV to +80 mV over a 500 msec duration. This step-ramp protocol is repeated every 10 sec. The bathing solution contained the following: 135 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, 5 mM D-Glucose, 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM sucrose (adjusted to pH 7.4 with NaOH, 300 mosmol / kg H2O) . The pipette solution contained the following: 135 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EGTA, 10 mM HEPES, 2 mM Na2ATP (adjusted to pH 7.35 with KOH, 285 mosmol / kg H2O) . Test compounds are dissolved into the bathing solution. Experiments are terminated with the addition of the control compound (tert-butyl (3- ( (4- (benzyloxy) -2-methylphenyl) carbamoyl) -4-chlorophenyl) carbamate) so that maximal inhibition can be determined. The effects of test compound on the currents can be calculated at 0 mV using the following equations: %inhibition = {1 - (post current -current in the presence of 10 μM control compound) / (pre current -current in the presence of 10 μM control compound) } x 100
[0379] In some embodiments, the disclosed compounds inhibited TREK-1 channel response as a decrease in thallium fluorescence in thallium flux assay or a decrease in current measured at 0 mV in patch clamp electrophysiology assays.
[0380] The disclosed compounds may inhibit TREK-1 and / or TREK-2 via an inhibit mechanism or through an allosteric modulation mechanism.
[0381] Example 2. In vivo pharmacology test Forced swim test Drugs: Test compounds were formulated in 10%Tween 80 / 90%sterile water vehicle. Following vigorous vortexing, the formulated compound was placed in an ultrasonic water bath for 1 hour. Test compounds were formulated at a concentration that allowed for an oral (p.o. ) administration of 10 mL dosing solution / kg body weight.
[0382] Animals: Adult male BALB / cCrSlc mice (Japan SLC) at six-week-old were used. They were housed in an animal care facility certified by the Japan Health Sciences Foundation under a 12-hour light / dark cycle (lights on: 7 a.m.; lights off: 7 p.m. ) and had free access to food and water. Animals were acclimated to the housing facility for at least six days before being tested and the behavioral testing was performed during the light phase. All experiments were approved by the Institutional Animals Care and Use Committee of Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Apparatus: For the forced swim test, a clear plastic cylinder (10 cm diameter x 25 cm height) containing 10 cm water in depth warmed 24 ± 2℃ was used.
[0383] Procedure: Plastic animal cages (29 cm × 44 cm × 20 cm, 8 animals for each) were moved from the animal facility to the soundproof room in the morning of the test. After acclimation for 5 hours, the vehicle solution or test compounds was administered orally an hour before the forced swim procedure. Imipramine (60 mg / kg, p.o. ) was administered as a positive control. Behavioral analysis: The total immobility time in the above cylinder was recorded for six minutes using a video camera, and used as an index of antidepressant-like behaviors.
[0384] Data Analysis: Statistical analyses were performed using EXSUS ver 8.1 (CAC Croit Corporation) . The total immobility time of the vehicle solution and compound groups were analyzed. The vehicle and compound-treated groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test. The vehicle and imipramine-treated group were analyzed by Student t-test. A p-value ≦ 0.05 was considered to represent a significant difference.
[0385] Results: Compound 28 at 10 mg / kg, Compound 31 at 3 mg / kg and 10 mg / kg, Compound 197 at 10 mg / kg and Compound 201 at 10 mg / kg significantly reduced the immobility time. Data are illustrated in Figure 1.
[0386] Conclusions: Systemic administration of Compound 28, Compound 31, Compound 197 and Compound 201 caused reduction of immobility time in the forced swim test, a preclinical rodent model of depression-like behavior.
[0387] MK-801 induced novel object recognition test Drugs: Test compounds formulated in 20%Kolliphor HS 15 / propylene glycol (7: 3) / 80%sterile water vehicle. Following vigorous vortexing, the formulated compound was placed in an ultrasonic water bath for 1 hour. The compound formulated at a concentration that allowed for an oral (p.o.) administration of 10 mL dosing solution / kg body weight. MK-801 hydrogen maleate was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, dissolved in sterile saline, and dosed intraperitoneally in a volume of 1 mL / kg body weight (0.2 mg / kg) .
[0388] Animals: Adult male C57BL / 6J mice (Charles River Japan) at six-week-old were used. They were housed in an animal care facility certified by the Japan Health Sciences Foundation under a 12-hour light / dark cycle (lights on: 7 a.m.; lights off: 7 p.m. ) and had free access to food and water. Animals were acclimated to the housing facility for a minimum of six days before being tested and the behavioral testing was performed during the light phase. All experiments were approved by the Institutional Animals Care and Use Committee of Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
[0389] Apparatus: For the novel object recognition test an opaque Plastic chamber (35 cm x 40 cm x 18 cm) was used. At opposite ends of the chamber test objects could be placed. A video camera was mounted above the apparatus for recording the behavior.
[0390] Procedure: Habituation. At least one day prior to behavioral testing, animals were habituated to the empty testing chamber, i.e. in the absence of any objects, for ten minutes. Training. One hour after administration of vehicle, the compound (p.o. ) or clozapine (1 mg / kg, p.o. ) , and 30 minutes after administration of saline or MK-801, animals were placed into the testing chamber that contained two identical objects (LEGO (registered Trademark) blocks) for a session duration of 10 minutes. Afterwards, animals were returned to their home cage. Recognition. Ninety minutes after the end of the training session, animals were reintroduced to the test chamber where one of the two identical objects have been replaced by a novel object (glass vial) for a total of 10 minutes.
[0391] Behavioral analysis: An observer blinds to treatment condition and novel object location used the video recordings to score the interaction of the animal with the two objects offline. The duration an animal explored each object was determined as the total time an animal is facing the object with its nose being ≦2 cm away from the object and some discernible whisker movement being present. From these data, a Discrimination Index was calculated as follows: Discrimination Index = 100 x (time exploring Novel object -time exploring Familiar object) / time exploring Novel object + time exploring Familiar object) .
[0392] Data Analysis: Statistical analyses were performed using EXSUS ver 8.1 (CAC Croit Corporation) . The vehicle and compound-treated groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test. The vehicle and vehicle-MK-801, and vehicle-MK-801 and clozapine groups were analyzed by Student t-test. A p-value ≦ 0.05 was considered to represent a significant difference.
[0393] Results: Compound 31 at 10 mg / kg significantly improved Discrimination Index.
[0394] Conclusions: Systemic administration of Compound 31 caused amelioration in the MK-801-induced novel object recognition test, a preclinical rodent model of cognitive disrupted behavior.
[0395] It is understood that the foregoing detailed description and accompanying examples are merely illustrative and are not to be taken as limitations upon the scope of the disclosure, which is defined solely by the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims
1.A compound of formula (I) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;wherein:ring A isor 8 to 10-membered bicycle which may be substituted by 1 to 6 halogen atoms;ring B isor 8 to 10-membered bicycle which may be substituted by 1 to 6 halogen atoms;ring C is 5 or 6-membered aromatic monocycle;X1 is (1) CR3 or (2) N;X2 is (1) CR3-1 or (2) N;X3 is selected from the group consisting of (1) CR11, (2) NR10 or N, (3) S and (4) O;with proviso that when ringC is 5-membered aromatic ring, (2) is NR10;when ringC is 6-membered aromatic ring, (2) is N;X4 is (1) CR12 or (2) N;X5 is (1) CR6 or (2) N;R1 is selected from the group consisting of (1) C1-4 alkyl, (2) C1-4 haloalkyl, (3) C2-4 alkenyl, (4) C2-4 haloalkenyl, (5) C2-4 alkynyl, (6) C2-4 haloalkynyl, (7) C3-6 cycloalkyl and (8) 4 to 6-membered saturated monocyclic heterocycle, wherein each of the groups (1) to (6) may be substituted by 1 to 3 C3-6 cycloalkyl (s) or 4 to 6-membered saturated monocyclic heterocycle (s) ; R2 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) C1-4 alkyl, (3) C1-4 haloalkyl and (4) -CO-R2-1;R2-1 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) C1-4 alkyl, (3) C1-4 haloalkyl and (4) 5 to 6-membered carbocyclic ring which may be substituted by 1 to 5 halogen atoms;R3 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom, (3) C1-4 alkyl and (4) C1-4 haloalkyl;R3-1 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom, (3) C1-4 alkyl and (4) C1-4 haloalkyl;R4 is selected from the group consisting of (1) C1-4 alkyl, (2) C1-4 haloalkyl, (3) -NH2, (4) C3-6 cycloalkyl and (5) 4 to 6-membered saturated monocyclic heterocycle, wherein each of the groups (1) or (2) may be substituted by 1 to 3 C3-6 cycloalkyl (s) or C1-4 alkyl (s) ;and each of the groups (3) or (4) in R4 may be substituted by 1 or 2 C1-4 alkyl (s) ;R5 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a halogen atom, (2) C1-4 alkyl and (3) C1-4 haloalkyl;R6 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom, (3) C1-4 alkyl, (4) C1-4 haloalkyl, (5) C1-4 alkoxy and (6) C1-4 haloalkoxy;R7 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom, (3) C1-4 alkyl, (4) C1-4 haloalkyl, (5) C1-4 alkoxy, (6) C1-4 haloalkoxy and (7) C3-6 cycloalkyl which may be substituted by 1 to 3 C1-4 alkyl (s) ;R8 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a halogen atom, (2) C1-4 alkyl and (3) C1-4 haloalkyl;R9 is (1) a hydrogen atom or (2) C1-4 alkyl;R10 is (1) a hydrogen atom or (2) C1-4 alkyl;R11 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom, (3) C1-4 alkyl and (4) C1-4 haloalkyl;R12 is selected from the group consisting of (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a halogen atom, (3) C1-4 alkyl, (4) C1-4 haloalkyl, (5) C1-4 alkoxy, (6) C1-4 haloalkoxy and (7) C3-6 cycloalkyl which may be substituted by 1 to 3 C1-4 alkyl (s) ;m represents an integer of 0 to 3;n represents an integer of 0 to 2.2.The compound according to claim 1, which is a compound of formula (I-A) : wherein X1A is selected from (1) CH or (2) N;and the other symbols are as defined in claim 1;or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.3.The compound according to claim 1 or claim 2,wherein ringA isand the other symbols are as defined in claim 1 or claim 2;or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.4.The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 3,wherein ring B isand the other symbols are as defined in claim 1 or claim 2;or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.5.The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 4, which is a compound of formula (I-B) : wherein all symbols are as defined in claim 1 or claim 2;or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.6.The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 5,wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of (1) C1-4 alkyl, (2) C1-4 haloalkyl and (7) a C3-6 cycloalkyl group;and the other symbols are as defined in claim 1 or claim 2;or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.7.The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is(1) (S) -5-chloro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide;(2) (R) -5-chloro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide;(3) 5-chloro-N- [5- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -2'-isopropyl-2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide;(4) 5-chloro-2-methoxy-N- [5- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] benzamide;(5) 5-chloro-N- [4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide;(6) 5-chloro-N- [4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxynicotinamide;(7) 5-chloro-2-methoxy-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -4- [2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} nicotinamide;(8) (S) -5-chloro-N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'-isopropyl-2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide;(9) (R) -5-chloro-N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'-isopropyl-2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide;(10) (S) -5- (difluoromethyl) -2-methoxy-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2- [2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} benzamide;(11) (R) -5- (difluoromethyl) -2-methoxy-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2- [2-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} benzamide;(12) (S) -5-chloro-N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide;(13) (R) -5-chloro-N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide;(14) 5-bromo-N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxybenzamide;(15) (S) -N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide;(16) (R) -N- [5- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl] -2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide;(17) 5-chloro-N- {5- [S- (difluoromethyl) sulfonimidoyl] -2'- (trifluoromethyl) -2-biphenylyl} -2-methoxybenzamide;(18) 5-chloro-N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide;(19) 5-chloro-N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxynicotinamide;(20) 5-chloro-N- [4- (2-cyclopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxynicotinamide;(21) 5-chloro-N- [6- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide;(22) 5-chloro-N- [6- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxynicotinamide;(23) 5-chloro-N- [5-fluoro-4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide;(24) 5-chloro-N- [6- (S-cyclopropylsulfonimidoyl) -5-fluoro-4- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide;(25) (S) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -5- (trifluoromethoxy) benzamide;(26) (R) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -5- (trifluoromethoxy) benzamide;(27) 5- (difluoromethoxy) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] benzamide;(28) (S) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide;(29) (R) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide;(30) 5- (difluoromethyl) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] benzamide;(31) 2-methoxy-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2- [2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} -5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide;(32) 5- (1, 1-difluoroethyl) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] benzamide;(33) 5-chloro-N- {2- [2- (1, 1-difluoroethyl) phenyl] -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl} -2-methoxybenzamide;(34) (S) -N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide;(35) (R) -N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide;(36) 5-chloro-N- [4- (2-ethylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxybenzamide;(37) N- [4- (2-ethylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethoxy) benzamide;(38) N- [4- (2-ethylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide;(39) (S) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -6-methoxy-3- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide;(40) (R) -2-fluoro-N- [2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl] -6-methoxy-3- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide;(41) (S) -N- {2- [2- (1, 1-difluoroethyl) phenyl] -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl} -2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide;(42) (R) -N- {2- [2- (1, 1-difluoroethyl) phenyl] -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl} -2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide;(43) 5- (difluoromethoxy) -2-fluoro-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2- [2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} benzamide;(44) (S) -N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide;(45) (R) -N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide;(46) (S) -N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethoxy) benzamide;(47) (R) -N- [6- (S-ethylsulfonimidoyl) -2- (2-isopropylphenyl) -3-pyridinyl] -2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethoxy) benzamide;(48) N- {4- [2- (difluoromethyl) phenyl] -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl} -2-methoxy-5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide;(49) 2-fluoro-N- {6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -2- [2- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] -3-pyridinyl} -5- (trifluoromethyl) benzamide;(50) 5-chloro-N- {4- [2- (difluoromethyl) phenyl] -6- (S-methylsulfonimidoyl) -3-pyridinyl} -2-methoxybenzamide;or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.8.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.9.The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 8, which is a TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 inhibitor.10.The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 8, which is a preventive and / or therapeutic agent for a disorder associated with TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 dysfunction.11.The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 10, wherein the disorder associated with TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 dysfunction is a neurological and / or psychiatric disorder.12.The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 11, wherein the neurological and / or psychiatric disorder is selected from the group consisting of depression, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, neuropathic pain and cerebral infarction.13.A method for preventing and / or treating a disorder associated with TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 dysfunction, comprising administering an effective amount of the compound according to any one of claims 1 to 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a mammal.14.The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in prevention and / or treatment of a disorder associated with TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 dysfunction.15.Use of the compound according to any one of claims 1 to 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for manufacturing a preventive and / or therapeutic agent for a disorder associated with TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 dysfunction.16.A kit comprising the compound according to any one of claims 1 to 7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more of:(a) at least one agent known to decrease a TREK-1 channel activity;(b) at least one agent known to decrease a TREK-2 channel activity;(c) at least one agent known to prevent and / or treat a disorder associated with TREK channel dysfunction in which inhibitors of TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 would offer therapeutic benefit in a mammal;(d) instructions for preventing and / or treating a disorder associated with TREK channel dysfunction in which inhibitors of TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 would offer therapeutic benefit in a mammal; and(e) instructions for administering the compound in connection with cognitive behavioral therapy.