Surface electromagnetic wave communication in snowy and icy environments

Abstract

Systems for communication in snowy and icy environments and related methods are described. In some examples, a transmitter may be configured to induce surface electromagnetic waves propagating along an interface formed in part by snow or ice. The system may include an energy source connected to the antenna to provide power for launching the surface electromagnetic waves, a receiver configured to receive surface electromagnetic waves propagating along the interface, and a control unit operatively coupled to the antenna to coordinate the generation and detection of the surface electromagnetic waves propagating along the interface formed in part by snow or ice.

Description

Docket No. 0045-920275SURFACE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE COMMUNICATION IN SNOWY AND ICY ENVIRONMENTS FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems, and more specifically to surface electromagnetic wave (SEW) communication in snowy and icy environments.BACKGROUND

[0002] Conventional communication systems, such as those relying on radio frequency (RF) signals, often face significant challenges in conditions with high levels of snow or ice. Snow and ice may scatter or absorb RF signals, leading to reduced signal strength and limited communication range.SUMMARY

[0003] The described implementations relate to improved communication systems and associated methods for surface electromagnetic wave communication in snowy and icy environments. Some implementations may provide a system and method for enhancing communication in snowy and icy environments by utilizing SEWs to propagate signals along interfaces formed in part by snow or ice. The system may include a transmitter, a receiver, an RF energy source, and a control unit, which may work in concert to induce, propagate, and detect SEWs. The transmitter, equipped with an antenna optimized for SEW excitation, may generate an electromagnetic field that couples to the interface between snow or ice and an adjacent medium, such as air or water. This coupling may excite SEWs, which may propagate along the interface with minimal energy loss, even in the presence of dense snow or ice.

[0004] The receiver, positioned along the propagation path, may be designed to detect the SEWs and convert them into usable signals. The control unit may coordinate the operation of the transmitter and receiver, ensuring efficient energy transfer and signal processing. By leveraging the unique properties of SEWs, some implementations may achieve significantly improved communication range and reliability compared to conventional radio frequency systems. This approach may be particularly advantageous in environments where traditional methods fail, such as snow-covered forests, icy terrains, or ice-covered waters. Some implementations may represent a transformative solution for communication in challenging environmental conditions, enabling new applications in remote sensing, navigation, and data transmission.

[0005] A system for communication in snowy and icy environments is described. The system may include a transmitter configured to induce SEWs propagating along an interface formed in part by snow or ice. The system may include an energy source connected to the antenna toDocket No. 0045-920275provide power for generating the SEWs. The system may include a receiver configured to receive SEWs propagating along the interface. The system may include a control unit operatively coupled to the antenna to coordinate the generation and detection of the SEWs propagating along the interface formed in part by snow or ice.

[0006] A method for forming a system for communication in snowy and icy environments is described. The method may include inducing SEWs propagating along an interface formed in part by snow or ice using a transmitter. The method may include connecting an energy source to the antenna to provide power for generating the SEWs. The method may include receiving SEWs propagating along the interface using a receiver. The method may include coordinating the generation and detection of the SEWs propagating along the interface formed in part by snow or ice using a control unit operatively coupled to the antenna.

[0007] Some examples of the technologies and related methods described herein may further include a receiver positioned proximate to or abutting the interface to facilitate plasmonic-to-plasmonic communication.

[0008] Some examples of the technologies and related methods described herein may further include an object positioned near or abutting the interface that may cause detectable scattering of the SEWs.

[0009] In some examples of the technologies and related methods described herein, the control unit may be configured to analyze SEW propagation characteristics.

[0010] Some examples of the technologies and related methods described herein may further include a second transmitter that may be configured for plasmonic-to-conventional communication.

[0011] In some examples of the technologies and related methods described herein, the receiver may be positioned proximate to or abutting the interface to detect SEWs.

[0012] In some examples of the technologies and related methods described herein, the control unit is configured to adjust the frequency of the SEWs to optimize propagation through varying snow or ice conditions.

[0013] In some examples of the technologies and related methods described herein, the control unit adjusts the SEW propagation parameters based on detected temperature variations in the snow or ice.Docket No. 0045-920275

[0014] In some examples of the technologies and related methods described herein, the transmitter is configured to generate SEWs with a frequency in the RF range to enhance propagation efficiency through snow or ice.

[0015] In some examples of the technologies and related methods described herein, the control unit is configured to detect changes in SEW propagation characteristics to identify the presence of foreign objects within the snow or ice.

[0016] In some examples of the technologies and related methods described herein, the control unit is configured to generate an alert signal when SEW propagation characteristics indicate a potential hazard in the snow or ice.

[0017] Some examples of the technologies and related methods described herein may further include a second receiver positioned at a different location along the interface to enable triangulation of SEW propagation data.

[0018] In some examples of the technologies and related methods described herein, the transmitter is configured to modulate SEWs with data signals for communication purposes.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] FIG. 1 illustrates a system that demonstrates the concept of surface electromagnetic waves (SEWs), in accordance with one or more implementations.

[0020] FIG. 2 shows a graph illustrating the SI 1 return loss characteristics of electromagnetic waves in two different propagation environments: near a snow surface and in free space, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 3 shows a graph illustrating the SI 1 return loss characteristics of electromagnetic wave propagation near an ice surface versus in free space, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 4 shows an object detection setup which supports techniques for surface electromagnetic wave communication in snowy and icy environments in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0023] FIG. 5 shows a graph illustrating the S21 coupling coefficient of two antennas versus frequency in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0024] FIG. 6 shows signal propagation distances which supports techniques for surface electromagnetic wave communication in snowy and icy environments in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.Docket No. 0045-920275

[0025] FIG. 7 shows snowy forest testing which supports techniques for surface electromagnetic wave communication in snowy and icy environments in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 8 shows signal propagation map which supports techniques for surface electromagnetic wave communication in snowy and icy environments in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0027] FIG. 9 shows a flowchart illustrating a method involving surface electromagnetic wave communication in snowy and icy environments in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] The described implementations relate to improved communication systems and associated methods for surface electromagnetic wave communication in snowy and icy environments. In some examples, conventional communication systems may face significant limitations in snowy and icy environments. RF signals, which are commonly used for wireless communication, may often be blocked, scattered, or absorbed by snow and ice, resulting in poor signal quality and reduced transmission range. These challenges may be particularly problematic in remote or extreme environments, such as the Arctic or dense winter forests, where reliable communication may be critical for safety, navigation, and data transmission. Existing solutions, such as increasing transmission power or using alternative frequencies, may often be inefficient, costly, or impractical in such conditions. Furthermore, the lack of effective methods for leveraging the unique properties of snow and ice as part of the communication medium may have hindered the development of robust systems for these environments. There may be a pressing need for an innovative approach that enables reliable and efficient communication in snowy and icy conditions, overcoming the limitations of traditional RF-based systems.

[0029] According to some implementations, communication systems may enhance the ability to transmit and receive signals in snowy and icy environments by utilizing surface electromagnetic waves, which are waves that travel along the boundary between two different materials. These systems may include a transmitter, a receiver, an energy source, and control units to facilitate the generation, propagation, and detection of these waves under such environmental conditions.

[0030] The system may include a conductive material, which could be snow, ice, or-materials that allow the flow of electrical currents. Adjacent to this conductive material, there may be a non-conductive material, such as air or other substances that do not conduct electricity. TheDocket No. 0045-920275boundary where the conductive and non-conductive materials meet may serve as the pathway along which the surface electromagnetic waves travel.

[0031] The system may include an interface formed by the boundary between the conductive and non-conductive materials. In snowy and icy environments, this interface may be created by the surface of the snow or ice in contact with air or water. This interface may be the region where the surface electromagnetic waves are generated and along which they propagate.

[0032] The system may include an antenna operating as a transmitter that is positioned near the interface. This antenna may be located within the conductive material or the non-conductive material. The antenna may generate an electromagnetic field that excites the surface electromagnetic waves at the interface. The antenna may be designed to match the properties of the waves to ensure efficient energy transfer into the surface wave mode.

[0033] The surface electromagnetic waves may travel along the interface, carrying energy as they propagate. These waves may travel in a specific direction parallel to the interface. The strength of the waves may decrease exponentially in directions that are perpendicular to the interface and may also diminish as the waves travel farther along the interface.

[0034] The system may include another antenna operating as a detector that is positioned at a distance from the transmit antenna along the interface. This detector may be located within the conductive material or the non-conductive material. The detector may be configured to receive the surface electromagnetic waves after they have traveled along the interface. The detector may interact with the confined and weakened fields of the waves to capture the transmitted energy.

[0035] The system may include an object that is positioned within the conductive material or the non-conductive material. This object may act as an obstacle that the surface electromagnetic waves encounter during their travel. The interaction between the waves and the object may cause the waves to scatter. By analyzing this interaction, it may be possible to determine characteristics of the object, such as its size, shape, location, and material composition.

[0036] The system may include an energy source, such as a device that generates radio frequencies, which may be connected to the antenna. This energy source may provide the power needed for the antenna to create the electromagnetic fields that excite the surface electromagnetic waves.

[0037] The system may include a control unit that is connected to the antenna and the detector. This control unit may coordinate the generation and detection of the surface electromagnetic waves. The control unit may process the signals received by the detector toDocket No. 0045-920275gather information about how the waves traveled and interacted with their surroundings, including any objects they encountered.

[0038] The behavior of the surface electromagnetic waves may be described using mathematical equations that govern electromagnetic fields. For waves that have a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of travel, the equations may simplify to a one-dimensional equation analogous to those used in quantum mechanics. The properties of the waves, such as their speed and direction, may depend on the materials at the interface and the frequency of the signals.

[0039] Experiments may demonstrate that surface electromagnetic waves may travel effectively in snowy and icy environments. These experiments may show that the system may allow for greater communication distances in such conditions compared to traditional methods of signal transmission. The system may be sensitive to objects placed in snow or ice, which may allow it to detect and analyze the properties these objects.

[0040] The system may be used for transmitting signals and detecting objects in environments where traditional methods of signal transmission are hindered by snow or ice. It may be particularly applicable in regions with cold climates, such as areas covered in snow or ice. The system may include antennas that are placed underwater beneath ice to explore how the waves propagate in such conditions. The system may utilize the properties of surface electromagnetic waves at the boundary between snow or ice and other materials for various purposes.

[0041] Aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. The described techniques may be implemented to support enhanced signal transmission and reception in environments with snow and ice, where traditional methods may fail. The system may provide improved communication distances by utilizing surface electromagnetic waves that travel along the interface between conductive and non-conductive materials. This approach may allow for the detection and analysis of objects within snowy or icy conditions, which may be beneficial for various applications such as environmental monitoring and search and rescue operations. The ability to generate and detect surface electromagnetic waves may offer a reliable means of communication in challenging weather conditions, potentially increasing the effectiveness of operations in cold climates. The system may be adaptable to different environmental interfaces, ensuring versatility in its application across various scenarios where snow and ice are present.

[0042] Aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the context of communication systems. Aspects of the disclosure are additionally illustrated by and described with reference toDocket No. 0045-920275example implementations. Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to a flowchart that relates to methods involving surface electromagnetic wave communication in snowy and icy environments.

[0043] FIG. 1 illustrates a system 100 that demonstrates the concept of SEWs, in accordance with one or more implementations. The system 100 may include a conductive medium 102, such as a body of water, organic tissue, a metallic plane, and / or other conductive media. Adjacent to the conductive medium 102, there may be a dielectric medium 104, such as air and / or other dielectric media, which may interface with the conductive medium 102. The interface 106 between the conductive medium 102 and the dielectric medium 104 may be where SEWs are generated and may propagate.

[0044] The system 100 may also include a transmitter 108, which may be positioned near the interface 106. The transmitter 108 may be positioned within the conductive medium 102 or within the dielectric medium 104. The transmitter 108 may be responsible for generating an electromagnetic field that may induce SEWs at the interface 106 of the conductive medium 102 and the dielectric medium 104. The excited SEWs may then travel along the interface 106, as indicated by the arrow of SEW 110, which may represent the direction of wave propagation.

[0045] To help visualize the phenomenon of SEWs, one may consider an analogy to ripples on a pond. When a stone is dropped into a still pond, ripples may form and spread out across the surface of the water. Similarly, the transmitter 108 may be thought of as the stone, and the SEWs may be akin to the ripples that spread along the conductive medium 102. Just as the ripples may move outward from the point of impact, SEWs may propagate along the interface 106, carrying energy with them.

[0046] The system 100 may further include a detector 112, which may be positioned at a distance from the transmitter 108 along the interface 106. The detector 112 may be positioned within the conductive medium 102 or within the dielectric medium 104. The detector 112 may be configured to receive the SEWs after they have propagated along the interface 106. This may be analogous to placing one’s hand in the water at a distance from where the stone was dropped, feeling the ripples as they pass by.

[0047] Additionally, the system 100 may include an object 114 positioned within the conductive medium 102 or within the dielectric medium 104, which may be representative of an obstacle that SEWs may encounter during propagation. The interaction of SEWs with the object 114 may lead to scattering of waves, similar to how water ripples may change direction or form patterns when they encounter a leaf or a rock in the pond.Docket No. 0045-920275

[0048] The system 100 may include an energy source 116, such as a radio frequency generator, which may be connected to the transmitter 108. The energy source 116 may provide the necessary power for the transmitter 108 to generate the electromagnetic fields that excite the SEWs. This may be thought of as the force with which the stone is thrown into the pond, affecting the size and strength of the resulting ripples.

[0049] In some implementations, the system 100 may include a control unit 118, which may be operatively coupled to the transmitter 108 and / or the detector 112. The control unit 118 may be responsible for coordinating the generation and detection of SEWs, much like a person orchestrating the timing of stones being dropped into the pond to create a specific pattern of ripples.

[0050] From a more technical perspective, SEWs may be understood as a type of wave that propagates along the interface between two media with different dielectric properties. In FIG. 1, the conductive medium 102 and the dielectric medium 104 may form such an interface (e.g., interface 106) where SEWs may be excited and propagate. The transmitter 108 may serve as a transducer that converts electrical signals from the energy source 116 into electromagnetic fields, which may then couple to the interface 106 and give rise to SEWs.

[0051] The propagation of SEWs along the interface 106 may be characterized by a wave vector that is parallel to the interface 106. This wave vector may be larger than the wave vector of free photons in the dielectric medium 104, which may result in a confinement of the electromagnetic field to the vicinity of the interface 106. The SEW’s field strength may decay exponentially in the direction perpendicular to the interface 106, as illustrated by a field strength 120 extending into the dielectric medium 104 and the conductive medium 102. These field strengths may also decay as the SEW propagates along the interface 106, as illustrated by an attenuated field strength 122. The detector 112 may be designed to couple to these confined, attenuated fields and receive the SEWs after they have propagated along the interface 106.

[0052] The excitation of SEWs by the transmitter 108 may involve the conversion of the electromagnetic energy into a surface-bound mode, which may be facilitated by the specific design of the transmitter 108. The transmitter 108 may be optimized to match the impedance of the SEWs to maximize energy transfer into the surface wave mode. The object 114 submerged within the conductive medium 102 may introduce perturbations in the SEWs, which may be detected by the detector 112 and analyzed by the control unit 118 to infer properties of the object 114. Examples of such properties may include one or more of size, shape, location, material properties, and / or other properties.Docket No. 0045-920275

[0053] The mathematical description of SEWs may be derived from Maxwell’s equations, which govern the properties of electromagnetic fields. The wave equation for TM-polarized SEWs may be reduced to a one-dimensional Schrodinger equation:where / > is the effective wave function introduced as Ez= / i / Ve , and V(z) is the effective potential energy that guides the propagation of SEWs along the interface. The term k2may represent the total energy of the SEWs and the term e represents the permittivity of the medium.

[0054] For TE-polarized SEWs, the wave equation may not depend on the gradient term 7(z) and may be expressed as:

[0055] In the case of a sharp interface between two media with dielectric permittivities exand e2> the SEW wave vector for TM-polarized waves may be given by:where a> is the angular frequency of the SEWs, and c is the speed of light in vacuum.

[0056] The presence of dielectric permittivity gradients across the interface 106 may lead to additional terms in the effective potential Vz, which may result in the formation of a potential well that supports bound states of SEWs. These bound states may correspond to surface modes with long propagation lengths and may be excited by the transmitter 108 with appropriate impedance matching.

[0057] The system 100 may thus utilize SEWs for various applications, including communication and sensing, by exploiting the unique properties of SEWs at the interface 106 between the conductive medium 102 and the dielectric medium 104. The control unit 118 may process the received signals to extract information about the propagation and interaction of SEWs with the environment and objects within it.

[0058] In some implementations, the transmitter 108 and / or the detector 112 may include one or more plasmonic antennas. A given plasmonic antenna may be the same as or similar to, or include one or more aspects of, the antennas disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Serial No.17 / 570,968 entitled “Apparatus, Methods and Systems for Electromagnetic Signal Transmission Through a Conductive Medium” filed on January 7, 2022; International Patent Application No. PCT / US2024 / 061379 entitled “Surface Electromagnetic Wave Antenna” filed on December 20,Docket No. 0045-9202752024; and International Patent Application No. PCT / US2025 / 015358 entitled “Hybrid Antenna With Dynamic Signal Routing For Free-Space And Near-Metal Environments” filed on February 11, 2025, of which the entirety is incorporated by reference for all purposes.

[0059] FIG. 2 shows a graph 200 illustrating the SI 1 return loss characteristics of electromagnetic waves in two different propagation environments: near a snow surface and in free space, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The graph may provide insights into the behavior of electromagnetic wave propagation under snowy conditions, which may be relevant for communication systems operating in such environments.

[0060] The horizontal axis of the graph may represent the frequency of the electromagnetic signal in gigahertz (GHz), ranging from approximately 2.100 GHz to 3.000 GHz. The vertical axis may represent the return loss (SI 1) in decibels (dB), with values ranging from 0 dB at the top to -40 dB at the bottom. The return loss may indicate the amount of signal reflected toward the source, with lower values (more negative) suggesting better impedance matching and reduced signal reflection.

[0061] The graph may include two distinct plots, each corresponding to a different propagation environment. A first plot, represented by a dark line, may depict the return loss near a snow surface. A second plot, represented by a light line, may depict the return loss in free space. These line styles may allow for differentiation between the two data sets.

[0062] The data may reveal notable differences in return loss between the two environments. For instance, the plot near the snow surface may exhibit a pronounced dip in return loss at approximately 2.500 GHz, reaching a value of almost -35 dB. This dip may suggest strong signal coupling or propagation efficiency at this frequency when near the snow surface. In contrast, the free-space plot may exhibit a less pronounced dip at the same frequency, with a return loss value of approximately -25 dB, indicating a somewhat lower propagation efficiency.

[0063] The trends in the graph may suggest that the snow surface may act as a medium that supports surface electromagnetic wave propagation, potentially enhancing signal transmission efficiency under certain conditions. The smooth and continuous nature of the plots may indicate consistent behavior across the frequency range, with the most significant differences observed near the 2.500 GHz frequency.

[0064] The graph may also highlight the potential for snow-covered environments to influence electromagnetic wave behavior, possibly acting as a waveguide or supporting guided modes. These effects may be particularly relevant for communication systems operating in snowy or icy conditions, where conventional propagation mechanisms may be obstructed.Docket No. 0045-920275

[0065] FIG. 3 shows a graph 300 illustrating the SI 1 return loss characteristics of electromagnetic wave propagation near an ice surface versus in free space, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The graph 300 may provide insights into the behavior of electromagnetic waves under different environmental conditions, specifically in the presence of ice.

[0066] The horizontal axis of the graph 300 represents the frequency of the electromagnetic signal, measured in gigahertz (GHz). The frequency range depicted spans from approximately 2.000 GHz to 3.000 GHz, with major tick marks at intervals of 0.167 GHz. The vertical axis represents the return loss, measured in decibels (dB), with values ranging from 0 dB at the top to -40 dB at the bottom. The scale on the vertical axis may be linear, allowing for a straightforward interpretation of the return loss values.

[0067] The graph 300 includes two distinct data sets, each represented by a continuous line. The first data set, corresponding to measurements taken near the ice surface, may be depicted using a solid line with a specific style. The second data set, corresponding to measurements taken in free space, may be represented by another lighter solid line with a different style.

[0068] The data points in the graph 300 indicate the return loss values at various frequencies. Both data sets exhibit a pronounced dip in return loss near the frequency of 2.500 GHz, suggesting a resonance or optimal coupling condition at this frequency. The return loss for the near-ice-surface data set may reach a minimum value slightly below -35 dB, while the free-space data set may exhibit a higher minimum return loss value at around -25 dB. This difference may indicate that the presence of the ice surface supports efficient electromagnetic wave propagation at this frequency.

[0069] Beyond the resonance frequency, both data sets may show a gradual increase in return loss as the frequency moves away from 2.500 GHz. However, the near-ice-surface data set may consistently exhibit lower return loss values compared to the free-space data set across the entire frequency range. This trend may suggest that the ice surface contributes to improved signal propagation characteristics. The graph 300 may highlight the potential for utilizing ice surfaces to support SEWs and improve communication efficiency in snowy or icy environments. The observed differences between the two data sets may underscore the unique dielectric properties of ice and its ability to influence electromagnetic wave behavior.

[0070] FIG. 4 shows an object detection setup 400 which supports techniques for surface electromagnetic wave communication in snowy and icy environments in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As depicted in FIG. 4, the object detection setup 400 mayDocket No. 0045-920275include one or more of a snow surface 402, a “mine” 404, a transmitter 406, a receiver 408, and / or other components.

[0071] The snow surface 402 may include a layer of snow that interacts with surface electromagnetic waves. The snow surface 402 may be composed of various types of snow, such as fresh powder, compacted snow, or icy layers. The snow surface 402 may affect the propagation of SEWs by altering their speed and attenuation. The interaction between the snow surface 402 and SEWs may depend on factors such as temperature, density, and moisture content of the snow.

[0072] The “mine” 404 may represent an object embedded within the snow surface 402 that interacts with surface electromagnetic waves. The “mine” 404 may be any object that can be buried or placed within the snow, such as a metallic object, a rock, or a piece of equipment. The presence of the “mine” 404 may cause scattering or reflection of SEWs, which may be detected by a receiver. The interaction of SEWs with the “mine” 404 may provide information about the object’s properties, such as its size, shape, and material composition. In some implementations, the “mine” 404 may be similar to the object 114 described herein.

[0073] The transmitter 406 may include a device configured to generate (e.g., induce or excite) surface electromagnetic waves for communication. The transmitter 406 may be equipped with an antenna that is designed to couple electromagnetic energy into SEWs. The antenna may extend into the snow, perpendicular to its surface 402. The transmitter 406 may be positioned near the snow surface 402 to ensure efficient excitation of SEWs. The energy source connected to the transmitter 406 may provide the necessary power for generating SEWs. In some implementations, the transmitter 406 may be similar to the transmitter 108 described herein.

[0074] The receiver 408 may include a device positioned to detect propagating surface electromagnetic waves. The receiver 408 may be equipped with an antenna that is designed to couple to the SEWs and convert them back into electrical signals. The antenna may extend into the snow, perpendicular to its surface 402. The receiver 408 may be positioned at a distance from the transmitter 406 along the snow surface 402 to detect SEWs after they have propagated. The control unit may be operatively coupled to the receiver 408 to process the received signals. In some implementations, the receiver 408 may be similar to the detector 112 described herein.

[0075] In some implementations, the components shown in the image may be arranged such that the snow surface 402 acts as the dielectric medium 104, with the “mine” 404 positioned within this medium. The transmitter 406 may function as the transmitter 108, generating an electromagnetic field that excites SEWs at the interface between the snow surface 402 and theDocket No. 0045-920275underlying conductive medium. The receiver 408 may serve as the detector 112, positioned at a distance from the transmitter 406 along the snow surface 402 to receive the propagating SEWs.

[0076] The transmitter 406 may generate SEWs that propagate along the interface formed by the snow surface 402, carrying energy towards the receiver 408. The “mine” 404 may introduce perturbations in the SEWs, causing scattering or changes in the wave propagation that the receiver 408 may detect. The control unit 118 may process the signals received by the receiver 408 to determine properties of the “mine” 404, such as its location and material characteristics.

[0077] FIG. 5 shows a graph 500 illustrating the S21 coupling coefficient of two antennas versus frequency in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The graph 500 may represent the performance of signal propagation in snowy and icy environments, which may be relevant to the system for generating and propagating SEWs along interfaces formed in part by snow, such as the one depicted in FIG. 4.

[0078] The horizontal axis of the graph 500 may represent the frequency in gigahertz (GHz), ranging from 1.000G to 3.000G. The vertical axis may represent the S21 coupling coefficient in decibels (dB), ranging from -110 dB to -40 dB. The scale on both axes may be linear.

[0079] The graph 500 may include two sets of data points represented by two distinct lines. One line may be depicted in a lighter shade and may correspond to the condition labeled “no ‘mine’.” The other line may be depicted in a darker shade and may correspond to the condition labeled “’mine’ in the middle.”

[0080] The data points in the graph 500 may be connected by lines, showing the variation in S21 coupling coefficient across the frequency range. The graph may exhibit several peaks and valleys, indicating the performance differences between the two conditions. At approximately 1.000G, both lines may show a significant dip in S21 coupling coefficient, reaching around -90 dB. Between 1.000G and 1.667G, the “no ‘mine’” condition may exhibit a smoother curve with fewer fluctuations compared to the “’mine’ in the middle” condition, which may show more pronounced peaks and valleys. Around 1.667G, both conditions may show a peak, with the “’mine’ in the middle” condition reaching a higher S21 coupling coefficient than the “no ‘mine’” condition. Between 1.667G and 2.333G, the “’mine’ in the middle” condition may continue to show more fluctuations, with several peaks and valleys, while the “no ‘mine’” condition may remain relatively smoother. At approximately 2.333G, both conditions may show another deep, with the “’mine’ in the middle” condition again reaching a lower S21 coupling coefficient. Beyond 2.333G, both conditions may show a decline in S21 coupling coefficient, with the “’mine’ in the middle” condition maintaining a slightly lower coupling coefficient than the “no ‘mine’” condition.Docket No. 0045-920275

[0081] The graph 500 may illustrate the impact of the presence of a “mine” on the S21 coupling coefficient across the frequency range, suggesting that the “mine” may influence the signal propagation characteristics. This information may be relevant for understanding the performance of the system in snowy and icy environments.

[0082] FIG. 6 shows signal propagation distances 600 which supports techniques for surface electromagnetic wave communication in snowy and icy environments in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As depicted in FIG. 6, the signal propagation distances 600 may include one or more of a map 602, a transmitter location 604, a conventional -to-conventional path 606, a plasmonic-to-conventional path 608, a plasmonic-to-plasmonic path 610, and / or other components.

[0083] The map 602 may illustrate the layout of the area where the surface electromagnetic wave communication experiments were conducted. The map 602 may include visual markers to represent specific locations relevant to the experiments, such as the positions of transmitters, receivers, and obstacles. The map 602 may be used to determine the distances over which SEWs propagated during the experiments. In some implementations, the map 602 may include overlays or annotations to indicate environmental conditions, such as snow coverage or terrain features.

[0084] The transmitter location 604 may indicate the position of an antenna inducing SEWs that propagate on the snow surface along the conventional-to-conventional path 606 and the plasmonic-to-conventional path 608. In some implementations, the antenna positioned the transmitter location 604 may include the transmitter 108 as described herein.

[0085] The conventional-to-conventional path 606 may represent the distance achieved using conventional Wi-Fi links in the snowy environment. The conventional-to-conventional path 606 may be depicted as a line or arrow on the map 602 to show the extent of signal propagation between a conventional transmitter and a conventional receiver. The conventional-to-conventional path 606 may be influenced by environmental factors, such as snow density or obstacles, which may attenuate the signal. In some implementations, the conventional-to-conventional path 606 may serve as a baseline for comparing the performance of plasmonic antennas in similar conditions.

[0086] The plasmonic-to-conventional path 608 may show the extended range achieved when using a plasmonic antenna on the transmitter side. The plasmonic-to-conventional path 608 may be marked on the map 602 to illustrate the improved signal propagation distance relative to the conventional-to-conventional path 606. The plasmonic-to-conventional path 608 may involve the interaction of SEWs with the snow or ice interface, which may contribute to the extendedDocket No. 0045-920275range. In some implementations, the plasmonic-to-conventional path 608 may be used to evaluate the effectiveness of plasmonic antennas in partially obstructed environments.

[0087] The plasmonic-to-plasmonic path 610 may depict the maximum distance covered when both the transmitter and receiver are equipped with plasmonic antennas. The plasmonic-to-plasmonic path 610 may be represented on the map 602 as a distinct line or arrow to highlight the enhanced communication range achieved. The plasmonic-to-plasmonic path 610 may involve the excitation and propagation of SEWs along the snow or ice interface, which may enable longer distances compared to other paths. In some implementations, the plasmonic-to-plasmonic path 610 may be used to identify optimal configurations for SEW -based communication systems.

[0088] In some implementations, the map 602 may depict the layout of the testing area, showing the relative positions of various components involved in the experiment. The conventional-to-conventional path 606 may represent the distance over which conventional RF signals are tested, measuring approximately 36.74 meters. The plasmonic-to-conventional path 608 may illustrate the route where plasmonic signals transition to conventional signals, covering a distance of about 68.43 meters. The plasmonic-to-plasmonic path 610 may show the trajectory where plasmonic signals are transmitted and received, spanning a distance of approximately 118.57 meters. These paths may be used to compare the efficiency and effectiveness of different signal propagation methods in snowy conditions.

[0089] FIG. 7 shows snowy forest testing 700 which supports techniques for surface electromagnetic wave communication in snowy and icy environments in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As depicted in FIG. 7, the snowy forest testing 700 may include one or more of a forest 702, a plasmonic snow marker 704, a snow start marker 706, a conventional snow marker 708, and / or other components.

[0090] The forest 702 may represent a natural environment covered with snow. The forest 702 may include various types of trees and vegetation that are blanketed by snow. The snow cover may affect the propagation of free-space waves within the forest 702. The forest 702 may interact with such waves, potentially causing scattering and attenuation of the waves. In some implementations, aspects of the forest 702 may be similar to the snow surface 402, as described herein.

[0091] The plasmonic snow marker 704 may indicate a specific location within the snow-covered area. The plasmonic snow marker 704 may be a physical or virtual marker used to identify a point of interest in the snowy environment. The plasmonic snow marker 704 may be used to mark the position of the transmitter 406 or the receiver 408 within the snow-coveredDocket No. 0045-920275area. The plasmonic snow marker 704 may help in coordinating the placement of components for optimal SEW propagation.

[0092] The snow start marker 706 may designate the beginning point of a snow-covered path. The snow start marker 706 may be used to identify the starting location for SEW propagation experiments in the snow. The snow start marker 706 may be placed at the edge of a snow-covered area to mark the transition from a non-snowy to a snowy environment. The snow start marker 706 may assist in setting up the transmitter 406 and receiver 408 for SEW experiments.

[0093] The conventional snow marker 708 may identify a standard reference point in the snowy environment. In some implementations, the conventional snow marker 708 may be the same as or similar to the conventional-to-conventional path 606, as described herein.

[0094] In some implementations, the forest 702 may serve as the surrounding environment where the system 100 operates, with the plasmonic snow marker 704 and the snow start marker 706 positioned to define the propagation path of SEWs along the interface 106. The plasmonic snow marker 704 may correspond to a location where SEWs are detected after propagating through the interface formed by snow or ice, while the snow start marker 706 may indicate the point of SEW excitation by the transmitter 108. The conventional snow marker 708 may represent a reference point for conventional RF signal propagation, allowing for a comparative analysis of SEW behavior relative to traditional mechanisms.

[0095] In some implementations, the plasmonic snow marker 704 may be positioned at a distance from the snow start marker 706 to measure the attenuation and field strength 122 of SEWs as they propagate along the interface 106. The conventional snow marker 708 may be used to determine the propagation characteristics of non-SEW signals, enabling the system 100 to distinguish between surface-bound and free-space electromagnetic waves.

[0096] FIG. 8 shows signal propagation map 800 which supports techniques for surface electromagnetic wave communication in snowy and icy environments in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As depicted in FIG. 8, the signal propagation map 800 may include one or more of a marina 802, a dock 804, a second dock 806, boats 808, a body of water 810, a dashed boundary 812, and / or other components.

[0097] The marina 802 may include facilities for docking and maintaining boats in snowy and icy environments. The marina 802 may be strategically located to provide easy access to the body of water 810, allowing boats 808 to be launched and retrieved efficiently. The dock 804 may provide a structure for mooring boats and accessing the water body. The second dock 806Docket No. 0045-920275may similarly provide a structure for mooring boats and accessing the body of water. The boats 808 may include various types of watercrafts positioned within the marina. The body of water 810 may represent the surrounding aquatic environment adjacent to the marina. The body of water 810 may be frozen over by floating ice. The dashed boundary 812 may indicate “around-the-corner” communication from the dock 804 to the second dock 806 by which SEWs propagate along the ice surface of the body of water 810. It may be possible that over the ground propagation of SEWs also occurred.

[0098] FIG. 9 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 900 involving communication systems for surface electromagnetic wave communication in snowy and icy environments in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0099] At 902, the method 900 may include inducing SEWs propagating along an interface formed in part by snow or ice using a transmitter. The operations of 902 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 902 may involve a transmitter 406 as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0100] At 904, the method 900 may include connecting an energy source to the antenna to provide power for generating the SEWs. The operations of 904 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 904 may involve a transmitter 406 and a power source as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0101] At 906, the method 900 may include receiving SEWs propagating along the interface using a receiver. The operations of 906 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 906 may involve a receiver 408 as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0102] At 908, the method 900 may include coordinating the generation and detection of the SEWs propagating along the interface formed in part by snow or ice using a control unit operatively coupled to the antenna. The operations of 908 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 908 may involve a transmitter 406, a receiver 408, and a control unit as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0103] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible. Furthermore, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.

[0104] Aspect 1: A system for communication in snowy and icy environments, comprising: a transmitter configured to induce SEWs propagating along an interface formed in part by snow orDocket No. 0045-920275ice; an energy source connected to the antenna to provide power for generating the SEWs; a receiver configured to receive SEWs propagating along the interface; and a control unit operatively coupled to the antenna to coordinate the generation and detection of the SEWs propagating along the interface formed in part by snow or ice.

[0105] Aspect 2: The system of aspect 1, wherein the receiver is positioned proximate to or abutting the interface to facilitate plasmonic-to-plasmonic communication.

[0106] Aspect 3: The system of any of aspects 1 through 2, further comprising an object positioned near or abutting the interface that causes detectable scattering of the SEWs.

[0107] Aspect 4: The system of any of aspects 1 through 3, wherein the control unit is configured to analyze SEW propagation characteristics.

[0108] Aspect 5: The system of any of aspects 1 through 4, further comprising a second transmitter configured for plasmonic-to-conventional communication.

[0109] Aspect 6: The system of any of aspects 1 through 5, wherein the receiver is positioned proximate the interface to detect SEWs.

[0110] Aspect 7: The system of any of aspects 1 through 6, wherein the control unit is configured to adjust the frequency of the SEWs to optimize propagation through varying snow or ice conditions.

[0111] Aspect 8: The system of any of aspects 1 through 7, wherein the control unit adjusts the SEW propagation parameters based on detected temperature variations in the snow or ice.

[0112] Aspect 9: The system of any of aspects 1 through 8, wherein the transmitter is configured to generate SEWs with a frequency in the RF range to enhance propagation efficiency through snow or ice.

[0113] Aspect 10: The system of any of aspects 1 through 9, wherein the control unit is configured to detect changes in SEW propagation characteristics to identify the presence of foreign objects within the snow or ice.

[0114] Aspect 11 : The system of any of aspects 1 through 10, wherein the control unit is configured to generate an alert signal when SEW propagation characteristics indicate a potential hazard in the snow or ice.

[0115] Aspect 12: The system of any of aspects 1 through 11, further comprising a second receiver positioned at a different location along the interface to enable triangulation of SEW propagation data.Docket No. 0045-920275

[0116] Aspect 13: The system of any of aspects 1 through 12, wherein the transmitter is configured to modulate SEWs with data signals for communication purposes.

[0117] Aspect 14: A method for forming a system for communication in snowy and icy environments, comprising: inducing SEWs propagating along an interface formed in part by snow or ice using a transmitter; connecting an energy source to the antenna to provide power for generating the SEWs; receiving SEWs propagating along the interface using a receiver; and coordinating the generation and detection of the SEWs propagating along the interface formed in part by snow or ice using a control unit operatively coupled to the antenna.

[0118] Aspect 15: The method of aspect 14, wherein the receiver is positioned proximate to or abutting the interface to facilitate plasmonic-to-plasmonic communication.

[0119] Aspect 16: The method of any of aspects 14 through 15, further comprising locating an object near the interface that causes detectable scattering of the SEWs.

[0120] Aspect 17: The method of any of aspects 14 through 16, wherein the control unit is configured to analyze SEW propagation characteristics.

[0121] Aspect 18: The method of any of aspects 14 through 17, further comprising configuring a second transmitter for plasmonic-to-conventional communication.

[0122] Aspect 19: The method of any of aspects 14 through 18, wherein the transmitter is configured to induce SEWs propagating along an interface formed in part by snow.

[0123] Aspect 20: The method of any of aspects 14 through 19, wherein the control unit is configured to coordinate the generation and detection of SEWs during snow testing.

[0124] The description set forth herein, in connection with the appended drawings, describes example configurations and does not represent all the examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The term “exemplary” used herein means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration,” and not “preferred” or “advantageous over other examples.” The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques. These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.

[0125] In the appended figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one ofDocket No. 0045-920275the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label.

[0126] Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0127] The various illustrative blocks and modules described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration).

[0128] The description herein is provided to enable a person skilled in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein, but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

Docket No. 0045-920275CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A system for communication in snowy and icy environments, comprising: a transmitter configured to induce surface electromagnetic waves (SEWs) propagating along an interface formed in part by snow or ice;an energy source connected to the antenna to provide power for launching the SEWs;a receiver configured to receive SEWs propagating along the interface;and a control unit operatively coupled to the antenna to coordinate the generation and detection of the SEWs propagating along the interface formed in part by snow or ice.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the receiver is positioned proximate to or abutting the interface to facilitate plasmonic-to-plasmonic communication.

3. The system of claim 1, further comprising an object positioned near or abutting the interface that causes detectable scattering of the SEWs.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to analyze SEW propagation characteristics.

5. The system of claim 1, further comprising a second transmitter configured for pl asmoni c-to-conventi onal communi cati on .

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the receiver is positioned proximate the interface to detect SEWs.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to adjust the frequency of the SEWs to optimize propagation through varying snow or ice conditions.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the control unit adjusts the SEW propagation parameters based on detected temperature variations in the snow or ice.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein the transmitter is configured to generate SEWs with a frequency in the radio frequency (RF) range to enhance propagation efficiency through snow or ice.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to detect changes in SEW propagation characteristics to identify the presence of foreign objects within the snow or ice.Docket No. 0045-92027511. The system of claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to generate an alert signal when SEW propagation characteristics indicate a potential hazard in the snow or ice.

12. The system of claim 1, further comprising a second receiver positioned at a different location along the interface to enable triangulation of SEW propagation data.

13. The system of claim 1, wherein the transmitter is configured to modulate SEWs with data signals for communication purposes.

14. A method for forming a system for communication in snowy and icy environments, comprising:inducing surface electromagnetic waves (SEWs) propagating along an interface formed in part by snow or ice using a transmitter;connecting an energy source to the antenna to provide power for launching the SEWs;receiving SEWs propagating along the interface using a receiver; and coordinating the generation and detection of the SEWs propagating along the interface formed in part by snow or ice using a control unit operatively coupled to the antenna.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the receiver is positioned proximate to or abutting the interface to facilitate plasmonic-to-plasmonic communication.

16. The method of claim 14, further comprising locating an object near the interface that causes detectable scattering of the SEWs.

17. The method of claim 14, wherein the control unit is configured to analyze SEW propagation characteristics.

18. The method of claim 14, further comprising configuring a second transmitter for plasmonic-to-conventional communication.

19. The method of claim 14, wherein the transmitter is configured to induce SEWs propagating along an interface formed in part by snow.

20. The method of claim 14, wherein the control unit is configured to coordinate the generation and detection of SEWs during snow testing.

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