Short antimicrobial peptides with polylysine concentrated motify and use thereof
Modified AMPs with optimized amino acid sequences and structures address antibiotic resistance and wound healing challenges by enhancing antibacterial efficacy and safety while reducing toxicity and costs.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- LT BIOPHARMA INC
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-02
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-09
AI Technical Summary
The challenges of antibiotic resistance and impaired wound healing are exacerbated by the poor pharmacokinetic properties, high production costs, and potential toxicity of conventional antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), necessitating the development of modified AMPs with improved antimicrobial and wound-healing properties.
Designing and optimizing AMPs through rational and combinatorial approaches by modifying their amino acid sequence, charge, hydrophobicity, and secondary structure to enhance therapeutic efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness.
The modified AMPs demonstrate enhanced antibacterial activity, reduced toxicity, and improved wound-healing capabilities, providing a promising alternative to traditional antibiotics.
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Figure PCTCN2025070011-FTAPPB-I100001 
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Figure PCTCN2025070011-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
SHORT ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES WITH POLYLYSINE CONCENTRATED MOTIFY AND USE THEREOFFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This disclosure relates to short antimicrobial peptide-based therapeutic compositions with broad-spectrum bactericidal properties and its application in promoting wound healing.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Antibiotic resistance is a critical issue in global health that has become a growing concern in recent years. Antibiotics have been widely used to treat bacterial infections since their discovery in the early 20th century. However, in recent years, the lack of new antibiotics leads to the overuse and misuse of existing antibiotics, further exacerbating the problem of antibiotic resistance. The urgent need for alternative ways to fight bacterial infections is underscored by the marked slowdown in the development of new antibiotics. Apromising strategy is the development of novel antimicrobial drugs, for example, but not limited, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) to replace antibiotics.
[0003] AMPs are a promising class of antimicrobial agents that have gained significant attention in recent years due to their broad-spectrum activity against a range of pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. These peptides are produced by a variety of organisms, ranging from bacteria to mammals, and are part of the innate immune system's first line of defense against invading pathogens. AMPs have several advantages over conventional antibiotics, including their ability to target the microbial membrane and their low propensity to induce drug resistance. Different types of AMPs have the following commonalities: their number of amino acid residues is between 10 and 60 (average: 33.26) , and almost all AMPS are cationic (average net charge: 3.32) . However, several anionic AMPs also exist, and they have several acidic amino acids like aspartic acid and glutamic acid
[0004] On the other hand, wound healing is a complex process involving multiple components, such as cell types, growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix components. However, delayed or impaired wound healing is a major clinical problem that affects millions of people globally, leading to significant morbidity and healthcare costs. Various studies have shown that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can accelerate the wound healing process by promoting angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and re-epithelialization. Furthermore, AMPs can modulate the inflammatory response, a crucial factor for wound healing, by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines while increasing anti-inflammatory mediators' expression. Despite AMPs' potential benefits for wound healing, their clinical translation still presents significant challenges due to their poor pharmacokinetic properties, high production costs, and potential toxicity.
[0005] The urgent need to provide a promising strategy in the development of artificial modified muti-functional AMPs for fighting bacterial infections with high salt resistance and low toxicity, and / or wound-healing promoting activities with less side effects.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] Accordingly, the present invention provides the search for new ways to explore the influence of alternative hydrophobic groups on the C-terminus or on the N-terminus of antimicrobial peptides and to identify relevant physical and chemical parameters that can be used to predict such peptides for the development of antimicrobial agents and its application in promoting wound healing.
[0007] To overcome these challenges due to AMPs for wound healing, this present invention has focused on designing and optimizing AMPs using rational and combinatorial approaches. This present invention aims to modify AMPs' amino acid sequence, charge, hydrophobicity, and secondary structure to enhance their antimicrobial and wound healing properties while ensuring improved therapeutic efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness.
[0008] Detailed description of the invention is given in the following embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawing.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] The drawings described herein are for illustration purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present teachings in any way.
[0010] Fig. 1 shows the hemolytic activity against erythrocytes of SEQ ID NO: 1-SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NO: 20.
[0011] Fig. 2 shows the hemolytic activity against erythrocytes of SEQ ID NO: 11-SEQ ID NO: 21.
[0012] Fig. 3 shows the hemolytic activity against erythrocytes of WRK01-07 (SEQ ID NO: 22-SEQ ID NO: 28) .
[0013] Fig. 4-Fig. 8 show antimicrobial activity of SEQ ID NO: 1-SEQ ID NO: 28 for NaCl salt tolerance by Heatmaps. 0 mM NaCl–300 mM NaCl is used in this embodiment.
[0014] Fig. 9-Fig. 12 show antimicrobial activity of SEQ ID NO: 1-SEQ ID NO: 28 for MgCl2 salt tolerance by Heatmaps. 0 mM NaCl–2.5 mM NaCl is used in this embodiment.
[0015] Fig. 13-Fig. 16 show antimicrobial activity of SEQ ID NO: 1-SEQ ID NO: 28 for regarding pH sensitivity by Heatmaps. The NaCl concentration was set from 0 mM to 300 mM, the MgCl2 concentration ranged from 0 mM to 2.5 mM, and the pH varied from 7.4 to 4.5 in this embodiment.
[0016] Fig. 17-Fig. 18 show cell migration rate of short antimicrobial peptides in this invention for mimic wound healing activity. Bars shows the percentage of cell migration rate of 4 μg / ml W5K / A9W and its derivates for culture 24hr. Results are presented as means±standard deviations (SD) ; n=3 (three independent experiments) , ns=no significant differences; *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001; ****p<0.0001 compared with PBS (Negative Control) and 100ng / ml EGF (Positive Control) .
[0017] Fig. 19-Fig. 22 show SEQ ID NO: 1-SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NO: 20 peptides-induced permeabilization of LUVs. Results are presented as means±standard deviations (SD) ; n=3 (three independent experiments) , ns=no significant differences; **p<0.01; ****p<0.0001 compared with W5K / A9W.
[0018] Fig. 23-Fig. 26 show SEQ ID NO: 11-SEQ ID NO: 17 peptides-induced permeabilization of LUVs.
[0019] Fig. 27-Fig. 30 show SEQ ID NO: 18-SEQ ID NO: 21 peptides-induced permeabilization of LUVs.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0020] While preferred embodiments of the invention are shown and described herein, such embodiments are provided by way of example only and are not intended to otherwise limit the scope of the invention. Various alternatives to the described embodiments of the invention may be employed in practicing the invention.
[0021] Unless otherwise defined, all technical terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
[0022] The terms “amino acid sequence, ” “protein, ” “polypeptide” and “peptide” are used interchangeably herein to refer to two or more amino acids, or “residues, ” covalently linked by an amide bond or equivalent. Amino acid sequences can be linkedby non-natural and non-amide chemical bonds.
[0023] In one embodiment, the antimicrobial peptide comprises a D form antimicrobial peptide and a L form antimicrobial peptide.
[0024] In one embodiment, an antimicrobial peptide of formula (I) : Ac-Cp-Km- (WRKWLK) - (WLAn) -Kn-NH2 wherein K is lysine; wherein W is tryptophan; wherein R is arginine; wherein L is leucine, wherein A is alanine; wherein C is selected from the group consisting of a hydrophobic amino acid, an aromatic amino acid, and a non-polar acid; wherein m is 3, or 4; wherein n is 0, or 1; wherein p is 0, or 1; wherein N-terminally acylated and C-terminally amidated of formula (I) .
[0025] In another embodiment, the basic amino acid is selected from the group consisting of lysine (K) , arginine (R) , and histidine.
[0026] In the other embodiment, the hydrophobic amino acid is selected from the group consisting of glycine (Gly) , alanine (A) , valine (Val) , leucine (L) , isoleucine (Ile) , proline (Pro) , phenylalanine (Phe) , methionine (Met) , and tryptophan (W) .
[0027] In the other embodiment, the aromatic amino acid is selected from the group consisting of tryptophan (W) , phenylalanine, and tyrosine.
[0028] In the other embodiment, the non-polar acid is selected from the group consisting of leucine (L) , alanine (A) , valine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, and tryptophan.
[0029] In the other embodiment, a N-terminus of the peptide further is formed in part by the group of modifications consisting of amidation, formylation, hydroxylation, lipid modification, methylation and phosphorylation.
[0030] In the other embodiment, a C-terminus of the peptide further is formed in part by the group of modifications consisting of amidation, formylation, hydroxylation, lipid modification, methylation and phosphorylation.
[0031] The present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting microbial growth, promoting wound healing, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0032] The term “antibacterial activity” refers to the ability of a peptide of the invention to modify a function or metabolic process of a target microorganism, for example so as to at least partially affect replication, vegetative growth, toxin production, survival, viability in a quiescent state, or other attribute. In an embodiment, the term relates to inhibition of growth of a microorganism.
[0033] The term “microorganism” herein refers broadly to bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. In particular, the term is applicable for a microorganism having a cellular or structural component of a lipid bilayer membrane. In one embodiment, the lipid bilayer is a cytoplasmic membrane. The bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa as known in the art are generally encompassed.
[0034] The term “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein means an amount of a peptide effective in producing the desired therapeutic response in a particular patient (subject) suffering from bacterial infections. Particularly, the term “therapeutically effective amount” includes the amount of the therapeutic agents, which when administered will achieve the desired therapeutic effects.
[0035] “Subjects” as used herein are generally human subjects and includes, but is not limited to, patients suffering from bacterial infections. The subjects may be male or female and may be of any race or ethnicity. The subjects may be of any age, including newborn, neonate, infant, child, adolescent, adult, and geriatric. Subjects may also include animal subjects, particularly mammalian subjects such as canines, felines, bovines, caprines, equines, ovines, porcines, rodents (e.g. mouse, rat, guinea pig, and hamster) , lagomorphs, primates (including non-human primates) , etc.
[0036] The dose of the peptide of the present invention is appropriately determined depending upon a purpose for therapy, and conditions such as sexuality, age, weight of a test subject, an administration route, and degree of a disease.
[0037] The term “administration” or “administering” includes routes of introducing the peptides of the invention to a subject to perform their intended function. The peptide of the present invention can be administered orally, buccally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, rectally, intradermally, transdermally, or topically in dosage unit formulations containing conventional nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, and vehicles as desired.
[0038] “Treating” or “treatment” as used herein refers to the treating or treatment of a disease or medical condition in a subject / patient, such as a mammal (particularly a humanl) which includes ameliorating the disease or medical condition, i.e., eliminating or causing regression of the disease or medical condition in a subject / patient; suppressing the disease or medical condition, i.e., slowing or arresting the development of the disease or medical condition in a subject / patient; or alleviating the symptoms of the disease or medical condition in a subject / patient.
[0039] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” as used herein means the carrier, diluent, excipient, and / or salt used in the composition should be compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation, and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. “Pharmaceutically acceptable” also means that the compositions or dosage forms are within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use for a subject such as an animal or human without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problems or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio.
[0040] The peptide of the present invention can be administered in a single dose, in multiple doses throughout a 24-hour period, or by continuous infusion. When administered by continuous infusion, the compounds can be supplied by methods well known in the art, such as, but not limited to, intravenous gravity drip, intravenous infusion pump, implantable infusion pump, or any topical routes. Length of treatment will vary depending on many factors. Treatment of the subject with the peptide of the present invention alone or in combination with other agents may last until the treatment will continue for the life of the subject.
[0041] Additional specific embodiments of the present invention include, but are not limited to the following:
[0042] EXAMPLES
[0043] The embodiments encompassed herein are now described with reference to the following examples. These examples are provided for the purpose of illustration only and the disclosure encompassed herein should in no way be construed as being limited to these examples, but rather should be construed to encompass any and all variations which become evident as a result of the teachings provided herein.
[0044] The statistical results are presented as mean±standard error of the mean (SEM) and were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) . The statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism version 8.0 (San Diego, CA, United States) , and p<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
[0045] EXAMPLE 1
[0046] Antimicrobial Peptides
[0047] Many studies on antimicrobial peptides have revealed that small cationic peptides enhance the disruption and penetration of cell membranes. The design of these peptides is guided by various biophysical properties, including hydrophobicity, amphiphilicity, secondary structure, overall net charge, size, and the balance between hydrophobic and polar regions.
[0048] While the overall net charge is often considered in developing antimicrobial peptides, the distribution of positively charged amino acids within the peptide sequence has received relatively little attention. This invention focuses on the W5K / A9W antimicrobial peptide (KKWRKWLKWLAKK) , which was previously developed from the PEM-2 antimicrobial peptide. The W5K / A9W peptide exhibits excellent antibacterial activity and the ability to penetrate cell membranes. Its helical structure has been determined using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
[0049] The W5K / A9W sequence (KKWRKWLKWLAKK) was rearranged into a circular format for exploring the relationship between hydrophobicity, hydrophobic moment, and the arrangement of charged residues. This led to the creation of the W5K series polypeptides (W5K01-12) (SEQ ID NO: 1-SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NO: 20) , derived from the W5K / A9W sequence, in cyclic sequences to explore the potential effects of four lysines on the backbone sequence (Table 1) .
[0050] W5K01 and W5K02, where lysine is concentrated in the C-terminal region of the sequence, and W5K11 and W5K12, where lysine is concentrated in the N-terminal region, along with W5K10 (poly-lysine N-terminal with an extra alanine) , all exhibit good antibacterial properties. Therefore, the three derived sequences of W5K10, W5K11, and W5K12, changing their L-form amino acids to D-form amino acids to investigate whether the differences between the L-form and D-form sequences affect their antibacterial efficacy.
[0051] Regarding the derived peptide W5K10 (polylysine with an extra alanine at the N-terminus) , this peptide was an unexpected discovery. While W5K10 shows some antibacterial activity, it exhibits relatively low hemolytic toxicity to human red blood cells compared to other W5K-derived peptides with higher antibacterial effects. To investigate this further, a set of polypeptides based on the W5K10 sequence, each with an extra alanine at the N-terminus of polylysine, was designed. Two additional derivative peptides by replacing alanine with other hydrophobic amino acids: W5K-10W, which uses tryptophan to replace the N-terminal alanine, was designed, and W5K-10L, which uses leucine for the same purpose. Additionally, the L-form amino acids of these sequences were changed into D-form amino acids to explore whether this alteration affects their antibacterial properties. To determine whether the N-terminal alanine contributes to the antibacterial effect and hemolytic toxicity, the N-terminal alanine was removed from W5K10, creating W5K10-1 for this embodiment.
[0052] The W5K series peptides (W5K01-12) (SEQ ID NO: 1-SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NO: 20) were found that concentrating polylysine at the N-terminus and C-terminus enhances the antibacterial effects of the derived peptides. Therefore, the WRK series peptides (WRK01-WRK07) (SEQ ID NO: 22-SEQ ID NO: 28) were designed to explore whether shortening the backbone sequence of W5K series peptides and varying polylysine concentrations would also affect their antibacterial activity and hemolytic toxicity. All peptides in these experiments were acetylated and amidated at the N-termini and C-termini..
[0053] Optionally, in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the short antibacterial peptides of the present invention include, but are not limited to, SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 28. Sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 28 which can be employed in accordance with the invention are shown in Table 1 as follows.
[0054] Table 1. Peptide sequences Uppercase: L-form amino acid; Lowercase: D-form amino acid
[0055] The short antibacterial peptides were synthesized. The identity of the peptides was checked by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization / time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) Autoflex III mass spectroscopy (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany) ) and the purity (>95%) was assessed by Waters 2796 BioSeparations Module HPLC (Waters, Milford, MA, USA)
[0056] EXAMPLE 2
[0057] Antibacterial Activity
[0058] The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of W5KA9W and its derivatives were evaluated against various bacterial strains, as shown in Table 2. A lower MIC value indicates a stronger antibacterial effect of the peptide.
[0059] For the Gram-negative bacteria E. coli ATCC 25922 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, peptides such as W5K / A9W, dW5K10, dW5K-10W, dW5K11, W5K12, and dW5K12 showed lower MIC values (3.13 μg / ml and below) , demonstrating strong antibacterial activity. Additionally, peptides such as W5K10, W5K-10W, W5K-10L, dW5K-10L, and W5K11 also exhibited good antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 6.25 μg / ml and below.
[0060] In contrast, the W5K01-09 series peptides and the WRK series peptides (particularly WRK01, WRK02, WRK03, and WRK04) displayed weak antibacterial effects against these bacteria, with MIC values greater than 50 μg / ml.
[0061] Against different strains of A. baumannii (A. baumannii 14B0091, 14B0097, 14B00100) , dW5K10, W5K11, dW5K11, and dW5K12 showed the strongest antibacterial effects, with MIC values for individual strains reaching as low as 0.78 μg / ml. Other peptides with good antibacterial effects include W5K / A9W, W5K02, W5K10, W5K-10W, dW5K-10W, W5K-10L, dW5K-10L, W5K10-1, and W5K12, with MIC values ranging from 1.56 to 3.13 μg / ml. In contrast, the W5K03-09 series peptides and the WRK series peptides showed insignificant antibacterial effects against these strains.
[0062] For Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus ATCC 25923, 33591, 33592, 33593, 6538) , W5K11, dW5K11, W5K12, and dW5K12 demonstrated strong antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 6.25 μg / ml and below. Other peptides with good antibacterial effects include W5K / A9W, W5K10, dW5K10, dW5K-10W, dW5K-10L, and W5K10-1, with MIC values ranging from 3.13 to 12.5 μg / ml. Meanwhile, peptides such as W5K03, W5K04, and the WRK series exhibited weak antibacterial effects, with MIC values greater than 50 μg / ml.
[0063] The sequence variations of W5K / A9W derivatives significantly impact their antibacterial activity. Notably, peptides with polylysine concentrated at the N-terminal end(such as W5K11 and W5K12) exhibit better antibacterial performance than those with polylysine concentrated at the C-terminal end (such as W5K01 and W5K02) . Introducing specific residues, such as d-amino acids (e.g., dW5K10 and dW5K11) , significantly improves antibacterial effectiveness. Additionally, the arrangement of hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues within the peptide sequence greatly influences antibacterial activity. For example, the W5K / A9W and W5K10 series peptides generally show strong antibacterial activity, while the WRK series peptides demonstrate poor antibacterial activity.
[0064] Overall, this invention highlights the antibacterial effects of various W5K / A9W-derived peptides against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Specific sequence modifications, especially the inclusion of d-amino acids, significantly enhance the antibacterial properties of these peptides. These findings provide valuable insights for the further development of effective antimicrobial peptides.
[0065] Table 2. MIC (μg / ml) values for W5KA9W and its derivatives
[0066] EXAMPLE 3
[0067] Hemolytic Activity
[0068] To evaluate the hemolytic activity of various peptides on human red blood cells at different concentrations, a hemolytic assay was performed. Blood from healthy volunteers was mixed with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to prevent coagulation, and hRBCs were washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) before being suspended and diluted to a final concentration of 10%in PBS. The peptides were then serially diluted in PBS from 400 μM to 3.13 μM and mixed with an equal volume of 10%hRBC. After incubation at 37℃ for 1 hour, the supernatant was collected by centrifugation at 800g for 10 minutes, and the OD was measured at an absorbance of 565 nm. Negative (PBS blank) and positive (1%Triton X-100 in PBS) controls were included
[0069] The hemolytic percentage was calculated for each sample using the following the equation: Hemolysis%= [ (Asample-APBS) / (ATritonX-100-APBS) ] X 100%, where A was the absorbency under the indicated condition.
[0070] The results showed significant differences in hemolysis rates among the peptide. At the 200 μM test concentration (Fig. 1) , the W5KA9W peptide exhibited the highest hemolysis rate, reaching 35%. This was followed by W5K02 (34%) , W5K12 (30%) , W5K11 (27%) , and W5K01 (25%) . The hemolytic properties of these peptides gradually decreased in this order. Specifically, peptides with polylysine arranged at the N-terminus and C-terminus showed slightly reduced hemolysis rates, which were 34%, 30%, 27%, and 25%, respectively.
[0071] In contrast, the W5K10 peptide had a hemolysis rate of only 9%at the 200 μM test concentration, indicating relatively low hemolysis. Additionally, the W5K03-09 peptides, with polylysine arranged in the center of the sequence, exhibited hemolysis rates of less than 5%.
[0072] Further analysis (Fig. 2) revealed that at a peptide concentration of 200 μM, the hemolysis rate of the W5K10-1 sequence increased from 9%to 34%compared to W5K10, which lacks a C-terminal alanine. This indicates that the C-terminal alanine plays a significant role in reducing hemolysis.
[0073] Additionally, peptides such as W5K10, W5K-10W, and W5K-10L all exhibited low hemolysis rates of less than 10%when different hydrophobic amino acids were substituted at the N-terminus. After replacing the L-form peptide sequences with D-form, W5K10, W5K-10W, W5K-10L, W5K11, and W5K12 showed even lower hemolytic properties
[0074] The hemolytic test results of the WRK01-07 peptide series (SEQ ID NO: 20 -SEQ ID NO: 28) (Fig. 3) indicated that at a concentration of 200 μM, WRK07 had the highest hemolysis rate at 11%, followed by WRK06 at 10%, while the other WRK peptides had hemolysis rates of less than 9%.
[0075] In summary, this hemolytic test shows that W5KA9W has the highest hemolytic activity at a concentration of 200 μM, while W5K10 and most WRK peptides have lower hemolytic properties. These results provide valuable data for further optimization and improvement of antibacterial peptides.
[0076] EXAMPLE 4
[0077] Salt Resistance Activity
[0078] Short antimicrobial peptides hold significant potential in biomedicine and agriculture, especially in environments with varying salt concentrations. Studying their salt tolerance properties is particularly important. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effects of various designed peptides in high-concentration NaCl and MgCl2 environments, as well as their stability under different pH values.
[0079] A range of short antimicrobial peptides were selected in this embodiment, including W5KA9W, W5K10, dW5K10, W5K11, dW5K11, W5K12, and dW5K12, and tested their antibacterial activity under varying salt concentrations and pH levels. The NaCl concentration was set from 0 mM to 300 mM, the MgCl2 concentration ranged from 0 mM to 2.5 mM, and the pH varied from 7.4 to 4.5.
[0080] In terms of NaCl salt tolerance (Fig. 4-Fig. 8) , W5KA9W, W5K10, dW5K10, W5K11, dW5K11, W5K12, and dW5K12 demonstrated excellent antibacterial effects and strong salt tolerance even at NaCl concentrations of 300 mM. Peptides such as W5K-10W, dW5K-10W, W5K-10L, dW5K-10L, and W5K10-1 showed moderate salt tolerance. Conversely, peptides with polylysine sequences at the C-terminus (W5K01 and W5K02) and in the middle (W5K03-09) experienced a significant decline in NaCl salt tolerance as the salt concentration increased, with some even losing their antibacterial ability entirely (MIC values exceeding 50 μg / ml) . The WRK series peptides also exhibited a marked decrease in salt tolerance with increasing NaCl concentrations.
[0081] For MgCl2 salt tolerance (Fig. 9-Fig. 12) , all designed peptides were less sensitive to changes in MgCl2 concentration. Peptides such as W5KA9W, W5K11, dW5K11, W5K12, and dW5K12 maintained good antibacterial effects at MgCl2 concentrations up to 2.5 mM. Peptides including W5K10, dW5K10, W5K-10W, dW5K-10W, W5K-10L, dW5K-10L, W5K10-1, W5K11, dW5K11, W5K12, and dW5K12 exhibited moderate salt tolerance. Despite a decrease in salt tolerance, peptides with polylysine sequences at the C-terminus (W5K01 and W5K02) , in the middle (W5K03-09) , and the WRK series retained some degree of antibacterial activity.
[0082] Regarding pH sensitivity (Fig. 13-Fig. 16) , all designed peptides were relatively insensitive to pH changes. Peptides such as W5KA9W, dW5K10, W5K-10W, dW5K-10W, W5K11, dW5K11, W5K12, and dW5K12 continued to exhibit good antibacterial effects across various pH levels, demonstrating stability. Although peptides with polylysine sequences at the C-terminus (W5K01 and W5K02) , in the middle (W5K03-09) , and the WRK series showed decreased pH sensitivity, they still retained some antibacterial activity.
[0083] This embodiment demonstrates that various designed peptides exhibit strong antibacterial effects and stability under high salt concentrations and different pH values. Notably, peptides such as W5KA9W, W5K10, dW5K10, W5K11, dW5K11, W5K12, and dW5K12 showed exceptional salt tolerance in environments with 300 mM NaCl and 2.5 mM MgCl2. These findings provide a solid scientific foundation for the future application of antimicrobial peptides in environments with fluctuating salt concentrations.
[0084] EXAMPLE 5
[0085] Therapeutic Index (TI) of peptides’ Antibacterial Activity
[0086] In this embodiment, the Therapeutic Index (TI) of various peptides to evaluate the balance between their antibacterial activity and hemolysis was assessed. The TI is calculated by dividing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by the concentration causing 10%red blood cell hemolysis (HC10) for each peptide. A higher TI value indicates that the peptide is less toxic to human red blood cells during its bactericidal action.
[0087] For the W5K series (Table 3) , W5K10 and W5K11 demonstrated higher TI values, with TI values for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria being 34.8 and 34.5, and 11.5 and 13.0, respectively. The overall TI values for these peptides were 20.0 and 21.2. Except for W5K12, other peptides in this series exhibited TI values below 10, suggesting a positive correlation between polylysine clustering at the N-terminus and improved TI values.
[0088] Upon replacing L-form peptides with D-form peptides (Table 4) , the TI values of dW5K10 and dW5K11 increased significantly, with values for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria reaching 60.6 and 79.9, and 15.1 and 22.9, respectively. The overall TI values were 30.3 and 42.8, indicating that D-form peptides significantly enhance the therapeutic index. Additionally, dW5K-10W, dW5K-10L, and dW5K12 also showed improved TI values. W5K-10W and W5K-10L maintained high TI values even after substituting different hydrophobic amino acids at the N-terminus, suggesting that hydrophilic amino acid modifications at the N-terminus of polylysine contribute to a better therapeutic index. The W5K10-1 sequence, which lacks a C-terminal alanine, showed increased hemolysis and a lower TI value, highlighting the importance of the N-terminal alanine in reducing hemolysis.
[0089] The TI values of the WRK series peptides are generally low (Table 4) . Specifically, the geometric mean (GM) TI values for WRK01, WRK02, WRK03, and WRK04 are all 100 μg / ml. Despite their low hemolysis, these peptides exhibit poor antibacterial activity, resulting in a suboptimal balance between antibacterial efficacy and hemolysis. While WRK05, WRK06, and WRK07 have relatively higher TI values, they still fall short of the ideal level, indicating a compromise between antibacterial activity and hemolytic properties in the shorter peptide sequences.
[0090] Table 3. Therapeutic index of the peptide 1 GM, geometric mean of the MIC values against Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and both. When no detectable antimicrobial activity was observed at 50 μg / ml, a value of 100 μg / ml was used for calculation of the GM value. G-,Gram-negative bacteria. G+, Gram-positive bacteria. G- / +, Both Gram-positive and-negative bacteria. 2 HC10 is the minimal inhibitory concentration that induced 10%hemolysis of human red blood cells. 3 Therapeutic index (TI) is calculated as HC10 / GM. Larger values indicate greater cell selectivity.
[0091] Table 4. Therapeutic index of the peptide 1 GM, geometric mean of the MIC values against Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and both. When no detectable antimicrobial activity was observed at 50 μg / ml, a value of 100 μg / ml was used for calculation of the GM value. G-,Gram-negative bacteria. G+, Gram-positive bacteria. G- / +, Both Gram-positive and-negative bacteria. 2 HC10 is the minimal inhibitory concentration that induced 10%hemolysis of human red blood cells. 3 Therapeutic index (TI) is calculated as HC10 / GM. Larger values indicate greater cell selectivity.
[0092] EXAMPLE 6
[0093] In Vitro Wound Healing Activity
[0094] In this embodiment, the effects of various designed peptides on the migration rate of HaCaT cells (human keratinocytes) to evaluate their potential for wound healing were assessed. The peptides tested included W5K11, W5KA9W, W5K10, W5K02, W5K07, dW5K11, dW5K-10W, W5K-10L, dW5K-10L, and W5K10-1. The experimental results revealed that these peptides had varying effects on cell migration.
[0095] For the Cell Migration Assay (in vitro wound healing assay) , HaCaT cells (4x104 cells) were seeded on each side of an ibidi culture insert (ibidi, Germany) in DMEM medium supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum. The inserts were placed into a 24-well plate and incubated at 37℃ and 5%CO2 overnight. After removing the inserts, 1 mL of serum-free DMEM medium supplemented with different concentrations of peptide was added. Medium without peptide and with 100 ng / mL EGF (epidermal growth factor) were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. The migration area was imaged at 0 and 24 hours using an inverted fluorescent microscope (Zeiss / Observer Z1) at 10x magnification, and the area was quantified using ImageJ software.
[0096] The repairing rate was calculated using the formula: Repairing Rate= (Area 0hr-Area24hr) / Area 0hr, where 0hr and 24hr represent the time points at which the images were taken.
[0097] The results (Fig. 17-Fig. 18) showed that W5K11 significantly enhanced the migration rate of HaCaT cells, outperforming all other peptides in promoting cell migration. W5K11 exhibited the highest cell migration rate, indicating its superior ability to support cell movement. W5KA9W and W5K10 also demonstrated strong effects, with migration rates second only to W5K11, but still significantly higher than those of W5K02 and W5K07.
[0098] Among the peptides tested, W5K11 and its derivatives (dW5K11 and dW5K-10W) were the most effective in promoting cell migration, with significantly higher migration rates compared to W5K10, dW5K10, W5K-10W, W5K-10L, dW5K-10L, and dW5K11. W5K10-1, WRK04, and WRK07 showed lower cell migration rates.
[0099] This study highlights that W5K11 and its derived peptides significantly enhance HaCaT cell migration, particularly at higher concentrations. These peptides show considerable potential for applications in wound healing. Future research should investigate their effects and mechanisms in in vivo environments to fully understand their potential.
[0100] The findings demonstrate that a range of designed peptides can promote HaCaT cell migration under in vitro conditions, with W5K11 and its derivatives standing out as particularly effective. These results provide valuable scientific evidence supporting the potential of these peptides for wound healing applications.
[0101] EXAMPLE 7
[0102] Peptide-induced permeabilization of LUVs
[0103] In this embodiment, the effectiveness of designed peptides in disrupting the membranes of various phospholipid vesicles was evaluated. To simulate different biological cell membranes, artificial phospholipid vesicles were utilized. The peptides' ability to permeabilize these vesicles was assessed by measuring calcein release. Two types of phospholipid vesicles were prepared: POPC: Cholesterol LUV, representing the eukaryotic cell membrane, and POPC: LPS LUV, mimicking the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The results of peptide-induced permeabilization of LUVs are presented in Fig. 19-Fig. 30.
[0104] This embodiment was revealed that in POPC: Cholesterol LUV, peptides from W5K01 to W5K10 exhibited weak membrane-disrupting activity. In contrast, peptides such as W5K / A9W, W5K11, and W5K12, which feature polylysine concentrated at the N-terminus, demonstrated strong membrane-disrupting activity. These peptides caused over 60%leakage at a final concentration of 2 μg / ml (Fig. 19-Fig. 22) .
[0105] Among POPC: LPS LUVs, W5K / A9W, W5K11, and W5K12 demonstrated strong membrane-disrupting activity, with leakage rates of 82%, 85%, and 82%, respectively, at a final concentration of 2 μg / ml. In comparison, peptides W5K01, W5K02, W5K05, and W5K10 showed leakage rates of 74%, 78%, 69%, and 81%at the same concentration. Other designed peptides induced less than 25%leakage in POPC: LPS LUVs (Fig. 19-Fig. 22) . Overall, the membrane permeabilization patterns observed in POPC: LPS LUVs align with those seen in antibacterial testing (Table 2) .
[0106] For W5K-10W, W5K-10L, and W5K10-1 (Fig. 23-Fig. 26) , the peptides exhibited weak membrane-damaging activity in POPC: cholesterol LUV. Both L-form and D-form amino acid sequences of W5K-10W and W5K-10L displayed similar low activity. W5K10-1 showed approximately 50%membrane disruption at a final concentration of 2 μg / ml, consistent with its antibacterial performance. However, these peptides demonstrated strong membrane-disrupting activity in POPC: LPS LUVs, with over 80%membrane disruption at the same concentration.
[0107] For the D-form amino acid sequence-derived peptides dW5K11 and dW5K12 (Fig. 27-Fig. 30) , both in POPC: cholesterol LUVs and POPC: LPS LUVs, they demonstrated strong membrane-disrupting activity. In POPC: cholesterol LUVs, these peptides caused more than 60%leakage at a final concentration of 2 μg / ml. Similarly, in POPC: LPS LUVs, they achieved over 80%leakage, with dW5K11 even surpassing 90%leakage at the same concentration.
[0108] These results highlight the selectivity of the designed peptides towards biofilms of normal cells versus Gram-negative bacterial cells, suggesting their activity is closely related to the charge of the cell membrane. While W5K / A9W, W5K11, and W5K12 exhibit significant membrane permeabilization and strong activity against negatively charged LUVs, they show limited membrane selectivity. In contrast, W5K10 stands out with both high membrane permeabilization and better membrane selectivity.
[0109] In the test results for W5K10, W5K-10W, W5K-10L, and W5K10-1 derived peptides, these peptides demonstrated strong penetration into negatively charged LUVs while maintaining excellent membrane selectivity. Removing alanine from the N-terminus of W5K10 to create W5K10-1 confirmed that incorporating hydrophobic amino acids at the N-terminus enhances membrane selectivity. Additionally, the results from the W5K10 series of derivative peptides, including W5K11 and W5K12 with D-form amino acid sequences, suggest that both L-form and D-form sequences exhibit improved performance.
[0110] This embodiment was indicated that the distribution of polylysine significantly impacts membrane permeabilization activity. Peptides with polylysine concentrated at the N-terminus show high membrane permeabilization activity but may lack membrane selectivity. Conversely, adding hydrophobic amino acids such as alanine, tryptophan, and leucine to the N-terminus of polylysine sequences, as seen in the W5K10 series, enhances membrane selectivity while preserving permeabilization capabilities.
[0111] The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention, and is not to be construed as limiting thereof. The invention is defined by the following claims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.
[0112] Each feature disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings) may be replaced by alternative features serving the same, equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is one example only of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.
[0113] As indicated, these modifications may be made to the invention in light of the foregoing description of illustrated embodiments of the invention and are to be included within the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, while the invention has been described herein with reference to particular embodiments thereof, a latitude of modification, various changes, and substitutions are intended in the foregoing disclosures. It will be appreciated that in some instances some features of embodiments of the invention will be employed without a corresponding use of other features without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as set forth. Therefore, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the essential scope and spirit of the invention.
Claims
1.A short antimicrobial peptide with antimicrobial, and / or wound-healing promoting activities, comprising: Ac-Cp-Km- (WRKWLK) - (WLAn) -Kn-NH2wherein K is lysine;wherein W is tryptophan;wherein R is arginine;wherein L is leucine;wherein A is alanine;wherein C is selected from the group consisting of a hydrophobic amino acid, an aromatic amino acid, and a non-polar acid;wherein m is 3, or 4;wherein n is 0, or 1;wherein p is 0, or 1;wherein N-terminally acylated and C-terminally amidated;wherein the hydrophobic amino acid is selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, and tryptophan;wherein the aromatic amino acid is selected from the group consisting of tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine;wherein the non-polar acid is selected from the group consisting of leucine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, and tryptophan.2.The short antimicrobial peptide according to claim 1, wherein the short antimicrobial peptide is a L form peptide.3.The short antimicrobial peptide according to claim 2, wherein the short antimicrobial peptide is selected from SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NO: 20.4.The short antimicrobial peptide according to claim 1, wherein the short antimicrobial peptide is a D form peptide.5.The short antimicrobial peptide according to claim 4, wherein the short antimicrobial peptide is selected from SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 19, and SEQ ID NO: 21.6.A short antimicrobial peptide for use in a method of inhibiting bacterial and / or wound-healing promoting activities comprising administering the short antimicrobial peptide in a therapeutically effective amount of any one of claim 1 to claim 5 to a subject suffering from bacteria infecting in need thereof.7.The short antimicrobial peptide for use according to claim 6, wherein the bacteria are selected from the group consisting of Gram-negative bacteria or Gram-positive bacteria.8.The short antimicrobial peptide for use according to claim 7, wherein Gram-negative bacteria is selected from the group consisting of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) , Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) , Acinetobacter sp. (BCRC No. 14B0091) , Acinetobacter sp. (BCRC No. 14B0097) or Acinetobacter sp. (BCRC No. 14B0100) .9.The short antimicrobial peptide for use according to claim 7, wherein Gram-positive bacteria is selected from the group consisting of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) , Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 33591) , Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 33592) , Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 33593) or Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) .10.A pharmaceutical composition, comprising:the short antimicrobial peptide with antimicrobial, and / or wound-healing promoting activities as claimed in claim 1; anda pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or salt,wherein the pharmaceutical composition has antimicrobial, and / or wound-healing promoting activities, and has no influence on a normal cell.11.A method for preparing a pharmaceutical composition with antimicrobial, and / or wound-healing promoting activities, comprising:providing an effective amount of the short antimicrobial peptide with antimicrobial, and / or wound-healing promoting activities as claimed in claim 1, serving as an active ingredient, in preparation of a pharmaceutical composition with antimicrobial, and / or wound-healing promoting activities,wherein the pharmaceutical composition is capable of inhibiting a microorganism, and / or promoting wound-healing.12.A method for inhibiting a microorganism, and / or promoting wound-healing, comprising:administering the pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 10 to a subject in need thereof.