Adaptive heat transfer fluid comprising nonlinear micelles

Abstract

The present invention relates to a heat transfer fluid composition comprising nonlinear micelles, a method for preparing same, and an adaptive heat transfer fluid. The heat transfer fluid composition according to one embodiment of the present invention may comprise: nonlinear micelles including an amphiphilic material, a co-amphiphilic material, a disturbing agent, and a reinforcing agent; a pH adjusting agent; and a solvent.

Description

Adaptive heat transfer fluid containing nonlinear micelles

[0001] The present invention relates to a heat transfer fluid composition comprising nonlinear micelles, a method for manufacturing the same, and an adaptive heat transfer fluid.

[0002] About 90% of all energy generated by humans exists in the form of heat, and about 70% of this is lost as waste heat. Heat transfer occurs in about 80% of energy utilization systems. Therefore, maximizing heat transfer and enabling precise heat management is essential for improving energy efficiency and promoting energy sustainability.

[0003] Ideally, it would be desirable to have a heat transfer fluid capable of functioning with maximum thermal conductivity combined with minimum viscosity. Furthermore, it would be highly practical if the heat transfer fluid could adapt to its surroundings, such as channel size, channel structure, and flow rate, implying that the environment could be utilized to finely tune the thermal conductivity and viscosity of the fluid. Superfluids (superfluid helium, He-II) are the only fluids known to date to possess this capability, but they have the drawback of being able to perform this function only at ultra-low temperatures below -270.98°C. Additionally, advanced fluids such as nanofluids exhibit increased thermal conductivity at room temperature but suffer from the critical weakness of also increasing viscosity.

[0004] For fluids operating at or near equilibrium, the contribution of forces and flow to entropy generation is symmetrical; therefore, (i) their thermal conductivity can only be increased by the system, e.g., by the addition of additional nanoparticles into the nanofluid; (ii) this increase in thermal conductivity inevitably leads to an increase in viscosity; (iii) they do not adapt to the environment; and (iv) the environment actually acts adversely. For example, short and narrow passages within a channel typically induce drag. This is a fundamental limitation of all conventional heat transfer fluids and sets a fundamental limit on how much heat transfer can be maximized and how accurately thermal management can be performed.

[0005] Therefore, to achieve a substantial improvement in energy efficiency, these fundamental limitations must be overcome. To do so, it is necessary to develop a heat transfer fluid that adapts to the environment at room temperature, maximizing thermal conductivity and minimizing viscosity.

[0006] Korean Patent Publication No. 10-2024-0122537 relates to a heat transfer fluid, a heat transfer system using the heat transfer fluid, and a heat transfer method, and discloses a heat transfer fluid comprising a hydrocarbon oil, a metal-containing detergent, and a dispersant.

[0007] One embodiment of the present invention provides a heat transfer fluid composition comprising nonlinear micelles, a method for manufacturing the same, and an adaptive heat transfer fluid.

[0008] One embodiment of the present invention provides a heat transfer fluid composition comprising nonlinear micelles in which thermal conductivity is maximized and viscosity is minimized, and a method for manufacturing the same.

[0009] One embodiment of the present invention provides an adaptive heat transfer fluid obtained through environmental design of a heat transfer fluid composition.

[0010] One embodiment of the present invention provides a heat transfer fluid composition comprising: a nonlinear micelle comprising an amphiphile, a co-amphiphile, a disruptor, and a reinforcing agent; a pH adjuster; and a solvent.

[0011] One embodiment of the present invention provides a method for preparing a heat transfer fluid composition comprising: a step of preparing a solution containing an amphiphilic substance; and a step of adding and mixing a pH adjuster, a co-amphiphilic substance, a disturbance agent, and a reinforcing agent in sequence to the solution.

[0012] One embodiment of the present invention provides an adaptive heat transfer fluid obtained through environmental design of a heat transfer fluid composition comprising: a nonlinear micelle comprising an amphiphilic substance, a co-amphiphilic substance, a disturbance agent, and a reinforcing agent; a pH adjuster; and a solvent.

[0013] The heat transfer fluid composition comprising nonlinear micelles of the present invention can be used as a heat transfer and heat transfer control material in a wide range of industries including energy and power generation (solar energy, power plants, fusion reactors, fuel cells, carbon capture and storage, hydrogen production and storage, waste heat recovery, district heating and cooling, energy storage systems, energy transport systems), transportation and mobility (vehicles, electric vehicles, aerospace, spacecraft, ships), electronics and computing (quantum computers, data centers, electronic products, home appliances, semiconductor manufacturing), industry and manufacturing (chemical reactors, 3D printing, food processing, pharmaceutical production), building and urban infrastructure (smart buildings, heating and cooling systems), and environment and sustainable technology (desalination, smart irrigation and agriculture).

[0014] The heat transfer fluid composition comprising nonlinear micelles of the present invention has the advantage of being directly usable for improving thermal efficiency as an adaptive heat transfer fluid that reduces waste heat beyond thermodynamically prohibited levels.

[0015] More specifically, the heat transfer fluid composition comprising nonlinear micelles of the present invention can be widely utilized in the thermal design of smart buildings, optimized design of heat transfer devices, reduction of pumping power and energy consumption, active response to gravity conditions, rapid response to changes in the external environment, targeting of heat transfer, miniaturization of devices and systems, extension of the lifespan of energy utilization systems, design of safer and lighter systems, and design of energy utilization systems with real-time adaptive capabilities, by adaptively, dynamically, and actively improving thermal conductivity while reducing viscosity in the same way.

[0016] More specifically, the heat transfer fluid composition comprising nonlinear micelles of the present invention can be integrated with an artificial intelligence-based thermal control system. Furthermore, by dynamically and precisely adjusting thermal conductivity and viscosity according to real-time sensor data and operational feedback, the heat transfer fluid composition comprising nonlinear micelles of the present invention can implement an intelligent autonomous thermal network that adapts in real time to changes in load conditions, fluid flow space, or environmental variables, thereby improving thermal management efficiency and system-level performance.

[0017] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a nonlinear micelle according to one embodiment.

[0018] Figure 2 is an attenuated total reflection infrared spectrum and photograph of a nonlinear micelle solution according to one embodiment.

[0019] Figures 3 and 4 are graphs showing the pitchfork branching and chaos of a nonlinear micelle according to one embodiment.

[0020] Figure 5 is an attenuated total reflection infrared spectrum and photograph of a nonlinear micelle solution according to one embodiment.

[0021] FIG. 6 is a graph showing the time trajectory and feedback dynamics of a nonlinear micelle according to one embodiment.

[0022] Figure 7 shows the thermal conductivity of a nonlinear micelle solution according to one embodiment and shows a comparison with fluids generally studied and fluids currently used in industry for heat transfer.

[0023] Figure 8 plots the thermal conductivity of the tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride nonlinear micelle solution from Figure 7 according to the degree of shearing.

[0024] FIG. 9 shows the viscosity of a nonlinear micelle solution according to one embodiment and shows a comparison with fluids generally studied and fluids currently used in industry for heat transfer.

[0025] Figure 10 plots the viscosity of the nonlinear micelle solution from Figure 9 against the viscometer constant.

[0026] Figure 11 plots the change in viscosity of a dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride nonlinear micelle solution at point 's' in Figure 10 according to the degree of shearing.

[0027] The present invention will be described in detail below. However, this is merely illustrative and the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described illustratively.

[0028] Among the physical properties mentioned in this invention, if the measurement temperature affects the physical property, the property is the one measured at room temperature unless otherwise specifically defined.

[0029] The term "room temperature" as used in the present invention refers to a natural temperature that is not heated or cooled, and may mean, for example, any temperature within the range of 10°C to 30°C, for example, about 15°C or higher, about 18°C ​​or higher, about 20°C or higher, about 23°C or higher, about 27°C or lower, or 25°C. Unless specifically defined in the present invention, the unit of temperature is Celsius (°C).

[0030] Among the physical properties mentioned in this invention, if the measured pressure affects the physical property, the property is the one measured at atmospheric pressure unless specifically otherwise specified.

[0031] The term "atmospheric pressure" used in this invention refers to natural pressure that is not pressurized or depressurized, and typically refers to atmospheric pressure within the range of about 700 mmHg to 800 mmHg.

[0032] The terms a to b used in this invention refer to a range between a and b, including a and b. For example, “includes a to b parts by weight” is equivalent to “includes within the range of a to b parts by weight.”

[0033] The structural or functional descriptions of the embodiments disclosed in this specification or application are merely illustrative for the purpose of explaining embodiments according to the technical concept of the present invention. Embodiments according to the technical concept of the present invention may be implemented in various forms other than those disclosed in this specification or application, and the technical concept of the present invention is not to be interpreted as being limited to the embodiments described in this specification or application.

[0034] One embodiment of the present invention relates to a heat transfer fluid composition comprising nonlinear micelles and a method for manufacturing the same.

[0035] In one embodiment of the present invention, a nonlinear micelle can be understood as a substance in a nonlinear thermodynamic system. That is, it may include micelles in a nonlinear region, outside of equilibrium and near equilibrium (linear region).

[0036] In addition, as an embodiment of the present invention, a heat transfer fluid composition comprising nonlinear micelles may be an adaptive heat transfer fluid. In the present invention, an adaptive heat transfer fluid may be understood as a heat transfer fluid having properties in which thermal conductivity is maximized and viscosity is minimized in an ambient temperature environment.

[0037] Fluids exhibiting adaptive heat transfer characteristics similar to superfluids will have a significant impact on improving energy efficiency. However, achieving such paradoxical fluids at room temperature has been difficult until now because development efforts at or near the equilibrium where antisymmetric interactions between force and flow are thermodynamically prohibited have been technically limited.

[0038] The present invention can provide nonlinear micelles that are far from equilibrium and function in regions far from said equilibrium. The nonlinear micelles may bifurcate and self-organize in the form of a dissipative structure upon flowing. Furthermore, the nonlinear micelles according to an embodiment of the present invention may have a thermal conductivity higher than that of water and simultaneously a viscosity lower than that of water in an aqueous solution containing said nonlinear micelles.

[0039] The thermal conductivity and viscosity of the heat transfer fluid composition containing nonlinear micelles according to an embodiment of the present invention can adapt to the environment in the same way as a superfluid even at room temperature, unlike a superfluid. Specifically, when the heat transfer fluid composition containing nonlinear micelles is provided as an aqueous solution containing nonlinear micelles, the thermal conductivity of the aqueous solution containing nonlinear micelles can be provided as a value of at least twice the thermal conductivity of water. More specifically, the thermal conductivity of the aqueous solution containing nonlinear micelles can be provided as a value of at least 3.3 times the thermal conductivity of water.

[0040] Hereinafter, a heat transfer fluid composition comprising nonlinear micelles according to one embodiment of the present invention is described.

[0041] A heat transfer fluid composition according to one embodiment of the present invention may include a nonlinear micelle comprising an amphiphilic substance, a co-amphiphilic substance, a disturber, and a reinforcing agent; a pH adjuster; and a solvent.

[0042] A nonlinear micelle according to one embodiment of the present invention is inspired by spider silk protein and can be understood as a translation of the structure of spider silk protein.

[0043] First, the characteristics of spider silk protein are as follows.

[0044] Spider silk dope is an aqueous solution of spider silk protein. Spider silk protein possesses a micelle structure and is an inherently disordered protein with instability. This keeps spider silk protein micelles far from equilibrium and flattens the energy landscape, which is only k B T(k B : Allows movement in this region along an energy barrier that is close to a low value of the level (Boltzmann constant) or smaller.

[0045] Prigogine's principle of minimum entropy generation demonstrates that in systems of nonlinear regions, only a minimum force is required to maintain a constant amount of flow because the contributions of force and flow to entropy generation are antisymmetric. This is how nonlinear systems self-assemble dissipative structures.

[0046] Dissipative structures are transient, long-range aggregate orders that fluctuate frequently, and the size and movement of each dissipative structure adapt uniquely to the environment, causing the properties of the nonlinear system to manifest in a manner uniquely adapted to that environment.

[0047] Since the flow of spider silk protein micelles must coexist with the flow of heat, only a minimal pressure drop is required to maintain the flow of spider silk dope, and only a minimal temperature gradient is required to maintain the flow of heat simultaneously. This means that (i) the spider achieves a minimum viscosity combined with maximum thermal conductivity, and (ii) the diameter and structure of the spinning duct and the flow rate of the spider silk dope must be the result of evolutionary mutual adaptation with the spider silk protein micelles.

[0048] Major rheology parameters were estimated using literature values. The Reynolds number of spider silk dope is 10 -9 to 10 -10 , the modification energy of spider silk protein micelle sugars is k B T to 10 -2 k B T, spider silk protein micelle sugar contact sugar viscosity energy dissipation is k B T to 10 -2 k BIt is estimated to be T. All of these imply that silk dope possesses superfluid-like properties, namely adaptive heat transfer properties, which clearly exist at room temperature {Reference 1: Kojic, N., Bico, J., Clasen, C. & McKinley, GH Ex vivo rheology of spider silk. J. Exp. Biol., 209, 4355-4362 (2006), Reference 2: Parent, LR et al. Hierarchical spidroin micellar nanoparticles as the fundamental precursors of spider silks. PNAS, 115, 11507-11512 (2018)}.

[0049] The above spider silk protein includes a rigid (ordered) domain, which is formed by the co-self-assembly of two terminals (N-terminal and C-terminal). The rigid domain is coupled with a disordered (repetitive) domain, which is the center of the spider silk protein.

[0050] Carbon dioxide makes a significant contribution to the flexibility of the disordered domain by disrupting hydrophobic bonds.

[0051] The above spider silk protein may further include a reactive domain. The reactive domain regulates the charge distribution of the N-terminal and enhances stiffness, and its reactivity is kinetically inhibited so that the spider silk protein, once secreted, does not relax back to an equilibrium state.

[0052] The present invention designs a non-linear micelle that can be used as a heat transfer fluid by utilizing the characteristics of such spider silk protein micelles.

[0053] The following describes implementing a heat transfer fluid micelle similar to the structure of a spider silk protein in an actual usable system using translation technology. The translation technology may include a technology that mimics the spider silk protein micelle. Specifically, the translation technology may include a technology that mimics the molecular structure of the spider silk protein micelle. More specifically, the translation technology may be implemented in an actual usable system by mimicking the relationships between molecules of the spider silk protein micelle, for example, the relationships between molecules within the hydrophobic region and / or the relationships between molecules within the hydrophilic region.

[0054] The nonlinear micelle according to an embodiment of the present invention can be manufactured through this transfer technique. Since the nonlinear micelle according to an embodiment of the present invention remains and functions in a nonlinear region, it can be named a nonlinear micelle. When a solution of such a nonlinear micelle flows, it may exhibit pseudo-superfluid heat transfer characteristics at room temperature.

[0055] Furthermore, the nonlinear micelle may include amphiphilic materials, co-amphiphilic materials, disturbance agents, and reinforcing agents, which can induce pseudo-superfluid heat transfer characteristics at room temperature through intermolecular interactions. Additionally, the size of the nonlinear micelle can be controlled in various ways. Specifically, the nonlinear micelle can exhibit optimal performance by controlling the length scale of the optimal function to a very practical range of mm to cm, which is easily applicable to existing energy utilization systems.

[0056] Hereinafter, a nonlinear micelle according to an embodiment of the present invention and a heat transfer fluid composition comprising said nonlinear micelle will be described using the drawings. However, this is merely one embodiment of the present invention, and said nonlinear micelle and said heat transfer fluid composition comprising said nonlinear micelle may be modified in various ways.

[0057] FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram schematically illustrating a nonlinear micelle according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0058] Referring to FIG. 1, a nonlinear micelle according to one embodiment of the present invention may include an amphiphilic material (10), a co-amphiphilic material (20), a disturbance agent (30), and a reinforcing agent (40).

[0059] Specifically, the nonlinear micelle in the heat transfer fluid composition may include a self-assembled aggregate formed by the co-self-assembly of the amphiphilic material (10) and the co-amphiphilic material (20). The self-assembled aggregate may include a hydrophobic region and a hydrophilic region. The disturber may be provided in the hydrophobic region of the self-assembled aggregate to interfere with hydrophobic bonding in the hydrophobic region. The reinforcing agent may be provided in the hydrophilic region of the self-assembled aggregate to provide reactivity.

[0060] In FIG. 1, a nonlinear micelle according to an embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in the form of a normal micelle, but is not limited thereto. Specifically, the nonlinear micelle may be provided in the form of any type of self-assembled aggregate based on the form of a normal micelle. Additionally, the nonlinear micelle may be provided in the form of a reverse micelle and any type of self-assembled aggregate based on the form of a reverse micelle. Hereinafter, with reference to FIG. 1, the case in which the nonlinear micelle is provided in the form of a normal micelle will be described.

[0061] In the above heat transfer fluid composition, the amphiphilic material (10) of the nonlinear micelle can be self-assembled, and the co-amphiphilic material (20) can co-self-assemble with the amphiphilic material (10) to form a self-assembled aggregate.

[0062] The self-assembled aggregate may include a hydrophobic region and a hydrophilic region. In the self-assembled aggregate, the hydrophobic region may be provided in the core portion of the self-assembled aggregate, and the hydrophilic region may be provided in the shell portion of the self-assembled aggregate.

[0063] In addition, in another embodiment of the present invention, the hydrophilic region of the self-assembled aggregate may be provided in the form of an inverse micelle in which the hydrophilic region is provided in the core portion of the self-assembled aggregate and the hydrophobic region is provided in the shell portion of the self-assembled aggregate.

[0064] In the self-assembled aggregate, the disturber may be provided in the hydrophobic region to interfere with the hydrophobic bond. Additionally, the reinforcing agent may be provided in the hydrophilic region of the self-assembled aggregate. The disturber and the reinforcing agent may each be provided in regions distinct from one another in the self-assembled aggregate.

[0065] According to one embodiment of the present invention, the amphiphilic material (10) may include a compound that self-assembles the nonlinear micelle, which is provided as a self-assembled aggregate in a solvent. In the nonlinear micelle, all hydrophilic portions are aligned in one direction, and hydrophobic portions, for example, hydrocarbons or fluoro-carbon chains (hereinafter, "fluoro-" includes partially-fluorinated carbon chains or fully-fluorinated carbon chains) may be arranged in the other direction.

[0066] For example, the spider silk protein can be prepared into the nonlinear micelle by the transfer technique. In the nonlinear micelle formed by the transfer technique, the rigid domain of the spider silk protein can be transferred to a hydrophilic portion, and the disordered domain of the spider silk protein can be transferred to a hydrophobic portion. The transfer technique can provide an ideal platform for a heat transfer fluid composition comprising the nonlinear micelle according to the present embodiment. Additionally, the transfer technique can be performed on various types of self-assembled aggregates including micelles, reverse micelles, o / w nanoemulsions, o / w microemulsions, w / o nanoemulsions, w / o microemulsions, vesicles, liposomes, bilayers, and liquid crystals.

[0067] In one embodiment, the amphiphilic material (10) may be one or more selected from the group including, for example, surfactants, lipids, amphiphilic copolymers, fluoro-surfactants, fluoro-lipids, and fluoro-amphiphilic copolymers, but is not limited thereto. Additionally, the amphiphilic material (10) may be one or more selected from the group including compounds that form self-assembled aggregates.

[0068] In one embodiment, the amphiphilic substance (10) may be an alkylammonium-based surfactant. The ammonium portion of the amphiphilic substance (10) can be seen as having transferred the N-terminal of the spider silk protein.

[0069] In one embodiment, the amphiphilic material (10) may be an alkyl ammonium halide having 12 to 16 carbon atoms. The alkyl in the alkyl ammonium halide may be a straight-chain or branched alkyl.

[0070] Although not limited thereto, for example, the amphiphilic substance (10) may be one or more selected from the group comprising alkyltrimethylammonium chloride homologues {cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride and dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride} and alkyltrimethylammonium bromide homologues {cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide}.

[0071] The hydrophilic portion of the above amphiphilic material (10) corresponds to the N-terminal of the spider silk protein and may transfer the intermolecular interactions of the N-terminal for charge distribution. However, this hydrophilic portion alone may not provide sufficient rigidity to be coupled with the disordered hydrophobic portion.

[0072] Accordingly, the above nonlinear micelle may further include a co-amphiphilic material (20) that can improve the stiffness of the hydrophilic layer by co-self-assembling with the amphiphilic material (10).

[0073] Although not limited thereto, for example, the above-mentioned co-amphiphilic material (20) may be one or more selected from the group comprising alcohol, fatty acid, surfactant, lipid, amphiphilic copolymer, fluoro-alcohol, fluoro-fatty acid, fluoro-surfactant, fluoro-lipid, and fluoro-amphiphilic copolymer. In one embodiment, one or more materials may be used as the co-amphiphilic material (20). The hydrophilic portion of the co-amphiphilic material (20) takes on the role of the C-terminal of the spider silk protein and can stabilize this layer through intermolecular interactions.

[0074] The above-mentioned co-amphiphilic material (20) may include a material of the same or different type as the above-mentioned amphiphilic material (10). Specifically, the above-mentioned co-amphiphilic material (20) may include a material different from the above-mentioned amphiphilic material (10).

[0075] The above amphiphilic material (10) and co-amphiphilic material (20) have hydrocarbon or fluoro-carbon chains, which may be transferred hydrophobic portions of the disorder domain of spider silk protein.

[0076] The above-mentioned co-amphiphilic material (20) may include an alcohol having a long hydrocarbon chain. The alcohol having a long hydrocarbon chain can dramatically increase the stiffness of the hydrophilic portion through co-self-assembly with the amphiphilic agent. Additionally, the alcohol having a long hydrocarbon chain may perform a direct transfer technique to the C-terminus of the spider silk protein by means of a hydroxyl group that deprotonates at alkaline pH. In this specification, the transfer technique may be described using expressions such as transfer, being transferred, transferred, transferring, etc.

[0077] Although not limited thereto, for example, the co-amphiphilic substance (20) may be an alkyl alcohol having 8 to 16 carbon atoms. Although not limited thereto, the co-amphiphilic substance (20) may be 1-decanol.

[0078] The above disturbance agent (30) can interfere with hydrophobic bonds within the non-linear micelle, which is a self-assembled aggregate. The above disturbance agent (30) may be a transfer of carbon dioxide from spider silk protein that interferes with hydrophobic bonds.

[0079] The above disturbance agent (30) can create a central region that transfers the disorder domain of the spider silk protein. One or more disturbance agents (30) may be used to completely disrupt hydrophobic bonding within the non-linear micelle, which is the self-assembled aggregate. The above disturbance agent (30) may be an aromatic compound. Additionally, but not limited to this, the above disturbance agent (30) may be various compounds and combinations thereof known to disrupt hydrophobic bonding.

[0080] Specifically, the disruptor (30) may include an organic compound that interferes with hydrophobic bonds within the nonlinear micelle. Although not limited thereto, the disruptor (30) may include benzene or benzyl alcohol. The hydrophobic bond may include hydrophobic interaction and may refer to a phenomenon in which nonpolar parts gather together and clump in a polar solvent such as water and in the presence of a polar solvent component such as water, or the force acting therein.

[0081] Additionally, it is necessary to appropriately control the content of the disturber (30) within the nonlinear micelle so that the disturber (30) can be completely saturated within the hydrophobic portion. Appropriately controlling the content of the disturber (30) may mean that when the disturber (30) is completely saturated within the hydrophobic portion, the phase containing the excess disturber (30) can be phase-separated from the phase containing the nonlinear micelle. Specifically, the excess amount of the disturber (30) can control the phase separation of the nonlinear micelle.

[0082] The above disturbance agent (30) may include aromatic compounds having a single benzene ring. The aromatic compounds having a single benzene ring can easily dissolve into the hydrophobic portion of the nonlinear micelle and disrupt the hydrophobic bonds within them, thereby dispersing the hydrophobic bonds of carbon dioxide in the spider silk protein. This can create a central region that disperses the disorder domain of the spider silk protein.

[0083] The reinforcing agent (40) may be a compound or a combination thereof that can bind to or be located on the hydrophilic portion of an amphiphilic substance and / or a co-amphiphilic substance. The reinforcing agent (40) may be a reactive domain of a spider silk protein. The location of the reinforcing agent (40) may be a reactive domain of a spider silk protein, and the reactively inhibited reactivity thereof may be a reactive domain.

[0084] The reinforcing agent (40) may be a compound that provides a functional group capable of binding to the hydrophilic portion of the amphiphilic material (10) at an alkaline pH. There are various compounds that provide a functional group capable of binding to the hydrophilic portion of the amphiphilic material at an alkaline pH, and these can be used to transfer the reactive domain of the spider silk protein.

[0085] The reinforcing agent (40) may be selected from various inorganic, organic, biological, and polymeric compounds including silicate, aluminate, aluminosilicate, titaniate, tin oxide, zirconia, and iron oxide, and combinations thereof.

[0086] In one embodiment, the reinforcing agent (40) may include a precursor form. Although not limited thereto, for example, the silicate may be used, or tetraethylorthosilicate or tetramethylorthosilicate, which are precursor forms of the silicate, may be used.

[0087] In addition, according to one embodiment, one or more types of reinforcing agents (40) may be used.

[0088] A heat transfer fluid composition according to an embodiment of the present invention may include a pH adjuster. The pH of the heat transfer fluid composition must be adjusted, and a pH adjuster may be used for this purpose. pH adjustment may be performed during each of any step of the transfer technique, a plurality of any steps, or all any steps. The pH adjustment may be performed so that the reinforcing agent (40) does not precipitate. In one embodiment, the pH adjuster may be a hydroxide salt. Although not limited thereto, for example, the pH adjuster may be sodium hydroxide.

[0089] In one embodiment, the heat transfer fluid composition may include a solvent. The amphiphilic material (10) may self-assemble when dissolved in the solvent at a critical micelle concentration, or a generally known critical concentration. Accordingly, the solvent may include various single or multi-component liquids capable of dissolving the amphiphilic material (10) at a critical concentration. For example, but not limited to, the solvent may be water, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, engine oil, silicone oil, mineral oil, pump oil, fluoro-liquid, and mixtures thereof.

[0090] One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for preparing a heat transfer fluid composition comprising nonlinear micelles comprising an amphiphilic material, a co-amphiphilic material, a disturber, and a reinforcing agent.

[0091] A method for preparing a heat transfer fluid composition according to one embodiment of the present invention may include the steps of: preparing a solution containing an amphiphilic substance; and adding and mixing a pH adjuster, a co-amphiphilic substance, a disturbance agent, and a reinforcing agent to the solution. Specifically, the co-amphiphilic substance, the disturbance agent, and the reinforcing agent may be added sequentially to the solution containing the amphiphilic substance, and the pH adjuster may be added at each step to adjust the pH of the solution. More specifically, the pH adjuster, the co-amphiphilic substance, the disturbance agent, and the reinforcing agent may be added sequentially to the solution containing the amphiphilic substance.

[0092] In addition, a method for preparing a heat transfer fluid composition according to one embodiment of the present invention may include the step of preparing a mixture containing an amphiphilic substance; and the step of adding and mixing a pH adjuster, a co-amphiphilic substance, a disturber, and a reinforcing agent to the mixture. In addition, a method for preparing a heat transfer fluid composition according to one embodiment of the present invention may include the step of adding and mixing a solvent, a pH adjuster, an amphiphilic substance, a co-amphiphilic substance, a disturber, and a reinforcing agent.

[0093] According to one embodiment, a solution containing an amphiphilic substance may be started first. The solution containing the amphiphilic substance may include the amphiphilic substance and a solvent. The solvent may be, for example, water, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, engine oil, silicone oil, mineral oil, pump oil, fluoro-liquid, and mixtures thereof, although not limited thereto.

[0094] For example, the amphiphilic substance may preferably be used at a critical micelle concentration to solubility, more preferably at a critical concentration to solubility, and most preferably at a concentration of 20% to 30% by weight.

[0095] Here, the critical micelle concentration may be a concentration at which micelles begin to form in the solution. Specifically, the critical micelle concentration may be a concentration at which the amphiphilic substance forms micelles in the solution. Additionally, the solubility may be a concentration at which precipitates begin to form in the solution. Specifically, the solubility may be a concentration at which the amphiphilic substance forms precipitates in the solution.

[0096] In one embodiment, the solution containing the amphiphilic substance may preferably be an aqueous solution containing the substance at a concentration of critical micelle concentration to solubility, more preferably at critical concentration to solubility, and most preferably at a concentration of 20% to 30% by weight. In the solution containing the amphiphilic substance, if the content of the amphiphilic substance deviates from the aforementioned numerical range, the shape of the non-linear micelle may not be stably maintained, which may cause problems.

[0097] Next, the pH adjuster can be added to the solution containing the amphiphilic substance and stirred until the pH adjuster is completely dissolved.

[0098] The molar ratio of the pH adjuster to the amphiphilic substance may preferably be 0 to 10, more preferably 0 to 5.0, and most preferably 1.15 to 1.25.

[0099] Next, a co-amphiphilic substance may be added and stirred for 10 to 30 minutes. The molar ratio of the co-amphiphilic substance to the amphiphilic substance may preferably be 0 to 10, more preferably 0 to 5.0, and most preferably 0.10 to 1.10.

[0100] Next, a disturber can be added and stirred for 10 to 30 minutes, and then a reinforcing agent is added and stirred for 10 to 30 minutes to prepare a mixture. The molar ratio of the disturber to the amphiphilic material may preferably be 0 to 200, more preferably 0 to 100, and most preferably 60 to 70. The molar ratio of the reinforcing agent to the amphiphilic material may preferably be 0 to 10, more preferably 0 to 5.0, and most preferably 1.10 to 1.70.

[0101] Consistent stirring can be performed at a medium speed using a stirring motor throughout the above addition and mixing process.

[0102] After stopping the stirring, the mixture can be stored at room temperature for preferably 0 to 500 hours, more preferably 0 to 250 hours, and most preferably 24 to 72 hours.

[0103] After the above time has elapsed, the mixture may separate into two distinct phases. If such phase separation is observed, it may indicate that the perturbing agent has become completely saturated within the nonlinear micelles and that the preparation of the nonlinear micelles is complete. Once phase separation is complete, the upper phase containing the excess perturbing agent is removed, and only the lower phase is obtained. The lower phase may be an aqueous single-phase system of the nonlinear micelle solution.

[0104] It is desirable to store the aqueous single-phase system of the above-mentioned nonlinear micelle solution in a suitable container with a tightly sealed cap for long-term storage and use. During this process, it may be observed that the lower phase, which is preferably the aqueous single-phase system of the nonlinear micelle solution, separates into two phases. This is the aqueous two-phase system of the nonlinear micelle solution.

[0105] For example, the above mixture may obtain only an aqueous single-phase system of the nonlinear micelle solution in the phase obtained by removing the phase containing the extra perturbant. The aqueous single-phase system of the nonlinear micelle solution may change into a nonlinear micelle solution that is an aqueous two-phase system in at least some of the attempts to produce the aqueous single-phase system of the nonlinear micelle solution.

[0106] In one embodiment, the molar ratio of amphiphilic substance : pH adjuster : co-amphiphilic substance : disturber : reinforcing agent may preferably be 1.00 : 0~10 : 0~10 : 0~200 : 0~10, more preferably 1.00 : 0~5.0 : 0~5.0 : 0~100 : 0~5.0, and most preferably 1.00 : 1.15~1.25 : 0.10~1.10 : 60~70 : 1.10~1.70.

[0107] When alkyltrimethylammonium chloride or alkyltrimethylammonium bromide is used as an amphiphilic substance, the concentration thereof can preferably be used at a critical micelle concentration to a solubility, more preferably at a critical concentration to a solubility, and most preferably at 20% to 30% by weight.

[0108] Within the range of the above molar ratios, the above components may be added in the order of amphiphilic substance, pH adjuster, co-amphiphilic substance, disturber, and reinforcing agent.

[0109] In one embodiment, an amphiphilic solution exceeding a critical concentration can be provided by dissolving the amphiphilic substance in a solvent at the above concentration. In the step of adding the co-amphiphilic substance, a disturber, and a reinforcing agent to the amphiphilic solution and stirring, the pH can be adjusted using a pH adjuster. Accordingly, a solution containing the nonlinear micelles can be obtained as a liquid phase without precipitates.

[0110] As described above, the heat transfer fluid composition according to one embodiment of the present invention may be in a nonlinear region. Bifurcation clearly confirms that the system is in a nonlinear region.

[0111] Spider silk protein micelles are secreted within the body of the spider through reaction pathway bifurcation to generate at least two immiscible silk dope layers, and when the silk dope layers flow due to external disturbance, they enter chaos through pitchfork bifurcation.

[0112] It was confirmed that a micelle according to one embodiment of the present invention undergoes the same reaction path branching and pitch fork branching, and this can be referred to as a non-linear micelle.

[0113] A nonlinear micelle solution according to one embodiment of the present invention can be produced in two different types: an aqueous single-phase system or an aqueous two-phase system.

[0114] According to one embodiment of the present invention, under the same order of addition of each component, the same molar ratio, and the same manufacturing conditions, about 90% of the aqueous single-phase system and about 10% of the aqueous two-phase system were obtained. Thus, the thermodynamic path selected as an aqueous single-phase or aqueous two-phase system is a phenomenon unique only in the nonlinear region.

[0115] A nonlinear micelle according to one embodiment of the present invention may include a reaction path branch.

[0116] The above nonlinear micelle undergoes a subsequent branching when subjected to a small degree of external disturbance, and may enter chaos when the external disturbance exceeds a certain level. The above subsequent branching may include a pitchfork branch.

[0117] The above nonlinear micelle can be relaxed back to an undisturbed state when the external disturbance is removed.

[0118] The above nonlinear micelle may repeatedly move back and forth in the nonlinear region by a disturbance-relaxation cycle. The external disturbance may include flowing, pumping, swirling, stirring, mixing, vibrating, oscillating, tapping, shaking, shearing, and exposure to ultrasound, an electric field, or a magnetic field, and combinations thereof.

[0119] Figure 2 is an attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectrum and photograph of a nonlinear micelle solution according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0120] FIG. 2 shows the attenuated total reflection infrared spectra of the aqueous single-phase system (thick solid line) and the aqueous two-phase system (thin solid line) of the nonlinear micelle solution prepared in Example 1 (see Example described below). (i) CH3-N in FIG. 2 + These are asymmetric bending, (ii) CH stretching, and (iii) Si-O stretching regions. (iii) of FIG. 2 includes photographs of an aqueous single-phase system and an aqueous two-phase system.

[0121] Referring to FIG. 2, (i) CH3-N +In the asymmetric bending, (ii) CH stretching spectrum, it can be seen that there is no difference in the molecular packing of the hydrophilic layer (i) and hydrocarbon chain (ii) between the aqueous single-phase system and the aqueous two-phase system. On the other hand, in the (iii) Si-O stretching region, it is shown that the aqueous two-phase system has longer silicate chains (iii) compared to the aqueous single-phase system. This is a result of the balance between silicate growth, known as dissipative adaptation, and interference with that growth by the absorption of work.

[0122] Furthermore, this can be understood as ruling out the possibility that the above results represent a simple phase transition occurring because the nonlinear micelle solution is located at the boundary between the two types. The formation of the initial Si-O-Si dimer is the transition state of the silicate condensation reaction, which implies that the transition state is identical in both types. Reaction pathway branching is a process in which the same transition state branches into two different pathways to produce two different products. This confirms that the two different types of nonlinear micelle solutions are the result of reaction pathway (first-order) branching.

[0123] Both aqueous single-phase and aqueous two-phase systems maintain a stable state for a long period at room temperature, which suggests the existence of a significant energy barrier that inhibits relaxation to an equilibrium state. The aqueous single-phase system maintains its functional state with respect to temperature changes. In contrast, the aqueous two-phase system undergoes an irreversible transition due to temperature changes, converting to a state that is functionally indistinguishable from the aqueous single-phase system. After this irreversible transition, the aqueous two-phase system exhibits the same function as the aqueous single-phase system. This irreversible change further confirms that the two different types of nonlinear micelle solutions are the result of a branching process rather than a general phase transition governed by equilibrium thermodynamics. Here, the irreversible change implies that the change proceeds in a unidirectional manner, meaning that once the change occurs, the reverse change effectively does not occur or occurs negligibly.

[0124] FIGS. 3 and 4 are graphs showing the pitch fork (secondary) branching and confusion of a nonlinear micelle according to Example 1 (see Example described below).

[0125] Figure 3 shows the particle size distribution of a nonlinear micelle in an aqueous single-phase system measured by dynamic light scattering. Figure 4 shows the time trajectory of the light scattering intensity of the same nonlinear micelle. The dynamic light scattering results in Figure 3 show that the nonlinear micelle has a single-mode size distribution with a diameter of 14 nm at rest. Upon shearing caused by fine vortices, a dual-mode distribution of 7.0 nm to 8.0 nm (twice as small) and 22 nm to 34 nm (twice as large) begins to appear, becoming more evident as the fine shearing continues. They maintain these distributions as long as shearing is present, and when shearing stops, they relax back to the initial single-mode state. This is consistent with the description of pitchfork divergence. When the system is barely maintaining stability, even slight disturbances trigger multi-scale instability, causing divergence at specific points, and the newly emerged states grow from neighboring existing states following well-defined rules. As shown in the photo in the top left corner, the non-linear micelle solution remains transparent during this process.

[0126] Upon further perturbation, pitchfork branching is known to continue subsequent branching and eventually enter chaos. Additional shearing causes nonlinear micelles to grow to apparent sizes ranging from a few µm to tens of µm, thereby clouding the nonlinear micelle solution. Refer to the photograph in Fig. 4. Fig. 4 also shows that there are no signs of time dependence near the first branch, but once pitchfork branching begins, the time trajectory starts to oscillate with long time periods. Continued shearing eventually causes the nonlinear micelle solution to cloud, which is a clear sign of chaos. The irregular shape of the phase-space map, along with the exponential decrease in the power spectrum and downward spikes in the maximum-minimum spectrum, indicates that this is deterministic chaos. The direct transition from long-time-period oscillations to chaos, without signs of periodic or quasi-periodic intermittency, suggests that this occurs through a period-doubling cascade. When the external disturbance is removed at any stage of the disturbance, the nonlinear micelle relaxes back to an undisturbed state and demonstrates the ability to continuously repeat this disturbance-relaxation cycle.

[0127] The nonlinear micelles clearly remain in the nonlinear region and exhibit the same branching sequence as the spider silk protein micelles. This confirms that the transfer of the spider silk protein was successfully performed.

[0128] Three mechanisms are known to lead systems into nonlinear regions: reaction-diffusion, autocatalytic reactions, and feedback circuits. The inherent instability of nonlinear micelles arises from the intermolecular coupling of two incompatible elements: a rigid hydrophilic layer and a disordered hydrophobic core. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that their operating mechanism is a feedback circuit. To verify this, kinetic simulations are performed. The core disturbs the layer upon external disturbance. This makes nonlinear micelles highly sensitive to flow and flattens the energy landscape by making their internal energy changes similar to or even less than the work performed by the flow. It is logical to infer that intermolecular forces form the layer, while hydrophobic bonds disordered by the disturber form the core. Without the latter, the former would continue to assemble the micelle; without the former, the latter would continue to disassemble the micelle. This is very similar to the coupling of one positive feedback loop (attraction) and one negative feedback loop (disordered hydrophobic bonds). This coupling is known to be able to capture various branching behaviors when there is a time delay in each loop. The rate equation for this can be written as Equation 1 below.

[0129] (Equation 1)

[0130]

[0131] In Equation 1, k a is the bifurcation rate, k d is the dissipation rate. The first and second brackets contain Hill functions representing the negative feedback loop and positive feedback loop, respectively. M oτ1 is estimated from dynamic light scattering measurements and represents the value of M (micelle diameter) at which the Hill function reaches half of its maximum value. τ1 and τ2 are time delays for the negative and positive feedback loops, respectively. Once a certain portion of the layer is disassembled by the center, there must be a certain time delay (τ2) for the attractive force to act to reassemble the layer. The above τ2, of which molecular forces are of origin, can be estimated from well-known literature values.

[0132] As the flow increases, the disturbance caused by the center is amplified. This implies that, with τ2 fixed at a constant time, the change in M ​​as a function of τ1 must reflect the effect of the flow on the nonlinear micelle. The order of each feedback (n1 and n2) is determined by the dynamics of each feedback. The simulation is performed using the following parameter: k a = 100nm / msec,k d = 0.1msec -1 , M 0,1 = 50nm, M 0,2 = 50nm,n1= 4,n2= 2,τ1= 0msec to 45.00msec andτ2= 45.00msec.

[0133] These parameters exhibit sensitivity. However, all parameter values ​​fall within the range of dynamic light scattering measurements and literature values. Furthermore, only these parameters and very similar values ​​successfully reproduced the time trajectories measured by dynamic light scattering, and no evidence of a significant non-uniqueness problem was found. This supports the reliability of this simulation and confirms that nonlinear micelles operate through a feedback circuit. Additionally, since this feedback circuit involves dynamic intermolecular phenomena occurring across multiple scales, it induces internal convection.

[0134] Thermal conductivity and viscosity are measured using a non-linear micelle solution in which benzene is replaced with benzyl alcohol. Except for the fact that benzyl alcohol is a disturbance agent, the components and composition are as shown in Fig. 2.

[0135] FIG. 5 is the attenuated total reflection infrared spectrum and photograph of a nonlinear micelle solution according to Example 4 (see Example described below). FIG. 5 is the attenuated total reflection infrared spectrum of an aqueous single-phase system and an aqueous two-phase system of a cetyltrimethylammonium chloride nonlinear micelle solution in the Si-O stretching region, and the photograph of the aqueous single-phase system and the aqueous two-phase system. In the attenuated total reflection infrared spectrum of the aqueous two-phase system, the thin solid line and the thick solid line correspond to the upper and lower phases of the aqueous two-phase system, respectively, and include photographs.

[0136] In these cases as well, aqueous single-phase and aqueous two-phase systems were obtained in approximately 90% and 10% of the manufacturing attempts, respectively. Figure 5 also shows that there is no significant difference in the state of molecular packing between the two types. 1600 cm -1 up to 4000cm -1 At 650 cm⁻¹, they have nearly identical spectra. -1 up to 1600cm -1 In this case, the aqueous two-phase system exhibits a more complex silicate reaction, but not to the extent that it precipitates micelles. Therefore, it can be confirmed here that two different types are the result of reaction pathway branching.

[0137] Just as the aqueous single-phase system and the aqueous two-phase system in Fig. 2, the aqueous single-phase system and the aqueous two-phase system in Fig. 5 also maintain a stable state for a long period at room temperature, and the aqueous two-phase system undergoes an irreversible transition due to a change in temperature, converting into a state that is functionally indistinguishable from the aqueous single-phase system. This irreversible change confirms once again that the two different types of nonlinear micelle solutions are the result of a branching process rather than a general phase transition governed by equilibrium thermodynamics.

[0138] Figure 6 is a graph showing the time trajectories and feedback dynamics of nonlinear micelles according to Example 1 and Example 4 (see Examples described below). The left column of Figure 6 is from Figure 4, and the middle column is for cetyltrimethylammonium chloride nonlinear micelles using benzyl alcohol from Figure 5. Both were measured from dynamic light scattering.

[0139] For the two columns of the left and middle columns in Fig. 6, the time trajectory at the bottom was measured near the first branch, the middle trajectory was immediately after the second branch, and the top trajectory represents chaos.

[0140] The right column shows the simulation results near the first branch (point attractor), immediately after the second branch (periodic oscillation), and in the chaotic region. The time trajectory from dynamic light scattering is the change in the intensity of scattered light as a function of time, I(t), and the trajectory from the simulation is the change in the micelle size as a function of time, M(t). Therefore, I(t) directly represents M(t), which means that the simulated time trajectory in each region is in good agreement with the measured one.

[0141] Extending the experiment in Fig. 6, a series of dynamic light scattering measurements were performed on several different nonlinear micelles and compared with simulation results. The results show that there is no significant difference in the branching order between different nonlinear micelle systems (nonlinear micelles with different components and nonlinear micelles with different compositions), and the difference in feedback dynamics between them is also very small. Furthermore, they all operate by a mechanism of one positive feedback loop coupled with one negative feedback loop. This implies that when selecting a specific component or composition for a required purpose, as long as there is coupling between two incompatible elements, the resulting properties will be identical.

[0142] For example, since benzene is a carcinogenic component, it was replaced with non-carcinogenic benzyl alcohol, yet they exhibit the same properties. Further analysis confirms that feedback dynamics accelerate in the region between the pitchfork branch and chaos, known as the 'edge of chaos'.

[0143] One embodiment of the present invention relates to an adaptive heat transfer fluid obtained through environmental design of a heat transfer fluid composition comprising: a nonlinear micelle comprising an amphiphilic substance, a co-amphiphilic substance, a disturber and a reinforcing agent; a pH adjuster; and a solvent.

[0144] The above-described heat transfer fluid composition can be used as an adaptive heat transfer fluid through environmental design.

[0145] Adaptive heat transfer fluids can be understood as heat transfer fluids in which thermal conductivity is maximized and viscosity is minimized through environmental design.

[0146] In one embodiment, the heat transfer fluid composition can be made to flow through a space having a predetermined size to become an adaptive heat transfer fluid. Accordingly, a desired phase slip effect can be obtained.

[0147] In one embodiment, the space may be a channel, a capillary, a tube, or a pipe. The size of the space may include the diameter and length of the space.

[0148] In one embodiment, the desired phase slip effect can accelerate the flow of the heat transfer fluid composition.

[0149] In one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be designed by designing the environment of the nonlinear micelle solution, and the viscosity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be designed by designing the environment of the nonlinear micelle solution.

[0150] In one embodiment, the environment design can be performed by changing the size of the space in which the heat transfer fluid composition flows, changing the flow rate of the heat transfer fluid composition within the space, changing the structure of the space, and a combination thereof.

[0151] In one embodiment, the flow of the heat transfer fluid composition may be carried out using a device comprising fine pumping and a piston operated by fine force. Alternatively, it may be carried out by a method comprising the use of external forces including fine electric and magnetic forces, the use of external energy including fine temperature gradients and intermolecular forces including capillary forces, and combinations thereof.

[0152] In one embodiment, the flow rate may include the flow of a constant volume of the nonlinear micelle solution per unit time within space.

[0153] In one embodiment, the structure of the space may include a cross-sectional shape of the space including a symmetrical shape and an asymmetrical shape, an elbow, a curve and a bend of the space, and a short and narrow passage within the space.

[0154] In one embodiment, the design of the thermal conductivity may be to increase and maximize the thermal conductivity of the nonlinear micelle solution.

[0155] In one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be increased and maximized within a certain range of sizes by increasing the size from a space where the nonlinear micelle solution barely flows to a larger space.

[0156] In one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be increased and maximized at a certain range of speeds by increasing the flow rate from a barely flowing speed to a faster speed.

[0157] In one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be increased by matching the difference in the length of the channel generated by the spatial structure with the length of the matter wave of the nonlinear micelle.

[0158] In one embodiment, the design of the viscosity may be a method for reducing and minimizing the viscosity of the nonlinear micelle solution.

[0159] In one embodiment, the viscosity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be reduced and minimized within a certain range of size by increasing the size from a space where the nonlinear micelle solution barely flows to a larger space.

[0160] In one embodiment, the viscosity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be reduced and minimized at a certain range of speeds by increasing the flow rate from a speed at which the nonlinear micelle solution barely flows to a faster speed.

[0161] In one embodiment, the viscosity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be reduced by matching the difference in the length of the channel generated by the spatial structure with the length of the matter wave of the nonlinear micelle.

[0162] In one embodiment, by designing the environment, the thermal conductivity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be increased and the viscosity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be reduced at the same time.

[0163] In one embodiment, by designing the environment, the thermal conductivity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be maximized and the viscosity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be minimized at the same time.

[0164] In one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be increased and the viscosity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be decreased at the same time by increasing the size of the space from the size of the space where the nonlinear micelle solution barely flows to the size of the transitional region.

[0165] In one embodiment, by adjusting the size of the space to within the size of the transition region, the thermal conductivity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be maximized and the viscosity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be minimized at the same time.

[0166] In one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be increased and the viscosity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be decreased at the same time by increasing the flow rate from the barely flowing speed of the nonlinear micelle solution to the speed at the edge of chaos.

[0167] In one embodiment, by adjusting the flow rate to within the flow rate of the edge of chaos, the thermal conductivity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be maximized and the viscosity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be minimized at the same time.

[0168] In one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be increased and the viscosity of the nonlinear micelle solution can be decreased at the same time by matching the difference in the length of the channel generated by the spatial structure with the length of the matter wave of the nonlinear micelle.

[0169] In one embodiment, the transition region can be estimated by multiplying the size of the 1D (1-dimensional) limit where the dissipation structure of the nonlinear micelle becomes close to singular by a factor preferably including about 10 to about 100.

[0170] In one embodiment, the edge of chaos can be identified as the region between the branch and the chaos where the feedback dynamics are fastest.

[0171] Nonlinear micelles according to one embodiment of the present invention may reach their transition region in the range of mm to cm, although not limited thereto.

[0172] This transition region is where the feedback dynamics of nonlinear micelles are maximized when flowing through a channel. Dynamic light scattering and thermal conductivity experiments were designed based on this. Glass vials with an inner diameter of 2.5 cm were used to store the nonlinear micelle solution. The height of the nonlinear micelle solution within the vial was maintained at a minimum of 1 cm. Direct shearing of nonlinear micelles between rotating walls within structures such as concentric cylinders or cone-plates used in general rheometers hinders pitchfork branching. This is because, in these structures, the surface area-to-volume ratio is significantly larger than that of a channel, causing nonlinear micelle-wall interactions to increase overwhelmingly compared to nonlinear micelle-nonlinear micelle interactions. These nonlinear micelle-nonlinear micelle interactions are essential for the occurrence of pitchfork branching. It is known that a similar phenomenon occurs in superfluids, which is why the properties of superfluids are primarily measured by flowing through a capillary or rotating a partially filled bucket. Therefore, in the present invention, shearing is induced by applying fine vortices while the nonlinear micelle solution is in the vial. For dynamic light scattering measurements, a quartz cuvette with a path length of 1 cm is used. The height of the nonlinear micelle solution is maintained at a minimum of 1 cm from the bottom of the cuvette.

[0173] Detailed measurements are performed as follows. A temperature probe is positioned in the center of the nonlinear micelle solution contained in a glass vial, the vial is sealed, and then placed in the center of a water bath. While heat is supplied from the water bath to all sides of the vial, the change in temperature is measured as a function of time from 22.0°C for 15.0 to 30.0 seconds. Three identical but separate devices are installed. Before measuring the nonlinear micelle solution, the thermal conductivity of deionized water (standard) is measured in the same manner. This is performed multiple times on the three separate devices. The accuracy and precision obtained from the data pool are both within 5%. Once the vial containing the nonlinear micelle solution and the temperature probe is placed in the water bath, they are left undisturbed for at least one hour. This is to allow the nonlinear micelles to fully relax into a resting state. The first measurement is performed with the nonlinear micelles in this resting state. Subsequently, fine shearing is applied with a vortex, and a second measurement is taken within a few seconds. This is followed by the next stage of shearing, followed by immediate measurements within seconds. This process continues until the non-linear micelles show clear visual signs of entering chaos.

[0174] The result is expressed as the ratio of the temperature rise rate of the nonlinear micelle solution measured under the same heating conditions to the temperature rise rate of water (k / k in Fig. 7). W and k of Fig. 8 NM / k W (Reference). This ratio captures the effective thermal conductivity (hereinafter referred to as 'thermal conductivity'), which reflects the overall heat transfer characteristics, including conduction and internal convection mechanisms within the nonlinear micelle solution.

[0175] Multiple preliminary measurements demonstrate that by appropriately separating the heat source and the temperature probe, these devices and methods provide the spatial and temporal margins necessary to adequately capture the contribution of internal convection driven by feedback dynamics. This is a characteristic that is difficult to achieve with existing techniques, such as the commercially available transient hot wire technique. Furthermore, by maintaining internal convection while stopping the vortex, this method enables the measurement of the contribution of the system (nonlinear micelle) itself, excluding environmental influences. This allows for a direct comparison of the thermal conductivity of the nonlinear micelle solution with that of conventional fluids and enables the elucidation of the unique effects of shearing on thermal conductivity.

[0176] A short vortex lasting only a few seconds was sufficient to induce branching, meaning that prolonged shearing is unnecessary. The manual vortex method minimizes secondary flow, which commonly occurs in mechanical devices such as laboratory shakers; consequently, the flow generated by this method is directional and exhibits characteristics similar to unidirectional Poiseuille flow within the channel. The shear rate generated by the vortex performed for measurement in this invention is several s -1 It is estimated to be at a level that corresponds to the lower limit of flow within a channel with a diameter in the range of mm to cm.

[0177] These results reaffirm that nonlinear micelles experience only a very small energy barrier when branching, and when applied to existing energy utilization systems, they can capture the contribution of the external environment while maintaining flow with minimal pumping force, and reach the condition of a constant flow, meaning that the nonlinear micelle solution can achieve increased thermal conductivity and simultaneously reduced viscosity.

[0178] The shear rate induced by the vortex was estimated using a first-order approximation based on a dimensional analysis of tangential flow within circular motion. This was calculated by dividing the tangential velocity of the swirling nonlinear micelle solution by the size of the space containing the nonlinear micelle solution. Such an approximation is generally applied in coupled material systems to estimate the shear rate in free-surface rotational flow where precise geometric boundary conditions are not defined.

[0179] Figure 7 shows the thermal conductivity of a nonlinear micelle solution according to one embodiment and shows a comparison with fluids generally studied and fluids currently used in industry for heat transfer.

[0180] FIG. 7 shows a comparison of the thermal conductivity of the nonlinear micelle solution (NM) of Example 4 (using cetyltrimethylammonium chloride), Example 3 (using tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride), and Example 2 (using dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride) (see examples described later), nanofluid (NF), (aqueous micelle solution, o / w nanoemulsion and o / w microemulsion) (N), ethylene glycol (EG), engine oil (EO), and silicone oil (SO). FIG. 8 plots the thermal conductivity of the nonlinear micelle solution according to Example 3 (using tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride) of FIG. 7 as a function of the degree of shearing.

[0181] Referring to Fig. 7, all three homologue series of alkyltrimethylammonium chloride nonlinear micelle solutions have thermal conductivity.

[0182] The temperature of the thermal conductivity measuring device in the example (NM) was maintained at 22°C. The thermal conductivity of the nanofluid (NF) is based on using water as the base fluid.

[0183] The thermal conductivity of nanofluid (NF); water-soluble micelle solution, o / w nanoemulsion and o / w microemulsion (N); ethylene glycol (EG); engine oil (EO); and silicone oil (SO) is shown as known from the literature.

[0184] N refers to water-soluble micelle solutions, o / w nanoemulsions, and o / w microemulsions. The thermal conductivity of reverse micelles, w / o nanoemulsions, and w / o microemulsions is higher than that of their respective oils but lower than that of water, so they were not included. The thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol (EG), engine oil (EO), and silicone oil (SO) was presented.

[0185] These are also commonly used base fluids for nanofluids. Nanofluids using ethylene glycol, engine oil, or silicone oil as base fluids exhibit higher thermal conductivity than base fluids but lower thermal conductivity than water, so they are not included. Since there are too many literature values ​​for nanofluids, the range is indicated by a single line. For the same reason, N is also indicated by a single line.

[0186] The thermal conductivity of engine oil and silicone oil may vary depending on composition and conditions. Therefore, the most commonly known literature values ​​are indicated. Superfluids are not included as they exist only below -270.98°C. k / k W represents the ratio of the thermal conductivity of each fluid to the thermal conductivity of water.

[0187] Referring to Fig. 7, the nanofluid has a thermal conductivity that is several percent to about 70% higher than that of the base fluid, which shows a strong dependence on the amount of nanoparticles. Some show an increase of more than 100%. However, this requires a large amount of nanoparticles, which significantly increases the viscosity and causes precipitation.

[0188] The nonlinear micelle solution according to one embodiment of the present invention also exhibits increased thermal conductivity compared to water, the solvent. However, the values ​​are broad and vary significantly depending on the degree of shearing. Some of the increase falls within a range similar to that of nanofluids. On the other hand, the value at point 3 (Example 2) increased by 125% compared to water, the value at point 2 (Example 3) increased by 140%, and the value at point 1 (Example 3) increased by more than 230% compared to water. This represents a thermal conductivity of 2.0 Wm⁻¹, which is more than 3.3 times higher than that of water. -1 K -1 It is a value close to . Furthermore, this result is the highest recorded thermal conductivity for all known types of fluids at room temperature, excluding liquid mercury. The increase in thermal conductivity is 2.0 Wm -1 K -1 It is not limited to this and can increase to a higher value.

[0189] FIG. 8 plots the thermal conductivity of a nonlinear micelle solution according to Example 3 (using tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride) from FIG. 7 as a function of the degree of shearing. NM / k W represents the ratio of the thermal conductivity of a nonlinear micelle solution to the thermal conductivity of water. The first three points show that as shearing increases gradually—that is, as the nonlinear micelles self-assemble their dissipative structures—the thermal conductivity increases sharply. As the solution becomes cloudy, the thermal conductivity decreases abruptly, and additional shearing brings it close to the thermal conductivity value of water (the next three points). This implies that their ability to exhibit high thermal conductivity disappears once a certain degree of shearing is exceeded.

[0190] The non-linear micelle solutions of dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide also show the same trend.

[0191] Surprisingly similar flow-sensitivity patterns are also found in superfluids. Below -270.98°C, as the flow velocity increases—that is, as the superfluid self-assembles its dissipative structure—heat transfer accelerates, followed by a rapid increase in thermal conductivity. Beyond the critical velocity, the specific velocity at which it enters chaos, superfluidity is abruptly destroyed, and thermal conductivity drops sharply. At the critical velocity, the superfluid lies at the edge of chaos, and its thermal conductivity reaches its maximum. In the case of nonlinear micelle solutions, this is caused by internal convection due to the feedback dynamics of the nonlinear micelles. In the case of superfluids, this is caused by internal convection resulting from the countercurrent between the two components (superfluid and steady fluid).

[0192] Superfluids exhibit three unique dissipation structures during flow: coherence, fluctuation, and phase slip. It is these that cause the thermal conductivity and viscosity of superfluids to adapt to their environment in a unique way. From the causes of nonlinearity to extreme flow sensitivity, superfluids and nonlinear micelles share similarities that are difficult to distinguish. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that nonlinear micelles also exhibit the same dissipation structures as superfluids during flow. Verifying this would demonstrate that superfluid-like properties are also realized from nonlinear micelle solutions. The 1D limit, where these dissipation structures approach singularity (capillary diameters of tens of nanometers in superfluids), is the ideal region for testing this. Dynamic light scattering measurements show that the 1D limit of nonlinear micelles is approximately 10 times that of superfluids. 4 It shows that it is twice as large, which corresponds to a channel diameter of a few tenths of a millimeter. Capillary viscometers meet this range.

[0193] Two types of capillary viscometers, Ostwald and Cannon-Fenske, are used. Before measuring the nonlinear micelle solution, the viscometer constant is measured for each viscometer using deionized water (standard). Once the nonlinear micelle solution is placed inside the viscometer, it is left undisturbed for at least one hour to allow the micelles to fully relax to a resting state. The temperature of the entire device is maintained at 22°C.

[0194] Shearing for viscosity measurement was performed by gently swirling the nonlinear micelle solution while it was inside the viscometer reservoir. The volume of the solution was similar to or less than that used for thermal conductivity measurements, and the size of the reservoir was also similar to or smaller than the glass vial used for thermal conductivity measurements.

[0195] All measurements were performed under a vertical orientation without applying external pressure, and the flow was induced solely by the gradient of gravitational potential energy. This provides a smoother and more uniform flow force compared to pressure-based flow, such as in microfluidic rheometers or pressure-controlled capillary viscometers. By minimizing external disturbances, these devices and methods make it possible to identify internal energy contributions other than gravitational potential energy. Multiple preliminary measurements have shown that pitchfork branching of nonlinear micelles occurs primarily when fine vortices are applied while the nonlinear micelle solution is in the viscometer reservoir, confirming that the capillary viscometer prevents nonlinear micelle-wall interactions from having a dominant influence.

[0196] FIG. 9 shows the viscosity of a nonlinear micelle solution (NM) according to one embodiment and shows a comparison with fluids generally studied and fluids currently used in industry for heat transfer.

[0197] The nonlinear micelle solution (NM) of FIG. 9 is according to Example 4 (using cetyltrimethylammonium chloride), Example 3 (using tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride), and Example 2 (using dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride) (see examples described later).

[0198] η / η w represents the ratio of the viscosity of each fluid to the viscosity of water. Referring to Fig. 9, all three homologue series of alkyltrimethylammonium chloride nonlinear micelle solutions have similar viscosities. As with thermal conductivity, the viscosity of the nanofluid (NF) is the viscosity using water as the base fluid. N is the same as in Fig. 7.

[0199] The viscosities of inverse micelles, w / o nanoemulsions, and w / o microemulsions are higher than those of ordinary oils, and often much higher, so they are not included in Fig. 9. The viscosities of ethylene glycol (EG) and engine oil (EO) are also included. Since there are too many literature values ​​for nanofluids and they vary from values ​​slightly higher than the viscosity of water to values ​​more than 1,000 times higher, their range is represented by a single line. Engine oil (EO) is also represented by a single line because it varies greatly. The viscosity of silicone oil (SO) is much higher than that shown in the figure, so it is not included. Nanofluids using ethylene glycol, engine oil, or silicone oil as a base fluid are not included because they exhibit higher viscosity than the base fluid. Superfluids are not included for the same reasons as in Fig. 7.

[0200] Referring to FIG. 9, it can be seen that the nonlinear micelle solution is the only fluid whose viscosity becomes lower than that of water, even though the values ​​were measured in a 1D limiting capillary where the flow of the nonlinear micelle solution according to one embodiment is restricted. Further details regarding this are explained in FIG. 10 and FIG. 11.

[0201] Figure 10 plots the viscosity of the nonlinear micelle solution from Figure 9 as a function of the viscometer constant (B). Since the capillary diameter changes with the power of B, the X-axis plotted on the log-scale of B represents the log-scale of the capillary diameter. NM / η W represents the ratio of the viscosity of the nonlinear micelle solution to the viscosity of water. In Fig. 10, the three circles connected by a dotted line are for the nonlinear micelle solutions of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (far right circle, Example 4), tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride (middle circle, Example 3), and dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (top circle q, Example 2). The only difference between them is the surfactant.

[0202] The molar ratios between all components are the same. The vertical dashed line near 0.01 indicates B = 0.015. The four diamonds connected by thin solid lines correspond to a non-linear micelle solution of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride having a 1-decanol / cetyltrimethylammonium chloride molar ratio = 0.35 (Example 5) (see Examples described below). The four x's connected by thick solid lines correspond to a 25 wt% aqueous normal cetyltrimethylammonium chloride micelle solution. mm 2 / s 2 B, having units of , represents the intensity of the flow field (acceleration of the internal surface area of ​​the capillary through which the fluid flows). Therefore, the decrease in viscosity as a power of B indicates that this normal cetyltrimethylammonium chloride micelle solution is a non-Newtonian fluid. O and CF represent the Ostwald and Canon-Fenske types, respectively.

[0203] Along the dotted line, the viscosity of the non-linear micelle solution increases in the direction of decreasing capillary diameter, from cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (far right circle, Example 4) to tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride (middle circle, Example 3) and to dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (top circle q, Example 2). This change is completely opposite to the phenomenon expected from surfactant systems functioning at or near equilibrium, such as conventional micelles, nanoemulsions, and microemulsions.

[0204] For surfactant systems functioning at or near equilibrium, the size of individual micelles or emulsions decreases in the direction from cetyltrimethylammonium chloride to tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride and then to dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, and is also much smaller than the capillary diameter used. Therefore, the viscosity of surfactant systems functioning at or near equilibrium is not affected by the capillary diameter used, which means that their viscosity decreases in the direction from cetyltrimethylammonium chloride to tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride and then to dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride. This result indicates that nonlinear micelles flow in a long-range order. That is, coherence exists between nonlinear micelles, and the magnitude of this coherence is similar to the capillary diameter, thereby limiting the flow of the nonlinear micelles. Even in superfluids, when the capillary diameter is reduced to a limit of 1D, coherence limits the flow and the critical velocity decreases.

[0205] The dotted line is located above the thick solid line, which represents surfactant micelles functioning at or near equilibrium, suggesting that this is a suitable region for identifying the presence of coherence. Meanwhile, in the region below the thick solid line, internal convection, which is significantly influenced by the capillary diameter, begins to dominate the viscosity of the nonlinear micelle solution.

[0206] The coherence of superfluids exists because individual helium atoms fluctuate, and these fluctuations overlap across multiple helium atoms. These fluctuations restrict the flow of superfluids even at capillary diameters larger than the size of individual helium atoms. If this holds true for nonlinear micelles, the flow of nonlinear micelles should be restricted when the capillary diameter decreases further but remains larger than the size of individual micelles. This phenomenon is observed at 0.015B, corresponding to a diameter of 0.75 mm, which is larger than the size of individual micelles. This result indicates that nonlinear micelles also fluctuate.

[0207] None of the non-linear micelle solutions located on the dotted line passed through the 0.75 mm diameter capillary tube. More precisely, the solutions failed to pass between the same lines even for a time exceeding 200 times the time it takes for water to pass from the top line to the bottom line of the viscometer.

[0208] The basis for the third dissipation structure lies in the thin solid line connecting the four diamonds. The viscosity at point 'a' is not greater than that at point 'b', despite the capillary diameter being approximately half; rather, it is significantly smaller. The difference is that point 'b' was measured using an Ostwald viscometer, while point 'a' was measured using a Canon-Fenske viscometer. When a superfluid flows through, around, or above a structural defect, phase slip of the matter wave occurs, causing the superfluid to flow faster than its critical velocity. For a capillary diameter of the 1D limit, this phase slip is πn (π is the half-wavelength of the matter wave; n = 1, 2, 3, ...). The Canon-Fenske viscometer has a flow path that is longer on one side of the capillary than on the other.

[0209] For the viscometer at point 'a', the capillary tube is 15 o It is tilted and the capillary diameter is 0.71 mm. Therefore, the flow on one side has a path 0.19 mm longer than on the other: (15o / 360 o ) × (2 × 3.14) × (0.71 mm) = 0.19 mm. Since this is within the 1D limit, this becomes a single-length-scale structural defect for nonlinear micelles.

[0210] During the pitchfork branching process, if the size of a nonlinear micelle doubles, its volume increases eightfold. If the size is halved, the volume decreases eightfold. This implies that at least nine nonlinear micelles are required for the micelle to branch. In a collective sense, eight micelles become one larger micelle, and one micelle becomes eight smaller micelles. The micelle concentration is at an intermediate level, and dynamic light scattering measurements show that the micelles maintain a spherical shape in a fully relaxed state.

[0211] Therefore, these nine non-linear micelles are arranged in a body-centered cubic structure, which is the most common arrangement of micelles. The diameter of the capillary must be at least close to the length between two micelles located at opposite vertices of the body-centered cubic structure. For example, if the capillary diameter is close to the length between two micelles at the corners of the body-centered cubic structure, the space becomes too restricted so that they cannot branch.

[0212] Dynamic light scattering measurements reveal the size and coherence length of nonlinear micelles, and the average distance between them can be estimated by calculating using the masses of their components. These indicate that the matter waves of nonlinear micelles are largely superimposed. Three nonlinear micelles are arranged along the line connecting the two opposite vertices of a body-centered cubic structure. Using this, an epitaxial analysis is performed, and considering the space where matter waves superimpose and the space required for interaction with the capillary wall, it appears that the minimum length at which nonlinear micelles can branch is close to 3π. This implies that if the capillary diameter decreases to less than 3π, the flow of nonlinear micelles becomes restricted. Although the force driving the branching of nonlinear micelles (the gradient of gravitational potential energy) still exists, there will likely be insufficient space. The flow of nonlinear micelles along the thin solid line is restricted at a capillary diameter of 0.55 mm, which implies that three nonlinear micelles are located at a length of approximately 3π, leading to an estimation of π for the nonlinear micelles as 0.18 mm (0.55 divided by 3). This matches the structural defect at 0.19 mm. This result suggests that the viscosity at point 'a' is much lower than at point 'b' because dissipative structural changes caused by phase slip have occurred. In the absence of matter wave-structural defect matching (point 'd'), this phase slip is not observed.

[0213] Clearly, nonlinear micelles exhibit the same dissipative structures found uniquely in superfluids. This implies that the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nonlinear micelle solutions adapt to the environment in the same way as those of superfluids; more importantly, unlike superfluids, these characteristics appear at room temperature. The unique practical advantages of nonlinear micelle solutions become evident from this.

[0214] First, as shown in Fig. 7, a thermal conductivity more than 3.3 times higher than that of water was achieved from a nonlinear micelle solution. This thermal conductivity can be further increased by adjusting the channel diameter. In the transition region located between the 1D limit and the 3D bulk, feedback dynamics are no longer limited by physical boundaries and are not weakened by mutual annihilation. This means that at a selected flow rate, this region is where internal convection is maximized and maximum thermal conductivity appears. For superfluids, the transition region corresponds to a size approximately 10 to 100 times larger than the 1D limit. Therefore, this corresponds to a channel diameter of mm to cm for nonlinear micelles. Combining the trends in Figure 10 showing the decrease in viscosity (from point 'b' to point 'd' and from point 'q' to point 's') with the discussion so far, it shows that as the capillary diameter increases, there exists a region where the viscosity reaches a minimum value, and this region is located at channel diameters of mm to cm.

[0215] Channel diameters of mm to cm represent a length scale that can be easily applied to existing energy utilization systems. However, the transition regions of various nonlinear micelles are not limited to channel diameters of mm to cm and can be smaller than mm or larger than cm.

[0216] Second, at the selected channel diameter, the thermal conductivity adapts to the flow velocity and becomes maximum when the nonlinear micelles enter the edge of chaos where feedback dynamics are fastest (arrow in Fig. 8). The edge of chaos is the region between order and disorder that is entered by the flow. On the other hand, the transition region is the region between order and disorder that is entered by the size of the physical boundary.

[0217] Third, thermal conductivity can be further increased depending on the channel structure. In the transition region, matter wave-structural defect matching occurs at 2πn (n = 1, 2, 3, ...). Channels in energy utilization systems inevitably have various structures, and these can be utilized as structural defects that match matter waves. Changes in the dissipation structure due to phase slip increase internal convection.

[0218] Fourth, as thermal conductivity increases due to any one or a combination of the three factors mentioned above, viscosity simultaneously decreases. In other words, whenever thermal conductivity rises to a maximum, viscosity simultaneously drops to a minimum. This is because the antisymmetric interaction of force and flow occurs simultaneously in the flow of nonlinear micelles and the flow of heat. Indeed, Figure 10 shows that the decrease in viscosity (from point 'b' to point 'd') deviates from the power law, and this decrease is much faster than in non-Newtonian micelle solutions that follow the power law (the thick solid line connecting the four x points). This indicates that, in addition to the gradient of gravitational potential energy, there is another force that causes the nonlinear micelle solution to flow. In superfluids, this second force is the gradient of chemical potential arising from internal convection. It is evident that the same force, strong enough to bring about the emergence of pseudo-superfluids, is also acting within the nonlinear micelle solution.

[0219] As might be expected, this trend is stronger for nonlinear micelle solutions exhibiting higher thermal conductivity (from dotted point 'q' to point 's'), where the viscosity of these nonlinear micelle solutions begins to drop below the viscosity of water starting from point 's'. The decrease in viscosity of the nonlinear micelle solution is not limited to the viscosity at point 's' but can decrease to much lower values.

[0220] Similar to the dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride nonlinear micelle solution in Fig. 10 (from point 'q' to point 's'), the tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride nonlinear micelle solution (center circle) and the cetyltrimethylammonium chloride nonlinear micelle solution (far right circle) also show a tendency for viscosity to decrease rapidly with increasing capillary diameter. The rate of viscosity reduction in all three solutions is similar. The capillary diameter at which viscosity begins to drop below that of water shows an increasing trend from dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride to tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride, and then to cetyltrimethylammonium chloride.

[0221] Figure 11 plots the change in viscosity of a dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride nonlinear micelle solution at point 's' in Figure 10 as a function of the degree of shearing. This demonstrates that viscosity also adapts to the flow rate, as with thermal conductivity (Figure 8). Thus, when the nonlinear micelle enters the edge of chaos, the viscosity will be at a minimum (arrow in Figure 11), and at this edge of chaos, the thermal conductivity will be at a maximum (arrow in Figure 8). Furthermore, as internal convection increases, the gradient of the chemical potential continuously increases, reaching a maximum in the transition region where viscosity is at a minimum, which will cause the thermal conductivity to reach a maximum in this region.

[0222] Nonlinear micelle solutions are the first fluids to exhibit clear antisymmetry at room temperature, in which two inevitably linked physical properties change in opposite directions simultaneously with those of the solvent. The viscosity of silk dope is lower than that of the corresponding Newtonian fluid, but is still much greater than that of water.

[0223] Therefore, nonlinear micelle solutions can be directly used as adaptive heat transfer fluids that overcome the fundamental limitations of all existing heat transfer fluids. For practical application, they need to function at a desired pH or range of pH if necessary, function at a desired temperature or range of temperature if necessary, flow within a desired space with a desired size or range of size if necessary, and possess a desired phase slip effect if necessary.

[0224] As described throughout the invention, these substantial requirements can be achieved by adjusting the components and / or composition of the nonlinear micelles. Such adjustment preferably includes, but is not limited to, one or more of the following four methods.

[0225] First, the pH can be lowered or raised by changing the reinforcing agent and / or the pH adjuster and / or the pH. For example, an aqueous non-linear micelle solution using silicate as a reinforcing agent functions at an alkaline pH. This pH can be precisely controlled by adjusting the ratio of aluminate to silicate ions while replacing the reinforcing agent with aluminosilicate.

[0226] Second, the temperature can be controlled by changing the amphiphile and / or co-amphiphile and / or changing the solvent. For example, an aqueous non-linear micelle solution functions at room temperature. This temperature can be lowered or raised in three or more different ways, including but not limited to: (i) introducing glycols, including ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and diethylene glycol, as a solvent and adjusting the ratio between water and glycol; (ii) using solvents, including engine oil, silicone oil, mineral oil, and pump oil, which have a lower freezing point and a higher boiling point than water; and (iii) using an amphiphile containing a fluorocarbon chain instead of a hydrocarbon chain and / or a co-amphiphile containing a fluorocarbon chain instead of a hydrocarbon chain.

[0227] Third, the nonlinear micelle solution can be adjusted to flow through a space of a desired size by adjusting the dissipation structure. For example, as shown in FIG. 10, the coherence length and variation can be reduced by increasing the molar ratio of the co-amphiphile to the amphiphile or by using a larger perturbator, and can be expanded by using an amphiphile having a longer hydrocarbon chain.

[0228] Fourth, the desired phase slip can also be adjusted in the same way. For example, a reduced coherence length will require smaller structural defects to induce the phase slip effect.

[0229] Regardless of the practical requirements met, the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nonlinear micelle solutions manifest by adapting to the environment. This implies that the thermal conductivity can be designed by designing the environment, and simultaneously, the viscosity can also be designed by designing the same environment.

[0230] Since anything that interacts with a dissipative structure can be an environment, this environment includes, but is not limited to, (i) a space through which a nonlinear micelle solution passes, including channels, capillaries, tubes, and pipes, and the size of the space, including its diameter and length; (ii) a flow velocity, including the flow of a certain volume of the nonlinear micelle solution per unit time within the space; (iii) a cross-sectional shape of the space, including symmetric and asymmetric shapes, elbows, curves, and bends of the space, and a structure of the space, including short and narrow passages within the space; and (iv) a combination thereof. In one embodiment of the present invention, environment design may mean modifying the environments of (i) through (iv).

[0231] Non-linear micelles are k B It moves within the nonlinear region with only minute energy costs similar to or less than T. For example, the strain energy per nonlinear micelle estimated using the viscosity values ​​shown in Fig. 10 is k even within a 1D limit capillary. B From a few tenths of T to a few k B It is merely on the order of T. Such minute external disturbances can be provided by various methods including flow, pumping, vortexing, stirring, mixing, vibration, periodic vibration, tapping, shaking, shearing, and ultrasonics, exposure to electric or magnetic fields, and combinations thereof. This means that when a nonlinear micelle solution flows through space, it requires much less pumping power than fluids operating at or near equilibrium. Furthermore, by remaining in the nonlinear region even when flow is stopped, the nonlinear micelle solution can resume flow without any additional pumping power.

[0232] For reference, all heat transfer fluids currently used in industry function at or near equilibrium. Therefore, the flow of a nonlinear micelle solution is such that the nonlinear micelles k BIt can be started and maintained by any method that helps overcome only a minute energy barrier similar to or lower than T, and can be resumed after flow interruption. Such methods include, but are not limited to, micro-pumping, the use of a device including a piston operated by a minute force, the use of external forces including micro-electric and magnetic forces, the use of external energy including a minute temperature gradient, and the use of intermolecular forces including capillary forces.

[0233] Furthermore, to enhance the practicality, applicability, and scalability of nonlinear micelle solutions as adaptive heat transfer fluids, methods including but not limited to the following may be used. A comprehensive formulation library of nonlinear micelle solutions can be constructed by systematically varying parameters, including but not limited to the constituent components and composition of the nonlinear micelle solutions, the types and number of individual components, the ratios between components, and the concentrations of individual components. This library can serve as a foundational platform for selecting or custom-designing nonlinear micelle solutions that meet specific functional conditions or performance requirements. By applying data-driven methodologies, including but not limited to high-throughput experimentation, machine learning, and adaptive optimization techniques, the construction of this library can be performed efficiently. Additionally, it can accelerate the process of efficiently identifying formulations of nonlinear micelle solutions that achieve specifically required properties, such as increased thermal conductivity and reduced viscosity, and fine-tuning and optimizing these formulations.

[0234] In conclusion, as an adaptive heat transfer fluid, nonlinear micelle solutions overcome the fundamental limitations of all existing heat transfer fluids by maximizing heat transfer and enabling precise thermal management through synergistic control of thermal conductivity and viscosity, as well as synergistic design with existing energy utilization systems.

[0235] The present invention will be explained more specifically below through an example according to one embodiment of the present invention, but such an example does not limit the scope of the present invention.

[0236] [Example 1]

[0237] 5.750 g of a 25 wt% aqueous solution of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride is mixed with 0.217 g of sodium hydroxide. The mixture is stirred at a medium speed using a stirring motor until the sodium hydroxide dissolves. While continuing to stir the mixture at the same speed, 0.107 g of 1-decanol is added and stirred for an additional 30 minutes. While continuing to stir the mixture at the same speed, 20 g of benzene is added and stirred for an additional 30 minutes. While continuing to stir the mixture at the same speed, 1.401 g of tetraethylorthosilicate is added and stirred for an additional 30 minutes. Stirring is stopped, and the mixture is stored at room temperature for 48 hours. A glass flask was used as the container for the mixture. This container is kept sealed for the entire 48 hours. The mixture separated into two clear phases. The upper phase contains excess benzene. This is carefully removed. The bottom phase is carefully transferred to a separate glass container, typically a glass vial, and tightly sealed to prevent contact with air and moisture. This is a nonlinear micelle solution as an aqueous single-phase system. The nonlinear characteristics of this nonlinear micelle solution are shown in Figures 2, 3, and 4. In about 10% of the manufacturing attempts, this bottom phase separated again into two transparent phases. This is an aqueous two-phase system of the nonlinear micelle solution, and this is also obtained as an adaptive heat transfer fluid.

[0238] [Example 2]

[0239] 1.185 g of solid dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride is mixed with 4.320 g of deionized water. After the mixture becomes a clear solution, 0.217 g of sodium hydroxide is added. The mixture is stirred at a medium speed using a stirring motor until the sodium hydroxide dissolves. While continuing to stir the mixture at the same speed, 0.107 g of 1-decanol is added and stirred for an additional 30 minutes. While continuing to stir the mixture at the same speed, 30 g of benzyl alcohol is added and stirred for an additional 30 minutes. While continuing to stir the mixture at the same speed, 1.401 g of tetraethylotrosilicate is added and stirred for an additional 30 minutes. Stirring is stopped, and the mixture is stored at room temperature for 48 hours. A glass flask was used as the container for the mixture. This container is kept sealed for the entire 48 hours. The mixture separated into two clear phases. The upper phase contains excess benzyl alcohol. This is carefully removed. The bottom phase is carefully transferred to a separate glass container, typically a glass vial, and tightly sealed to prevent contact with air and moisture. This is the nonlinear micelle solution as an aqueous single-phase system. Its thermal conductivity is shown in Fig. 7, and its viscosity is indicated in Figs. 9, 10 (circles q, r, and s), and 11. In about 10% of the preparation attempts, this bottom phase separated again into two clear phases. This is the aqueous two-phase system of the nonlinear micelle solution, which is also obtained as an adaptive heat transfer fluid.

[0240] [Example 3]

[0241] 1.311 g of solid tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride is mixed with 4.313 g of deionized water. After the mixture becomes a clear solution, 0.217 g of sodium hydroxide is added. The mixture is stirred at a medium speed using a stirring motor until the sodium hydroxide dissolves. While continuing to stir the mixture at the same speed, 0.107 g of 1-decanol is added and stirred for an additional 30 minutes. While continuing to stir the mixture at the same speed, 30 g of benzyl alcohol is added and stirred for an additional 30 minutes. While continuing to stir the mixture at the same speed, 1.401 g of tetraethyl orthosilicate is added and stirred for an additional 30 minutes. Stirring is stopped, and the mixture is stored at room temperature for 48 hours. A glass flask was used as the container for the mixture. This container is kept sealed for the entire 48 hours. The mixture separated into two clear phases. The upper phase contains excess benzyl alcohol. This is carefully removed. The bottom phase is carefully transferred to a separate glass container, typically a glass vial, and tightly sealed to prevent contact with air and moisture. This is the nonlinear micelle solution as an aqueous single-phase system. Its thermal conductivity is shown in Figures 7 and 8, and its viscosity is indicated in Figures 9 and 10 (the center circle on the dashed line). In about 10% of the preparation attempts, this bottom phase separated again into two clear phases. This is the aqueous two-phase system of the nonlinear micelle solution, which is also obtained as an adaptive heat transfer fluid.

[0242] [Example 4]

[0243] 5.750 g of a 25 wt% aqueous solution of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride is mixed with 0.217 g of sodium hydroxide. The mixture is stirred at a medium speed using a stirring motor until the sodium hydroxide dissolves. While continuing to stir the mixture at the same speed, 0.107 g of 1-decanol is added and stirred for an additional 30 minutes. While continuing to stir the mixture at the same speed, 30 g of benzyl alcohol is added and stirred for an additional 30 minutes. While continuing to stir the mixture at the same speed, 1.401 g of tetraethylorthosilicate is added and stirred for an additional 30 minutes. Stirring is stopped, and the mixture is stored at room temperature for 48 hours. A glass flask was used as the container for the mixture. This container is kept sealed for the entire 48 hours. The mixture separated into two clear phases. The upper phase contains excess benzyl alcohol. This is carefully removed. The bottom phase is carefully transferred to a separate glass container, typically a glass vial, and tightly sealed to prevent contact with air and moisture. This is a nonlinear micelle solution as an aqueous single-phase system. The nonlinear characteristics of this nonlinear micelle solution are shown in Fig. 5. Its thermal conductivity is shown in Fig. 7, and its viscosity is shown in Figs. 9 and 10 (the rightmost circle on the dotted line). At about 10% of the manufacturing attempts, this bottom phase separated again into two transparent phases. This is an aqueous two-phase system of the nonlinear micelle solution, and this is also obtained as an adaptive heat transfer fluid.

[0244] [Example 5]

[0245] 5.750 g of a 25 wt% aqueous solution of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride is mixed with 0.217 g of sodium hydroxide. The mixture is stirred at a medium speed using a stirring motor until the sodium hydroxide dissolves. While continuing to stir the mixture at the same speed, 0.249 g of 1-decanol is added and stirred for an additional 30 minutes. While continuing to stir the mixture at the same speed, 30 g of benzyl alcohol is added and stirred for an additional 30 minutes. While continuing to stir the mixture at the same speed, 1.401 g of tetraethylorthosilicate is added and stirred for an additional 30 minutes. Stirring is stopped, and the mixture is stored at room temperature for 48 hours. A glass flask was used as the container for the mixture. This container is kept sealed for the entire 48 hours. The mixture separated into two clear phases. The upper phase contains excess benzyl alcohol. This is carefully removed. The bottom phase is carefully transferred to a separate glass container, typically a glass vial, and tightly sealed to prevent contact with air and moisture. This is a nonlinear micelle solution as an aqueous single-phase system. Its viscosity is shown in Fig. 10 (four diamonds). In about 10% of the manufacturing attempts, this bottom phase separated again into two clear phases. This is an aqueous two-phase system of nonlinear micelle solutions, and this is also obtained as an adaptive heat transfer fluid.

[0246] The present invention may be implemented in various modified forms, and its scope of rights is not limited to the embodiments described above. Accordingly, if a modified embodiment includes the components of the claims of the present invention, it should be considered to fall within the scope of rights of the present invention.

Claims

1. Nonlinear micelles comprising an amphiphilic substance, a co-amphiphilic substance, a disturber, and a reinforcing agent; pH adjuster; and A heat transfer fluid composition comprising a solvent.

2. In Paragraph 1, A heat transfer fluid composition wherein the amphiphilic material is selected from one or two or more of a surfactant, a lipid, an amphiphilic copolymer, a fluoro-surfactant, a fluoro-lipid, or a fluoro-amphiphilic copolymer, wherein fluoro- comprises a partially-fluorinated carbon chain or a fully-fluorinated carbon chain.

3. In Paragraph 1, The above-mentioned amphiphilic substance is a heat transfer fluid composition in which the amphiphilic substance is an alkylammonium halide having 12 to 16 carbon atoms.

4. In Paragraph 1, The above-mentioned co-amphiphilic substance is selected from one or two or more of alcohols, fatty acids, surfactants, lipids, amphiphilic copolymers, fluoro-alcohols, fluoro-fatty acids, fluoro-surfactants, fluoro-lipids, or fluoro-amphiphilic copolymers, wherein "fluoro-" comprises partially-fluorinated carbon chains or fully-fluorinated carbon chains. A heat transfer fluid composition in which the above-mentioned co-amphiphilic material can be selected as a material of the same or different type as the above-mentioned amphiphilic material.

5. In Paragraph 1, The above disturbance agent is a heat transfer fluid composition that is a compound capable of interfering with hydrophobic bonds.

6. In Paragraph 1, The above reinforcing agent is a heat transfer fluid composition comprising a compound that is bonded to or located in at least one hydrophilic portion among the amphiphilic material and the co-amphiphilic material.

7. In Paragraph 1, The above reinforcing agent is a heat transfer fluid composition selected from silicate, aluminate, aluminosilicate, titaniate, tin oxide, zirconia, iron oxide, or a combination thereof.

8. In Paragraph 1, The above-mentioned disturbance agent is an aromatic compound, and The above pH adjuster is a heat transfer fluid composition in which the hydroxide salt is the above pH adjuster.

9. In Paragraph 1, The above solvent is a heat transfer fluid composition selected from water, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, engine oil, silicone oil, mineral oil, pump oil, fluoro-liquid, or a mixture thereof.

10. A step of preparing a solution containing an amphiphilic substance; and A step of adding and mixing a pH adjuster, a co-amphiphilic substance, a disturber, and a reinforcing agent to the above solution; A method for manufacturing a heat transfer fluid composition comprising 11. In Paragraph 10, A method for preparing a heat transfer fluid composition, wherein the solution containing the above-mentioned amphiphilic substance is a solution containing the amphiphilic substance at a concentration of preferably a critical micelle concentration to solubility, more preferably a critical concentration to solubility, and most preferably 20% to 30% by weight.

12. In Paragraph 10, The above addition and mixing steps are a method for preparing a heat transfer fluid composition in which stirring is performed.

13. In Paragraph 10, A method for preparing a heat transfer fluid composition in which the molar ratio of the above-mentioned amphiphilic substance : pH adjuster : co-amphiphilic substance : disturber : reinforcing agent is preferably 1.00 : 0~10 : 0~10 : 0~200 : 0~10, more preferably 1.00 : 0~5.0 : 0~5.0 : 0~100 : 0~5.0, and most preferably 1.00 : 1.15~1.25 : 0.10~1.10 : 60~70 : 1.10~1.

70.

14. An adaptive heat transfer fluid obtained through environmental design of a heat transfer fluid composition comprising: a nonlinear micelle comprising an amphiphilic substance, a co-amphiphilic substance, a disturber and a reinforcing agent; a pH adjuster; and a solvent.

15. In Paragraph 14, Adaptive heat transfer fluid comprising the characteristics of increased thermal conductivity and decreased viscosity according to the above environmental design.

16. In Paragraph 14, The above environment design is an adaptive heat transfer fluid performed at room temperature.

17. In Paragraph 14, The above-described environment design is an adaptive heat transfer fluid comprising changing the size of the space in which the heat transfer fluid composition flows, changing the structure of the space, changing the flow rate of the heat transfer fluid composition, and selecting from combinations thereof.

18. In Paragraph 17, An adaptive heat transfer fluid in which the change in flow rate of the above heat transfer fluid composition is performed by a method selected from pumping, a device including a piston, the use of external forces including electric and / or magnetic forces, the use of external energy including a temperature gradient, the use of intermolecular forces including capillary forces, and combinations thereof.

19. In Paragraph 17, An adaptive heat transfer fluid characterized by increasing thermal conductivity and decreasing viscosity by matching the difference in the length of the flow path generated by at least one of the size and structure of the space with the length of the matter wave of the nonlinear micelle in changing the size and structure of the space.

20. In Paragraph 1, The above nonlinear micelle is, It includes a self-assembled aggregate formed by the co-self-assembly of the above-mentioned amphiphilic substance and co-amphiphilic substance, and The self-assembled aggregate includes hydrophobic regions and hydrophilic regions, and The above disturbance agent is provided in the hydrophobic region to interfere with hydrophobic coupling in the hydrophobic region, and A heat transfer fluid composition comprising the above reinforcing agent provided in the above hydrophilic region.

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