A simulation calculation method for surface strengthening and preparation of composite coatings by multi-channel electrospark deposition

Abstract

The present invention provides a simulation calculation method for surface strengthening by multi-channel electrospark deposition and preparation of composite coatings, comprising the following steps: step one, establishing a three-dimensional geometric model; step two, setting material properties; step three, meshing the geometric model; step four, loading the discharge channel heat source; step five, generating deposition spots and preparing composite coatings; step six, solving and calculating the temperature field and post-processing the results; step seven, structural calculation and analysis; step eight, solving and calculating the stress and strain and post-processing the results. The present invention can establish a three-dimensional simulation model according to working conditions such as deposition electrodes of different materials, substrates, and different pulse discharge energies, and simulate and analyze the transient temperature field, heat flux density, transient stress field, thermal deformation, deposition spot generation, and composite coating preparation process, and obtain more accurate transient processing results.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of electrospark deposition, and in particular to a simulation calculation method for surface strengthening and preparation of composite coatings by electrospark multi-channel deposition. Background Art

[0002] The electrospark deposition technology utilizes the instantaneous high temperature generated between the two poles of the power supply (part surface and electrode) during pulse discharge to melt or vaporize the electrode material, so that the molten electrode material is transitionally deposited on the part surface under the action of multiple forces such as electric field force, electromagnetic force, gravity, etc., and the required deposition coating is generated on the part surface, thereby improving the surface quality and hardness of the part and repairing and remanufacturing the part surface. The electrospark multi-channel deposition technology refers to a method of generating two or more discharge channels during a pulse spark discharge process to strengthen the deposition of the part surface and prepare a composite coating. This method can effectively improve the quality and efficiency of preparing composite coatings on the surface of parts by the electrospark deposition method, and is a new and efficient electrospark deposition method.

[0003] Since the pulse discharge time of the processing method of surface strengthening and preparation of composite coating by multi-channel electrospark deposition is short, and the transient change of temperature field during deposition and the difference in thermal expansion coefficient of different materials cause the composite coating to crack and fail easily, these have a significant impact on the quality of the surface strengthening layer and the composite coating, so it is necessary to analyze its transient process. However, it is difficult to observe and analyze this process through experiments, so the finite element simulation method can be used to analyze and simulate to obtain accurate numerical results, and show the transient change phenomenon of temperature field, heat flux density, thermal stress and deposited coating. At the same time, there is a problem of mutual influence of two or more independent heat sources in the process of preparing composite coating by multi-channel electrospark deposition, which has a certain impact on the quality of the composite coating, and there is a big difference compared with the deposition mechanism of traditional electrospark deposition technology, so it is urgent to conduct in-depth research, so as to be able to predict the changes in a shorter time, which is helpful to quickly understand the deposition mechanism and provide theoretical guidance for experimental design, thus saving a lot of time and resources.

[0004] There is no research and analysis on the simulation analysis of surface strengthening by electrospark multi-channel deposition and its preparation of composite coatings. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a simulation calculation method for surface strengthening by electrospark multi-channel deposition and its preparation of composite coatings. Summary of the invention

[0005] In view of this, the present invention provides a simulation calculation method for surface strengthening by electrospark multi-channel deposition and preparation of composite coatings, which can effectively simulate and calculate its transient temperature field, heat flux density change, deposition spots and composite coating production process, as well as transient thermal stress and thermal deformation of materials, and can realize a complete transient simulation analysis of the process of preparing composite coatings by electrospark multi-channel deposition.

[0006] In order to achieve the above technical effects, the present invention provides a simulation calculation method for surface strengthening by electrospark multi-channel deposition and preparation of composite coatings, which adopts the following technical solutions:

[0007] A simulation calculation method for surface strengthening by electrospark multi-channel deposition and preparation of composite coatings, comprising the following steps:

[0008] Step 1: Establish a three-dimensional geometric model using ANSYS SCDM and DM modeling software;

[0009] Step 2: Material property setting: add the material properties of the deposition spot and the substrate in Engineering Data according to the actual working conditions;

[0010] Step 3: Mesh the geometric model. Import the three-dimensional geometric model obtained in step 1 into Meshing for meshing. Name the heat source loading surface and other boundary surfaces of the deposition spot respectively, and define the material properties of the substrate and the deposition spot geometry.

[0011] Step 4: Loading the discharge channel heat source;

[0012] Step 5: Generation of deposition spots and preparation of composite coatings. For the transient process of generation of deposition spots by multi-channel discharge of electric sparks and preparation of composite coatings, the birth-and-death unit method in ANSYS is used to simulate the complete process.

[0013] Step 6: temperature field calculation and post-processing of the results;

[0014] Step 7: Structural calculation and analysis;

[0015] Step 8: Stress-strain solution calculation and post-processing of results.

[0016] Furthermore, in step one, the composite coating on the surface of the substrate in the three-dimensional geometric model is at least two layers, each layer is 1 μm-200 μm thick, and the composite coating material is composed of at least two materials.

[0017] Furthermore, step four specifically includes the following contents: for the moving heat source of multi-channel electrospark deposition, the subroutine is written using the APDL language in ANSYS to implement it, and its total length along the deposition direction is divided into N equal sections, and then multiple Gaussian distributed heat sources generated by multi-discharge channel deposition are applied to each section and calculated. After the calculation is completed, the temperature field result is processed as the initial value of the next section loading, and the cycle is repeated in sequence to simulate the movement of the heat source.

[0018] Furthermore, the total energy of pulse discharge during the process of EDM multi-channel deposition to produce composite coatings can be calculated by formula (1);

[0019]

[0020] Where: U(t) is the discharge voltage; I(t) is the discharge current; t is the pulse discharge time; n is the number of deposition electrodes, that is, the number of discharge channels generated by a single pulse discharge.

[0021] Furthermore, the heat source generated by the electrospark deposition is a surface heat source with Gaussian distribution. For multiple moving heat sources, the following formula (2) can be used to describe it:

[0022]

[0023] Where: n is the number of deposition electrodes, that is, the number of discharge channels generated by a single pulse discharge; q n is the heat flux generated by the nth electrode; Q n is the peak value of heat flux density generated by the nth electrode; k is the energy concentration coefficient; R n is the radius of the deposition electrode or the radius of action of the heat source; x and y are the coordinate values ​​of the center point of the deposition electrode or the heat source at time 0s; l is the distance between the two deposition electrodes; v is the electrode moving speed; and t is time.

[0024] Furthermore, the temperature field of the substrate, a single deposition spot and the composite coating is also affected by thermal convection. The convection condition is inserted into the Transient Thermal transient thermal analysis module. The channel area formed by spark discharge is used as the dividing line. The range within the area, i.e., the heat source loading surface, is applied with a Gaussian distribution heat source. The area outside the channel area, i.e., the non-heat source loading surface, is applied with a load in the form of thermal convection, and the ambient temperature is set. The equation can be expressed by formula (3);

[0025]

[0026] Where: λ is the thermal conductivity of the material; z is the depth direction of the material; h c is the convective heat transfer coefficient; T sis the electrode material temperature; T0 is the gas medium temperature of the surrounding environment.

[0027] Furthermore, step five specifically includes the following contents: a method of accumulating a plurality of deposition spots to form a composite coating structure is used for simulation, and a birth and death unit setting is required for each deposition spot geometry, so as to meet the requirements of the processing conditions;

[0028] First, set the number of calculation analysis steps and the duration of each step in Analysis Settings;

[0029] Secondly, insert the element birth and death in the Transient Thermal transient thermal analysis module and select the corresponding deposition spot geometry, and set the existence or death properties of the deposition spot geometry in each analysis step.

[0030] Furthermore, step six specifically includes the following contents: insert the Temperature field in the Solution module, select it, right-click and click solve to perform solution calculation. After the solution calculation is completed, the temperature distribution cloud map, heat flux density change, deposition spot generation and composite coating preparation process can be viewed in the Solution module.

[0031] Furthermore, step seven specifically includes the following contents: calling the TransientStructural transient structural analysis module on the ANSYS Workbench platform, loading the temperature field calculation results into the transient structural analysis module for sequential coupling, using the birth-death unit method to set the generation of the deposition spot geometry, setting the binding contact settings for each contact surface between the deposition spots and between the deposition spots and the substrate material, and setting reasonable boundary constraints.

[0032] Furthermore, step eight specifically includes the following contents: setting the number of calculation steps and time step, inserting Equivalent Stress effect force and Total Deformation thermal deformation in the Solution module, and right-clicking solve after selecting to perform solution calculation. After the solution calculation is completed, view the transient thermal stress and thermal deformation results in the Solution module.

[0033] The above technical solution of the present invention includes at least the following beneficial effects:

[0034] 1. The simulation calculation method for surface strengthening by multi-channel electrospark deposition and preparation of composite coatings provided by the present invention can establish a three-dimensional simulation model according to working conditions such as deposition electrodes of different materials, substrates and different pulse discharge energies, and simulate and analyze its transient temperature field, heat flux density, transient stress field, thermal deformation, deposition spot generation and composite coating preparation process, so as to obtain more accurate transient processing results;

[0035] 2. In the process of preparing composite coatings by multi-channel electrospark deposition, there is a problem of mutual influence between two or more independent heat sources. At the same time, the difference in thermal expansion coefficients of different materials is prone to cracking and failure of the composite coating applied on the surface of the substrate material, which will have a certain impact on the quality of the composite coating. The present invention can quickly understand the deposition mechanism in a short time through simulation analysis, provide theoretical guidance for experimental design, and thus save a lot of time and resources;

[0036] 3. The present invention can quickly simulate the generation of deposition spots, composite coating preparation, transient temperature field, heat flux density change, transient stress field, thermal deformation and other parameters that are easy to observe. The simulation results are intuitive and reliable, and the solution results are more stable and accurate. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0037] Figure 1 It is a flow chart of the simulation calculation method of surface strengthening by multi-channel electrospark deposition and preparation of composite coatings according to the present invention;

[0038] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the basic principle of the simulation calculation method of surface strengthening by multi-channel electrospark deposition and preparation of composite coatings according to the present invention;

[0039] Figure 3 It is a three-dimensional geometric model diagram in the present invention;

[0040] Figure 4-5 This is a mesh division model diagram in the present invention;

[0041] Figure 6-8 It is the transient temperature field cloud diagram in the present invention;

[0042] Fig. 9 It is the transient heat flux density cloud diagram in the present invention;

[0043] Fig.10 It is the transient thermal stress cloud map in the present invention;

[0044] Fig.11 This is the transient thermal deformation diagram of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0045] To make the purpose, technical solution and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the following will be combined with the appended drawings of the embodiments of the present invention. Figure 1-11, the technical scheme of the embodiment of the present invention is clearly and completely described. Obviously, the described embodiment is a part of the embodiment of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the described embodiment of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field belong to the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0046] like Figure 1 As shown, the specific implementation process of the simulation calculation method for surface strengthening by multi-channel electrospark deposition and preparation of composite coatings involved in the present invention includes establishing a three-dimensional geometric model according to working conditions; setting relevant material properties; meshing the geometric model; loading the discharge channel heat source; generating deposition spots and preparation of composite coatings; solving calculation settings; and post-processing the solution results.

[0047] Step 1: Establish a three-dimensional geometric model.

[0048] The surface strengthening and composite coating preparation method of multi-channel electrospark deposition is to use two or more deposition electrodes of different materials to arrange each other to perform transition deposition strengthening on the surface of the substrate material, so as to efficiently obtain the desired composite coating on the substrate surface, such as Figure 2 As shown, this is a schematic diagram of its basic principle.

[0049] Use ANSYS SCDM or DM modeling software to establish a three-dimensional geometric model. Since there are multiple discharge channels for surface strengthening in multi-channel electrospark deposition, and deposition electrodes of different materials will produce deposition spots on the surface of the substrate material to accumulate and prepare a composite coating, it is necessary to establish two or more overlapping deposition layer geometric models when modeling the composite coating part of the substrate surface. Moreover, the deposition layers are all on the surface of the substrate material. In this embodiment, the working condition is selected as a single deposition layer with a thickness of 200μm and a dual-channel deposition to prepare a composite coating. The established three-dimensional geometric model is as follows: Figure 3 shown.

[0050] Each contact between the deposition electrode and the substrate material will form a molten pool. Ideally, the geometry of the molten pool is circular. The diameter of the deposition electrode used determines the size of the molten pool generated on the surface of the substrate material. The diameter of the deposition electrode actually used is generally Φ2mm-Φ5mm, so the corresponding molten pool diameter is generally around Φ2mm-Φ5mm.

[0051] Step 2: Set material properties.

[0052] According to the actual working conditions, relevant materials are added in Engineering Data. In this embodiment, the base material is titanium alloy (TC4), and the deposition materials used to prepare the composite coating are molybdenum (Mo) and tungsten carbide (WC), which are loaded into the corresponding base and deposition spot geometry in Meshing.

[0053] Step 3: Mesh the geometric model.

[0054] In the ANSYS Workbench platform, the Transient Thermal transient thermal analysis module is called, and the three-dimensional geometric model is imported into Meshing for meshing. The three-dimensional geometric model is meshed with a hexahedral mesh. Since the thickness of the deposition spot (composite coating) is relatively thin, the mesh of the deposition spot geometry is refined with a small-size mesh. At the same time, the local mesh is encrypted at the intersection of the deposition spot (composite coating) and the substrate to obtain the electrospark multi-channel deposition surface strengthening finite element model. The name of the upper boundary of the deposition spot is defined according to the needs of heat source loading. After the meshing is completed, the mesh quality needs to be checked to ensure that there is no low-quality mesh in the model. The mesh type after meshing is as follows: Figure 4-5 shown.

[0055] Step 4: Load the discharge channel heat source.

[0056] The mobile heat source of multi-channel electrospark deposition can be realized by writing a subroutine in the APDL language in ANSYS. The total length along the deposition direction is divided into N equal sections, and then multiple Gaussian distributed heat sources generated by multi-discharge channel deposition are applied to each section and calculated. After the calculation is completed, the temperature field result is used as the initial value of the next section for processing, and the movement of the heat source can be simulated by looping in sequence.

[0057] The total energy of pulse discharge in the process of producing composite coating by multi-channel electrospark deposition can be calculated by formula (1):

[0058]

[0059] Where: U(t) is the discharge voltage; I(t) is the discharge current; t is the pulse discharge time; n is the number of deposition electrodes, that is, the number of discharge channels generated by a single pulse discharge.

[0060] The heat source generated by electrospark deposition is mainly considered to be a surface heat source with Gaussian distribution. For multiple mobile heat sources, the following formula (2) can be used to describe it:

[0061]

[0062] In the formula: n is the number of deposition electrodes, that is, the number of discharge channels generated by a single pulse discharge; qn is the heat flux density generated by the nth electrode; Qn is the peak heat flux density generated by the nth electrode; k is the energy concentration coefficient; Rn is the radius of the deposition electrode or the radius of action of the heat source; x and y are the coordinate values ​​of the center point of the deposition electrode or the heat source at time 0s; l is the distance between the two deposition electrodes; v is the electrode movement speed; and t is time.

[0063] In the simulation, the temperature field of the substrate, a single deposition spot and the composite coating is also affected by thermal convection. The convection condition is inserted in the Transient Thermal transient thermal analysis module. The channel area formed by spark discharge is used as the boundary. The Gaussian distribution heat source is applied to the area within the area, i.e., the heat source loading surface. The area outside the channel area, i.e., the non-heat source loading surface, is applied with a load in the form of thermal convection, and the ambient temperature is set to 22°C in this embodiment. Its equation can be expressed by formula (3):

[0064]

[0065] Where: λ is the thermal conductivity of the material; z is the depth direction of the material; hc is the convection heat transfer coefficient; Ts is the electrode material temperature; T0 is the gas medium temperature of the surrounding environment.

[0066] Step 5: Generation of deposition spots and preparation of composite coatings.

[0067] For the generation of multi-channel discharge deposition spots in electric sparks and the transient process of composite coating preparation, the birth and death unit method in ANSYS is used to simulate the entire process.

[0068] The method of accumulating multiple deposition spots to form a composite coating structure is used for simulation. Therefore, it is necessary to set the birth and death units for each deposition spot geometry to meet the requirements of the processing conditions.

[0069] First, set the number of calculation and analysis steps and the duration of each step in Analysis Settings. In this embodiment, the number of calculation and analysis steps is 22 steps, and the duration of each step is 1 second.

[0070] Secondly, insert the element birth and death in the Transient Thermal transient thermal analysis module and select the corresponding deposition spot geometry, and set the existence or death properties of the deposition spot geometry in each analysis step.

[0071] Step 6: Calculate the temperature field and post-process the results.

[0072] Insert the Temperature field in the Solution module, select it, right-click and click Solve to solve the calculation. After the calculation is completed, you can view the temperature distribution cloud map, heat flux density changes, deposition spot generation and composite coating preparation process in the Solution module, such as Figure 6-9 shown.

[0073] Step 7: Structural calculation and analysis.

[0074] The Transient Structural transient structural analysis module is called on the ANSYS Workbench platform, and the temperature field calculation results are loaded into the transient structural analysis module for sequential coupling. The birth-and-death unit method is used to set the generation of the deposition spot geometry, and the contact surfaces between the deposition spots and between the deposition spots and the substrate material are set for binding contact settings, and reasonable boundary constraints are set.

[0075] Step 8: Stress-strain solution calculation and post-processing of results.

[0076] Set the number of calculation steps and time step, insert Equivalent Stress, Total Deformation, etc. in the Solution module, select them, right-click and click Solve to solve the solution. After the solution is completed, you can view the transient thermal stress and thermal deformation results in the Solution module, such as Figure 10-11 shown.

[0077] The simulation calculation method for surface strengthening and preparation of composite coatings by multi-channel electrospark deposition provided by the present invention can establish a three-dimensional simulation model according to working conditions such as deposition electrodes of different materials, substrates and different pulse discharge energies, and simulate and analyze its transient temperature field, heat flux density, transient stress field, thermal deformation, deposition spot generation and composite coating preparation process, and obtain more accurate transient processing results. In the process of preparing composite coatings by multi-channel electrospark deposition, there is a problem of mutual influence between two or more independent heat sources. At the same time, the difference in thermal expansion coefficients of different materials is prone to cracking and failure of the composite coating applied on the surface of the substrate material, which will have a certain impact on the quality of the composite coating produced. The present invention can quickly understand the deposition mechanism in a short time through simulation analysis, provide theoretical guidance for experimental design, and thus save a lot of time and resources. The present invention can quickly simulate and obtain parameters such as deposition spot generation, composite coating preparation, transient temperature field, heat flux density change, transient stress field and thermal deformation that are easy to observe. The simulation results are intuitive and reliable, and the solution results are more stable and accurate.

[0078] The above are preferred embodiments of the present invention. It should be pointed out that, for ordinary technicians in this technical field, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principles of the present invention. These improvements and modifications should also be regarded as within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A simulation calculation method for surface strengthening by multi-channel electrospark deposition and preparation of composite coatings, characterized in that: The steps include: Step 1: Establish a three-dimensional geometric model using ANSYS SCDM and DM modeling software; Step 2: Material property setting: add the material properties of the deposition spot and the substrate in Engineering Data according to the actual working conditions; Step 3: Mesh the geometric model. Import the three-dimensional geometric model obtained in step 1 into Meshing for meshing. Name the heat source loading surface and other boundary surfaces of the deposition spot respectively, and define the material properties of the substrate and the deposition spot geometry. Step 4: Loading the discharge channel heat source; Step 5: Generation of deposition spots and preparation of composite coatings. For the transient process of generation of deposition spots by multi-channel discharge of electric sparks and preparation of composite coatings, the birth-and-death unit method in ANSYS is used to simulate the complete process. Step 6: temperature field calculation and post-processing of the results; Step 7: Structural calculation and analysis; Step 8: Stress-strain solution calculation and post-processing of results.

2. The simulation calculation method for surface strengthening by multi-channel electrospark deposition and preparation of composite coatings according to claim 1 is characterized in that: In step 1, the composite coating on the surface of the substrate in the three-dimensional geometric model is at least two layers, each layer has a thickness of 1 μm-200 μm, and the composite coating material is composed of at least two materials.

3. The simulation calculation method for surface strengthening by multi-channel electrospark deposition and preparation of composite coatings according to claim 1 is characterized in that: Step four specifically includes the following contents: For the moving heat source of multi-channel electrospark deposition, the subroutine is written in the APDL language in ANSYS to implement it, and its total length along the deposition direction is divided into N equal sections, and then multiple Gaussian distributed heat sources generated by multi-discharge channel deposition are applied to each section and calculated. After the calculation is completed, the temperature field result is processed as the initial value of the next section loading, and the cycle is repeated in sequence to simulate the movement of the heat source.

4. The simulation calculation method for surface strengthening and preparation of composite coating by multi-channel electrospark deposition according to claim 3 is characterized in that: The total energy of pulse discharge in the process of producing composite coating by multi-channel electrospark deposition can be calculated by formula (1); Where: U(t) is the discharge voltage; I(t) is the discharge current; t is the pulse discharge time; n is the number of deposition electrodes, that is, the number of discharge channels generated by a single pulse discharge.

5. The simulation calculation method for surface strengthening by multi-channel electrospark deposition and preparation of composite coatings according to claim 3 is characterized in that: The heat source generated by electrospark deposition is a surface heat source with Gaussian distribution. For multiple moving heat sources, the following formula (2) can be used to describe it: Where: n is the number of deposition electrodes, that is, the number of discharge channels generated by a single pulse discharge; q n is the heat flux generated by the nth electrode; Q n is the peak value of heat flux density generated by the nth electrode; k is the energy concentration coefficient; R n is the radius of the deposition electrode or the radius of action of the heat source; x and y are the coordinate values ​​of the center point of the deposition electrode or the heat source at time 0s; l is the distance between the two deposition electrodes; v is the electrode moving speed; and t is time.

6. The simulation calculation method for surface strengthening and preparation of composite coating by multi-channel electrospark deposition according to claim 3 is characterized in that: The temperature field of the substrate, a single deposition spot and the composite coating is also affected by thermal convection. The convection condition is inserted into the TransientThermal transient thermal analysis module. The channel area formed by spark discharge is used as the dividing line. The Gaussian distributed heat source is applied to the area within the area, i.e., the heat source loading surface. The area outside the channel area, i.e., the non-heat source loading surface, is applied with a load in the form of thermal convection, and the ambient temperature is set. The equation can be expressed by formula (3); Where: λ is the thermal conductivity of the material; z is the depth direction of the material; h c is the convective heat transfer coefficient; T s is the electrode material temperature; T0 is the gas medium temperature of the surrounding environment.

7. The simulation calculation method for surface strengthening and preparation of composite coating by multi-channel electrospark deposition according to claim 1 is characterized in that: Step 5 specifically includes the following contents: using a method of accumulating multiple deposition spots to form a composite coating structure for simulation, it is necessary to set the birth and death unit for each deposition spot geometry to meet the requirements of the processing conditions; First, set the number of calculation analysis steps and the duration of each step in Analysis Settings; Secondly, insert the Element birth and death in the Transient Thermal transient thermal analysis module and select the corresponding deposition spot geometry, and set the existence or death properties of the deposition spot geometry in each analysis step.

8. The simulation calculation method for surface strengthening and preparation of composite coating by multi-channel electrospark deposition according to claim 1 is characterized in that: Step six specifically includes the following contents: insert the Temperature field in the Solution module, select it, right-click and click solve to perform the solution calculation. After the solution calculation is completed, the temperature distribution cloud map, heat flux density changes, deposition spot generation and composite coating preparation process can be viewed in the Solution module.

9. The simulation calculation method for surface strengthening by multi-channel electrospark deposition and preparation of composite coatings according to claim 1, characterized in that: Step seven specifically includes the following contents: calling the TransientStructural transient structural analysis module on the ANSYS Workbench platform, loading the temperature field calculation results into the transient structural analysis module for sequential coupling, using the birth-and-death unit method to set the generation of the deposition spot geometry, setting the binding contact settings for each contact surface between the deposition spots and between the deposition spots and the substrate material, and setting reasonable boundary constraints.

10. The simulation calculation method for surface strengthening and preparation of composite coating by multi-channel electrospark deposition according to claim 1, characterized in that: Step eight specifically includes the following contents: set the number of calculation steps and time step, insert Equivalent Stress effect force and Total Deformation thermal deformation in the Solution module, select them, right-click and click solve to solve the calculation. After the solution is completed, view the transient thermal stress and thermal deformation results in the Solution module.

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