Directions associated with measurements for artificial intelligence or machine learning-based positioning or sensing

Abstract

Some wireless communications systems may perform artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML)-based positioning, which may improve positioning accuracy in stringent non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. Utilization of AI / ML-based positioning may rely on information for AI / ML model training or information for monitoring AI / ML-based positioning performance. One way to reduce the burden of data collection at the user equipment (UE) side may rely on uplink and downlink channel reciprocity. Channel reciprocity may be a condition where a channel may exhibit similar (e.g., the same) characteristics in different directions (e.g., uplink and downlink directions). Based on channel reciprocity, an AI / ML model trained with information obtained based on measurements in one direction may be utilized for prediction in another direction. For instance, downlink measurements may be utilized to train an AI / ML model that may be utilized for inference based on uplink measurements using part A or part B.

Description

Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO1DIRECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH MEASUREMENTS FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE OR MACHINE LEARNING-BASED POSITIONING OR SENSINGCROSS REFERENCE

[0001] The present Application for Patent claims priority to Greek Patent Application No. 20240100887 by HIRZALLAH et al., entitled “DIRECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH MEASUREMENTS FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE OR MACHINE LEARNING-BASED POSITIONING OR SENSING,” filed December 16, 2024, assigned to the assignee hereof, and expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

[0002] The following relates to wireless communications, including directions associated with measurements for artificial intelligence or machine learning-based positioning or sensing.BACKGROUND

[0003] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE- Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple-access communications system may include one or more base stations, each supporting wireless communication for communication devices, which may be known as user equipment (UE).Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO2SUMMARY

[0004] The systems, methods, and devices of this disclosure each have several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for the desirable attributes disclosed herein.

[0005] A method for wireless communications by a first wireless device is described. The method may include participating in a communication of a first reference signal with a second wireless device, obtaining one or more first measurements based on the first reference signal, outputting first information associated with artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML)-based positioning or sensing, where the first information is based on the one or more first measurements, and outputting an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, where the first direction of the communication of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction.

[0006] A first wireless device for wireless communications is described. The first wireless device may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the first wireless device to participate in a communication of a first reference signal with a second wireless device, obtain one or more first measurements based on the first reference signal, output first information associated with AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, where the first information is based on the one or more first measurements, and output an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, where the first direction of the communication of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction.

[0007] Another first wireless device for wireless communications is described. The first wireless device may include means for participating in a communication of a first reference signal with a second wireless device, means for obtaining one or more first measurements based on the first reference signal, means for outputting first information associated with AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, where the first information isAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO3 based on the one or more first measurements, and means for outputting an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, where the first direction of the communication of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction.

[0008] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to participate in a communication of a first reference signal with a second wireless device, obtain one or more first measurements based on the first reference signal, output first information associated with AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, where the first information is based on the one or more first measurements, and output an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, where the first direction of the communication of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction.

[0009] Some examples of the method, first wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining, from a network entity, a request indicating that the first wireless device may be to participate in the communication of the first reference signal between the first wireless device and the second wireless device, where the communication of the first reference signal may be performed pursuant to the request.

[0010] In some examples of the method, first wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the first information indicates the one or more first measurements, the first information includes input information associated with an AI / ML model for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, the first information includes output information associated with an AI / ML model for the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, or a combination thereof.

[0011] In some examples of the method, first wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the first information may be output to a network entity or another device for monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing.

[0012] Some examples of the method, first wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features,Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO4 means, or instructions for obtaining, from the second wireless device, second information that may be based on one or more second measurements of a second reference signal with a different direction than the first reference signal or of a radio access technology (RAT) that may be separate from the first wireless device, where the first information includes input information and the second information includes output information associated with an AI / ML model, or the second information includes input information and the first information includes output information associated with an AI / ML model.

[0013] Some examples of the method, first wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining, from a network entity, an AI / ML model trained based on the first information and obtaining from the network entity, an indication that the AI / ML model may be trained based on a reciprocity relative to the first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements.

[0014] Some examples of the method, first wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for communicating a second reference signal with the second wireless device to obtain one or more second measurements based on the second reference signal, where the second reference signal may be communicated in a second direction that may be opposite from the first direction of the first reference signal.

[0015] Some examples of the method, first wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for generating an output of an AI / ML model based on the second reference signal, where the AI / ML model may be trained based on the first reference signal associated with the first direction.

[0016] Some examples of the method, first wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for outputting second information indicating the one or more second measurements based on the second reference signal.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO5

[0017] Some examples of the method, first wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining, from a network entity based on the first information, a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, or output information associated with an AI / ML model for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing.

[0018] Some examples of the method, first wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for generating an output of an AI / ML model based on the one or more first measurements, outputting, to a network entity, the output of the AI / ML model, and obtaining, from the network entity, a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing.

[0019] Some examples of the method, first wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining, based on the first information, a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing and performing a determination, based on the metric, of an AI / ML functionality validity, an AI / ML model validity, an AI / ML functionality failure, an AI / ML model failure, an AI / ML functionality selection, an AI / ML model selection, an AI / ML functionality switch, an AI / ML model switch, or a transition to non- AI / ML-based positioning or sensing.

[0020] Some examples of the method, first wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for selecting, based on the indication of the first direction, a weight associated with the metric or a threshold for the determination.

[0021] Some examples of the method, first wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for outputting, based on the indication of the first direction, a request for one or more measurements.

[0022] A method for wireless communications by a network entity is described. The method may include obtaining first information associated with AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, where the first information is based on one or more firstAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO6 measurements based on a communication of a first reference signal between a first wireless device and a second wireless device and obtaining an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, where the first direction of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction.

[0023] A network entity for wireless communications is described. The network entity may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the network entity to obtain first information associated with AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, where the first information is based on one or more first measurements based on a communication of a first reference signal between a first wireless device and a second wireless device and obtain an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, where the first direction of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction.

[0024] Another network entity for wireless communications is described. The network entity may include means for obtaining first information associated with AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, where the first information is based on one or more first measurements based on a communication of a first reference signal between a first wireless device and a second wireless device and means for obtaining an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, where the first direction of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction.

[0025] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to obtain first information associated with AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, where the first information is based on one or more first measurements based on a communication of a first reference signal between a first wireless device and a second wireless device and obtain an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, where the first direction of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO7

[0026] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for outputting, to the first wireless device, a request indicating that the first wireless device may be to participate in the communication of the first reference signal between the first wireless device and the second wireless device, where the first information may be obtained based on the request.

[0027] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the first information indicates the one or more first measurements, the first information includes input information associated with an AI / ML model for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, the first information includes output information associated with an AI / ML model for the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, or a combination thereof.

[0028] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for training the AI / ML model for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing based on the input information or the output information.

[0029] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining, from the first wireless device or the second wireless device, second information that may be based on one or more second measurements of a second reference signal with a different direction than the first reference signal or of a RAT that may be separate from the network entity, where the first information includes input information and the second information includes output information associated with an AI / ML model, or the second information includes input information and the first information includes output information associated with an AI / ML model.

[0030] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for outputting, to the first wireless device, an AI / ML model trained based on the first information and outputting, to the first wireless device, an indication that the AI / ML model may be trained based on a reciprocity relative to theAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO8 first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements.

[0031] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining an output of an AI / ML model based on a second reference signal communicated in a second direction that may be opposite from the first direction of the first reference signal, where the AI / ML model may be trained based on the first reference signal associated with the first direction.

[0032] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining second information indicating one or more second measurements based on a second reference signal communicated in a second direction that may be opposite from the first direction of the first reference signal and generating an output of an AI / ML model based on the second information, where the AI / ML model may be trained based on the first reference signal associated with the first direction.

[0033] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for outputting, to the first wireless device based on the first information, a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, or output information associated with an AI / ML model for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing.

[0034] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining, from the first wireless device, an output of an AI / ML model based on the one or more first measurements and outputting, to the first wireless device, a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing.

[0035] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining, based on the first information, a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing and performing a determination,Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO9 based on the metric, of an AI / ML functionality validity, an AI / ML model validity, an AI / ML functionality failure, an AI / ML model failure, an AI / ML functionality selection, an AI / ML model selection, an AI / ML functionality switch, an AI / ML model switch, or a transition to non-AI / ML-based positioning or sensing.

[0036] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for selecting, based on the indication of the first direction, a weight associated with the metric or a threshold for the determination.

[0037] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for outputting, based on the indication of the first direction, a request for one or more measurements.

[0038] Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims. Note that the relative dimensions of the following figures may not be drawn to scale.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0039] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports directions associated with measurements for artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML)-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0040] FIG. 2 shows an example of a network structure that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0041] FIG. 3 shows an example of a network architecture that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO10

[0042] FIG. 4 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0043] FIG. 5 shows an example of a process flow that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0044] FIG. 6 shows an example of a process flow that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0045] FIG. 7 shows an example of a process flow that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0046] FIG. 8 shows an example of a process flow that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0047] FIGs. 9 and 10 show block diagrams of devices that support directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0048] FIG. 11 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0049] FIG. 12 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0050] FIGs. 13 and 14 show block diagrams of devices that support directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO11

[0051] FIG. 15 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0052] FIG. 16 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0053] FIGs. 17 through 20 show flowcharts illustrating methods that support directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0054] FIG. 21 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0055] FIG. 22 shows an example of a node diagram that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0056] FIG. 23 A and 23B show examples of block diagrams that support directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0057] FIG. 24 shows examples of block diagrams that support directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0058] FIG. 25 shows examples of sensing modes that support directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0059] Some wireless communications systems may perform artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML)-based positioning, which may improve positioning accuracy in stringent non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. Utilization of AI / ML-based positioning may rely on information for AI / ML model training or information forAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO12 monitoring AI / ML-based positioning performance. Information may contain samples, and may be structured in two parts, which may be referred to as “part A” and “part B.” For example, part A may include one or more measurements corresponding to AI / ML model input. Part B may include one or more measurements or labels corresponding to AI / ML model output. In some cases, part A and part B may be obtained by different entities. Part A or Part B may be utilized to train an AI / ML model. Part A or Part B may be utilized to monitor an AI / ML model. In some approaches, part B may be obtained by relying on radio access technology (RAT) measurements (e.g., downlink positioning reference signal (PRS) or uplink sounding reference signal (SRS) measurements) in which positioning approaches may be utilized to obtain location information or positioning measurements. Some user equipments (UEs) may have limited capabilities or may not be able to collect part A or part B.

[0060] One way to reduce the burden of data collection at the UE side may rely on uplink and downlink channel reciprocity. Channel reciprocity may be a condition where a channel may exhibit similar (e.g., the same) characteristics in different directions (e.g., uplink and downlink directions). Based on channel reciprocity, an AI / ML model trained with information obtained based on measurements in one direction may be utilized for prediction in another direction. For instance, an AI / ML model may be trained for a positioning procedure that utilizes downlink measurements to inference (which may be referred to as Casel, Case 2a, or Case 2b, for instance) using part A or part B obtained via uplink measurements. Additionally, or alternatively, an AI / ML model that was trained utilizing downlink measurements (e.g., Case 1, Case 2a, or Case 2b) may be monitored using part A or part B obtained via uplink measurements. In some approaches, a similar concept may be utilized (e.g., part A or part B may be utilized) for network-side AI / ML models where uplink measurements are utilized for prediction (which may be referred to as Case 3a or Case 3b). For instance, downlink measurements may be utilized to train an AI / ML model that may be utilized for inference based on uplink measurements using part A or part B. Additionally, or alternatively, an AI / ML model that is trained based on uplink measurements may be monitored using part A or part B based on downlink measurements.

[0061] Aspects of the disclosure are described in the context of wireless communications systems. Aspects of the disclosure are also described in the context of aAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO13 wireless network structure. Aspects of the disclosure are further described in the context of a network architecture. Aspects of the disclosure are additionally described in the context of process flows. Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, flowcharts, a node diagram, and block diagrams that relate to directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing.

[0062] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system 100 that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more devices, such as one or more network devices (e.g., network nodes 105), one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE- Advanced (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, a New Radio (NR) network, or a network operating in accordance with other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.

[0063] The network nodes 105 may be dispersed throughout a geographic area to form the wireless communications system 100 and may include devices in different forms or having different capabilities. In various examples, a network node 105 may be referred to as a network element, a network entity, a mobility element, a radio access network (RAN) node, or network equipment, among other nomenclature. In some examples, network nodes 105 and UEs 115 may wirelessly communicate via communication link(s) 125 (e.g., a radio frequency (RF) access link). For example, a network node 105 may support a coverage area 110 (e.g., a geographic coverage area) over which the UEs 115 and the network node 105 may establish the communication link(s) 125. The coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographic area over which a network node 105 and a UE 115 may support the communication of signals according to one or more RATs.

[0064] The UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout a coverage area 110 of the wireless communications system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary, or mobile, or both at different times. The UEs 115 may be devices in different forms or have different capabilities. Some example UEs 115 are illustrated in FIG. 1. The UEs 115 describedAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO14 herein may be capable of supporting communications with various types of devices in the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., other wireless communication devices, including UEs 115 or network nodes 105), as shown in FIG. 1.

[0065] As described herein, a node of the wireless communications system 100, which may be referred to as a network entity or a wireless node, may be a network node 105 (e.g., any network node described herein), a UE 115 (e.g., any UE described herein), a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, one or more components, or another suitable processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a node may be a UE 115. As another example, a node may be a network node 105. As another example, a first node may be configured to communicate with a second node or a third node. In one aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network node 105, and the third node may be another UE 115. In another aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network node 105, and the third node may be another network node 105. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third nodes may be different relative to these examples. Similarly, reference to a UE 115, network node 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like may include disclosure of the UE 115, network node 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like being a node. For example, disclosure that a UE 115 is configured to receive information from a network node 105 also discloses that a first node is configured to receive information from a second node.

[0066] In some examples, network nodes 105 may communicate with a core network 130, or with one another, or both. For example, network nodes 105 may communicate with the core network 130 via wired or wireless backhaul communication link(s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an SI, N2, N3, or other interface protocol). In some examples, network nodes 105 may communicate with one another via backhaul communication link(s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an X2, Xn, or other interface protocol) either directly (e.g., directly between network nodes 105) or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 130). In some examples, network nodes 105 may communicate with one another via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., in accordance with a midhaul interface protocol) or a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., in accordance with a fronthaul interface protocol), or any combination thereof. The backhaulAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO15 communication link(s) 120, midhaul communication links 162, or fronthaul communication links 168 may be or include one or more wired links (e.g., an electrical link, an optical fiber link) or one or more wireless links (e.g., a radio link, a wireless optical link), among other examples or various combinations thereof. A UE 115 may communicate with the core network 130 via a communication link 155.

[0067] One or more of the network nodes 105 or network equipment described herein may include or may be referred to as a base station 140 (e.g., a base transceiver station, a radio base station, an NR base station, an access point (AP), a radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a next-generation NodeB or giga-NodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB), a 5GNB, a next-generation eNB (ng- eNB), a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or other suitable terminology). In some examples, a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may be implemented in an aggregated (e.g., monolithic, standalone) base station architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within one network node (e.g., a network node 105 or a single RAN node, such as a base station 140).

[0068] In some examples, a network node 105 may be implemented in a disaggregated architecture (e.g., a disaggregated base station architecture, a disaggregated RAN architecture), which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among multiple network entities (e.g., network nodes 105), such as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O- RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance), or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN)). For example, a network node 105 may include one or more of a central unit (CU), such as a CU 160, a distributed unit (DU), such as a DU 165, a radio unit (RU), such as an RU 170, a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC), such as an RIC 175 (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC), a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC)), a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, such as an SMO system 180, or any combination thereof. An RU 170 may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH), a remote radio unit (RRU), or a transmission-reception point (TRP). One or more components of the network nodes 105 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network nodes 105 may be located in distributed locationsAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO16(e.g., separate physical locations). In some examples, one or more of the network nodes 105 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU), a virtual DU (VDU), a virtual RU (VRU)).

[0069] The split of functionality between a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170 is flexible and may support different functionalities depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, RF functions, or any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU 160 and a DU 165 such that the CU 160 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU 165 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some examples, the CU 160 may host upper protocol layer (e.g., layer 3 (L3), layer 2 (L2)) functionality and signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)). The CU 160 (e.g., one or more CUs) may be connected to a DU 165 (e.g., one or more DUs) or an RU 170 (e.g., one or more RUs), or some combination thereof, and the DUs 165, RUs 170, or both may host lower protocol layers, such as layer 1 (LI) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU 160. Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU 165 and an RU 170 such that the DU 165 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU 170 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU 165 may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or multiple different RUs, such as an RU 170). In some cases, a functional split between a CU 160 and a DU 165 or between a DU 165 and an RU 170 may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU 160, the DU 165, or the RU 170). A CU 160 may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU 160 may be connected to a DU 165 via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., Fl interface, Fl-c interface, or Fl-u, among other examples), and a DU 165 may be connected to an RU 170 via a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface). In some examples, a midhaul communication link 162 or aAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO17 fronthaul communication link 168 may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities (e.g., one or more of the network nodes 105) that are in communication via such communication links.

[0070] In some wireless communications systems (e.g., the wireless communications system 100), infrastructure and spectral resources for radio access may support wireless backhaul link capabilities to supplement wired backhaul connections, providing an IAB network architecture (e.g., to a core network 130). In some cases, in an IAB network, one or more of the network nodes 105 (e.g., network nodes 105 or IAB node(s) 104) may be partially controlled by each other. The IAB node(s) 104 may be referred to as a donor entity or an IAB donor. A DU 165 or an RU 170 may be partially controlled by a CU 160 associated with a network node 105 or base station 140 (such as a donor network node or a donor base station). The one or more donor entities (e.g., IAB donors) may be in communication with one or more additional devices (e.g., IAB node(s) 104) via supported access and backhaul links (e.g., backhaul communication link(s) 120). IAB node(s) 104 may include an IAB mobile termination (IAB-MT) controlled (e.g., scheduled) by one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) of a coupled IAB donor. An IAB-MT may be equipped with an independent set of antennas for relay of communications with UEs 115 or may share the same antennas (e.g., of an RU 170) of IAB node(s) 104 used for access via the DU 165 of the IAB node(s) 104 (e.g., referred to as virtual IAB-MT (vIAB-MT)). In some examples, the IAB node(s) 104 may include one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) that support communication links with additional entities (e.g., IAB node(s) 104, UEs 115) within the relay chain or configuration of the access network (e.g., downstream). In such cases, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., the IAB node(s) 104 or components of the IAB node(s) 104) may be configured to operate according to the techniques described herein.

[0071] For instance, an access network (AN) or RAN may include communications between access nodes (e.g., an IAB donor), IAB node(s) 104, and one or more UEs 115. The IAB donor may facilitate connection between the core network 130 and the AN (e.g., via a wired or wireless connection to the core network 130). That is, an IAB donor may refer to a RAN node with a wired or wireless connection to the core network 130. The IAB donor may include one or more of a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170, inAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO18 which case the CU 160 may communicate with the core network 130 via an interface (e.g., a backhaul link). The IAB donor and IAB node(s) 104 may communicate via an Fl interface according to a protocol that defines signaling messages (e.g., an Fl AP protocol). Additionally, or alternatively, the CU 160 may communicate with the core network 130 via an interface, which may be an example of a portion of a backhaul link, and may communicate with other CUs (e.g., including a CU 160 associated with an alternative IAB donor) via an Xn-C interface, which may be an example of another portion of a backhaul link.

[0072] IAB node(s) 104 may refer to RAN nodes that provide IAB functionality (e.g., access for UEs 115, wireless self-backhauling capabilities). A DU 165 may act as a distributed scheduling node towards child nodes associated with the IAB node(s) 104, and the IAB-MT may act as a scheduled node towards parent nodes associated with IAB node(s) 104. That is, an IAB donor may be referred to as a parent node in communication with one or more child nodes (e.g., an IAB donor may relay transmissions for UEs through other IAB node(s) 104). Additionally, or alternatively, IAB node(s) 104 may also be referred to as parent nodes or child nodes to other IAB node(s) 104, depending on the relay chain or configuration of the AN. The IAB-MT entity of IAB node(s) 104 may provide a Uu interface for a child IAB node (e.g., the IAB node(s) 104) to receive signaling from a parent IAB node (e.g., the IAB node(s) 104), and a DU interface (e.g., a DU 165) may provide a Uu interface for a parent IAB node to signal to a child IAB node or UE 115.

[0073] For example, IAB node(s) 104 may be referred to as parent nodes that support communications for child IAB nodes, or may be referred to as child IAB nodes associated with IAB donors, or both. An IAB donor may include a CU 160 with a wired or wireless connection (e.g., backhaul communication link(s) 120) to the core network 130 and may act as a parent node to IAB node(s) 104. For example, the DU 165 of an IAB donor may relay transmissions to UEs 115 through IAB node(s) 104, or may directly signal transmissions to a UE 115, or both. The CU 160 of the IAB donor may signal communication link establishment via an Fl interface to IAB node(s) 104, and the IAB node(s) 104 may schedule transmissions (e.g., transmissions to the UEs 115 relayed from the IAB donor) through one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165). That is, data may be relayed to and from IAB node(s) 104 via signaling via an NR Uu interface toAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO19MT of IAB node(s) 104 (e.g., other IAB node(s)). Communications with IAB node(s) 104 may be scheduled by a DU 165 of the IAB donor or of IAB node(s) 104.

[0074] In the case of the techniques described herein applied in the context of a disaggregated RAN architecture, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured to support testing as described herein. For example, some operations described as being performed by a UE 115 or a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may additionally, or alternatively, be performed by one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., components such as an IAB node, a DU 165, a CU 160, an RU 170, an RIC 175, an SMO system 180).

[0075] A UE 115 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology, where the “device” may also be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. A UE 115 may also include or may be referred to as a personal electronic device such as a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personal computer. In some examples, a UE 115 may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (loT) device, an Internet of Everything (loE) device, or a machine type communications (MTC) device, among other examples, which may be implemented in various objects such as appliances, vehicles, or meters, among other examples.

[0076] The UEs 115 described herein may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as UEs 115 that may sometimes operate as relays, as well as the network nodes 105 and the network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, among other examples, as shown in FIG. 1.

[0077] The UEs 115 and the network nodes 105 may wirelessly communicate with one another via the communication link(s) 125 (e.g., one or more access links) using resources associated with one or more carriers. The term “carrier” may refer to a set of RF spectrum resources having a defined PHY layer structure for supporting the communication link(s) 125. For example, a carrier used for the communication link(s) 125 may include a portion of an RF spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth part (BWP)) that is operated according to one or more PHY layer channels for a given RAT (e.g., LTE,Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO20LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR). Each PHY layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information), control signaling that coordinates operation for the carrier, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communications system 100 may support communication with a UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. A UE 115 may be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers according to a carrier aggregation configuration. Carrier aggregation may be used with both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD) component carriers. Communication between a network node 105 and other devices may refer to communication between the devices and any portion (e.g., entity, sub-entity) of a network node 105. For example, the terms “transmitting,” “receiving,” or “communicating,” when referring to a network node 105, may refer to any portion of a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140, a CU 160, a DU 165, a RU 170) of a RAN communicating with another device (e.g., directly or via one or more other network entities, such as one or more of the network nodes 105).

[0078] In some examples, such as in a carrier aggregation configuration, a carrier may have acquisition signaling or control signaling that coordinates operations for other carriers. A carrier may be associated with a frequency channel (e.g., an evolved universal mobile telecommunication system terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) absolute RF channel number (EARFCN)) and may be identified according to a channel raster for discovery by the UEs 115. A carrier may be operated in a standalone mode, in which case initial acquisition and connection may be conducted by the UEs 115 via the carrier, or the carrier may be operated in a non-standalone mode, in which case a connection is anchored using a different carrier (e.g., of the same or a different RAT).

[0079] The communication link(s) 125 of the wireless communications system 100 may include downlink transmissions (e.g., forward link transmissions) from a network node 105 to a UE 115, uplink transmissions (e.g., return link transmissions) from a UE 115 to a network node 105, or both, among other configurations of transmissions. Carriers may carry downlink or uplink communications (e.g., in an FDD mode) or may be configured to carry downlink and uplink communications (e.g., in a TDD mode).

[0080] A carrier may be associated with a particular bandwidth of the RF spectrum and, in some examples, the carrier bandwidth may be referred to as a “systemAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO21 bandwidth” of the carrier or the wireless communications system 100. For example, the carrier bandwidth may be one of a set of bandwidths for carriers of a particular RAT (e.g., 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, or 80 megahertz (MHz)). Devices of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., the network nodes 105, the UEs 115, or both) may have hardware configurations that support communications using a particular carrier bandwidth or may be configurable to support communications using one of a set of carrier bandwidths. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may include network nodes 105 or UEs 115 that support concurrent communications using carriers associated with multiple carrier bandwidths. In some examples, each served UE 115 may be configured for operating using portions (e.g., a sub-band, a BWP) or all of a carrier bandwidth.

[0081] Signal waveforms transmitted via a carrier may be made up of multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM)). In a system employing MCM techniques, a resource element may refer to resources of one symbol period (e.g., a duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, in which case the symbol period and subcarrier spacing may be inversely related. The quantity of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of the modulation scheme, or both), such that a relatively higher quantity of resource elements (e.g., in a transmission duration) and a relatively higher order of a modulation scheme may correspond to a relatively higher rate of communication. A wireless communications resource may refer to a combination of an RF spectrum resource, a time resource, and a spatial resource (e.g., a spatial layer, a beam), and the use of multiple spatial resources may increase the data rate or data integrity for communications with a UE 115.

[0082] One or more numerologies for a carrier may be supported, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing (A ) and a cyclic prefix. A carrier may be divided into one or more BWPs having the same or different numerologies. In some examples, a UE 115 may be configured with multiple BWPs. In some examples, a single BWP for a carrier may be active at a given time and communications for the UE 115 may be restricted to one or more active BWPs.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO 1

[0083] The time intervals for the network nodes 105 or the UEs 115 may be expressed in multiples of a basic time unit which may, for example, refer to a sampling period of Ts= l / (A / max■ Nf) seconds, for which fmaxmay represent a supported subcarrier spacing, and Nf may represent a supported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) size. Time intervals of a communications resource may be organized according to radio frames each having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms)). Each radio frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023).

[0084] Each frame may include multiple consecutively-numbered subframes or slots, and each subframe or slot may have the same duration. In some examples, a frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) into subframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a quantity of slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable quantity of slots, and the quantity of slots may depend on subcarrier spacing. Each slot may include a quantity of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix prepended to each symbol period). In some wireless communications systems, such as the wireless communications system 100, a slot may further be divided into multiple mini-slots associated with one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may be associated with one or more (e.g., Ay) sampling periods. The duration of a symbol period may depend on the subcarrier spacing or frequency band of operation.

[0085] A subframe, a slot, a mini-slot, or a symbol may be the smallest scheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wireless communications system 100 and may be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI). In some examples, the TTI duration (e.g., a quantity of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable. Additionally, or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system 100 may be dynamically selected (e.g., in bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs)).

[0086] Physical channels may be multiplexed for communication using a carrier according to various techniques. A physical control channel and a physical data channel may be multiplexed for signaling via a downlink carrier, for example, using one or more of time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques. A control region (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET)) for a physical control channel may be defined by a set ofAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO23 symbol periods and may extend across the system bandwidth or a subset of the system bandwidth of the carrier. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) may be configured for a set of the UEs 115. For example, one or more of the UEs 115 may monitor or search control regions for control information according to one or more search space sets, and each search space set may include one or multiple control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a cascaded manner. An aggregation level for a control channel candidate may refer to an amount of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs)) associated with encoded information for a control information format having a given payload size. Search space sets may include common search space sets configured for sending control information to UEs 115 (e.g., one or more UEs) or may include UE-specific search space sets for sending control information to a UE 115 (e.g., a specific UE).

[0087] A network node 105 may provide communication coverage via one or more cells, for example a macro cell, a small cell, a hot spot, or other types of cells, or any combination thereof. The term “cell” may refer to a logical communication entity used for communication with a network node 105 (e.g., using a carrier) and may be associated with an identifier for distinguishing neighboring cells (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCID), a virtual cell identifier (VCID)). In some examples, a cell also may refer to a coverage area 110 or a portion of a coverage area 110 (e.g., a sector) over which the logical communication entity operates. Such cells may range from smaller areas (e.g., a structure, a subset of structure) to larger areas depending on various factors such as the capabilities of the network node 105. For example, a cell may be or include a building, a subset of a building, or exterior spaces between or overlapping with coverage areas 110, among other examples.

[0088] A macro cell generally covers a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by the UEs 115 with service subscriptions with the network provider supporting the macro cell. A small cell may be associated with a network node 105 operating with lower power (e.g., a base station 140 operating with lower power) relative to a macro cell, and a small cell may operate using the same or different (e.g., licensed, unlicensed) frequency bands as macro cells. Small cells may provide unrestricted access to the UEs 115 with service subscriptions with the network provider or may provide restricted access to the UEs 115 having an associationAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO24 with the small cell (e.g., the UEs 115 in a closed subscriber group (CSG), the UEs 115 associated with users in a home or office). A network node 105 may support one or more cells and may also support communications via the one or more cells using one or multiple component carriers.

[0089] In some examples, a carrier may support multiple cells, and different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., MTC, narrowband loT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)) that may provide access for different types of devices.

[0090] In some examples, a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may be movable and therefore provide communication coverage for a moving coverage area, such as the coverage area 110. In some examples, coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) associated with different technologies may overlap, but the coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) may be supported by the same network node (e.g., a network node 105). In some other examples, overlapping coverage areas, such as a coverage area 110, associated with different technologies may be supported by different network entities (e.g., the network nodes 105). The wireless communications system 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of the network nodes 105 support communications for coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) using the same or different RATs.

[0091] The wireless communications system 100 may support synchronous or asynchronous operation. For synchronous operation, network nodes 105 (e.g., base stations 140) may have similar frame timings, and transmissions from different network entities (e.g., different ones of the network nodes 105) may be approximately aligned in time. For asynchronous operation, network nodes 105 may have different frame timings, and transmissions from different network entities (e.g., different ones of network nodes 105) may, in some examples, not be aligned in time. The techniques described herein may be used for either synchronous or asynchronous operations.

[0092] Some UEs 115, such as MTC or loT devices, may be relatively low cost or low complexity devices and may provide for automated communication between machines (e.g., via Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication). M2M communication or MTC may refer to data communication technologies that allowAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO25 devices to communicate with one another or a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140) without human intervention. In some examples, M2M communication or MTC may include communications from devices that integrate sensors or meters to measure or capture information and relay such information to a central server or application program that uses the information or presents the information to humans interacting with the application program. Some UEs 115 may be designed to collect information or enable automated behavior of machines or other devices. Examples of applications for MTC devices include smart metering, inventory monitoring, water level monitoring, equipment monitoring, healthcare monitoring, wildlife monitoring, weather and geological event monitoring, fleet management and tracking, remote security sensing, physical access control, and transaction-based business charging.

[0093] Some UEs 115 may be configured to employ operating modes that reduce power consumption, such as half-duplex communications (e.g., a mode that supports one-way communication via transmission or reception, but not transmission and reception concurrently). In some examples, half-duplex communications may be performed at a reduced peak rate. Other power conservation techniques for the UEs 115 may include entering a power saving deep sleep mode when not engaging in active communications, operating using a limited bandwidth (e.g., according to narrowband communications), or a combination of these techniques. For example, some UEs 115 may be configured for operation using a narrowband protocol type that is associated with a defined portion or range (e.g., set of subcarriers or resource blocks (RBs)) within a carrier, within a guard-band of a carrier, or outside of a carrier.

[0094] The wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable communications or low-latency communications, or various combinations thereof. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). The UEs 115 may be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communications may include private communication or group communication and may be supported by one or more services such as push-to-talk, video, or data. Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions may include prioritization of services, and such services may be used for public safety or general commercial applications. The termsAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO26 ultra-reliable, low-latency, and ultra-reliable low-latency may be used interchangeably herein.

[0095] In some examples, a UE 115 may be configured to support communicating directly with other UEs (e.g., one or more of the UEs 115) via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link, such as a D2D communication link 135 (e.g., in accordance with a peer-to-peer (P2P), D2D, or sidelink protocol). In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of a group that are performing D2D communications may be within the coverage area 110 of a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170), which may support aspects of such D2D communications being configured by (e.g., scheduled by) the network node 105. In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of such a group may be outside the coverage area 110 of a network node 105 or may be otherwise unable to or not configured to receive transmissions from a network node 105. In some examples, groups of the UEs 115 communicating via D2D communications may support a one-to- many (1 :M) system in which each UE 115 transmits to one or more of the UEs 115 in the group. In some examples, a network node 105 may facilitate the scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In some other examples, D2D communications may be carried out between the UEs 115 without an involvement of a network node 105.

[0096] In some systems, a D2D communication link 135 may be an example of a communication channel, such as a sidelink communication channel, between vehicles (e.g., UEs 115). In some examples, vehicles may communicate using vehicle-to- everything (V2X) communications, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, or some combination of these. A vehicle may signal information related to traffic conditions, signal scheduling, weather, safety, emergencies, or any other information relevant to a V2X system. In some examples, vehicles in a V2X system may communicate with roadside infrastructure, such as roadside units, or with the network via one or more network entities (e.g., network nodes 105, base stations 140, RUs 170) using vehicle-to- network (V2N) communications, or with both.

[0097] The core network 130 may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC), which may include at least one control plane entity that manages access andAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO27 mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), an access and mobility management function (AMF)) and at least one user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or a user plane function (UPF)). The control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management for the UEs 115 served by the network nodes 105 (e.g., base stations 140) associated with the core network 130. User IP packets may be transferred through the user plane entity, which may provide IP address allocation as well as other functions. The user plane entity may be connected to IP services 150 for one or more network operators. The IP services 150 may include access to the Internet, Intranet(s), an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), or a Packet- Switched Streaming Service.

[0098] The wireless communications system 100 may include an location server 185 (e.g., LMF). The location server 185 may provide positioning, location, or tracking functions. For instance, the location server 185 may participate in one or more positioning procedures to determine a location of (e.g., coordinates of, relative distance(s) to, or an address of) one or more of the UEs 115. Examples of positioning procedures may include one or more operations of assisted global navigation satellite system (A-GNSS), observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA), enhanced cell identifier (E-CID), sensor-based positioning, wireless local area network (WLAN)- based positioning, Bluetooth-based positioning, terrestrial beacon systems (TBS) positioning, downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA), downlink angle of departure (DL-AOD), multi-round-trip time (Multi-RTT), New Radio enhanced cell identifier (NR E-CID), uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA), and uplink angle of arrival (UL-AOA), among other examples. Some examples of the positioning procedures may be managed by, assisted by, or performed with the location server 185. For instance, measurements associated with reference signaling may be provided to the location server 185, which may estimate a location of a UE 115 based on the measurements. In some aspects, the location server 185 may track or store location information corresponding to one or more UEs 115. Some examples of the positioning procedures may be performed without the location server 185.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO28

[0099] The location server 185 may be included in the core network 130 or may be separate from the core network 130. In some examples, a location server 185 may be a standalone device or may be included in (e.g., integrated with) a network node 105, a base station 140, a UE 115, a satellite 190, a server, or another device. For instance, the location server 185 may be (or may be included in) a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP) device, a third-party server, or another device. The location server 185 may generally refer to a positioning device, a location device, a computing device, or a server, among other examples.

[0100] A UE 115 may communicate with the location server 185 directly or indirectly. For example, a UE 115 may communicate with the location server 185 via a network node 105 that is serving the UE 115 and via the core network 130. Additionally, or alternatively, a UE 115 may communicate with the location server 185 through another path (e.g., via an application server (not shown)) or via another network (e.g., via a WLAN AP), among other examples. Communication between a UE 115 and the location server 185 may be represented via an indirect connection (e.g., through a communication link 125, a network node 105, a communication link 155, a backhaul communication link 120, or the core network 130) or as a direct connection, with one or more intervening nodes (if any) omitted for concision or convenience.

[0101] A satellite 190 may be an aerial or space vehicle with signaling capability. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may include or communicate with one or more satellites 190. The satellite(s) 190 may be included in one or more satellite positioning systems (e.g., GNSS(s)). A satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global or regional navigation satellites associated with one or more satellite positioning systems (e.g., global positioning system (GPS), global navigation satellite system (GLONASS), BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS), or Galileo, among other examples). A satellite positioning system may include satellites 190 or other transmitters positioned to enable receivers (e.g., UEs 115) to determine a location on or above the Earth based on signals (e.g., the signals 195) received from the satellites 190. For instance, each satellite 190 may transmit a signal 195 marked with a repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) code of a set quantity of chips. In some cases, one or more transmitters located on ground-based control stations, network nodes 105, or UEs 115 may transmit signals for enabling a UE 115 to determine a location.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO29

[0102] A UE 115 may include one or more receivers designed to receive the signal(s) 195 from the satellite(s) 190 for determining location information (e.g., a geographic location of the UE 115). For instance, the UE 115 may receive one or more signals 195 from the satellite(s) 190, which may be utilized to determine a location of the UE 115.

[0103] In a satellite positioning system, the use of signals 195 may be augmented with one or more satellite-based augmentation systems (SB AS) that may be associated with or enabled for use with one or more global or regional navigation satellite systems. An SB AS may provide integrity information, differential corrections, or other information for use in conjunction with a satellite positioning system. An SBAS may include one or more augmentation systems, such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), or the GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) system, among other examples.

[0104] In some aspects, the satellite(s) 190 may be included in one or more nonterrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, a satellite 190 may communicate with one or more devices (e.g., network entities, ground stations, NTN gateways, or gateways) located on or above the Earth. For example, the satellite 190 may send or receive one or more communications 192 with a network node 105. In some aspects, the communication(s) 192 may include one or more signals relayed to or from a UE 115. Additionally, or alternatively, the satellite 190 may communicate with another terrestrial device that is connected to one or more elements of the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the satellite 190 may communicate with a ground station or NTN gateway, which may provide access to the wireless communications system 100 or one or more other entities (e.g., Internet web servers or one or more other user devices) external to the wireless communications system 100. In some examples, a UE 115 may receive communication signals 195 from the satellite 190 instead of, or in addition to, communication signals from a terrestrial network entity.

[0105] The wireless communications system 100 may operate using one or more frequency bands, which may be in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz). Generally, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelengths range fromAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO30 approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features, which may be referred to as clusters, but the waves may penetrate structures sufficiently for a macro cell to provide service to the UEs 115 located indoors. Communications using UHF waves may be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than one hundred kilometers) compared to communications using the smaller frequencies and longer waves of the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portion of the spectrum below 300 MHz.

[0106] The wireless communications system 100 may also operate using a super high frequency (SHF) region, which may be in the range of 3 GHz to 30 GHz, also known as the centimeter band, or using an extremely high frequency (EHF) region of the spectrum (e.g., from 30 GHz to 300 GHz), also known as the millimeter band. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may support millimeter wave (mmW) communications between the UEs 115 and the network nodes 105 (e.g., base stations 140, RUs 170), and EHF antennas of the respective devices may be smaller and more closely spaced than UHF antennas. In some examples, such techniques may facilitate using antenna arrays within a device. The propagation of EHF transmissions, however, may be subject to even greater attenuation and shorter range than SHF or UHF transmissions. The techniques disclosed herein may be employed across transmissions that use one or more different frequency regions, and designated use of bands across these frequency regions may differ by country or regulating body.

[0107] The wireless communications system 100 may utilize licensed or unlicensed RF spectrum bands. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may employ License Assisted Access (LAA), LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) RAT, or NR technology using an unlicensed band such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. While operating using unlicensed RF spectrum bands, devices such as the network nodes 105 and the UEs 115 may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some examples, operations using unlicensed bands may be based on a carrier aggregation configuration in conjunction with component carriers operating using a licensed band (e.g., LAA). Operations using unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2D transmissions, among other examples.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO31

[0108] A network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) or a UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas, which may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, or beamforming. The antennas of a network node 105 or a UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which may support MIMO operations or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower. In some examples, antennas or antenna arrays associated with a network node 105 may be located at diverse geographic locations. A network node 105 may include an antenna array with a set of rows and columns of antenna ports that the network node 105 may use to support beamforming of communications with a UE 115. Likewise, a UE 115 may include one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally, or alternatively, an antenna panel may support RF beamforming for a signal transmitted via an antenna port.

[0109] The network nodes 105 or the UEs 115 may use MIMO communications to exploit multipath signal propagation and increase spectral efficiency by transmitting or receiving multiple signals via different spatial layers. Such techniques may be referred to as spatial multiplexing. The multiple signals may, for example, be transmitted by the transmitting device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Likewise, the multiple signals may be received by the receiving device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Each of the multiple signals may be referred to as a separate spatial stream and may carry information associated with the same data stream (e.g., the same codeword) or different data streams (e.g., different codewords). Different spatial layers may be associated with different antenna ports used for channel measurement and reporting. MIMO techniques include single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO), for which multiple spatial layers are transmitted to the same receiving device, and multiple-user MIMO (MU-MIMO), for which multiple spatial layers are transmitted to multiple devices.

[0110] Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signal processing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., a network node 105, a UE 115) to shape or steer an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatialAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO32 path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming may be achieved by combining the signals communicated via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating along particular orientations with respect to an antenna array experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. The adjustment of signals communicated via the antenna elements may include a transmitting device or a receiving device applying amplitude offsets, phase offsets, or both to signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustments associated with each of the antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a particular orientation (e.g., with respect to the antenna array of the transmitting device or receiving device, or with respect to some other orientation).[OHl] A network node 105 or a UE 115 may use beam sweeping techniques as part of beamforming operations. For example, a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may use multiple antennas or antenna arrays (e.g., antenna panels) to conduct beamforming operations for directional communications with a UE 115. Some signals (e.g., synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals) may be transmitted by a network node 105 multiple times along different directions. For example, the network node 105 may transmit a signal according to different beamforming weight sets associated with different directions of transmission. Transmissions along different beam directions may be used to identify (e.g., by a transmitting device, such as a network node 105, or by a receiving device, such as a UE 115) a beam direction for later transmission or reception by the network node 105.

[0112] Some signals, such as data signals associated with a particular receiving device, may be transmitted by a transmitting device (e.g., a network node 105 or a UE 115) along a single beam direction (e.g., a direction associated with the receiving device, such as another network node 105 or UE 115). In some examples, the beam direction associated with transmissions along a single beam direction may be determined based on a signal that was transmitted along one or more beam directions. For example, a UE 115 may receive one or more of the signals transmitted by the network node 105 along different directions and may report to the network node 105 anAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO33 indication of the signal that the UE 115 received with a highest signal quality or an otherwise acceptable signal quality.

[0113] In some examples, transmissions by a device (e.g., by a network node 105 or a UE 115) may be performed using multiple beam directions, and the device may use a combination of digital precoding or beamforming to generate a combined beam for transmission (e.g., from a network node 105 to a UE 115). The UE 115 may report feedback that indicates precoding weights for one or more beam directions, and the feedback may correspond to a configured set of beams across a system bandwidth or one or more sub-bands. The network node 105 may transmit a reference signal (e.g., a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (C SIRS)), which may be precoded or unprecoded. The UE 115 may provide feedback for beam selection, which may be a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) or codebook-based feedback (e.g., a multi-panel type codebook, a linear combination type codebook, a port selection type codebook). Although these techniques are described with reference to signals transmitted along one or more directions by a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170), a UE 115 may employ similar techniques for transmitting signals multiple times along different directions (e.g., for identifying a beam direction for subsequent transmission or reception by the UE 115) or for transmitting a signal along a single direction (e.g., for transmitting data to a receiving device).

[0114] A receiving device (e.g., a UE 115) may perform reception operations in accordance with multiple receive configurations (e.g., directional listening) when receiving various signals from a transmitting device (e.g., a network node 105), such as synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals. For example, a receiving device may perform reception in accordance with multiple receive directions by receiving via different antenna subarrays, by processing received signals according to different antenna subarrays, by receiving according to different receive beamforming weight sets (e.g., different directional listening weight sets) applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array, or by processing received signals according to different receive beamforming weight sets applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array, any of which may be referred to as “listening” according to different receive configurations or receive directions. In some examples, a receiving device may use a single receiveAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO34 configuration to receive along a single beam direction (e.g., when receiving a data signal). The single receive configuration may be aligned along a beam direction determined based on listening according to different receive configuration directions (e.g., a beam direction determined to have a highest signal strength, highest signal -to- noise ratio (SNR), or otherwise acceptable signal quality based on listening according to multiple beam directions).

[0115] The wireless communications system 100 may be a packet-based network that operates according to a layered protocol stack. In the user plane, communications at the bearer or PDCP layer may be IP -based. An RLC layer may perform packet segmentation and reassembly to communicate via logical channels. A MAC layer may perform priority handling and multiplexing of logical channels into transport channels. The MAC layer also may implement error detection techniques, error correction techniques, or both to support retransmissions to improve link efficiency. In the control plane, an RRC layer may provide establishment, configuration, and maintenance of an RRC connection between a UE 115 and a network node 105 or a core network 130 supporting radio bearers for user plane data. A PHY layer may map transport channels to physical channels.

[0116] The UEs 115 and the network nodes 105 may support retransmissions of data to increase the likelihood that data is received successfully. Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) feedback is one technique for increasing the likelihood that data is received correctly via a communication link (e.g., the communication link(s) 125, a D2D communication link 135). HARQ may include a combination of error detection (e.g., using a cyclic redundancy check (CRC)), forward error correction (FEC), and retransmission (e.g., automatic repeat request (ARQ)). HARQ may improve throughput at the MAC layer in relatively poor radio conditions (e.g., low signal-to-noise conditions). In some examples, a device may support same-slot HARQ feedback, in which case the device may provide HARQ feedback in a specific slot for data received via a previous symbol in the slot. In some other examples, the device may provide HARQ feedback in a subsequent slot, or according to some other time interval.

[0117] Some wireless communications systems may perform AI / ML-based positioning, which may improve positioning accuracy in stringent NLOS conditions. Utilization of AI / ML-based positioning may rely on information for AI / ML modelAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO35 training or information for monitoring AI / ML-based positioning performance. Information may contain samples, and may be structured in two parts, which may be referred to as “part A” and “part B.” For example, part A may include one or more measurements corresponding to AI / ML model input. Part B may include one or more measurements or labels corresponding to AI / ML model output. In some cases, part A and part B may be obtained by different entities. Part A or Part B may be utilized to train an AI / ML model. Part A or Part B may be utilized to monitor an AI / ML model. In some approaches, part B may be obtained by relying on RAT measurements (e.g., downlink PRS or uplink SRS measurements) in which positioning approaches may be utilized to obtain location information or positioning measurements. Some UEs may have limited capabilities or may not be able to collect part A or part B.

[0118] One way to reduce the burden of data collection at the UE 115 side may rely on uplink and downlink channel reciprocity. Channel reciprocity may be a condition where a channel may exhibit similar (e.g., the same) characteristics in different directions (e.g., uplink and downlink directions). Based on channel reciprocity, an AI / ML model trained with information obtained based on measurements in one direction may be utilized for prediction in another direction. For instance, an AI / ML model may be trained for a positioning procedure that utilizes downlink measurements to inference (which may be referred to as Casel, Case 2a, or Case 2b, for instance) using part A or part B obtained via uplink measurements. Additionally, or alternatively, an AI / ML model that was trained utilizing downlink measurements (e.g., Case 1, Case 2a, or Case 2b) may be monitored using part A or part B obtained via uplink measurements. In some approaches, a similar concept may be utilized (e.g., part A or part B may be utilized) for network-side AI / ML models where uplink measurements are utilized for prediction (which may be referred to as Case 3a or Case 3b). For instance, downlink measurements may be utilized to train an AI / ML model that may be utilized for inference based on uplink measurements using part A or part B. Additionally, or alternatively, an AI / ML model that is trained based on uplink measurements may be monitored using part A or part B based on downlink measurements.

[0119] One or more measurements (e.g., reference signal measurements) may be obtained for position estimation, AI / ML model monitoring, or training data collection for one or more AI / ML models. Some examples of measurement (e.g., data) collectionAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO36 for AI / ML-based positioning may be described with reference to one or more use cases (e.g., Case 1, Case 2a, Case 2b, Case 3a, or Case 3b) as follows.

[0120] For training data generation of AI / ML-based positioning for Case 2a or 2b, for example, a channel measurement or related data (e.g., time stamp) may be generated by a PRU or non-PRU UE. For training data generation of AI / ML-based positioning for Case 1, for example, a label or related data (e.g., time stamp) may be generated by a PRU, a non-PRU UE with an estimated location, or an LMF. For training data generation of AI / ML-based positioning for Case 2a, for example, a label or related data (e.g., time stamp) may be generated by a PRU, a non-PRU UE with estimated location, or an LMF. For training data generation of AI / ML-based positioning for Case 2b, for example, the label or related data (e.g., time stamp) may be generated by a PRU, a non- PRU UE with estimated location, or an LMF. For training data generation of AI / ML- based positioning for Case 3b, for example, the label or related data (e.g., time stamp) may be generated by a PRU, a non-PRU UE with estimated location, or an LMF. For training data generation of AI / ML-based positioning for Case 3a, for example, the label or related data (e.g., time stamp) may be generated by an LMF or other network entity. In some of the described examples, the label or related data may be communicated.

[0121] For training data generation of AI / ML-based positioning for Case 1, for example, the measurement or related data (e.g., time stamp) may be generated by a PRU or a non-PRU UE. For training data generation of AI / ML-based positioning for Case 3a and 3b, for example, the measurement or related data (e.g., time stamp) may be generated by a TRP or gNB.

[0122] In some examples of training data collection for AI / ML-based positioning, the collected data sample(s) may include first training data corresponding to an AI / ML model input(s) or second training data corresponding to an AI / ML model output(s). In some aspects, the first training data (e.g., “part A” data) may include one or more channel measurements, one or more quality indicators of channel measurement(s), or one or more time stamps of a channel measurement(s). Additionally, or alternatively, the second training data (e.g., “part B” data) may include one or more ground truth labels (or an approximation(s) of a ground truth label(s)), one or more quality indicators of a label(s), or one or more time stamps of a label(s). In some examples, the first training data and the second training data may be generated by a same entity or differentAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO37 entities. In some approaches, the first training data or the second training data (or corresponding content) may be applied (or may not be applied) for one or more of the cases.

[0123] In some approaches, data collection may be performed to produce information for training (e.g., training data), for monitoring (e.g., monitoring data), or for input to an AI / ML model (e.g., input data, prediction data, or “inference” data). For example, training data may be provided to a training function or component for model training, which may train or update an AI / ML model In some examples, the trained or updated AI / ML model may be provided to model storage. In some cases, an AI / ML model may be provided (e.g., transferred or delivered) from model storage for execution (e.g., prediction). For instance, input data may be input to an AI / ML model, which may produce an output (e.g., “inference output”). In some examples, the output may be provided to a monitoring function or component for monitoring or managing the AI / ML model. The monitoring function or component may utilize the monitoring data or the output to monitor performance of the AI / ML model. For instance, the monitoring function or component may determine whether an AI / ML model is producing an accurate output based on the output and the monitoring data. The monitoring function or component may provide performance feedback or a retraining request to the model training function or component, may provide a model transfer or delivery request to model storage, or may provide instructions (e.g., management instruction) to the AI / ML model.

[0124] AI / ML model performance monitoring may be performed in accordance with one or more of the techniques described herein. One or more of the following metrics or approaches for AI / ML model monitoring in lifecycle management (LCM) per use case may be utilized. In some approaches, monitoring may be performed based on prediction accuracy, including one or more metrics related to intermediate key performance indicators (KPIs). Additionally, or alternatively, monitoring may be performed based on system performance, including one or more metrics related to system performance KPIs. One or more other monitoring approaches may be utilized. For example, monitoring may be performed based on data distribution (e.g., input-based or output-based). Input-based monitoring (e.g., monitoring the validity of an AI / ML input) may include out-of-distribution detection, drift detection of input data, SNR, orAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO38 delay spread, among other examples. Output-based monitoring (e.g., drift detection of output data) may include monitoring based on one or more applicable conditions. Monitoring metric calculation may be performed at the network (e.g., at a network node 105 or location server 185, among other examples) or at the UE 115.

[0125] In some examples, one or more approaches may be utilized to assess or monitor the applicability or expected performance of an inactive AI / ML model or functionality, for the purpose of AI / ML model activation, selection, or switching of UE- side AI / ML models, a UE-part of two-sided AI / ML models, or AI / ML functionalities. For example, assessment or monitoring may be performed based on one or more additional conditions associated with AI / ML model or functionality. In some approaches, assessment or monitoring may be performed based on an input or output data distribution. In some aspects, assessment or monitoring may be performed using an inactive AI / ML model or functionality for monitoring or measuring the prediction accuracy. In some examples, assessment or monitoring may be performed based on information of a past performance of the same AI / ML model or functionality (e.g., based on other UEs 115).

[0126] In some approaches, assistance signaling or one or more procedures may be utilized for a UE-side AI / ML model. Additionally, or alternatively, a report, feedback, or one or more procedures may be utilized for a network-side AI / ML model. AI / ML- model prediction or monitoring may be performed at a same entity or at different entities.

[0127] In some examples, information may be utilized to calculate or compute a monitoring metric for performing monitoring of one or more AI / ML model. For monitoring based on an AI / ML model output, one or more of the following information may be utilized for monitoring: an estimated UE 115 location corresponding to an AI / ML model output for direct AI / ML positioning, estimated intermediate parameter(s) corresponding to an AI / ML model output for AI / ML assisted positioning, or a groundtruth label corresponding to an AI / ML model prediction output for both direct and AI / ML assisted positioning, among other examples. For monitoring based on an AI / ML model input, a measurement corresponding to an AI / ML model prediction input may be utilized for monitoring.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO39

[0128] In some aspects, assistance signaling may be communicated from a location server 185 (e.g., LMF) to a UE 115 or network node 105 (e.g., UE, PRU, or gNB, among other examples) for UE or network-side AI / ML model monitoring. Additionally, or alternatively, assistance signaling may be communicated from a wireless device (e.g., UE 115 or PRU) for network-side AI / ML model monitoring.

[0129] Some examples of the techniques described herein may address how an entity may provide a type of information for calculating or computing a monitoring metric for one or more use cases. Signaling may be utilized for provisioning the type of information for calculating or computing an associated monitoring metric. In some cases, assistance signaling or one or more procedures may be utilized to facilitate an entity providing information for calculating or computing the monitoring metric. In some examples, the UE 115 may interact with the network (e.g., an AI / ML model monitoring decision indication may be communicated between the UE 115 and the network).

[0130] In some aspects, the UE 115 may derive the monitoring metric for Case 1 or Case 2a (with a UE-side AI / ML model, for instance). A network node (e.g., gNB) may derive the monitoring metric for Case 3a (with gNB-side model, for instance). The location server 185 (e.g., LMF) may derive the monitoring metric for Case 2b or Case 3b (with an LMF-side AI / ML model, for instance). For AI / ML-based positioning, the location server 185 (e.g., LMF) for Case 2a (with a UE-side AI / ML model) or Case 3a (with a gNB-side AI / ML model) may derive the monitoring metric when monitoring is based on a provided ground-truth label (or an approximation of a ground-truth label).

[0131] In some approaches, AI / ML model monitoring may be performed without a ground-truth label (or an approximation of a ground-truth label). For example, monitoring may be performed based on statistics of measurement s), which may be compared to statistics associated with training data. The measurement(s) may or may not be the same as AI / ML model input. Some examples of statistical information that may be utilized may include a norm of AI / ML model input, a mean, a minimum or maximum of statistics related to measurement or AI / ML model input, a median, or a temporal or spatial distribution of data, among other examples.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO40

[0132] In some aspects, monitoring may be performed based on statistics of an AI / ML model output, which may be compared to statistics associated with training data or a previous prediction output. Some examples of statistical information that may be utilized may include a mean, a standard deviation, or a variance, among other examples, of statistics related to AI / ML model output.

[0133] One or more examples of signaling may be utilized for monitoring a UE-side or network-side AI / ML model for AI / ML based positioning. For example, signaling from the location server 185 (e.g., LMF) may be utilized to facilitate a monitoring entity to derive a monitoring metric. Signaling may be utilized from a monitoring entity to request one or more measurement(s). Signaling may be utilized for a request or report of a monitoring metric.

[0134] One or more examples of signaling may be utilized for monitoring an AI / ML model on the location server 185 (e.g., LMF) for AI / ML based positioning. For example, signaling may be communicated from the location server 185 (e.g., LMF) to request one or more measurements. Assistance signaling or one or more procedures (e.g., reference signal configuration s)) may be utilized for measurement or measurement statistics as compared to AI / ML model input statistics of the training data, among other examples. In some aspects, a report of a calculated metric or a model monitoring decision may be communicated between entities (e.g., the UE 115, network node 105, or location server 185, among other examples).

[0135] In some approaches, model monitoring may utilize a ground-truth label (or an approximation of a ground-truth label). A monitoring metric may be (or may include) one or more statistics of a difference between an AI / ML model output and a groundtruth label. Examples of statistics that may be utilized may include a mean, a standard deviation, an instantaneous value, or a threshold of a ground-truth label (or an approximation of a ground-truth label).

[0136] Signaling may be performed for monitoring a UE-side or network-side AI / ML model for AI / ML based positioning. For example, signaling may be communicated from a monitoring entity to request a ground-truth label. Signaling may be communicated from a monitoring entity to request an AI / ML model output. Signaling for a request or report of a monitoring metric may be communicated.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO41

[0137] Signaling may be performed for monitoring a location server-side model for AI / ML based positioning. For example, signaling may be communicated from the location server 185 (e.g., LMF) to request one or more measurements.

[0138] In some approaches, a ground-truth label or an associated label quality may be provided (e.g., communicated). Assistance signaling or one or more procedures may be utilized (e.g., from a location server 185 to a UE 115 or network node 105 indicating a ground-truth label or measurement, among other examples). Report of the calculated metric or model monitoring decision may be communicated.

[0139] One or more approaches may be utilized to generate information relating to one or more ground truth labels for model performance monitoring of AI / ML positioning Case 1 or for model performance monitoring metric calculation in labelbased model monitoring. In approach A, a target UE 115 may perform monitoring metric calculation. In approach A-l, information relating to a ground truth label of the target UE 115 may be generated by the location server 185 (e.g., LMF) and provided to the target UE 115. For instance, a target UE 115 or network node 105 (e.g., gNB) may send measurement to the location server 185 for the location server 185 to derive the information relating to the ground truth label. In some aspects, the UE 115 may transmit an SRS to the network node 105, which may send measurements to the location server 185. Additionally, or alternatively, the network node 105 may transmit a PRS to the UE 115, which may send measurements to the location server 185. The location server 185 (e.g., LMF) may calculate a label (e.g., a ground-truth label or an approximation of a ground-truth label) based on the measurements from the UE 115 or the network node 105. The location server 185 may send the label to the UE 115, which may perform a metric calculation for monitoring.

[0140] In approach A-2, position calculation assistance data (e.g., information for a UE-based positioning procedure) may be provided from the location server 185 (e.g., LMF) to the target UE. In some aspects, the network node 105 may transmit a PRS to the UE 115. The location server 185 may send position calculation assistance data (e.g., base station area (BSA) information or other information) to the UE 115. The UE 115 may calculate a label (e.g., a ground-truth label or an approximation of a ground-truth label) based on the PRS or assistance data. The UE 115 may perform a metric calculation for monitoring. BSA information or other information may be informationAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO42 related to one or more network devices (e.g., TRP(s), network node(s), base station(s), or satellite(s), among other examples) or location information corresponding to the network device(s). For satellites, for instance, BSA information or other information may include almanac information related to satellite locations and corresponding orbit details (e.g., ephemeris information). Additionally, or alternatively, BSA information or other information may indicate an antenna location(s), antenna orientation(s), beam angle(s), beam shape(s), integrity bound(s), integrity parameter(s), TRP synchronization error(s), or TRP synchronization offset(s), among other examples. In some examples, position calculation assistance data (e.g., BSA information or other information) may be indicated by (e.g., included in) an NR-PositionCalculationAssistance information element (IE). The IE NR-PositionCalculationAssistance may be utilized by a location server 185 to provide assistance data including integrity information to enable UE-based downlink positioning. An example of position calculation assistance data is provided in Listing (1).- ASN1 STARTNR-PositionCalculationAssistance-rl6 ::= SEQUENCE { nr-TRP-LocationInfo-rl6 NR-TRP-LocationInfo-rl6 OPTIONAL, — Need ON nr-DL-PRS-BeamInfo-rl6 NR-DL-PRS-BeamInfo-rl6 OPTIONAL, - Need ON nr-RTD-Info-r!6 NR-RTD-Info-rl6 OPTIONAL, - Need ON nr-TRP-BeamAntennaInfo-rl7 NR-TRP-BeamAntennaInfo-rl7 OPTIONAL, — Need ON nr-DL-PRS-Expected-LOS-NLOS-Assistance-rl7 NR-DL-PRS-ExpectedLOS- NLOS-Assistance-rl7 OPTIONAL, - Need ON nr-DL-PRS-TRP-TEG-Info-rl7 NR-DL-PRS-TRP-TEG-Info-rl7 OPTIONAL-Need ON]],[[ nr-IntegrityServiceParameters-r 18 NR-Integrity ServiceParameters-r 18OPTIONAL, - Need ORAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO43 nr-IntegrityServiceAlert-r 18 NR-Integrity Service Al ert-r 18OPTIONAL, - Need OR nr-IntegrityRi skParameters-r 18 NR-Integrity Ri skParameters-r 18OPTIONAL, - Need OR nr-IntegrityParametersTRP-LocationInfo-rl8 NR-IntegrityParametersTRP- Locationlnfo-rl8 OPTIONAL, — Cond Integrity 1 nr-IntegrityParametersDL- PRS-Beamlnfo-r 18NR-IntegrityParametersDL-PRS-BeamInfo-rl8 OPTIONAL, — Cond Integrity2 nr-IntegrityParametersRTD-Info-r 18 NR-IntegrityParametersRTD-Info-r 18 OPTIONAL, — Cond Integrity3 nr-IntegrityParametersTRP-BeamAntennaInfo-rl8 NR-IntegrityParametersTRP- BeamAntennaInfo-rl8 OPTIONAL, — Cond Integrity4 nr-PRU-DL-Info-rl8 NR-PRU-DL-Info-rl8 OPTIONAL - Need ON]]}NR-IntegrityParametersTRP-LocationInfo-rl8 ::= SEQUENCE { trp-ErrorCorrelationTime-rl8 INTEGER(0..255) OPTIONAL, — Need ON dl-PRS-ResourceSetARP-ErrorCorrelationTime-rl8 INTEGER(0..255)OPTIONAL, - Need ON dl-PRS-ResourceARP-ErrorCorrelationTime-rl8 INTEGER(0..255) OPTIONAL, —Need ON}NR-IntegrityParametersDL-PRS-BeamInfo-rl8 ::= SEQUENCE { dl-PRS-BeamInfoErrorCorrelationTime-rl8 INTEGER (0..255),}NR-IntegrityParametersRTD-Info-rl8 ::= SEQUENCE { rtd-ErrorCorrelationTime-rl8 INTEGER (0..255),Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO44}NR-IntegrityParametersTRP-BeamAntennaInfo-rl8 ::= SEQUENCE { trp-BeamAntennaInfoErrorCorrelationTime-rl8 INTEGER (0..255),}- ASN1ST0PListing (1)

[0141] In approach A-3, assistance data may be communicated from the location server 185 (e.g., LMF) to the target UE 115, where a PRU measurement or a corresponding PRU location may be sent via the location server 185 to the target UE 115. In some aspects, the network node 105 may transmit a PRS to the UE 115. The network node 105 may transmit a PRS to the PRU. The PRU may send PRU measurements to the location server 185. The location server 185 may forward the PRU measurements or location information to the UE 115. The UE 115 may utilize the PRU measurement or the location information to calculate a metric or to perform monitoring.

[0142] In approach A-4, a PRU measurement (or a corresponding PRU location if not already stored at the UE-side) may be sent from a PRU to the target UE side (e.g., target UE 115 or over-the-top (OTT) server). In some aspects, the network node 105 may transmit a PRS to the UE 115. The network node 105 may transmit a PRS to the PRU. The PRU may send PRU measurements or location information to the UE 115. The UE 115 may utilize the PRU measurement or the location information to calculate a metric or to perform monitoring.

[0143] In approach B, the location server 185 (e.g., LMF) may perform a monitoring metric calculation. In approach B-l, a prediction (e.g., the AI / ML model output corresponding to a target UE’s channel measurement) of the target UE 115 may be sent by the target UE 115 to the location server 185. In some aspects, the network node 105 may transmit a PRS to the UE 115. The UE 115 may send a AI / ML model output (e.g., prediction of UE 115 location) to the location server 185. The location server 185 may utilize the prediction to calculate a metric.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO45

[0144] In approach B-2, a PRU’s channel measurement may be sent via the location server 185 (e.g., LMF) to the target UE 115. A prediction (e.g., the AI / ML model output corresponding to PRU’s channel measurement) may be sent by the target UE 115 to the location server 185. In some aspects, the network node 105 may transmit a PRS to the UE 115. The network node 105 may transmit a PRS to the PRU. The PRU may send PRU measurements to the location server 185. The location server 185 may forward the PRU measurements to the UE 115. The UE 115 may utilize the PRS or the PRU measurement to obtain an AI / ML model output (e.g., a PRU estimated location). The UE 115 may send a PRU estimated location to the location server 185. The location server 185 may calculate a metric.

[0145] As used herein, the terms “Al,” “AI / ML,” “Al-based,” or “ML-based” may refer to Al or machine learning techniques. The term “Al model” may refer to one or more Al models (with or without machine learning) or to one or more machine learning models. As used herein, an Al model may be referred to as an “Al-based model,” an “ML model,” or an “ML-based model.”

[0146] FIG. 2 shows an example of a network structure 200 that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless network structure 200 may include a core network 130-a, a RAN 225, a UE 115-a, an LMF 265, an external device 230 (e.g., third-party device or server), or an SLP 235. In some examples, the wireless network structure 200 may be included in the wireless communications system 100 described with reference to FIG. 1. The core network 130-a may be an example of the core network 130, the UE 115-a may be an example of the UEs 115, or the LMF 265 may be an example of the location server 185, as described with reference to FIG. 1.

[0147] The core network 130-a may provide one or more control plane (C-plane) functions (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, or gateway selection, among other examples) or one or more user plane (U-plane) functions (e.g., UE gateway function, data network access, or IP routing, among other examples). One or more of the functions of the core network 130-a may be implemented in one or more devices (e.g., one or more electronic devices, computing devices, servers, among other examples) in hardware (e.g., circuitry) or a combination of hardware and instructions (e.g., aAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO46 processor with instructions). The core network 130-a may be an EPC, 5GC, or a Next Generation Core (NGC), among other examples.

[0148] The core network 130-a may provide an AMF 210, a session management function (SMF) 220, or a user plane function (UPF) 215. The AMF 210 may provide one or more C-plane functions, such as registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transport for session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 115-a and the SMF 220, transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between the UE 115-a and the short message service function (SMSF) (not shown in FIG. 2), or security anchor functionality (SEAF) (not shown in FIG. 2), among other examples. In some aspects, the AMF 210 may interact with an authentication server function (AUSF) (not shown in FIG. 2) and the UE 115-a, and may receive an intermediate key established as a result of a UE 115-a authentication process. In a case of authentication based on a universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) subscriber identity module (USIM), the AMF 210 may retrieve security information from the AUSF. In some examples, the AMF 210 may provide a security context management (SCM) function. The SCM function may receive a key from the SEAF that may be utilized to derive access-network specific keys. The AMF 210 may provide location services management for regulatory services, transport for location services messages between the UE 115-a and an LMF 265, transport for location services messages between the RAN 225 and the LMF 265, evolved packet system (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for interworking with the EPS, or UE 115-a mobility event notification. In some approaches, the AMF 210 may support one or more functionalities for Third Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) access networks or non-3GPP access networks.

[0149] The UPF 215 may provide one or more U-plane functions, such as acting as an anchor point for intra / inter-RAT mobility, acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point of interconnection to a data network (not shown in FIG. 2), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, or traffic steering), user plane collection (e.g., interception), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) handling for the U-planeAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO47(e.g., uplink or downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the downlink), uplink traffic verification (e.g., service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink or downlink, downlink packet buffering, downlink data notification triggering, or sending or forwarding one or more indications of an end of a transmission (e.g., “end markers”) to a source RAN node, among other examples. In some examples, the UPF 215 may support the transfer of location services messages over a U-plane between the UE 115-a and another device (e.g., the SLP 235 or the external device 230.

[0150] The SMF 220 may provide one or more functions, such as session management, UE IP address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic steering at the UPF 215 to route traffic to a destination, control (e.g., partial control) of policy enforcement or QoS, or downlink data notification. In some aspects, the SMF 220 may communicate with the AMF 210 over an N11 interface 240.

[0151] The RAN 225 may include one or more gNBs 255 or one or more ng-eNBs 260. The gNB(s) 255 or the ng-eNB(s) 260 may be examples of the network nodes 105 described with reference to FIG. 1. For instance, a next generation RAN (NG-RAN) may include one or more gNBs 255, or other examples of the RAN 225 may include one or more ng-eNBs 260 or gNBs 255.

[0152] The core network 130-a may communicate with the RAN 225 via a C-plane interface 245 (e.g., NG-C or N2 interface) or a U-plane interface 250 (e.g., NG-U or N3 interface). The C-plane interface 245 or the U-plane interface 250 may connect the gNB 255 or the ng-eNB 260 to the core network 130-a (e.g., to one or more control plane functions or one or more user plane functions). For instance, the C-plane interface 245 may connect the AMF 210 to one or more gNBs 255 or ng-eNBs 260 in the RAN 225, or the U-plane interface 250 may connect the UPF 215 to one or more gNBs 255 or ng- eNBs 260 in the RAN 225. The gNB(s) 255 or ng-eNB(s) 260 of the RAN 225 may communicate with each other via one or more backhaul communication links 120-a (e.g., Xn-C interface). The backhaul communication link(s) 120-a may be examples of the backhaul communication links 120 described with reference to FIG. 1. One or more of the gNBs 255 or ng-eNBs 260 may communicate with one or more UEs 115-a over one or more communication links 125-a (e.g., the Uu interface). The communicationAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO48 link(s) 125-a may be examples of the communication links 125 described with reference to FIG. 1.

[0153] The LMF 265 may communicate with the core network 130-a to provide location functionality (e.g., to participate in one or more positioning procedures) for the UE(s) 115-a. The LMF 265 may be an example of the location server 185 described with reference to FIG. 1. The LMF 265 may be implemented as one or more devices (e.g., one or more servers, such as physically separate servers, one or more instruction sets on a single server, or instruction sets distributed across multiple physical servers, among other examples). The LMF 265 may support one or more location services for one or more UEs 115-a that may connect to the LMF 265 via the RAN 225, via the core network 130-a, or via another connection (e.g., the Internet). In some examples, the LMF 265 may communicate with a UE 115-a or another device via a C-plane connection (e.g., using one or more interfaces or protocols for signaling control information, or separate from voice or payload data). In some aspects, the LMF 265 may be integrated into a component of the core network 130-a or may be external to the core network 130-a (e.g., on an external device 230, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or other server).

[0154] In some examples, the SLP 235 may provide location functionality (e.g., may participate in one or more positioning procedures) for the UE(s) 115-a. The SLP 235 may be an example of the location server 185 described with reference to FIG. 1. The SLP 235 may be implemented as one or more devices (e.g., one or more servers, such as physically separate servers, one or more instruction sets on a single server, or instruction sets distributed across multiple physical servers, among other examples). The SLP 235 may support one or more location services for one or more UEs 115-a that may connect to the SLP 235 via the RAN 225, via the core network 130-a, or via another connection (e.g., the Internet). In some examples, the SLP 235 may communicate with a UE 115-a or another device via a U-plane connection (e.g., using one or more interfaces or protocols for signaling voice or payload data, such as a transmission control protocol (TCP) or IP).

[0155] In some examples, the external device 230 may communicate with the LMF 265, the SLP 235, the core network 130-a (e.g., via the AMF 210 or the UPF 215), the RAN 225, or the UE 115-a to obtain location information (e.g., a location estimate) forAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO49 the UE 115-a. The external device 230 may be referred to as a location services (LCS) client or an external client. The external device 230 may be implemented as one or more devices (e.g., one or more servers, such as physically separate servers, one or more instruction sets on a single server, or instruction sets distributed across multiple physical servers, among other examples). The external device 230 may support one or more location services for one or more UEs 115-a that may connect to the external device 230 via the RAN 225, via the core network 130-a, or via another connection (e.g., the Internet). In some examples,

[0156] In some approaches, the functionality of a gNB 255 may be divided between a CU 160-a, one or more DUs 165-a, or one or more RUs 170-a. The CU 160-a may be an example of the CU 160 described with reference to FIG. 1, the one or more DUs 165-a may be examples of the DU 165 described with reference to FIG. 1, or the one or more RUs 170-a may be examples of the RU 170 described with reference to FIG. 1. In some examples, the CU 160-a may provide one or more functions, such as transferring user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, or others, except for one or more functions allocated exclusively to the DU(s) 165-a. A DU 165-a may support one or more cells. The DUs 165-a may communicate with the CU 160-a via midhaul communication links 162-a (e.g., via the Fl interface). The midhaul communication links 162-a may be examples of the midhaul communication links 162 described with reference to FIG.l. The RUs 170-a may perform one or more functions such as power amplification, signal transmission, or signal reception. The RUs 170-a may communicate with the DUs 165-a via fronthaul communication links 168-a (e.g., via the Fx interface). The fronthaul communication links 168-a may be examples of the fronthaul communication links 168 described with reference to FIG. l. The UE 115-a may communicate with the gNB 255, RU 170-a, or ng-eNB 260 a via communication links 125-a. The communication links 125-a may be examples of the communication links 125 described with reference to FIG.l. The UE 115-a may communicate with the CU 160-a via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with a DU 165-a via the RLC and MAC layers, or with an RU 170-a via the PHY layer.

[0157] FIG. 3 shows an example of a network architecture 300 (e.g., a disaggregated base station architecture, a disaggregated RAN architecture) that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing inAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO50 accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The network architecture 300 may illustrate an example for implementing one or more aspects of the wireless communications system 100. The network architecture 300 may include one or more CUs 160-b that may communicate directly with a core network 130-b via a backhaul communication link 120-b, or indirectly with the core network 130-b through one or more disaggregated network nodes 105 (e.g., a Near-RT RIC 175-b via an E2 link, or a Non-RT RIC 175-a associated with an SMO 180-a (e.g., an SMO Framework), or both). A CU 160-b may communicate with one or more DUs 165-b via respective midhaul communication links 162-b (e.g., an Fl interface). The DUs 165-b may communicate with one or more RUs 170-b via respective fronthaul communication links 168-b. The RUs 170-b may be associated with respective coverage areas 110-a and may communicate with UEs 115-b via one or more communication links 125-b. In some implementations, a UE 115-b may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 170-b.

[0158] Each of the network nodes 105 of the network architecture 300 (e.g., CUs 160-b, DUs 165-b, RUs 170-b, Non-RT RICs 175-a, Near-RT RICs 175-b, SMOs 180-a, Open Clouds (O-Clouds) 305, Open eNBs (O-eNBs) 310) may include one or more interfaces or may be coupled with one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals (e.g., data, information) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each network node 105, or an associated processor (e.g., controller) providing instructions to an interface of the network node 105, may be configured to communicate with one or more of the other network nodes 105 via the transmission medium. For example, the network nodes 105 may include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other network nodes 105. Additionally, or alternatively, the network nodes 105 may include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter, or transceiver (e.g., an RF transceiver) configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other network nodes 105.

[0159] In some examples, a CU 160-b may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions may include RRC, PDCP, SDAP, or the like. Each control function may be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 160-b. A CU 160-b may be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., CU-UP), control plane functionalityAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO51(e.g., CU-CP), or a combination thereof. In some examples, a CU 160-b may be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. A CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as an El interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. A CU 160-b may be implemented to communicate with a DU 165-b, as necessary, for network control and signaling.

[0160] A DU 165-b may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more functions (e.g., base station functions, RAN functions) to control the operation of one or more RUs 170-b. In some examples, a DU 165-b may host, at least partially, one or more of an RLC layer, a MAC layer, and one or more aspects of a PHY layer (e.g., a high PHY layer, such as modules for FEC encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In some examples, a DU 165-b may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer may be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers hosted by the DU 165-b, or with control functions hosted by a CU 160-b.

[0161] In some examples, lower-layer functionality may be implemented by one or more RUs 170-b. For example, an RU 170-b, controlled by a DU 165-b, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (e.g., performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like), or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower-layer functional split. In such an architecture, an RU 170-b may be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 115-b. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU(s) 170-b may be controlled by the corresponding DU 165-b. In some examples, such a configuration may enable a DU 165-b and a CU 160-b to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.

[0162] The SMO 180-a may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network nodes 105. For non-virtualized network nodes 105, the SMO 180-a may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managedAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO52 via an operations and maintenance interface (e.g., an 01 interface). For virtualized network nodes 105, the SMO 180-a may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (e.g., an O-Cloud 305) to perform network node life cycle management (e.g., to instantiate virtualized network nodes 105) via a cloud computing platform interface (e.g., an 02 interface). Such virtualized network nodes 105 can include, but are not limited to, CUs 160-b, DUs 165-b, RUs 170-b, and Near-RT RICs 175-b. In some implementations, the SMO 180-a may communicate with components configured in accordance with a 4G RAN (e.g., via an 01 interface). Additionally, or alternatively, in some implementations, the SMO 180-a may communicate directly with one or more RUs 170-b via an 01 interface. The SMO 180-a also may include a Non- RT RIC 175-a configured to support functionality of the SMO 180-a.

[0163] The Non-RT RIC 175-a may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence (Al) or machine learning (ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy -based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 175-b. The Non-RT RIC 175-a may be coupled with or communicate with (e.g., via an Al interface) the Near-RT RIC 175-b. The Near-RT RIC 175-b may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (e.g., via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 160-b, one or more DUs 165-b, or both, as well as an O-eNB 310, with the Near-RT RIC 175-b.

[0164] In some examples, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 175-b, the Non-RT RIC 175-a may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 175-b and may be received at the SMO 180-a or the Non-RT RIC 175-a from nonnetwork data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 175-a or the Near-RT RIC 175-b may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 175-a may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ Al or ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO 180-a (e.g., reconfiguration via 01) or via generation of RAN management policies (e.g., Al policies).Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO53

[0165] FIG. 4 shows an example of a wireless communications system 400 that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 400 may implement aspects of or may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100. For example, the wireless communications system 400 includes a first wireless device 410, which may be an example of a UE 115, network node 105, RU 170, DU 165, or CU 160 described with reference to FIG. 1, a UE 115-a, gNB 255, RU 170-a, DU 165-a, CU 160-a, or ng-eNB 260 described with reference to FIG. 2, or a UE 115-b, RU 170-b, DU 165-b, or CU 160-b described with reference to FIG. 3. Additionally, or alternatively, the first wireless device 410 may be an example of a PRU. The wireless communications system 400 also includes one or more devices 420, one or more of which may be an example of a UE 115, network node 105, location server 185, RU 170, DU 165, or CU 160 described with reference to FIG. 1, a UE 115-a, LMF 265, external device 230, SLP 235, AMF 210, SMF 220, UPF 215, gNB 255, RU 170-a, DU 165-a, CU 160-a, or ng- eNB 260 described with reference to FIG. 2, or a UE 115-b, RU 170-b, DU 165-b, or CU 160-b described with reference to FIG. 3. In some examples, the one or more devices 420 may include a PRU or an example of a PRU. In some examples, the one or more devices 420 may be an example of a network data analytics function (NWDAF), OTT server, and sensing management function (SnMF), or an operations, administration, and maintenance (0AM) entity, among other examples. In some examples, the device(s) 420 may include one or more wireless devices, UEs, network nodes, gNB, TRPs, PRUs, network entities, or a combination thereof.

[0166] The first wireless device 410 may communicate with the one or more devices 420 using one or more links 425, one or more of which may be an example of a communication link 125, a backhaul communication link 120, or a communication link 155 described with reference to FIG. 1, a communication link 125-a, a backhaul communication link 120-a, a C-plane interface 245, or a U-plane interface 250 described with reference to FIG. 2, a communication link 125-b or a backhaul communication link 120-b described with reference to FIG. 3, or another link. The link(s) 425 may include one or more uni-directional or bi-directional links, one or more of which may enable uplink, downlink, sidelink, device-to-device, or otherAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO54 communications. For example, the first wireless device 410 may communicate (e.g., transmit or receive) one or more signals 415, such as control signals or data signals, to or from the one or more devices 420 using the link(s) 425, or the one or more devices 420 may communicate (e.g., transmit or receive) one or more signals 415, such as control signals or data signals, to or from the first wireless device 410 using the link 425(s). The signal(s) 415 may include one or more uplink transmissions, downlink transmissions, sidelink transmissions, or other transmissions.

[0167] In some approaches, the first wireless device 410 (e.g., a UE or network entity) or the one or more devices 420 may be capable of performing one or more positioning or sensing procedures to generate position or sensing information. A positioning or sensing procedure may be one or more operations for estimating a position of an object or sensing an object (e.g., a device such as the first wireless device 410 or a UE, or a passive object that does not provide signals for positioning) or an object. As used herein, a “positioning or sensing procedure” may include one or more operations for estimating a position of an object or for sensing an object.

[0168] For instance, a positioning or sensing procedure may include one or more operations of A-GNSS positioning, OTDOA positioning, E-CID positioning, sensorbased positioning (e.g., monostatic mode(s), bi-static mode(s), or multi-static mode(s)), WLAN-based positioning, Bluetooth-based positioning, TBS positioning, DL-TDOA positioning, DL-AOD positioning, Multi-RTT positioning, NR E-CID positioning, UL- TDOA positioning, or UL-AOA positioning, among other examples. Position information may include an estimated position (e.g., estimated location) or one or more measurements associated with a positioning procedure (e.g., AI / ML-based positioning procedure or non-AI / ML-based positioning procedure). For instance, position information may include a position or measurement determined based on one or more positioning procedures, such as A-GNSS positioning, OTDOA positioning, E-CID positioning, sensor-based positioning (e.g., monostatic mode(s), bi-static mode(s), or multi-static mode(s)), WLAN-based positioning, Bluetooth-based positioning, TBS positioning, DL-TDOA positioning, DL-AOD positioning, Multi-RTT positioning, NR E-CID positioning, UL-TDOA positioning, or UL-A positioning, among other examples. Examples of positioning or sensing procedures are described with reference to FIG. 21, FIG. 23 A, FIG. 23B, FIG. 24, or FIG. 25.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO55

[0169] As used herein, the term “AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure” may refer to a positioning or sensing procedure performed with an Al model or ML model. An “AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure” may refer to direct AI / ML (D-AI / ML) positioning or sensing, or may refer to assisted AI / ML (A-AI / ML) positioning or sensing. An “AI / ML model” for positioning or sensing may refer generally to a physical AI / ML model, a logical AI / ML model, an AI / ML function, AI / ML functionality, or an AI / ML method, among other examples. The term “non- AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure” may refer to a positioning or sensing procedure performed without an Al model or ML model. AI / ML-based positioning procedures may improve positioning or sensing accuracy.

[0170] A non- AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure may include one or more positioning procedures where an AI / ML technique is not utilized to determine (e.g., infer or predict) a location or measurement. For instance, A-GNSS positioning, OTDOA positioning, E-CID positioning, sensor-based positioning, WLAN-based positioning, Bluetooth-based positioning, TBS positioning, DL-TDOA positioning, DL- AOD positioning, Multi-RTT positioning, NR E-CID positioning, UL-TDOA positioning, UL-AOA positioning, or other positioning or sensing performed without the use of an AI / ML technique or model may be examples of a non- AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure.

[0171] An AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure may include one or more positioning procedures where one or more AI / ML techniques (e.g., AI / ML model(s) or AI / ML function(s)) are utilized to determine (e.g., infer or predict) a position or measurement. In some examples, an Al model may be utilized to perform one or more operations of a positioning procedure (e.g., to infer or predict a measurement, value, quantity, or location). For instance, A-GNSS positioning, OTDOA positioning, E-CID positioning, sensor-based positioning (e.g., monostatic mode(s), bi-static mode(s), or multi-static mode(s)), WLAN-based positioning, Bluetooth-based positioning, TBS positioning, DL-TDOA positioning, DL-AOD positioning, Multi-RTT positioning, NR E-CID positioning, UL-TDOA positioning, UL-AOA positioning, or other positioning or sensing performed with the use of an AI / ML technique(s) or model(s) may be examples of an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure. For instance, an Al model may be trained to model one or more operations of a positioning procedure.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO56When the Al model is executed, for instance, a position or one or more measurements may be generated (e.g., predicted or predicted) without directly performing the one or more operations of the positioning or sensing procedure.

[0172] A position may be information or data indicating a point, area, or region where an object (e.g., the first wireless device 410) is located. A location may be expressed as coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, or altitude of a geographic coordinate system (GCS), universal transverse mercator (UTM) coordinates, state plane coordinate system (SPCS) coordinates, or Earth-centered Earth-fixed (ECEF) coordinates, among other examples), an address, or a location relative to another location, among other examples.

[0173] A measurement may be measured, sensed, generated, calculated, inferred, or predicted based on one or more samples, sensor data, information, or characteristics of a reference signal. Examples of measurements may include signal strength, reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received path power (RSRPP), received signal strength indicator (RS SI), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to- interference plus noise ratio (SINR), SNR, channel frequency response (CFR), channel impulse response (CIR), power delay profile (PDP), delay profile (DP), channel quality indicator (CQI), CSI, line-of-sight (LOS) indicator, time of arrival (TOA), angle of arrival (AO A), angle of departure (AOD), round-trip time (RTT), reference signal time difference (RSTD), time difference of arrival (TDOA), reference signal carrier phase (RSCP), reference signal carrier phase difference (RSCPD), reception-to-transmission (Rx-Tx) time difference, range, distance, image data, temperature data, or motion data, among other examples. In some examples, a measurement may be data or an indicator that indicates one or more of the aforementioned values.

[0174] In some examples, a network node may output (e.g., transmit), or the first wireless device 410 may obtain (e.g., receive), a reference signal. Additionally, or alternatively, the first wireless device 410 may output (e.g., transmit), or a network node may obtain (e.g., receive) a reference signal. The reference signal may be a signal (e.g., electromagnetic signal, RF signal) with one or more established characteristics (e.g., signaling pattern, strength, amplitude, magnitude, frequency, timing, modulation, phase, or data, among other examples). For instance, the first wireless device 410 or the one or more devices 420 may store information indicating one or more of the characteristics ofAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO57 the reference signal, which may allow for comparison of one or more stored characteristics and one or more characteristics of the received reference signal. The reference signal (e.g., the comparison) may enable channel estimation (e.g., channel attenuation, phase, frequency shift, or Doppler effects, among other examples), positioning, or tracking. Examples of the reference signal may include a reference signal of a synchronization signal block (SSB), a CSI-RS, a PRS, a SRS, a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), or a tracking reference signal (TRS), among other examples.

[0175] In some examples, the first wireless device 410 or the one or more devices 420 may obtain, receive, sense, capture, or generate one or more measurements. For instance, the first wireless device 410 or the one or more devices 420 may include, may communicate with, or may be coupled with one or more sensors to obtain one or more measurements. Examples of a sensor may include an image sensor(s), infrared (IR) sensor(s), light sensor(s), depth sensor(s) (e.g., LIDAR, stereoscopic camera(s), or time- of-flight (TOF) sensor(s)), microphone(s), or RF sensor(s), among other examples. Examples of one or more measurements may include a range map (e.g., depth map), Doppler map, space map, angle map, light spectrum data, pixel(s), image(s) (e.g., red- green-blue-depth (RGBD) image(s)), audio signal(s), temperature map, TOF measurement(s), RF measurement(s), or other information (e.g., information regarding one or more objects).

[0176] The measurement(s) may be processed to generate input (e.g., input data) to an AI / ML model or may be utilized by an AI / ML model to generate a predicted position or other measurements. Examples of input data, predicted measurements, and positions (e.g., locations) are provided with reference to FIG. 23A and FIG. 23B. In some aspects, an indication of one or more measurements or positions (e.g., one or more predicted measurements or positions) may be communicated with (e.g., transmitted to or received from) the first wireless device 410 or the one or more devices 420. For example, the first wireless device 410 may output (e.g., transmit) or the one or more devices 420 may obtain (e.g., receive) an indication of one or more predicted measurements or positions based on the one or more processing operations associated with AI / ML. Some examples of the techniques described herein may be utilized for AI / ML-based positioning for sensing, for which position, range, velocity, or angle of an object (e.g., a passive object or device) may be an AI / ML model output.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO58

[0177] In some examples, one or more AI / ML models or one or more portions of one or more AI / ML models may be stored or processed on the first wireless device 410 (e.g., a UE or a network node) or on the one or more devices 420 (e.g., a UE, a network node, location server, or sensing server). Examples of locations where an AI / ML model may be stored or processed are provided with reference to FIG. 24.

[0178] The first wireless device 410 may participate in a communication of a first reference signal 430 with a second wireless device. The second wireless device may be included in the one or more devices 420. Participating in the communication of the first reference signal 430 may include transmitting or receiving the first reference signal 430. In some approaches, the first wireless device 410 may be a UE and the second wireless device may be a network node (e.g., a gNB or a TRP, among other examples). For instance, the first wireless device 410 may transmit an uplink reference signal (e.g., an SRS) to the second wireless device, or the second wireless device may transmit a downlink reference signal (e.g., a PRS) to the first wireless device 410. In some approaches, the first wireless device 410 may be a network node and the second wireless device may be a UE. For instance, the second wireless device may transmit an uplink reference signal (e.g., an SRS) to the first wireless device 410, or the first wireless device 410 may transmit a downlink reference signal (e.g., a PRS) to the second wireless device.

[0179] In some examples, a network entity may output (e.g., transmit), or the first wireless device 410 may obtain (e.g., receive), a request indicating that the first wireless device 410 is to participate in the communication of the first reference signal 430 between the first wireless device 410 and the second wireless device. The communication of the first reference signal 430 may be performed pursuant to the request. For instance, a network entity (e.g., an LMF or NWDAF, among other examples) may request the first wireless device 410 (e.g., a UE) to send uplink reference signals, and one or more network nodes (e.g., gNBs or TRPs, among other examples) to receive the uplink reference signals or to obtain uplink measurements based on the uplink reference signals. Additionally, or alternatively, a network entity (e.g., LMF or NWDAF, among other examples) may request the first wireless device 410 (e.g., gNB or TRP, among other examples) to transmit downlink reference signalsAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO59 and a UE to receive the downlink reference signals or to obtain downlink measurements based on the downlink reference signals.

[0180] The first wireless device 410 may obtain one or more first measurements based at least in part on the first reference signal 430. For instance, the first wireless device 410 may obtain the one or more first measurements by measuring the reference signal or by receiving the one or more first measurements from the second wireless device. For instance, the second wireless device may measure the first reference signal 430 and may output (e.g., transmit) the one or more measurements to the first wireless device 410.

[0181] The first wireless device 410 may output (e.g., transmit), or one or more of the device(s) 420 may obtain (e.g., receive), first information 435 associated with AI / ML-based positioning or sensing. The first information 435 may be output to a network entity or another device for monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing or for training an AI / ML model. For example, the first wireless device 410 may be a UE or network node that outputs (e.g., transmits) the first information 435 to another device (e.g., a network entity, UE, LMF, NWDAF, OTT server, 0AM entity, or other device) for AI / ML model training or monitoring.

[0182] The first information 435 may be based on the one or more first measurements. In some examples, the first information 435 may indicate the one or more first measurements. For instance, the first information 435 may indicate the one or more first measurements of the first reference signal 430. In some aspects, the first information 435 may include input information (e.g., part A information) associated with an AI / ML model for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing. Additionally, or alternatively, the first information 435 may include output information (e.g., part B information) associated with an AI / ML model for the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing. In some examples, a network entity may train the AI / ML model for AI / ML- based positioning or sensing based on the input information or the output information. In some aspects, the first information 435 may include measurements of the first reference signal 430 (e.g., for input to an AI / ML model), measurements (e.g., predicted measurements) generated by an AI / ML model, or a position generated by an AI / ML model.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO60

[0183] The first wireless device 410 may output (e.g., transmit), or one or more of the devices 420 may obtain (e.g., receive), an indication 440 of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal 430 associated with the one or more first measurements. The first direction of the communication of the first reference signal 430 may be an uplink direction or a downlink direction. For instance, the indication 440 may indicate the first direction of the first reference signal 430 (e.g., whether the first measurement(s) corresponds to a reference signal in an uplink direction or a downlink direction). Additionally, or alternatively, the indication 440 may be signaling, in which the first information (or first measurement, for instance) is associated with (e.g., from) a data source. For example, if the first measurement is a CIR, PDP, or DP measurement, the indication 440 may indicate whether the first measurement is obtained from uplink or downlink signaling or measurement.

[0184] The indication 440 of the first direction may be utilized to perform one or more operations. For instance, if a monitoring entity (e.g., a UE, network node, or network entity) receives the indication of the first direction, where the first direction is based on reciprocity (e.g., the measurements were taken from a different direction than a direction of data that was utilized to train an AI / ML model), the monitoring entity may give the first measurement(s) relatively less weight in determining whether to update training for an AI / ML model, switch AI / ML models, determine an accuracy of an AI / ML model, or to fall back to a non- AI / ML model.

[0185] In some examples, the first wireless device 410 may obtain, from the second wireless device, second information that is based on one or more second measurements of a second reference signal with a different direction than the first reference signal 430 or of a RAT that is separate from the first wireless device 410. Additionally, or alternatively, a network entity may obtain, from the first wireless device 410 or another wireless device (e.g., the second wireless device or other wireless device), second information that is based on one or more second measurements of a second reference signal with a different direction than the first reference signal 430 or of a RAT that is separate from the network entity. In some aspects, the first information 435 may include input information (e.g., part A information) and the second information may include output information (e.g., part B information) associated with an AI / ML model, or the second information may include input information (e.g., part A information) and theAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO61 first information 435 may include output information (e.g., part B information) associated with an AI / ML model. In some examples, if part A information is obtained using uplink measurements, then part B information may be obtained from the first wireless device 410 (e.g., a UE) using downlink measurements (other measurements) or using measurements from a different RAT (e.g., Lidar, GNSS, or sensors, among other examples). If part B information is obtained using uplink measurements, then part A information may be obtained from the first wireless device 410 (e.g., a UE) using downlink measurements (other measurements). In some examples, if part A information is obtained using downlink measurements, then part B information may be obtained from the first wireless device 410 (e.g., gNBs or TRPs, among other examples) using uplink measurements (other measurements). If part B information is obtained using downlink measurements, then part A information may be obtained from the first wireless device 410 (e.g., gNBs or TRPs, among other examples) using uplink measurements (other measurements).

[0186] In some examples, the first wireless device 410 may communicate a second reference signal with the second wireless device to obtain one or more second measurements based on the second reference signal. The second reference signal may be communicated in a second direction that is opposite from the first direction of the first reference signal 430. For instance, the first wireless device 410 (e.g., a UE) or the second wireless device (e.g., a UE) may receive downlink reference signals sent from one or more network nodes (e.g., gNBs or TRPs) and may obtain downlink measurements based on the downlink reference signals (for AI / ML model prediction for Casel or Case 2a, for instance). Additionally, or alternatively, the first wireless device 410 (e.g., a network node, gNB, or TRP, among other examples) or a second wireless device (e.g., network node, gNB, or TRP, among other examples) may receive uplink reference signals sent from a second UE and may obtain uplink measurements based on the uplink reference signals (for AI / ML model prediction for Case3a, for instance).

[0187] In some approaches, the first wireless device 410 may generate an output of an AI / ML model based on the second reference signal, wherein the AI / ML model is trained based on the first reference signal 430 associated with the first direction. Additionally, or alternatively, a network entity may obtain an output of an AI / ML model based on a second reference signal communicated in a second direction that isAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO62 opposite from a first direction of the first reference signal 430, where the AI / ML model may be trained based on the first reference signal 430 associated with the first direction. In accordance with some of the techniques described herein, an AI / ML model may be trained utilizing measurements from signals that are communicated in a first direction, and the AI / ML model may be utilized (e.g., executed) based on measurements from signals in a second direction that is different from the first direction.

[0188] In some examples, a network entity may output (e.g., transmit), or the first wireless device 410 may obtain (e.g., receive), an AI / ML model trained based on the first information 435. For instance, the first wireless device 410 (or another wireless device) may receive an AI / ML model that the network entity has trained based on the first information 435. In some aspects, the network entity may output (e.g., transmit), or the first wireless device 410 may obtain (e.g., receive) an indication that the AI / ML model is trained based on a reciprocity relative to the first direction of the communication of the first reference signal 430 associated with the one or more first measurements. For instance, the network entity may provide an indication that the AI / ML model is trained based on reciprocity (e.g., trained with uplink measurements while being capable of utilizing downlink measurements for prediction, or trained with downlink measurements while being capable of utilizing uplink measurements for prediction).

[0189] In some examples, the first wireless device 410 may output (e.g., transmit), or a network entity may obtain (e.g., receive), second information indicating the one or more second measurements based on the second reference signal. The second reference signal may be communicated in a second direction that is opposite from a first direction of the first reference signal 430. In some aspects, the network entity may generate an output of an AI / ML model based on the second information, where the AI / ML model may be trained based on the first reference signal 430 associated with the first direction.

[0190] In some examples, a network entity may output (e.g., transmit), or the first wireless device 410 may obtain (e.g., receive), based on the first information 435, a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, or output information associated with an AI / ML model for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing. For instance, the network entity may calculate a metric based on the first information 435 and may output the metric to the first wireless device 410. Additionally, orAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO63 alternatively, the network entity may output the output information (e.g., part B information) to the first wireless device 410.

[0191] In some examples, the first wireless device 410 may generate an output of an AI / ML model based on the one or more first measurements. The first wireless device 410 may output (e.g., transmit), or the network entity may obtain (e.g., receive), the output of the AI / ML model (that may be based on the one or more first measurements, for instance). The network entity may output (e.g., transmit), or the first wireless device 410 may obtain (e.g., receive), a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing. For instance, the first wireless device 410 may input the first measurement(s) to the AI / ML model, and may send the output to the network entity. The network entity may utilize the output to generate a metric, and may send the metric to the first wireless device 410.

[0192] In some examples, the first wireless device 410 may obtain (e.g., determine or receive), based on the first information 435, a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing. The first wireless device 410 may perform a determination, based on the metric, of an AI / ML functionality validity, an AI / ML model validity, an AI / ML functionality failure, an AI / ML model failure, an AI / ML functionality selection, an AI / ML model selection, an AI / ML functionality switch, an AI / ML model switch, or a transition to non- AI / ML-based positioning or sensing. For instance, the first wireless device 410 may monitor the AI / ML model and make a determination regarding the AI / ML model or functionality based on the metric.

[0193] In some approaches, the first wireless device 410 may select, based on the indication 440 of the first direction, a weight associated with the metric or a threshold for the determination. For instance, if the indication 440 of the first direction indicates that the metric is based on reciprocity, the first wireless device 410 may reduce a weight of the metric for making a determination, or may increase a threshold for making the determination.

[0194] In some examples, the first wireless device 410 may output, based on the indication 440 of the first direction, a request for one or more measurements. For instance, if the indication 440 of the first direction indicates reciprocity, the first wireless device 410 may request one or more measurements from the device(s) 420 thatAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO64 are in a same direction as the first direction or in an opposite direction from the first direction.

[0195] In some examples, the network entity may obtain (e.g., determine or receive), based on the first information 435, a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing. The network entity may perform a determination, based on the metric, of an AI / ML functionality validity, an AI / ML model validity, an AI / ML functionality failure, an AI / ML model failure, an AI / ML functionality selection, an AI / ML model selection, an AI / ML functionality switch, an AI / ML model switch, or a transition to non- AI / ML-based positioning or sensing. For instance, the network entity may monitor the AI / ML model and make a determination regarding the AI / ML model or functionality based on the metric.

[0196] In some approaches, the network entity may select, based on the indication 440 of the first direction, a weight associated with the metric or a threshold for the determination. For instance, if the indication 440 of the first direction indicates that the metric is based on reciprocity, the network entity may reduce a weight of the metric for making a determination, or may increase a threshold for making the determination.

[0197] In some examples, the network entity may output, based on the indication 440 of the first direction, a request for one or more measurements. For instance, if the indication 440 of the first direction indicates reciprocity, the network entity may request one or more measurements from the device(s) that are in a same direction as the first direction or in an opposite direction from the first direction.

[0198] FIG. 5 shows an example of a process flow 500 that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The process flow 500 may include a UE 115-c, which may be an example of a UE 115, UE 115-a, UE 115-b, or the first wireless device 410, as described herein. The process flow 500 may also include a network node 105-c, which may be an example of a network node 105, gNB 255, CU 160-a, DU 165-a, RU 170-a, TRP, the first wireless device 410, or one or more devices 420 as described herein. The process flow 500 may additionally include a network entity 585-c, which may be an example of network entity, location server 185, LMF 265, external device 230, SLP 235, NWDAF, OTT server, 0AM entity, SnMF, or oneAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO65 or more devices 420 as described herein. In some approaches, network entity 585-c may communicate with the UE 115-c via one or more network nodes (e.g., base station(s), TRP(s), CU(s), DU(s), or RU(s), among other examples).

[0199] In the following description of the process flow 500, the communications between the UE 115-c and the network node 105-c may be transmitted in the same order or in a different order than the example order shown, or the operations performed by the UE 115-c, the network node 105-c, or the network entity 585-c may be performed in different orders or at different times. One or more operations may be omitted from the process flow 500, or one or more other operations may be added to the process flow 500. Although some operations or signaling may be shown to occur at different times for discussion purposes, these operations may actually occur at the same time or in overlapping time periods in some examples.

[0200] In some examples, the UE 115-c and the network entity 585-c may communicate information (e.g., capability information, configuration information, position data, measurement data, AI / ML model(s), information, metric(s), or requests, among other examples) via the network node 105-c or independent of the network node 105-c. In some examples, the UE 115-c and the network node 105-c may communicate information (e.g., capability information, configuration information, position data, measurement data, AI / ML model(s), information, metric(s), or requests, among other examples), where the information may be relayed transparently via the network node 105-c, may be processed by the network node 105-c before communication to the network entity 585-c or the UE 115-c, or may not be transmitted to the network entity 585-c or the UE 115-c.

[0201] At 505, the UE 115-c may transmit an uplink reference signal to the network node 105-c. For instance, the uplink reference signal may be transmitted to the network node 105-c as described with reference to FIG. 4. In some examples, for data collection or measurement, the network entity 585-c (e.g., an LMF or NWDAF, among other examples) may request the UE 115-c to send the uplink reference signal(s) or may request the network node 105-c (e.g., gNB(s) or TRP(s), among other examples) to receive the uplink reference signal(s) or obtain uplink measurements based on the uplink reference signal(s). In some examples, the obtained uplink measurements may be utilized to derive part A information (e.g., AI / ML model input or measurements). InAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO66 some aspects, the obtained uplink measurements may be utilized to derive part B information (e.g., AI / ML model output or measurements). For example, the network node 105-c (e.g., gNB(s) or TRP(s), among other examples) may obtain part A information or part B information.

[0202] At 510, the network node 105-c may output (e.g., transmit) information to the network entity 585-c. For instance, the network node 105-c may send information based on the uplink reference signal to the network entity 585-c as described with reference to FIG. 4. In some approaches, the information may be communicated as a data collection transfer. Uplink measurements, part A information, or part B information (when obtained using the uplink measurements, for instance), may be transferred from the network node 105-c (e.g., gNB(s) or TRP(s), among other examples) to a training entity (e.g., network entity 585-c, LMF, NWDAF, OTT server, or 0AM entity, among other examples).

[0203] In some examples, the network node 105-c (e.g., gNB(s) or TRP(s), among other examples) may report uplink measurements to the network entity 585-c (e.g., LMF) and the network entity 585-c may obtain part A information or part B information based on the uplink measurements. For instance, if part B information (e.g., only part B information) is obtained using uplink measurements, then part A information may be obtained from the UE 115-c using downlink measurements (e.g., other measurements).

[0204] In some aspects, the network node 105-c (e.g., gNB(s) or TRP(s), among other examples) may report part A information to the network entity 585-c (e.g., LMF) and the network entity 585-c may obtain part B information based on the part A information. For instance, if part A information (e.g., only part A information) is obtained using uplink measurements, then part B information may be obtained from the UE 115-c using downlink measurements (e.g., other measurements) or using non-RAT measurements (e.g., LIDAR, GNSS, or sensor(s), among other examples).

[0205] At 515, the network node 105-c may output (e.g., transmit) an indication of the direction of the reference signal to the network entity 585-c. For instance, the network node 105-c may send an indication that the reference signal was communicated in the uplink direction or that the measurement s) are uplink measurements as described with reference to FIG. 4. Additionally, or alternatively, the network node 105-c (e.g.,Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO67 gNB(s) or TRP(s), among other examples) may output (e.g., transmit or share) an indication of the direction of the reference signal to another device or training entity (e.g., the network entity 585-c, LMF, NWDAF, OTT server, OAM entity, or a combination thereof, among other examples).

[0206] At 520, the network entity 585-c may train an AI / ML model. For instance, the network entity 585-c may train the AI / ML model based on the information (e.g., measurements, part A information, or part B information, among other examples) as described with reference to FIG. 4. In some aspects, part A information or part B information, when obtained using the uplink measurements, may be used to train an AI / ML positioning or sensing model, where the AI / ML model may be trained for the UE-side (e.g., Casel or Case 2a) or for the network entity 585-c (e.g., LMF) side (e.g., Case2b). In some examples, the network entity 585-c may add an indication of the direction to metadata of the AI / ML model (e.g., may indicate that the AI / ML model is trained based on reciprocity). Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity 585-c (e.g., gNB(s) or TRP(s), among other examples) may output (e.g., transmit) information (e.g., information based on the uplink reference signal, a data collection transfer, uplink measurements, part A information, part B information, or a combination thereof) or an indication of the direction of the reference signal to another device or training entity (e.g., LMF, NWDAF, OTT server, OAM entity, or a combination thereof, among other examples). For instance, the network entity 585-c may share the information (e.g., information from the network node 105-c) or the indication of the direction of the reference signal (e.g., the indication from the network node 105-c) with one or more devices or entities (e.g., one or more training entities).

[0207] At 525, the network entity 585-c may output (e.g., transmit) the AI / ML model to the UE 115-c (or another UE). For instance, the network entity 585-c may send the AI / ML model to the UE 115-c or another UE as described with reference to FIG. 4. For AI / ML model transfer or delivery, for example, the trained AI / ML model may be delivered or transferred to the UE 115-c or another UE. In some aspects, AI / ML model delivery may be transparent (e.g., from a UE-side OTT server to the UE 115-c). In some examples, the AI / ML model transfer may be based on cellular signaling (e.g., from a UE-side OTT server to cellular network model storage to the UE 115-c; or fromAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO68 the network entity 585-c (e.g., LMF or NWDAF, among other examples) to the UE 115- c).

[0208] At 530, the network entity 585-c may output (e.g., transmit) an indication of reciprocity or the direction of the reference signal to the UE 115-c. For instance, the network node 105-c may send an indication that the AI / ML model was trained based on reciprocity, that the reference signal was communicated in the uplink direction, or that the measurement s) are uplink measurements as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0209] At 535, the network node 105-c may output (e.g., transmit), or the UE 115-c may receive, a downlink reference signal. For instance, the network node 105-c may transmit a downlink reference signal(s) (e.g., PRS(s)) as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0210] At 540, the UE 115-c may predict data. For instance, the UE 115-c may utilize the AI / ML model to predict data (e.g., a position of the UE 115-c) based on the downlink reference signal(s) as described with reference to FIG. 4. In a first scenario 580-a, for example, for AI / ML model prediction (e.g., for Casel or Case 2a), the UE 115-c (or another UE) may receive downlink reference signals sent from the network node 105 (e.g., gNBs or TRPs, among other examples), may obtain downlink measurements based on the downlink reference signals, and may input the downlink reference signals to the AI / ML model to obtain an AI / ML model output.

[0211] At 545, the UE 115-c may transmit data to the network entity 585-c. For instance, the data may be transmitted to the network node 105-c as described with reference to FIG. 4. In some aspects, the UE 115-c (or another UE) may report an AI / ML model output to the network entity 585-c (e.g., LMF).

[0212] At 550, the UE 115-c may transmit downlink measurements to the network entity 585-c. For instance, the downlink measurements may be transmitted to the network node 105-c as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0213] At 555, the network entity 585-c may predict data. For instance, the network entity 585-c may utilize the AI / ML model to predict data (e.g., a position of the UE 115-c) based on the downlink reference signal(s) as described with reference to FIG. 4. In a second scenario 580-b, for example, for AI / ML model prediction (e.g., for CaseAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO692b), the UE 115-c (or another UE) may receive downlink reference signals sent from the network node 105-c (e.g., gNBs or TRPs, among other examples) and may obtain downlink measurements based on the downlink reference signals. The UE 115-c (or another UE) may report the downlink measurements to the network entity (e.g., LMF), and the network entity 585-c may input the downlink measurements to the AI / ML model to obtain an AI / ML model. FIG. 5 may illustrate an example of training an AI / ML model utilizing uplink measurements (for Case 1, Case 2a, or Case 2b, for instance).6 shows an example of a process flow 600 that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The process flow 600 may include a UE 115-d, which may be an example of a UE 115, UE 115-a, UE 115-b, or the first wireless device 410, as described herein. The process flow 500 may also include a network node 105-d, which may be an example of a network node 105, gNB 255, CU 160-a, DU 165-a, RU 170-a, TRP, the first wireless device 410, or one or more devices 420 as described herein. The process flow 500 may additionally include a network entity 685-d, which may be an example of network entity, location server 185, LMF 265, external device 230, SLP 235, NWDAF, OTT server, 0AM entity, SnMF, or one or more devices 420 as described herein. In some approaches, network entity 685-d may communicate with the UE 115-d via one or more network nodes (e.g., base station(s), TRP(s), CU(s), DU(s), or RU(s), among other examples).

[0215] In the following description of the process flow 600, the communications between the UE 115-d and the network node 105-d may be transmitted in the same order or in a different order than the example order shown, or the operations performed by the UE 115-d, the network node 105-d, or the network entity 685-d may be performed in different orders or at different times. One or more operations may be omitted from the process flow 600, or one or more other operations may be added to the process flow 600. Although some operations or signaling may be shown to occur at different times for discussion purposes, these operations may actually occur at the same time or in overlapping time periods in some examples.

[0216] In some examples, the UE 115-d and the network entity 685-d may communicate information (e.g., capability information, configuration information,Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO70 position data, measurement data, AI / ML model(s), information, metric(s), or requests, among other examples) via the network node 105-d or independent of the network node 105-d. In some examples, the UE 115-d and the network node 105-d may communicate information (e.g., capability information, configuration information, position data, measurement data, AI / ML model(s), information, metric(s), or requests, among other examples), where the information may be relayed transparently via the network node 105-d, may be processed by the network node 105-d before communication to the network entity 685-d or the UE 115-d, or may not be transmitted to the network entity 685-d or the UE 115-d.

[0217] At 605, the UE 115-d may transmit an uplink reference signal to the network node 105-d. For instance, the uplink reference signal may be transmitted to the network node 105-d as described with reference to FIG. 4. In some examples, for monitoring data measurement, the network entity 685-d (e.g., an LMF or NWDAF, among other examples) may request the UE 115-d to send the uplink reference signal(s) or may request the network node 105-d (e.g., gNB(s) or TRP(s), among other examples) to receive the uplink reference signal(s) or obtain uplink measurements based on the uplink reference signal(s). In some examples, the obtained uplink measurements may be utilized to derive part A information (e.g., AI / ML model input or measurements). In some aspects, the obtained uplink measurements may be utilized to derive part B information (e.g., AI / ML model output or measurements). For example, the network node 105-d (e.g., gNB(s) or TRP(s), among other examples) may obtain part A information or part B information.

[0218] At 610, the network node 105-d may output (e.g., transmit) information to the network entity 685-d. For instance, the network node 105-d may send information based on the uplink reference signal to the network entity 685-d as described with reference to FIG. 4. In some approaches, the information may be communicated as a monitoring data transfer. Uplink measurements, part A information, or part B information (when obtained using the uplink measurements, for instance), may be transferred from the network node 105-d (e.g., gNB(s) or TRP(s), among other examples) to a monitoring entity (e.g., network entity 685-d, LMF, NWDAF, OTT server, or 0AM entity, among other examples).Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO71

[0219] In some examples, the network node 105-d (e.g., gNB(s) or TRP(s), among other examples) may report uplink measurements to the network entity 685-d (e.g., LMF) and the network entity 685-d may obtain part A information or part B information based on the uplink measurements. In some aspects, the network node 105-d (e.g., gNB(s) or TRP(s), among other examples) may report part A information to the network entity 685-d (e.g., LMF) and the network entity 685-d may obtain part B information based on the part A information.

[0220] At 615, the network node 105-d may output (e.g., transmit) an indication of the direction of the reference signal to the network entity 685-d. For instance, the network node 105-d may send an indication that the reference signal was communicated in the uplink direction or that the measurement s) are uplink measurements as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0221] At 625, the network entity 685-d may obtain data based on the information or the indication. For instance, the network entity 685-d may obtain the data based on the information or the indication as described with reference to FIG. 4. In some aspects, the information (e.g., uplink measurements, part A information or part B information, when obtained using the uplink measurements) may be used to monitor an AI / ML positioning or sensing model, where the AI / ML model may be trained for the UE-side (e.g., Casel or Case 2a) or for the network entity 685-d (e.g., LMF) side (e.g., Case 2b).

[0222] In some approaches, the network entity 685-d (e.g., LMF) may obtain (e.g., determine, generate, calculate, or compute) a monitoring metric based on part A information and may send the monitoring metric to the UE 115-d. In some aspects, the network entity 685-d (e.g., LMF) may obtain part B information based on part A information and may send the part B information to the UE 115-d. In some examples, the network entity 685-d (e.g., LMF) may obtain part B information based on part A information and, at 620, may obtain (e.g., receive) an AI / ML model output from the UE 115-d. The network entity 685-d (e.g., LMF) may obtain a monitoring metric based on the part B information and the AI / ML model output reported by the UE 115-d. The network entity 685-d (e.g., LMF) may send the monitoring metric to the UE 115-d. In some examples, the indication of the direction may be utilized to obtain the data (e.g., to determine the monitoring metric or part B information). For instance, obtaining theAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO72 monitoring metric or the part B information may be adjusted based on the indication of the direction.

[0223] At 630, the network entity 685-d may output (e.g., transmit) information to the UE 115-d (or another UE). For instance, the network entity 685-d may send the information (e.g., monitoring metric, part B information, or indication of the direction) to the UE 115-d or another UE as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0224] At 635, the UE 115-d may perform monitoring. For instance, the UE 115-d may perform monitoring as described with reference to FIG. 4. In a first scenario 680-a, the network entity 685-d may output (e.g., transmit), or the UE 115-d may obtain (e.g., receive) information, and the UE 115-d may perform monitoring based on the information. In some approaches, the monitoring metric may be utilized to determine one or more of the following aspects related to an AI / ML model or functionality: an AI / ML model functionality or model validity, AI / ML model functionality or model failure, AI / ML model functionality or model selection, AI / ML model functionality or model switching, or falling back to a non-AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure. For instance, if the monitoring metric satisfies (e.g., is greater than, is greater than or equal to, is less than, is less than or equal to, is equal to) a monitoring threshold, the UE 115-d may determine that an AI / ML model or functionality is valid, that an AI / ML model or functionality has failed, that an AI / ML model or functionality is to be switched, or that the UE 115-d is to fall back to a non-AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure.

[0225] At 640, the network entity 685-d may perform monitoring. For instance, the network entity 685-d may perform monitoring as described with reference to FIG. 4. In a second scenario 680-b, the network entity 685-d may perform monitoring based on the obtained information. In some approaches, the monitoring metric may be utilized to determine one or more of the following aspects related to an AI / ML model or functionality: an AI / ML model functionality or model validity, AI / ML model functionality or model failure, AI / ML model functionality or model selection, AI / ML model functionality or model switching, or falling back to a non-AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure. For instance, if the monitoring metric satisfies (e.g., is greater than, is greater than or equal to, is less than, is less than or equal to, is equal to) a monitoring threshold, the UE 115-d may determine that an AI / ML model orAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO73 functionality is valid, that an AI / ML model or functionality has failed, that an AI / ML model or functionality is to be switched, or that the UE 115-d is to fall back to a non- AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure.

[0226] FIG. 6 may illustrate an example of monitoring an AI / ML model utilizing uplink measurements (for Case 1, Case 2a, or Case 2b, for instance). In some examples, a monitoring determination may be performed by the UE 115-d or network entity 685-d (e.g., LMF, NWDAF, OTT server, or 0AM entity, among other examples).

[0227] FIG. 7 shows an example of a process flow 700 that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The process flow 700 may include a UE 115-e, which may be an example of a UE 115, UE 115-a, UE 115-b, or the first wireless device 410, as described herein. The process flow 700 may also include a network node 105-e, which may be an example of a network node 105, gNB 255, CU 160-a, DU 165-a, RU 170-a, TRP, the first wireless device 410, or one or more devices 420 as described herein. The process flow 700 may additionally include a network entity 785-e, which may be an example of network entity, location server 185, LMF 265, external device 230, SLP 235, NWDAF, OTT server, 0AM entity, SnMF, or one or more devices 420 as described herein. In some approaches, network entity 785-e may communicate with the UE 115-e via one or more network nodes (e.g., base station(s), TRP(s), CU(s), DU(s), or RU(s), among other examples).

[0228] In the following description of the process flow 700, the communications between the UE 115-e and the network node 105-e may be transmitted in the same order or in a different order than the example order shown, or the operations performed by the UE 115-e, the network node 105-e, or the network entity 785-e may be performed in different orders or at different times. One or more operations may be omitted from the process flow 700, or one or more other operations may be added to the process flow 700. Although some operations or signaling may be shown to occur at different times for discussion purposes, these operations may actually occur at the same time or in overlapping time periods in some examples.

[0229] In some examples, the UE 115-e and the network entity 785-e may communicate information (e.g., capability information, configuration information,Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO74 position data, measurement data, AI / ML model(s), information, metric(s), or requests, among other examples) via the network node 105-e or independent of the network node 105-e. In some examples, the UE 115-e and the network node 105-e may communicate information (e.g., capability information, configuration information, position data, measurement data, AI / ML model(s), information, metric(s), or requests, among other examples), where the information may be relayed transparently via the network node 105-e, may be processed by the network node 105-e before communication to the network entity 785-e or the UE 115-e, or may not be transmitted to the network entity 785-e or the UE 115-e.

[0230] At 705, the network node 105-e may transmit a downlink reference signal to the UE 115-e. For instance, the downlink reference signal may be transmitted to the UE 115-e as described with reference to FIG. 4. In some examples, for data collection or measurement, the network entity 785-e (e.g., an LMF or NWDAF, among other examples) may request the network node 105-e (e.g., gNB or TRP, among other examples) to send the downlink reference signal(s) or may request the UE 115-e to receive the downlink reference signal(s) or obtain downlink measurements based on the downlink reference signal(s). In some examples, the obtained downlink measurements may be utilized to derive part A information (e.g., AI / ML model input or measurements). In some aspects, the obtained downlink measurements may be utilized to derive part B information (e.g., AI / ML model output or measurements). For example, the UE 115-e may obtain part A information or part B information.

[0231] At 710, the UE 115-e may output (e.g., transmit) information to the network entity 785-e. For instance, the UE 115-e may send information based on the downlink reference signal to the network entity 785-e as described with reference to FIG. 4. In some approaches, the information may be communicated as a data collection transfer. For example, downlink measurements, part A information, or part B information (when obtained using the downlink measurements, for instance), may be transferred (e.g., transmitted or shared) from the UE 115-e to another device (e.g., another network device, another network entity, training entity, network entity 785-e, LMF, NWDAF, OTT server, 0AM entity, or a combination thereof, among other examples).

[0232] At 715, UE 115-e may output (e.g., transmit) an indication of the direction of the reference signal to the network entity 785-e. For instance, the network node 105-eAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO75 may send an indication that the reference signal was communicated in the downlink direction or that the measurement(s) are downlink measurements as described with reference to FIG. 4. Additionally or alternatively, the UE 115-e may output (e.g., transmit or share) an indication of the direction of the reference signal to another device (e.g., another network device, another network entity, a training entity, network entity 785-e, LMF, NWDAF, OTT server, OAM entity, or a combination thereof, among other examples).

[0233] In some examples, the UE 115-e may report downlink measurements to the network entity 785-e (e.g., LMF) and the network entity 785-e may obtain part A information or part B information based on the downlink measurements. For instance, if part B information (e.g., only part B information) is obtained using downlink measurements, then part A information may be obtained from the network node 105-e using uplink measurements (e.g., other measurements). At 720, for instance, the UE 115-e may output (e.g., transmit), or the network node 105-e may obtain (e.g., receive) an uplink reference signal(s), which the network node 105-e may utilize to obtain uplink measurements. At 725, the network node 105-e may output (e.g., transmit), or the network entity 785-e may obtain (e.g., receive) one or more measurements (e.g., uplink measurements) based on the uplink reference signal.

[0234] In some aspects, the UE 115-e may report part A information to the network entity 785-e (e.g., LMF) and the network entity 785-e may obtain part B information based on the part A information. For instance, if part A information (e.g., only part A information) is obtained using downlink measurements, then part B information may be obtained from the network node 105-e using uplink measurements (e.g., other measurements), which may be obtained as described herein.

[0235] At 730, the network entity 785-e may train an AI / ML model. For instance, the network entity 785-e may train the AI / ML model based on the information (e.g., measurements, part A information, or part B information, among other examples) as described with reference to FIG. 4. In some aspects, part A information or part B information, when obtained using the downlink measurements, may be used to train an AI / ML positioning or sensing model, where the AI / ML model may be trained for the network node side (e.g., Case 3a) or for the network entity 785-e (e.g., LMF) side (e.g., Case 3b). In some examples, the network entity 785-e may add an indication of theAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO76 direction to metadata of the AI / ML model (e.g., may indicate that the AI / ML model is trained based on reciprocity).

[0236] At 735, the network entity 785-e may output (e.g., transmit) the AI / ML model to the network node 105-e (or another network node) (e.g., gNB or TRP, among other examples). For instance, the network entity 785-e may send the AI / ML model to the to the network node 105-e or another network node as described with reference to FIG. 4. For AI / ML model transfer or delivery, for example, the trained AI / ML model may be delivered or transferred to the network node 105-e or another network node. In some aspects, AI / ML model delivery may be transparent (e.g., from a training entity to the network node 105-e or another network node). In some examples, the AI / ML model transfer may be based on cellular signaling (e.g., from a training entity to cellular network model storage to network node 105-e; or from the network entity 785-e (e.g., LMF or NWDAF, among other examples) to the network node 105-e).

[0237] At 740, the network entity 785-e may output (e.g., transmit) an indication of reciprocity or the direction of the reference signal to the network node 105-e. For instance, the network entity 785-e may send an indication that the AI / ML model was trained based on reciprocity, that the reference signal was communicated in the downlink direction, or that the measurement s) are downlink measurements as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0238] At 745, the UE 115-e may output (e.g., transmit), or the network node 105-e (or another network node) may receive, an uplink reference signal. For instance, the UE 115-e may transmit an uplink reference signal(s) (e.g., SRS(s)) as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0239] At 750, the network node 105-e may predict data. For instance, the network node 105-e may utilize the AI / ML model to predict data (e.g., a position of the UE 115- e) based on the uplink reference signal(s) as described with reference to FIG. 4. In a first scenario 780-a, for example, for AI / ML model prediction (e.g., for Case 3), the network node 105-e (or another network node) may receive uplink reference signals sent from the UE 115-e or another UE, may obtain uplink measurements based on the uplink reference signals, and may input the uplink reference signals to the AI / ML model to obtain an AI / ML model output.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO77

[0240] At 755, the network node 105-e may output (e.g., transmit) data to the network entity 785-e. For instance, the data may be transmitted to the network entity 785-e as described with reference to FIG. 4. In some aspects, the network node 105-e (or another network node) may report an AI / ML model output to the network entity 785-e (e.g., LMF).

[0241] At 760, the UE 115-e may output (e.g., transmit), or the network node 105-e (or another network node) may receive, an uplink reference signal. For instance, the UE 115-e may transmit an uplink reference signal(s) (e.g., SRS(s)) as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0242] At 765, the network node 105-e may output (e.g., transmit) a measurement(s) to the network entity 785-e. For instance, the measurement(s) may be transmitted to the network entity 785-e as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0243] At 770, the network entity 785-e may predict data. For instance, the network entity 785-e may utilize the AI / ML model to predict data (e.g., a position of the UE 115-e) based on the uplink reference signal(s) as described with reference to FIG. 4. In a second scenario 780-b, for example, for AI / ML model prediction (e.g., for Case 3b), the network node 105-e (or another network node) may receive uplink reference signals sent from the UE 115-e or another UE and may obtain uplink measurements based on the uplink reference signals. The network node (e.g., gNB or TRP, among other examples) may report the uplink measurements to the network entity 785-e (e.g., LMF), and the network entity 785-e may input the uplink measurements to the AI / ML model to obtain an AI / ML model output. FIG. 7 may illustrate an example of training an AI / ML model utilizing downlink measurements (for Case 3a, or Case 3b, for instance).

[0244] FIG. 8 shows an example of a process flow 800 that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The process flow 800 may include a UE 115-f, which may be an example of a UE 115, UE 115-a, UE 115-b, or the first wireless device 410, as described herein. The process flow 500 may also include a network node 105-f, which may be an example of a network node 105, gNB 255, CU 160-a, DU 165-a, RU 170-a, TRP, the first wireless device 410, or one or more devices 420 as described herein. The process flow 500 may additionally include a networkAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO78 entity 885-f, which may be an example of network entity, location server 185, LMF 265, external device 230, SLP 235, NWDAF, OTT server, 0AM entity, SnMF, or one or more devices 420 as described herein. In some approaches, network entity 885-f may communicate with the UE 115-f via one or more network nodes (e.g., base station(s), TRP(s), CU(s), DU(s), or RU(s), among other examples).

[0245] In the following description of the process flow 800, the communications between the UE 115-f and the network node 105-f may be transmitted in the same order or in a different order than the example order shown, or the operations performed by the UE 115-f, the network node 105-f, or the network entity 885-f may be performed in different orders or at different times. One or more operations may be omitted from the process flow 800, or one or more other operations may be added to the process flow 800. Although some operations or signaling may be shown to occur at different times for discussion purposes, these operations may actually occur at the same time or in overlapping time periods in some examples.

[0246] In some examples, the UE 115-f and the network entity 885-f may communicate information (e.g., capability information, configuration information, position data, measurement data, AI / ML model(s), information, metric(s), or requests, among other examples) via the network node 105-f or independent of the network node 105-f. In some examples, the UE 115-f and the network node 105-f may communicate information (e.g., capability information, configuration information, position data, measurement data, AI / ML model(s), information, metric(s), or requests, among other examples), where the information may be relayed transparently via the network node 105-f, may be processed by the network node 105-f before communication to the network entity 885-f or the UE 115-f, or may not be transmitted to the network entity 885-f or the UE 115-f.

[0247] At 805, the network node 105-f may transmit an downlink reference signal to the UE 115-f. For instance, the downlink reference signal may be transmitted to the UE 115-f as described with reference to FIG. 4. In some examples, for monitoring data measurement, the network entity 885-f (e.g., an LMF or NWDAF, among other examples) may request the network node 105-f (e.g., gNB(s) or TRP(s), among other examples) to send the downlink reference signal(s) or may request the UE 115-f to receive the downlink reference signal(s) or obtain downlink measurements based on theAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO79 downlink reference signal(s). In some examples, the obtained downlink measurements may be utilized to derive part A information (e.g., AI / ML model input or measurements). In some aspects, the obtained downlink measurements may be utilized to derive part B information (e.g., AI / ML model output or measurements). For example, the UE 115-f may obtain part A information or part B information.

[0248] At 810, the UE 115-f may output (e.g., transmit) information to the network entity 885-f. For instance, the UE 115-f may send information based on the downlink reference signal to the network entity 885-f as described with reference to FIG. 4. In some approaches, the information may be communicated as a monitoring data transfer. Downlink measurements, part A information, or part B information (when obtained using the downlink measurements, for instance), may be transferred from the UE 115-f to a monitoring entity (e.g., network node 105-f, network entity 885-f, LMF, NWDAF, OTT server, or 0AM entity, among other examples).

[0249] In some examples, the UE 115-f may report downlink measurements to the network entity 885-f (e.g., LMF) and the network entity 885-f may obtain part A information or part B information based on the downlink measurements. In some aspects, the UE 115-f may report part A information to the network entity 885-f (e.g., LMF) and the network entity 885-f may obtain part B information based on the part A information.

[0250] At 815, the UE 115-f may output (e.g., transmit) an indication of the direction of the reference signal to the network entity 885-f. For instance, the UE 115-f may send an indication that the reference signal was communicated in the downlink direction or that the measurement(s) are downlink measurements as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0251] At 830, the network entity 885-f may obtain data based on the information or the indication. For instance, the network entity 885-f may obtain the data based on the information or the indication as described with reference to FIG. 4. In some aspects, the information (e.g., downlink measurements, part A information or part B information, when obtained using the downlink measurements) may be used to monitor an AI / ML positioning or sensing model, where the AI / ML model may be trained for the network node side (e.g., Case 3a) or for the network entity 885-f (e.g., LMF) side (e.g., Case 3b).Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO80

[0252] In some approaches, the network entity 885-f (e.g., LMF) may obtain (e.g., determine, generate, calculate, or compute) a monitoring metric based on part A information and may send the monitoring metric to the network node 105-f (e.g., gNB or TRP, among other examples). In some aspects, the network entity 885-f (e.g., LMF) may obtain part B information based on part A information and may send the part B information to the network node 105-f. In some examples, the network entity 885-f (e.g., LMF) may obtain part B information based on part A information and, at 825, may obtain (e.g., receive) an AI / ML model output from the network node 105-f. The network entity 885-f (e.g., LMF) may obtain a monitoring metric based on the part B information and the AI / ML model output reported by the network node 105-f. The network entity 885-f (e.g., LMF) may send the monitoring metric to the network node 105-f. In some examples, the indication of the direction may be utilized to obtain the data (e.g., to determine the monitoring metric or part B information). For instance, obtaining the monitoring metric or the part B information may be adjusted based on the indication of the direction.

[0253] At 835, the network entity 885-f may output (e.g., transmit) information to the network node 105-f (or another network node). For instance, the network entity 885- f may send the information (e.g., monitoring metric, part B information, or indication of the direction) to the network node 105-f (or another network node) as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0254] At 840, the network node 105-f may perform monitoring. For instance, the network node 105-f may perform monitoring as described with reference to FIG. 4. The network entity 885-f may output (e.g., transmit), or the network node 105-f may obtain (e.g., receive) information, and the network node 105-f may perform monitoring based on the information. In some approaches, the monitoring metric may be utilized to determine one or more of the following aspects related to an AI / ML model or functionality: an AI / ML model functionality or model validity, AI / ML model functionality or model failure, AI / ML model functionality or model selection, AI / ML model functionality or model switching, or falling back to a non-AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure. For instance, if the monitoring metric satisfies (e.g., is greater than, is greater than or equal to, is less than, is less than or equal to, is equal to) a monitoring threshold, the network node 105-f may determine that an AI / ML model orAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO81 functionality is valid, that an AI / ML model or functionality has failed, that an AI / ML model or functionality is to be switched, or that the network node 105-f is to fall back to a non-AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more other devices may perform monitoring in accordance with the description herein. For instance, a UE(s), the UE 115-f, a network entity(ies), the network entity 885-f, an LMF(s), an NWDAF(s), an OTT server(s), an OAM entity(ies), another device(s), or a combination thereof, among other examples, may perform monitoring.

[0255] FIG. 8 may illustrate an example of monitoring an AI / ML model utilizing downlink measurements (for Case 3a, or Case 3b, for instance). In some examples, a monitoring determination may be performed by the network node 105-f (e.g., gNB or TRP, among other examples) or network entity 885-f (e.g., LMF, NWDAF, OTT server, or OAM entity, among other examples).

[0256] FIG. 9 shows a block diagram 900 of a device 905 that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 905 may be an example of aspects of a first wireless device as described herein. The device 905 may include a receiver 910, a transmitter 915, and a communications manager 920. The device 905, or one or more components of the device 905 (e.g., the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, the communications manager 920), may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0257] The receiver 910 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 905. The receiver 910 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

[0258] The transmitter 915 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 905. For example, the transmitter 915 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereofAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO82 associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to directions associated with measurements for AI / ML- based positioning or sensing). In some examples, the transmitter 915 may be co-located with a receiver 910 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 915 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

[0259] The communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing as described herein. For example, the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.

[0260] In some examples, the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry). The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory).

[0261] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code). If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting,Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO83 individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure).

[0262] In some examples, the communications manager 920 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or both. For example, the communications manager 920 may receive information from the receiver 910, send information to the transmitter 915, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0263] The communications manager 920 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for participating in a communication of a first reference signal with a second wireless device. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining one or more first measurements based on the first reference signal. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting first information associated with AI / ML- based positioning or sensing, where the first information is based on the one or more first measurements. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, where the first direction of the communication of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction.

[0264] By including or configuring the communications manager 920 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 905 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, the communications manager 920, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reduced processing, reduced power consumption, or more efficient utilization of communication resources.

[0265] FIG. 10 shows a block diagram 1000 of a device 1005 that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing inAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO84 accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1005 may be an example of aspects of a device 905 or a first wireless device as described herein. The device 1005 may include a receiver 1010, a transmitter 1015, and a communications manager 1020. The device 1005, or one of more components of the device 1005 (e.g., the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, the communications manager 1020), may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0266] The receiver 1010 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1005. The receiver 1010 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

[0267] The transmitter 1015 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 1005. For example, the transmitter 1015 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing). In some examples, the transmitter 1015 may be co-located with a receiver 1010 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 1015 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

[0268] The device 1005, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1020 may include a reference signal component 1025, a measurement component 1030, an information component 1035, an indication component 1040, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 1020 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 920 as described herein. In some examples, the communications manager 1020, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring,Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO85 outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or both. For example, the communications manager 1020 may receive information from the receiver 1010, send information to the transmitter 1015, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0269] The communications manager 1020 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The reference signal component 1025 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for participating in a communication of a first reference signal with a second wireless device. The measurement component 1030 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining one or more first measurements based on the first reference signal. The information component 1035 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting first information associated with AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, where the first information is based on the one or more first measurements. The indication component 1040 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, where the first direction of the communication of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction.

[0270] FIG. 11 shows a block diagram 1100 of a communications manager 1120 that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 1120 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 920, a communications manager 1020, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 1120, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1120 may include a reference signal component 1125, a measurement component 1130, an information component 1135, an indication component 1140, a request component 1145, a model component 1150, a metric component 1155, an output component 1160, a determination component 1165, aAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO86 selection component 1170, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories), may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0271] The communications manager 1120 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The reference signal component 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for participating in a communication of a first reference signal with a second wireless device. The measurement component 1130 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining one or more first measurements based on the first reference signal. The information component 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting first information associated with AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, where the first information is based on the one or more first measurements. The indication component 1140 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, where the first direction of the communication of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction.

[0272] In some examples, the request component 1145 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, from a network entity, a request indicating that the first wireless device is to participate in the communication of the first reference signal between the first wireless device and the second wireless device, where the communication of the first reference signal is performed pursuant to the request.

[0273] In some examples, the first information indicates the one or more first measurements, the first information includes input information associated with an AI / ML model for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, the first information includes output information associated with an AI / ML model for the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, or a combination thereof.

[0274] In some examples, the first information is output to a network entity or another device for monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO87

[0275] In some examples, the information component 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, from the second wireless device, second information that is based on one or more second measurements of a second reference signal with a different direction than the first reference signal or of a RAT that is separate from the first wireless device, where the first information includes input information and the second information includes output information associated with an AI / ML model, or the second information includes input information and the first information includes output information associated with an AI / ML model.

[0276] In some examples, the model component 1150 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, from a network entity, an AI / ML model trained based on the first information. In some examples, the indication component 1140 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining from the network entity, an indication that the AI / ML model is trained based on a reciprocity relative to the first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements.

[0277] In some examples, the reference signal component 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating a second reference signal with the second wireless device to obtain one or more second measurements based on the second reference signal, where the second reference signal is communicated in a second direction that is opposite from the first direction of the first reference signal.

[0278] In some examples, the output component 1160 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating an output of an AI / ML model based on the second reference signal, where the AI / ML model is trained based on the first reference signal associated with the first direction.

[0279] In some examples, the information component 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting second information indicating the one or more second measurements based on the second reference signal.

[0280] In some examples, the metric component 1155 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, from a network entity based on the first information, a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing,Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO88 or output information associated with an AI / ML model for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing.

[0281] In some examples, the output component 1160 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating an output of an AI / ML model based on the one or more first measurements. In some examples, the output component 1160 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to a network entity, the output of the AI / ML model. In some examples, the metric component 1155 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, from the network entity, a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing.

[0282] In some examples, the metric component 1155 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, based on the first information, a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing. In some examples, the determination component 1165 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing a determination, based on the metric, of an AI / ML functionality validity, an AI / ML model validity, an AI / ML functionality failure, an AI / ML model failure, an AI / ML functionality selection, an AI / ML model selection, an AI / ML functionality switch, an AI / ML model switch, or a transition to non- AI / ML-based positioning or sensing.

[0283] In some examples, the selection component 1170 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for selecting, based on the indication of the first direction, a weight associated with the metric or a threshold for the determination.

[0284] In some examples, the request component 1145 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, based on the indication of the first direction, a request for one or more measurements.

[0285] FIG. 12 shows a diagram of a system 1200 including a device 1205 that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1205 may be an example of or include components of a device 905, a device 1005, or a first wireless device 410 as described herein. The device 1205 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmittingAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO89 and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 1220, an I / O controller, such as an I / O controller 1210, one or more transceivers 1215, one or more antennas 1225, at least one memory 1230, code 1235, and at least one processor 1240. The device 1205 may include one or more sensors 1250. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 1245). The I / O controller 1210 may manage input and output signals for the device 1205. The I / O controller 1210 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 1205. In some cases, the I / O controller 1210 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some cases, the I / O controller 1210 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, MS-DOS®, MS-WINDOWS®, OS / 2®, UNIX®, LINUX®, or another known operating system. Additionally, or alternatively, the I / O controller 1210 may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 1210 may be implemented as part of one or more processors, such as the at least one processor 1240. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 1205 via the I / O controller 1210 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 1210.

[0286] In some cases, the device 1205 may include a single antenna. However, in some other cases, the device 1205 may have more than one antenna, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver s) 1215 may communicate bi-directionally via the one or more antennas 1225 using wired or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 1215 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1215 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 1225 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 1225. The transceiver 1215, or the transceiver 1215 and one or more antennas 1225, may be an example of a transmitter 915, a transmitter 1015, a receiver 910, a receiver 1010, or any combination thereof or component thereof, as described herein.

[0287] The one or more transceivers 1215 may include one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers, one or more short-range wireless transceivers, or one or more satellite transceivers. The WWAN transceiver(s) may communicate withAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO90(e.g., transmit one or more signals to, or receive one or more signals from) one or more wireless communication networks, such as an NR network, an LTE network, or a GSM network, among other examples. The WWAN transceiver(s) may be connected to one or more of the antenna(s) 1225 for communicating with other devices, such as one or more UEs 115, network nodes 105, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), or another device(s), via at least one RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, or GSM, among other examples) over a wireless communication medium (e.g., time or frequency resources of a frequency spectrum). The WWAN transceiver(s) may be configured for transmitting and encoding signals (e.g., messages, indications, or information, among other examples) or for receiving and decoding signals (e.g., messages, indications, information, or pilots, among other examples), in accordance with the RAT. For instance, the WWAN transceiver s) may include one or more transmitters for transmitting and encoding signals, or one or more receivers for receiving and decoding signals.

[0288] The short-range wireless transceivers may be connected to one or more of the antenna(s) 1225 to communicate with (e.g., transmit one or more signals to, or receive one or more signals from) one or more network entities, such as one or more UEs 115, network nodes 105, access points, base stations, or another device(s), via at least one RAT (e.g, Wi-Fi, LTE Direct, BLUETOOTH®, ZIGBEE®, Z-WAVE®, PC5, dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE), near-field communication (NFC), or ultra-wideband (UWB), among other examples) over a wireless communication medium. The short-range wireless transceiver(s) may be configured for transmitting and encoding signals (e.g., messages, indications, or information, among other examples), or for receiving and decoding signals (e.g, messages, indications, information, or pilots, among other examples), in accordance with the RAT. For instance, the short-range wireless transceiver s) may include one or more transmitters for transmitting and encoding signals, or one or more receivers for receiving and decoding signals. In some examples, the short-range wireless transceiver(s) may be one or more Wi-Fi transceivers, BLUETOOTH® transceivers, ZIGBEE® transceivers, Z-WAVE® transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) transceivers, or vehicle-to- everything (V2X) transceivers, among other examples.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO91

[0289] The satellite transceiver(s) may include one or more satellite signal receivers, or one or more satellite signal transmitters. In some cases, the device 1205 may be a terrestrial device that may communicate one or more satellites via the satellite transceiver(s). In other cases, device 1205 may be a satellite (or other non-terrestrial entity) that uses the satellite transceiver(s) to communicate with one or more terrestrial networks or other satellites.

[0290] The satellite signal receiver(s) may be connected to one or more of the antenna(s) 1225 for receiving or measuring satellite positioning or communication signals. In some examples, the satellite signal receiver(s) may include one or more satellite positioning system receivers, where the satellite positioning or communication signals may be GPS signals, GLONASS signals, Galileo signals, BeiDou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NA VIC), or Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) signals, among other examples. In some examples, the satellite signal receiver(s) may include one or more NTN receivers, where the satellite positioning or communication signals may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control or user data) originating from a device or network. The satellite signal receiver(s) may include hardware or a combination of hardware and instructions for receiving and processing satellite positioning or communication signals. The satellite signal receiver(s) or the processor 1240 may perform calculations to determine a location of the device 1205, the UE 115, the network node 105, or another device using measurements obtained from one or more satellite signals.

[0291] The one or more satellite signal transmitters may be connected to one or more of the antennas 1225 for transmitting satellite positioning communication signals. In some examples, the satellite signal transmitter(s) may be satellite positioning system transmitters, and the satellite positioning or communication signals may be GPS signals, GLONASS® signals, Galileo signals, BeiDou signals, NAVIC, or QZSS signals, among other examples. In some examples, the satellite signal transmitter(s) include one or more NTN transmitters, and the satellite positioning or communication signals may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control or user data). The satellite signal transmitter(s) may comprise hardware or a combination of hardware and instructions for transmitting satellite positioning or communication signals.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO92

[0292] The device 1205 may include one or more sensors 1250 coupled with the one or more processors 1240 for obtaining sensor data (e.g., image data, RF data, motion data, orientation data, or audio data, among other examples). For example, the one or more sensors 1250 may sense or detect movement or orientation information. In some aspects, the movement or orientation information may be independent from motion data derived from signals received by the one or more WWAN transceivers, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers, or the satellite signal interface. In some examples, the sensor(s) 1250 may include an accelerometer (e.g., a micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) device), a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor (e.g., a compass), an altimeter (e.g., a barometric pressure altimeter), or any other type of movement detection sensor. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more sensors 1250 may include an image sensor, camera, microphone, light detector, or pressure sensor, among other examples. In some aspects, the sensor(s) 1250 may include a plurality of different types of devices, and the device 1205 (e.g., sensor(s) or 1250 processor(s) 1240) may combine the outputs of the different types of devices to provide motion information. For example, the sensor(s) 1250 may use a combination of a multi-axis accelerometer sensors, orientation sensors, or image sensors to provide the ability to compute positions in two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems.

[0293] The at least one memory 1230 may include RAM and ROM. The at least one memory 1230 may store computer-readable, computer-executable, or processorexecutable code, such as the code 1235. The code 1235 may include instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 1240, cause the device 1205 to perform various functions described herein. The code 1235 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 1235 may not be directly executable by the at least one processor 1240 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 1230 may include, among other things, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[0294] The at least one processor 1240 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, oneAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO93 or more CPUs, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs)), one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof). In some cases, the at least one processor 1240 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into the at least one processor 1240. The at least one processor 1240 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the at least one memory 1230) to cause the device 1205 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting signaling for sample-based position estimation). For example, the device 1205 or a component of the device 1205 may include at least one processor 1240 and at least one memory 1230 coupled with or to the at least one processor 1240, the at least one processor 1240 and the at least one memory 1230 configured to perform various functions described herein.

[0295] In some examples, the at least one processor 1240 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1230 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the at least one processor 1240 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 1240) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 1230)), or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 1240 or a processing system including the at least one processor 1240 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 1205 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to,” being “configurable to,” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, whenAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO94 executing code 1235 (e.g., processor-executable code) stored in the at least one memory 1230 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.

[0296] For example, the communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving a request that the wireless device is to report a set of one or more measurements. The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving a reference signal, where the wireless device generates the set of one or more measurements based on the reference signal, and where the set of one or more measurements is associated with a time period. The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting a first indication of a reference time of the reference signal, where the first indication of the reference time of the reference signal is based on the set of one or more measurements of the reference signal associated with the time period. The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting a second indication of a set of one or more signal samples that have a temporal association with the reference time of the reference signal, where individual ones of the set of one or more signal samples are distributed in accordance with a uniform spacing or a subsampled uniform spacing.

[0297] By including or configuring the communications manager 1220 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1205 may support techniques for enhanced positioning accuracy, improved communication reliability, reduced latency, reduced power consumption, more efficient utilization of communication resources, improved coordination between devices, longer battery life, or improved utilization of processing capability.

[0298] In some examples, the communications manager 1220 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 1215, the one or more antennas 1225, or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 1220 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1220 may be supported by or performed by the at least one processor 1240, the at least one memory 1230, the code 1235, or any combination thereof. For example, the code 1235 may include instructions executable by the at least one processor 1240 to cause the device 1205 to perform various aspects of signaling forAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO95 sample-based position estimation as described herein, or the at least one processor 1240 and the at least one memory 1230 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.

[0299] FIG. 13 shows a block diagram 1300 of a device 1305 that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1305 may be an example of aspects of a network entity as described herein. The device 1305 may include a receiver 1310, a transmitter 1315, and a communications manager 1320. The device 1305, or one or more components of the device 1305 (e.g., the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, the communications manager 1320), may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0300] The receiver 1310 may provide a means for obtaining (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1305. In some examples, the receiver 1310 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the receiver 1310 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.

[0301] The transmitter 1315 may provide a means for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, sending) information generated by other components of the device 1305. For example, the transmitter 1315 may output information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack). In some examples, the transmitter 1315 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the transmitter 1315 may support outputting information by transmittingAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO96 signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the transmitter 1315 and the receiver 1310 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled with a modem.

[0302] The communications manager 1320, the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of directions associated with measurements for AI / ML- based positioning or sensing as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1320, the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.

[0303] In some examples, the communications manager 1320, the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry). The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory).

[0304] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 1320, the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code). If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 1320, the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting,Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO97 individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure).

[0305] In some examples, the communications manager 1320 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or both. For example, the communications manager 1320 may receive information from the receiver 1310, send information to the transmitter 1315, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0306] The communications manager 1320 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1320 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining first information associated with AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, where the first information is based on one or more first measurements based on a communication of a first reference signal between a first wireless device and a second wireless device. The communications manager 1320 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, where the first direction of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction.

[0307] By including or configuring the communications manager 1320 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1305 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, the communications manager 1320, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reduced processing, reduced power consumption, or more efficient utilization of communication resources.

[0308] FIG. 14 shows a block diagram 1400 of a device 1405 that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1405 may be an example of aspects of a device 1305 or a network entity as described herein. The device 1405 may include a receiver 1410, a transmitter 1415, and a communicationsAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO98 manager 1420. The device 1405, or one of more components of the device 1405 (e.g., the receiver 1410, the transmitter 1415, the communications manager 1420), may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0309] The receiver 1410 may provide a means for obtaining (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1405. In some examples, the receiver 1410 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the receiver 1410 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.

[0310] The transmitter 1415 may provide a means for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, sending) information generated by other components of the device 1405. For example, the transmitter 1415 may output information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack). In some examples, the transmitter 1415 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the transmitter 1415 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the transmitter 1415 and the receiver 1410 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled with a modem.

[0311] The device 1405, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1420 may include an information manager 1425 an indicationAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO99 manager 1430, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 1420 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 1320 as described herein. In some examples, the communications manager 1420, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1410, the transmitter 1415, or both. For example, the communications manager 1420 may receive information from the receiver 1410, send information to the transmitter 1415, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1410, the transmitter 1415, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0312] The communications manager 1420 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The information manager 1425 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining first information associated with AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, where the first information is based on one or more first measurements based on a communication of a first reference signal between a first wireless device and a second wireless device. The indication manager 1430 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, where the first direction of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction.

[0313] FIG. 15 shows a block diagram 1500 of a communications manager 1520 that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 1520 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 1320, a communications manager 1420, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 1520, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1520 may include an information manager 1525, an indication manager 1530, a request manager 1535, a model manager 1540, an output manager 1545, a metric manager 1550, a determination manager 1555, a training manager 1560, a selection manager 1565, or any combination thereof. Each of theseAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO100 components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories), may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses). The communications may include communications within a protocol layer of a protocol stack, communications associated with a logical channel of a protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of a protocol stack, within a device, component, or virtualized component associated with a network entity, between devices, components, or virtualized components associated with a network entity), or any combination thereof.

[0314] The communications manager 1520 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The information manager 1525 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining first information associated with AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, where the first information is based on one or more first measurements based on a communication of a first reference signal between a first wireless device and a second wireless device. The indication manager 1530 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, where the first direction of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction.

[0315] In some examples, the request manager 1535 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to the first wireless device, a request indicating that the first wireless device is to participate in the communication of the first reference signal between the first wireless device and the second wireless device, where the first information is obtained based on the request.

[0316] In some examples, the first information indicates the one or more first measurements, the first information includes input information associated with an AI / ML model for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, the first information includes output information associated with an AI / ML model for the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, or a combination thereof.

[0317] In some examples, the training manager 1560 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for training the AI / ML model for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing based on the input information or the output information.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO101

[0318] In some examples, the information manager 1525 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, from the first wireless device or a second wireless device, second information that is based on one or more second measurements of a second reference signal with a different direction than the first reference signal or of a RAT that is separate from the network entity, where the first information includes input information and the second information includes output information associated with an AI / ML model, or the second information includes input information and the first information includes output information associated with an AI / ML model.

[0319] In some examples, the model manager 1540 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to the first wireless device, an AI / ML model trained based on the first information. In some examples, the indication manager 1530 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to the first wireless device, an indication that the AI / ML model is trained based on a reciprocity relative to the first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements.

[0320] In some examples, the output manager 1545 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining an output of an AI / ML model based on a second reference signal communicated in a second direction that is opposite from a first direction of the first reference signal, where the AI / ML model is trained based on the first reference signal associated with the first direction.

[0321] In some examples, the information manager 1525 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining second information indicating one or more second measurements based on a second reference signal communicated in a second direction that is opposite from a first direction of the first reference signal. In some examples, the output manager 1545 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating an output of an AI / ML model based on the second information, where the AI / ML model is trained based on the first reference signal associated with the first direction.

[0322] In some examples, the metric manager 1550 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to the first wireless device based on the firstAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO102 information, a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, or output information associated with an AI / ML model for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing.

[0323] In some examples, the output manager 1545 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, from the first wireless device, an output of an AI / ML model based on the one or more first measurements. In some examples, the metric manager 1550 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to the first wireless device, a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML- based positioning or sensing.

[0324] In some examples, the metric manager 1550 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, based on the first information, a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing. In some examples, the determination manager 1555 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing a determination, based on the metric, of an AI / ML functionality validity, an AI / ML model validity, an AI / ML functionality failure, an AI / ML model failure, an AI / ML functionality selection, an AI / ML model selection, an AI / ML functionality switch, an AI / ML model switch, or a transition to non- AI / ML-based positioning or sensing.

[0325] In some examples, the selection manager 1565 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for selecting, based on the indication of the first direction, a weight associated with the metric or a threshold for the determination.

[0326] In some examples, the request manager 1535 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, based on the indication of the first direction, a request for one or more measurements.

[0327] FIG. 16 shows a diagram of a system 1600 including a device 1605 that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1605 may be an example of or include components of a device 1305, a device 1405, or one or more devices 420 as described herein. The device 1605 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 1620, one or moreAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO103 transceivers 1610, one or more antennas 1615, at least one memory 1625, code 1630, and at least one processor 1635. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 1640).

[0328] The transceiver 1610 may support bi-directional communications via wired links, wireless links, or both as described herein. In some examples, the transceiver 1610 may include a wired transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wired transceiver. Additionally, or alternatively, in some examples, the transceiver 1610 may include a wireless transceiver and may communicate bidirectionally with another wireless transceiver. In some examples, the device 1605 may include one or more antennas 1615, which may be capable of transmitting or receiving wireless transmissions (e.g., concurrently). The transceiver 1610 may also include a modem to modulate signals, to provide the modulated signals for transmission (e.g., by one or more antennas 1615, by a wired transmitter), to receive modulated signals (e.g., from one or more antennas 1615, from a wired receiver), and to demodulate signals. In some implementations, the transceiver 1610 may include one or more interfaces, such as one or more interfaces coupled with the one or more antennas 1615 that are configured to support various receiving or obtaining operations, or one or more interfaces coupled with the one or more antennas 1615 that are configured to support various transmitting or outputting operations, or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the transceiver 1610 may include or be configured for coupling with one or more processors or one or more memory components that are operable to perform or support operations based on received or obtained information or signals, or to generate information or other signals for transmission or other outputting, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the transceiver 1610, or the transceiver 1610 and the one or more antennas 1615, or the transceiver 1610 and the one or more antennas 1615 and one or more processors or one or more memory components (e.g., the at least one processor 1635, the at least one memory 1625, or both), may be included in a chip or chip assembly that is installed in the device 1605. In some examples, the transceiver 1610 may be operable to support communications via one or more communications links (e.g., communication link(s) 125, backhaul communication link(s) 120, a midhaul communication link 162, a fronthaul communication link 168).Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO104

[0329] The one or more transceivers 1610 may include one or more WWAN transceivers, one or more short-range wireless transceivers, or one or more satellite transceivers. The WWAN transceiver(s) may communicate with (e.g., transmit one or more signals to, or receive one or more signals from) one or more wireless devices, such as the network node 105 or the UE 115, among other examples. The WWAN transceiver s) may be connected to one or more of the antenna(s) 1615 for communicating with other devices, such as one or more UEs 115, network nodes 105, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), or another device(s), via at least one RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, or GSM, among other examples) over a wireless communication medium (e.g., time or frequency resources of a frequency spectrum). The WWAN transceiver( s) may be configured for transmitting and encoding signals (e.g., messages, indications, or information, among other examples) or for receiving and decoding signals (e.g., messages, indications, information, or pilots, among other examples), in accordance with the RAT. For instance, the WWAN transceiver s) may include one or more transmitters for transmitting and encoding signals, or one or more receivers for receiving and decoding signals.

[0330] The short-range wireless transceivers may be connected to one or more of the antenna(s) 1615 to communicate with (e.g., transmit one or more signals to, or receive one or more signals from) one or more network entities, such as one or more UEs 115, network nodes 105, access points, base stations, or another device(s), via at least one RAT (e.g, Wi-Fi, LTE Direct, BLUETOOTH®, ZIGBEE®, Z-WAVE®, PC5, DSRC, WAVE, NFC, or UWB, among other examples) over a wireless communication medium. The short-range wireless transceiver(s) may be configured for transmitting and encoding signals (e.g, messages, indications, or information, among other examples), or for receiving and decoding signals (e.g, messages, indications, information, or pilots, among other examples), in accordance with the RAT. For instance, the short-range wireless transceiver s) may include one or more transmitters for transmitting and encoding signals, or one or more receivers for receiving and decoding signals. In some examples, the short-range wireless transceiver s) may be one or more Wi-Fi transceivers, BLUETOOTH® transceivers, ZIGBEE® transceivers, Z- WAVE® transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, V2V transceivers, or V2X transceivers, among other examples.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO105

[0331] The satellite transceiver(s) may include one or more satellite signal receivers, or one or more satellite signal transmitters. In some cases, the device 1605 may be a terrestrial device that may communicate one or more satellites via the satellite transceiver(s). In other cases, device 1605 may be a satellite (or other non-terrestrial entity) that uses the satellite transceiver(s) to communicate with one or more terrestrial networks or other satellites.

[0332] The satellite signal receiver(s) may be connected to one or more of the antenna(s) 1615 for receiving or measuring satellite positioning or communication signals. In some examples, the satellite signal receiver(s) may include one or more satellite positioning system receivers, where the satellite positioning or communication signals may be GPS signals, GLONASS signals, Galileo signals, BeiDou signals, NAVIC, or QZSS signals, among other examples. In some examples, the satellite signal receiver(s) may include one or more NTN receivers, where the satellite positioning or communication signals may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control or user data) originating from a device or network. The satellite signal receiver(s) may include hardware or a combination of hardware and instructions for receiving and processing satellite positioning or communication signals. The satellite signal receiver(s) or the processor 1635 may perform calculations to determine a location of the device 1605, the UE 115, the network node 105, or another device using measurements obtained from one or more satellite signals.

[0333] The one or more satellite signal transmitters may be connected to one or more of the antennas 1615 for transmitting satellite positioning communication signals. In some examples, the satellite signal transmitter(s) may be satellite positioning system transmitters, and the satellite positioning or communication signals may be GPS signals, GLONASS® signals, Galileo signals, BeiDou signals, NAVIC, or QZSS signals, among other examples. In some examples, the satellite signal transmitter(s) include one or more NTN transmitters, and the satellite positioning or communication signals may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control or user data). The satellite signal transmitter(s) may comprise hardware or a combination of hardware and instructions for transmitting satellite positioning or communication signals.

[0334] The at least one memory 1625 may include RAM, ROM, or any combination thereof. The at least one memory 1625 may store computer-readable, computer-Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO106 executable, or processor-executable code, such as the code 1630. The code 1630 may include instructions that, when executed by one or more of the at least one processor 1635, cause the device 1605 to perform various functions described herein. The code 1630 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 1630 may not be directly executable by a processor of the at least one processor 1635 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 1625 may include, among other things, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices. In some examples, the at least one processor 1635 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1625 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein (for example, as part of a processing system).

[0335] The at least one processor 1635 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more CPUs, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs)), one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof). In some cases, the at least one processor 1635 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into one or more of the at least one processor 1635. The at least one processor 1635 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., one or more of the at least one memory 1625) to cause the device 1605 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting signaling for sample-based position estimation). For example, the device 1605 or a component of the device 1605 may include at least one processor 1635 and at least one memory 1625 coupled with one or more of the at least one processor 1635, the at least one processor 1635 and the at least one memory 1625 configured to perform various functions described herein. The at least one processor 1635 may be an example of a cloud-computing platform (e.g., oneAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO107 or more physical nodes and supporting software such as operating systems, virtual machines, or container instances) that may host the functions (e.g., by executing code 1630) to perform the functions of the device 1605. The at least one processor 1635 may be any one or more suitable processors capable of executing scripts or instructions of one or more software programs stored in the device 1605 (such as within one or more of the at least one memory 1625).

[0336] In some examples, the at least one processor 1635 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1625 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein. In some examples, the at least one processor 1635 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 1635) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 1625)), or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 1635 or a processing system including the at least one processor 1635 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 1605 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to,” being “configurable to,” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code stored in the at least one memory 1625 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.

[0337] In some examples, a bus 1640 may support communications of (e.g., within) a protocol layer of a protocol stack. In some examples, a bus 1640 may support communications associated with a logical channel of a protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of a protocol stack), which may include communications performed within a component of the device 1605, or between different components of the device 1605 that may be co-located or located in different locations (e.g., where the device 1605 may refer to a system in which one or more of the communications manager 1620, the transceiver 1610, the at least one memory 1625, the code 1630, and the at least oneAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO108 processor 1635 may be located in one of the different components or divided between different components).

[0338] In some examples, the communications manager 1620 may manage aspects of communications with a core network 130 (e.g., via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links). For example, the communications manager 1620 may manage the transfer of data communications for client devices, such as one or more UEs 115. In some examples, the communications manager 1620 may manage communications with one or more other network nodes 105, and may include a controller or scheduler for controlling communications with UEs 115 (e.g., in cooperation with the one or more other network devices). In some examples, the communications manager 1620 may support an X2 interface within an LTE / LTE-A wireless communications network technology to provide communication between network nodes 105.

[0339] For example, the communications manager 1620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting a request that a wireless device is to report a set of one or more measurements. The communications manager 1620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining a first indication of a reference time of a reference signal that is transmitted to the wireless device, where the first indication of the reference time of the reference signal is based on the set of one or more measurements of the reference signal associated with a time period. The communications manager 1620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining a second indication of a set of one or more signal samples that have a temporal association with the reference time of the reference signal, where individual ones of the set of one or more signal samples are distributed in accordance with a uniform spacing or a subsampled uniform spacing.

[0340] By including or configuring the communications manager 1620 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1605 may support techniques for increased positioning accuracy, improved communication reliability, reduced latency, improved user experience related to reduced processing, reduced power consumption, more efficient utilization of communication resources, improved coordination between devices, longer battery life, improved utilization of processing capability.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO109

[0341] In some examples, the communications manager 1620 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 1610, the one or more antennas 1615 (e.g., where applicable), or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 1620 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1620 may be supported by or performed by the transceiver 1610, one or more of the at least one processor 1635, one or more of the at least one memory 1625, the code 1630, or any combination thereof (for example, by a processing system including at least a portion of the at least one processor 1635, the at least one memory 1625, the code 1630, or any combination thereof). For example, the code 1630 may include instructions executable by one or more of the at least one processor 1635 to cause the device 1605 to perform various aspects of signaling for sample-based position estimation as described herein, or the at least one processor 1635 and the at least one memory 1625 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.

[0342] FIG. 17 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1700 that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1700 may be implemented by a first wireless device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1700 may be performed by a first wireless device as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 12. In some examples, a first wireless device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the first wireless device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the first wireless device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0343] At 1705, the method may include participating in a communication of a first reference signal with a second wireless device. The operations of 1705 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1705 may be performed by a reference signal component 1125 as described with reference to FIG. 11.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO110

[0344] At 1710, the method may include obtaining one or more first measurements based on the first reference signal. The operations of 1710 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1710 may be performed by a measurement component 1130 as described with reference to FIG. 11.

[0345] At 1715, the method may include outputting first information associated with AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, where the first information is based on the one or more first measurements. The operations of 1715 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1715 may be performed by an information component 1135 as described with reference to FIG. 11.

[0346] At 1720, the method may include outputting an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, where the first direction of the communication of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction. The operations of 1720 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1720 may be performed by an indication component 1140 as described with reference to FIG. 11.

[0347] FIG. 18 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1800 that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1800 may be implemented by a first wireless device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1800 may be performed by a first wireless device as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 12. In some examples, a first wireless device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the first wireless device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the first wireless device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0348] At 1805, the method may include obtaining, from a network entity, a request indicating that a first wireless device is to participate in a communication of a first reference signal between a first wireless device and a second wireless device. TheAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WOI l l operations of 1805 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1805 may be performed by a request component 1145 as described with reference to FIG. 11.

[0349] At 1810, the method may include participating in the communication of the first reference signal with the second wireless device, where the communication of the first reference signal is performed pursuant to the request. The operations of 1810 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1810 may be performed by a reference signal component 1125 as described with reference to FIG. 11.

[0350] At 1815, the method may include obtaining one or more first measurements based on the first reference signal. The operations of 1815 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1815 may be performed by a measurement component 1130 as described with reference to FIG. 11.

[0351] At 1820, the method may include outputting first information associated with AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, where the first information is based on the one or more first measurements. The operations of 1820 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1820 may be performed by an information component 1135 as described with reference to FIG. 11.

[0352] At 1825, the method may include outputting an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, where the first direction of the communication of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction. The operations of 1825 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1825 may be performed by an indication component 1140 as described with reference to FIG. 11.

[0353] FIG. 19 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1900 that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1900 may be implemented by a network entity or its components as describedAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO112 herein. For example, the operations of the method 1900 may be performed by a network entity as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 8 and 13 through 16. In some examples, a network entity may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the network entity to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0354] At 1905, the method may include obtaining first information associated with AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, where the first information is based on one or more first measurements based on a communication of a first reference signal between a first wireless device and a second wireless device. The operations of 1905 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1905 may be performed by an information manager 1525 as described with reference to FIG. 15.

[0355] At 1910, the method may include obtaining an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, where the first direction of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction. The operations of 1910 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1910 may be performed by an indication manager 1530 as described with reference to FIG. 15.

[0356] FIG. 20 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 2000 that supports directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 2000 may be implemented by a network entity or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 2000 may be performed by a network entity as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 8 and 13 through 16. In some examples, a network entity may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the network entity to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO113

[0357] At 2005, the method may include outputting, to a first wireless device, a request indicating that the first wireless device is to participate in a communication of a first reference signal between a first wireless device and a second wireless device. The operations of 2005 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 2005 may be performed by a request manager 1535 as described with reference to FIG. 15.

[0358] At 2010, the method may include obtaining first information associated with AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, where the first information is based on one or more first measurements based on the communication of the first reference signal between the first wireless device and the second wireless device, where the first information is obtained based on the request. The operations of 2010 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 2010 may be performed by an information manager 1525 as described with reference to FIG. 15.

[0359] At 2015, the method may include obtaining an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, where the first direction of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction. The operations of 2015 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 2015 may be performed by an indication manager 1530 as described with reference to FIG. 15.

[0360] FIG. 21 shows examples of wireless communications systems 2100 that support directions associated with measurements for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. Various positioning or sensing techniques are illustrated in the context of the wireless communications systems 2100. Some examples of the positioning or sensing procedures described herein may be performed in accordance with one or more aspects of the positioning or sensing techniques. While TRPs and UEs are provided in the examples illustrated in FIG. 21, other devices (e.g., network entities, base stations, RRHs, RUs, APs, wireless devices, or stations, among other examples) may be similarly utilized in other examples. The examples of positioning or sensing techniques include downlink-Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO114 based positioning or sensing techniques, uplink-based positioning or sensing techniques, and downlink-and-uplink-based positioning or sensing techniques.

[0361] Examples of OTDOA or DL-TDOA 2105 are illustrated in FIG. 21. One or more of the OTDOA or DL-TDOA 2105 positioning or sensing techniques may be included in a downlink-based positioning or sensing procedure. In OTDOA or DL- TDOA 2105 positioning or sensing techniques, a UE may measure a difference between TOAs of reference signals (e.g., PRSs) received from one or more pairs of TRPs (e.g., TRP2 and TRPS). In some approaches, a difference in TOAs may be referred to as an RSTD or a TDOA measurement. A positioning or sensing device (e.g., the UE, a location server, an LMF, an SLP, or another device) may utilize the differences in TOAs to determine (e.g., estimate) a location of the UE.

[0362] In some aspects, the UE may receive an identifier (ID) associated with a reference TRP (e.g., a serving base station) and one or more IDs associated with one or more non-reference TRPs in received data (e.g., assistance data). The UE may measure the difference of TOAs between the reference TRP and each of the non-reference TRPs to produce RSTDs or TDOAs. In some aspects, the UE may report an indication of the RSTDs or TDOAs to the positioning or sensing device (e.g., a location server, LMF, an SLP, or another device). Based on established locations of the base stations and the RSTD measurements, the positioning or sensing device (e.g., the UE for UE-based positioning or sensing or a location server for UE-assisted positioning or sensing) may estimate the UE’s location.

[0363] An example of UL-TDOA 2110 is illustrated in FIG. 21. One or more of the UL-TDOA 2110 positioning or sensing techniques may be included in an uplink-based positioning or sensing procedure. UL-TDOA 2110 may have some similarities to DL- TDOA 2105. The UL-TDOA 2110 positioning or sensing techniques may be based on uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS) transmitted from the UE to multiple TRPs. For example, the UE transmits one or more uplink reference signals that are measured by a reference TRP (e.g., TRP3) and non-reference TRPs (e.g., TRP1 and TRP2). Each TRP then reports the reception time (which may be referred to as a RTOA) of the reference signal(s) to a positioning or sensing device (e.g., a location server, LMF, SLP, or UE) that has information about the locations and relative timing of the TRPs. Based on the reception-to-reception (Rx-Rx) time differences between the reported RTOA of theAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO115 reference TRP and the reported RTOA of each non-reference TRP, the locations of the TRPs, and the corresponding timing offsets, the positioning or sensing device may estimate the location of the UE using TDOA.

[0364] An example of DL-AOD 2115 is illustrated in FIG. 21. One or more of the DL-AOD 2115 positioning or sensing techniques may be included in a downlink-based positioning or sensing procedure. In DL-AOD 2115, a UE may obtain received signal strength measurements corresponding to multiple downlink transmit beams for one or more TRPs (e.g., TRP1 and TRP2). In some approaches, the UE reports the measurements to a positioning or sensing device. The positioning or sensing device may use the signal strength measurements of the multiple downlink transmit beams to determine the angle(s) (e.g., AOD1 and AOD2) between the UE and the transmitting TRP(s). The positioning or sensing device (e.g., location server, LMF, SLP, UE, or another device) may estimate the location of the UE based on the determined angle(s) and the established location(s) of the transmitting TRP(s).

[0365] An example of UL-AOA 2120 is illustrated in FIG. 21. One or more of the UL-AOA 2120 positioning or sensing techniques may be included in an uplink positioning or sensing procedure. In UL-AOA 2120, one or more TRPs (e.g., TRP1 and TRP2) measure the received signal strength of one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., SRSs) received from a UE on one or more uplink receive beams. In some aspects, the signal strength measurements may be reported to a positioning or sensing device. A positioning or sensing device (e.g., LFM, SLP, UE, or another device) may use the signal strength measurements and the angle(s) of the receive beam(s) to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the TRP(s). Based on the determined angle(s) and the established location(s) of the TRP(s), the positioning or sensing device may estimate the location of the UE.

[0366] Some positioning or sensing techniques or procedures may include a combination downlink-based and uplink-based positioning or sensing techniques. Examples of downlink-based and uplink-based positioning or sensing techniques may include E-CID positioning or sensing and multi-round-trip-time (RTT) positioning or sensing (which may be referred to as “multi-RTT” or “multi-cell RTT” when multiple cells are utilized).Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO116

[0367] In multi-RTT, a first device (e.g., a TRP or UE) may transmit a first RTT- related signal (e.g., a PRS or SRS) to a second device (e.g., the UE or TRP). The second device may transmit a second RTT-related signal (e.g., an SRS or PRS) back to the first device. Each device may measure a time difference between the TOA of the received RTT-related signal and the transmission time of the transmitted RTT-related signal. The time difference may be referred to as a reception-to-transmission (Rx-Tx) time difference. In some aspects, the Rx-Tx time difference measurement may be obtained or adjusted to include (e.g., include only) a time difference between nearest slot boundaries for the received and transmitted signals. The first device or the second device may send the corresponding Rx-Tx time difference measurements to a positioning or sensing device (e.g., a location server, LMF, SLP, UE, or other device), which may calculate a round trip propagation time (or RTT) between the two device based on the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements (e.g., as a sum of the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements). Additionally, or alternatively, one device may send a corresponding Rx-Tx time difference measurement to the other device, which may calculate the RTT. The distance between the two devices may be determined from the RTT and a signal speed (e.g., the speed of light).

[0368] An example of multi-cell RTT 2125 is illustrated in FIG. 21. One or more of the multi-RTT or multi-cell RTT techniques described may be included in an uplinkbased or downlink-based positioning or sensing procedure. In multi-cell RTT 2125, a first device (e.g., a UE or TRP) may perform an RTT positioning or sensing procedure with multiple second devices (e.g., multiple TRPs or UEs) to enable the location of the first device to be determined (e.g., using multilateration) based on distances to, and the established locations of, the second devices.

[0369] In some examples, RTT or multi-RTT techniques may be combined with one or more other positioning or sensing techniques (e.g., UL-AOA, DL-AOD, or other positioning or sensing techniques), to enhance location accuracy. Examples of combined DL-AOD and RTT 2130 positioning or sensing techniques are illustrated in FIG. 21.

[0370] E-CID positioning or sensing techniques (not shown in FIG. 21) may be based on radio resource management (RRM) measurements. In E-CID, a UE may obtain or report a serving cell ID, a timing advance (TA), identifiers of one or more detectedAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO117 neighbor TRPs, estimated timing of one or more detected neighbor TRPs, or a signal strength measurement of one or more detected neighbor TRPs. A positioning or sensing device (e.g., an LFM, SLP, UE, or another device) may utilize the serving cell ID, TA, identifiers, estimated timing, or signal strength measurements with one or more established locations of one or more TRPs to estimate the location of the UE.

[0371] In some approaches, a positioning or sensing device (e.g., location server, LMF, SLP, or another device) may provide assistance data to the UE. Assistance data is data to assist with one or more positioning or sensing operations (e.g., to detect one or more neighboring TRPs or to receive reference signaling). For instance, the assistance data may indicate IDs of the TRPs (e.g., IDs of one or more cells or TRPs corresponding to a network node) from which reference signals may be measured. In some examples, a positioning or sensing device may transmit assistance data or other information indicating one or more reference signal configuration parameters. The reference signal configuration parameter(s) may include or indicate a quantity of consecutive slots including PRS, a periodicity of consecutive slots including PRS, a muting sequence, a frequency hopping sequence, a reference signal identifier, a reference signal bandwidth, or one or more other parameters applicable to a positioning or sensing technique or procedure. Additionally, or alternatively, the assistance data may be sent from one or more TRPs (e.g., in periodically broadcasted overhead messages, a scheduled message, a unicast message, or a multicast message, among other examples). In some examples, a UE may be able to detect one or more neighboring TRPs (e.g., network entities) without the use of assistance data.

[0372] For OTDOA positioning or sensing techniques or DL-TDOA positioning or sensing techniques, the assistance data may indicate an expected RSTD value and an associated uncertainty or search window around the expected RSTD. For example, an expected RSTD value may have an associated uncertainty or search window with a range of ±500 microseconds (ps). In another example, when any of the resources used for the positioning or sensing measurement s) are in frequency range 1 (FR1), an expected RSTD value may have an associated uncertainty or search window with a range of ±32 ps. In another example, when all of the resources used for the positioning or sensing measurement(s) are in frequency range 2 (FR2), an expected RSTD value may have an associated uncertainty or search window with a range of ±8 ps.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO118

[0373] In some examples, a location may be referred to as a position estimate, location estimate, position, position fix, or fix, among other examples. A location may be geodetic and include coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, or altitude) or may be civic and include a street address, postal address, or another description of a location. In some aspects, a location may be defined relative to another location or may be defined in absolute terms (e.g., latitude, longitude, or altitude). A location may include an indication of error or uncertainty (e.g., by including an area or volume within which the location may be included with a specified or default level of confidence).

[0374] Various examples of sidelink positioning or sensing techniques are illustrated in FIG. 21. Sidelink positioning or sensing techniques may include positioning or sensing techniques that are based on sidelink communication (e.g., based exclusively on sidelink communication or based on sidelink communication jointly with other communication(s), such as Uu interface communication).

[0375] A first example of sidelink positioning or sensing 2135 is illustrated in FIG. 21. In the first example of sidelink positioning or sensing 2135, at least one peer UE with an established location may improve location estimation (e.g., Uu-based positioning or sensing, multi-cell RTT, DL-TDOA, or UL-TDOA, among other examples) for a target UE by providing an additional anchor (e.g., sidelink RTT (SL- RTT)).

[0376] A second example of sidelink positioning or sensing 2140 is illustrated in FIG. 21. In the second example of sidelink positioning or sensing 2140, different types (e.g., categories, classes, or capabilities) of UEs may be utilized. For example, first UEs and a second UE may be utilized. Relative to the second UE, the first UEs may have one or more increased capabilities, such as one or more additional sensors, a faster processor, greater memory capacity, one or more additional antenna elements, a higher transmit power capability, access to one or more additional frequency bands, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the second UE may be a reduced capacity or “RedCap” UE. The second UE may be assisted by the first UEs to determine the location of the second UE. For instance, sidelink-based positioning or sensing or ranging procedures may be performed with the first UEs, which may enhance the location accuracy of the second UE.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO119

[0377] A third example of sidelink positioning or sensing 2145 is illustrated in FIG. 21. The third example of sidelink positioning or sensing 2145 may be performed via one or more sidelink connections (e.g., via sidelink connections exclusively or jointly with one or more Uu-based connections). In the third example of sidelink positioning or sensing 2145, the UEs may perform peer-to-peer (P2P) positioning or sensing or ranging. Sidelink positioning or sensing may be helpful for out-of-coverage or public safety scenarios. For instance, the UEs may be out of coverage of a network and may determine a location or a relative distance and a relative position among the UEs using sidelink positioning or sensing techniques. In some examples, sidelink positioning or sensing may be performed by UEs in public safety scenarios (e.g., for police, firefighters, search-and-rescue, or paramedics, among other examples).

[0378] A fourth example of sidelink positioning or sensing 2150 is illustrated in FIG. 21. The fourth example of sidelink positioning or sensing 2150 may be performed via one or more sidelink connections (e.g., via sidelink connections exclusively or jointly with one or more Uu-based connections). In the fourth example of sidelink positioning or sensing 2150, one or more of the UEs may determine a location or a relative distance and a relative position using sidelink positioning or sensing techniques, such as SL-RTT. For instance, one or more of the UEs may be out of coverage of a network and may determine a location or a relative distance and a relative position among the UEs using sidelink positioning or sensing techniques.

[0379] An example of relay positioning or sensing 2155 is illustrated in FIG. 21. In the example of relay positioning or sensing 2155, a relay UE (e.g., with an established location) may participate in the location estimation of a remote UE (withou...

Claims

1. Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO149CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A first wireless device, comprising: one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the first wireless device to: participate in a communication of a first reference signal with a second wireless device; obtain one or more first measurements based at least in part on the first reference signal; output first information associated with artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML)-based positioning or sensing, wherein the first information is based at least in part on the one or more first measurements; and output an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, wherein the first direction of the communication of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction.

2. The first wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the first wireless device to: obtain, from a network entity, a request indicating that the first wireless device is to participate in the communication of the first reference signal between the first wireless device and the second wireless device, wherein the communication of the first reference signal is performed pursuant to the request.

3. The first wireless device of claim 1, wherein the first information indicates the one or more first measurements, the first information comprises input information associated with an AI / ML model for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, the first information comprises output information associated with an AI / ML model for the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, or a combination thereof.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO1504. The first wireless device of claim 3, wherein the first information is output to a network entity or another device for monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing.

5. The first wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the first wireless device to: obtain, from the second wireless device, second information that is based at least in part on one or more second measurements of a second reference signal with a different direction than the first reference signal or of a radio access technology (RAT) that is separate from the first wireless device, wherein the first information comprises input information and the second information comprises output information associated with an AI / ML model, or the second information comprises input information and the first information comprises output information associated with an AI / ML model.

6. The first wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the first wireless device to: obtain, from a network entity, an AI / ML model trained based at least in part on the first information; and obtain from the network entity, an indication that the AI / ML model is trained based on a reciprocity relative to the first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements.

7. The first wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the first wireless device to: communicate a second reference signal with the second wireless device to obtain one or more second measurements based at least in part on the second reference signal, wherein the second reference signal is communicated in a second direction that is opposite from the first direction of the first reference signal.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO1518. The first wireless device of claim 7, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the first wireless device to: generate an output of an AI / ML model based on the second reference signal, wherein the AI / ML model is trained based at least in part on the first reference signal associated with the first direction.

9. The first wireless device of claim 7, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the first wireless device to: output second information indicating the one or more second measurements based at least in part on the second reference signal.

10. A network entity, compri sing : one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the network entity to: obtain first information associated with artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML)-based positioning or sensing, wherein the first information is based at least in part on one or more first measurements based at least in part on a communication of a first reference signal between a first wireless device and a second wireless device; and obtain an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, wherein the first direction of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction.

11. The network entity of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the network entity to: output, to the first wireless device, a request indicating that the first wireless device is to participate in the communication of the first reference signal between the first wireless device and the second wireless device, wherein the first information is obtained based at least in part on the request.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO15212. The network entity of claim 10, wherein the first information indicates the one or more first measurements, the first information comprises input information associated with an AI / ML model for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, the first information comprises output information associated with an AI / ML model for the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, or a combination thereof.

13. The network entity of claim 12, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the network entity to: train the AI / ML model for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing based at least in part on the input information or the output information.

14. The network entity of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the network entity to: obtain, from the first wireless device or the second wireless device, second information that is based at least in part on one or more second measurements of a second reference signal with a different direction than the first reference signal or of a radio access technology (RAT) that is separate from the network entity, wherein the first information comprises input information and the second information comprises output information associated with an AI / ML model, or the second information comprises input information and the first information comprises output information associated with an AI / ML model.

15. The network entity of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the network entity to: output, to the first wireless device, an AI / ML model trained based at least in part on the first information; and output, to the first wireless device, an indication that the AI / ML model is trained based on a reciprocity relative to the first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO15316. The network entity of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the network entity to: obtain an output of an AI / ML model based on a second reference signal communicated in a second direction that is opposite from the first direction of the first reference signal, wherein the AI / ML model is trained based at least in part on the first reference signal associated with the first direction.

17. The network entity of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the network entity to: obtain second information indicating one or more second measurements based at least in part on a second reference signal communicated in a second direction that is opposite from the first direction of the first reference signal; and generate an output of an AI / ML model based at least in part on the second information, wherein the AI / ML model is trained based at least in part on the first reference signal associated with the first direction.

18. A method for wireless communications at a first wireless device, comprising: participating in a communication of a first reference signal with a second wireless device; obtaining one or more first measurements based at least in part on the first reference signal; outputting first information associated with artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML)-based positioning or sensing, wherein the first information is based at least in part on the one or more first measurements; and outputting an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, wherein the first direction of the communication of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO154 obtaining, from a network entity based at least in part on the first information, a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, or output information associated with an AI / ML model for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing.

20. The method of claim 18, further comprising: generating an output of an AI / ML model based at least in part on the one or more first measurements; outputting, to a network entity, the output of the AI / ML model; and obtaining, from the network entity, a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing.

21. The method of claim 18, further comprising: obtaining, based at least in part on the first information, a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing; and performing a determination, based at least in part on the metric, of an AI / ML functionality validity, an AI / ML model validity, an AI / ML functionality failure, an AI / ML model failure, an AI / ML functionality selection, an AI / ML model selection, an AI / ML functionality switch, an AI / ML model switch, or a transition to non-AI / ML- based positioning or sensing.

22. The method of claim 21, further comprising: selecting, based at least in part on the indication of the first direction, a weight associated with the metric or a threshold for the determination.

23. The method of claim 21, further comprising: outputting, based at least in part on the indication of the first direction, a request for one or more measurements.

24. A method for wireless communications at a network entity, comprising: obtaining first information associated with artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML)-based positioning or sensing, wherein the first information is based at least in part on one or more first measurements based at least in part on aAttorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO155 communication of a first reference signal between a first wireless device and a second wireless device; and obtaining an indication of a first direction of the communication of the first reference signal associated with the one or more first measurements, wherein the first direction of the first reference signal is an uplink direction or a downlink direction.

25. The method of claim 24, further comprising: obtaining second information indicating one or more second measurements based at least in part on a second reference signal communicated in a second direction that is opposite from the first direction of the first reference signal; and generating an output of an AI / ML model based at least in part on the second information, wherein the AI / ML model is trained based at least in part on the first reference signal associated with the first direction.

26. The method of claim 24, further comprising: outputting, to the first wireless device based at least in part on the first information, a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, or output information associated with an AI / ML model for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing.

27. The method of claim 24, further comprising: obtaining, from the first wireless device, an output of an AI / ML model based at least in part on the one or more first measurements; and outputting, to the first wireless device, a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing.

28. The method of claim 24, further comprising: obtaining, based at least in part on the first information, a metric associated with monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing; and performing a determination, based at least in part on the metric, of an AI / ML functionality validity, an AI / ML model validity, an AI / ML functionality failure, an AI / ML model failure, an AI / ML functionality selection, an AI / ML model selection, an AI / ML functionality switch, an AI / ML model switch, or a transition to non-AI / ML- based positioning or sensing.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2406867WO15629. The method of claim 28, further comprising: selecting, based at least in part on the indication of the first direction, a weight associated with the metric or a threshold for the determination.

30. The method of claim 28, further comprising: outputting, based at least in part on the indication of the first direction, a request for one or more measurements.Attorney Docket No. PB0012GR.WO (114958.5590)

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