Pixel arrangement structure, high-precision metal mask plate and display device

Abstract

The invention provides a pixel arrangement structure, a high-precision metal mask plate and a display device, and belongs to the technical field of display. The pixel arrangement structure comprises a plurality of pixel repeating units arranged in the first direction; each pixel repeating unit comprises a first sub-pixel group extending along a second direction, the first sub-pixel group comprises at least one first sub-pixel, and the second direction is perpendicular to the first direction; the second sub-pixel group comprises at least one second sub-pixel, and the two ends, in the second direction, of the second sub-pixel group are each provided with a protrusion; the third sub-pixel group comprises at least one third sub-pixel, the third sub-pixel group is arranged adjacent to the second sub-pixel group in the second direction, and the two ends of the third sub-pixel group in the second direction are provided with recesses matched with the protrusions; wherein the second sub-pixel group and the third sub-pixel group are located on the same side of the first sub-pixel group in the first direction. The aperture opening ratio and the resolution ratio of the display device can be improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of display technology, and in particular to a pixel arrangement structure, a high-precision metal mask and a display device. Background Art

[0002] Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) display devices are one of the hot topics in the field of flat panel display research today. Compared with liquid crystal displays, OLED display devices have the advantages of low energy consumption, low production cost, self-luminescence, wide viewing angle and fast response speed. At present, in the field of flat panel displays such as mobile phones, PDAs, digital cameras, OLED display devices have begun to replace traditional liquid crystal displays (LCD).

[0003] The structure of an OLED display device mainly includes: a substrate, and sub-pixels arranged in a matrix on the substrate. Among them, each sub-pixel is generally formed by using organic materials to form an organic electroluminescent structure at the corresponding sub-pixel position on the array substrate through a high-precision metal mask using evaporation film forming technology. Since the opening size of the high-precision metal mask directly determines the size of the sub-pixel, there are limitations in the preparation process of the high-precision metal mask. At present, it is difficult to obtain a high-resolution display device with the traditional RGB pixel arrangement structure. Summary of the invention

[0004] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a pixel arrangement structure, a high-precision metal mask and a display device, which can improve the aperture ratio and resolution of the display device.

[0005] To solve the above technical problems, the embodiments of the present invention provide the following technical solutions:

[0006] In one aspect, a pixel arrangement structure is provided, comprising a plurality of pixel repeating units arranged along a first direction; each of the pixel repeating units comprises:

[0007] a first sub-pixel group extending along a second direction, the first sub-pixel group including at least one first sub-pixel, the second direction being perpendicular to the first direction;

[0008] a second sub-pixel group, the second sub-pixel group including at least one second sub-pixel, and both ends of the second sub-pixel group in the second direction have protrusions;

[0009] a third sub-pixel group, the third sub-pixel group comprising at least one third sub-pixel, the third sub-pixel group being arranged adjacent to the second sub-pixel group in the second direction, and both ends of the third sub-pixel group in the second direction having recesses matching the protrusions;

[0010] The second sub-pixel group and the third sub-pixel group are located on the same side of the first sub-pixel group in the first direction.

[0011] In some embodiments, the first sub-pixel group includes one first sub-pixel, or includes two first sub-pixels arranged in sequence along the second direction, and the two first sub-pixels are arranged in a mirror image.

[0012] In some embodiments, the first sub-pixel is rectangular.

[0013] In some embodiments, the second sub-pixel group is a regular hexagon, the regular hexagon includes a first outline, a second outline, a third outline, a fourth outline, a fifth outline and a sixth outline which are sequentially connected end to end, wherein the first outline and the fourth outline are parallel to the second direction, the second outline and the third outline are close to the third sub-pixel group, and the regular hexagon also includes a central axis parallel to the second direction;

[0014] The third sub-pixel group includes two third sub-pixels, and the third sub-pixels are in the form of an isosceles triangle. The two third sub-pixels are mirror-imaged relative to the central axis, and the bases of the two isosceles triangles are respectively on the same straight line as the first contour and the fourth contour, and the waists of the two isosceles triangles close to the second sub-pixel group are respectively parallel to the second contour and the third contour.

[0015] In some embodiments, the side of the first sub-pixel close to the second sub-pixel is parallel to the second direction, the first contour is close to the first sub-pixel, the distance between the first contour and the side is b, the distance between the base of the isosceles triangle close to the first sub-pixel and the side is a, the distance between the waist of the isosceles triangle close to the second sub-pixel and the parallel second contour or the third contour is c, and a=b=c.

[0016] In some embodiments, the second sub-pixel group includes one second sub-pixel, or includes two second sub-pixels arranged in sequence along the second direction, and the two second sub-pixels are arranged in a mirror image.

[0017] In some embodiments, the second sub-pixel is a pentagon, and the pentagon includes a first side, a second side, a third side, a fourth side, and a fifth side connected end to end in sequence, the first side and the fourth side are parallel to the second direction, the fifth side is parallel to the first direction, the angle between the second side and the third side is 120°, and the fifth sides of two second sub-pixels are adjacent to each other.

[0018] In some embodiments, the first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel and the third sub-pixel are respectively one of a blue sub-pixel, a red sub-pixel and a green sub-pixel.

[0019] In some embodiments, the area of ​​the blue sub-pixel is larger than the area of ​​the green sub-pixel, and the area of ​​the red sub-pixel is larger than the area of ​​the blue sub-pixel.

[0020] An embodiment of the present invention further provides a high-precision metal mask for manufacturing the pixel arrangement structure as described above, comprising: a plurality of opening areas, wherein the opening areas correspond to the shape and position of the first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel or the third sub-pixel.

[0021] An embodiment of the present invention further provides a display device, comprising the pixel arrangement structure as described above.

[0022] The embodiments of the present invention have the following beneficial effects:

[0023] In the above scheme, the pixel repetition unit includes a first sub-pixel group extending along the second direction, a second sub-pixel group having depressions and protrusions, and a third sub-pixel group having depressions. The above-mentioned pixel arrangement structure can reduce sharing without changing the resolution of the display device, so that the sub-pixels are closely arranged to achieve the maximum aperture ratio, reduce the power consumption of the display device while ensuring the resolution of the display device, and increase the life of the display device. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024] Figure 1-Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a pixel repeating unit according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0025] Figure 5 A schematic diagram of a pixel arrangement structure according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0026] Figure 6-Figure 8 A schematic diagram of manufacturing a sub-pixel according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 8-Figure 10 Schematic diagram of the positions of sub-pixels in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0028] Reference numerals

[0029] 1 First sub-pixel group

[0030] 11 First sub-pixel

[0031] 2 Second sub-pixel group

[0032] 21 Second sub-pixel

[0033] 3 The third sub-pixel group

[0034] 31 Third sub-pixel DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and advantages to be solved by the embodiments of the present invention more clear, a detailed description will be given below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0036] Existing display products pursue high resolution while having a small pixel aperture ratio, which results in greater power consumption at the same brightness, thus greatly reducing the life of the display products.

[0037] The embodiments of the present invention provide a pixel arrangement structure, a high-precision metal mask and a display device, which can improve the aperture ratio and resolution of the display device, thereby increasing the life of the display product.

[0038] An embodiment of the present invention provides a pixel arrangement structure, comprising a plurality of pixel repeating units arranged along a first direction; each of the pixel repeating units comprises:

[0039] A first sub-pixel group 1 extending along a second direction, the first sub-pixel group 1 including at least one first sub-pixel 11, the second direction being perpendicular to the first direction;

[0040] A second sub-pixel group 2, wherein the second sub-pixel group 2 includes at least one second sub-pixel 21, and both ends of the second sub-pixel group 2 in the second direction have protrusions;

[0041] a third sub-pixel group 3, the third sub-pixel group 3 comprising at least one third sub-pixel 31, the third sub-pixel group 3 being arranged adjacent to the second sub-pixel group 2 in the second direction, both ends of the third sub-pixel group 3 in the second direction having recesses matching the protrusions, and in the second direction, the protrusion at the first end of the second sub-pixel group 2 is embedded in the recess on the side of the third sub-pixel group 3 close to the second sub-pixel group 2, and in addition, the protrusion at the second end of the second sub-pixel group of the adjacent pixel repeating unit is embedded in the recess on the side of the third sub-pixel group 3 away from the second sub-pixel group 2;

[0042] The second sub-pixel group 2 and the third sub-pixel group 3 are both located on the same side of the first sub-pixel group 1 in the first direction.

[0043] In this embodiment, the pixel repetition unit includes a first sub-pixel group 1 extending along the second direction, a second sub-pixel group 2 having a depression and a protrusion, and a third sub-pixel group 3 having a depression. The above-mentioned pixel arrangement structure can reduce sharing without changing the resolution of the display device, so that each sub-pixel is closely arranged to achieve a maximum aperture ratio, reduce the power consumption of the display device while ensuring the resolution of the display device, and increase the life of the display device.

[0044] In this embodiment, the first sub-pixel group 1 may include a first sub-pixel 11, or two first sub-pixels 11 arranged in sequence along the second direction, and the two first sub-pixels 11 are arranged in a mirror image. The second sub-pixel group 2 may include a second sub-pixel 21, or two second sub-pixels 21 arranged in sequence along the second direction, and the two second sub-pixels 21 are arranged in a mirror image. The third sub-pixel group 3 may include two third sub-pixels 31 arranged in sequence along the second direction, and the two third sub-pixels 31 are arranged in a mirror image.

[0045] In some embodiments, the second sub-pixel group 2 may be in the shape of a regular hexagon. Of course, the second sub-pixel group 2 is not limited to being in the shape of a regular hexagon, and may be in other shapes, such as a regular octagon.

[0046] In a specific embodiment, Figure 1 As shown, the pixel repeating unit includes a first sub-pixel group 1, a second sub-pixel group 2 and a third sub-pixel group 3. The first sub-pixel group 1 is rectangular and includes two first sub-pixels 11 arranged in a mirror image. The first sub-pixel 11 is rectangular; the second sub-pixel group 2 is a regular hexagon, and the regular hexagon includes a first outline L1, a second outline L2, a third outline L3, a fourth outline L4, a fifth outline L5 and a sixth outline L6 connected end to end in sequence, wherein the first outline L1 and the fourth outline L4 are parallel to the second direction, the second outline L2 and the third outline L3 are close to the third sub-pixel group 3, and the regular hexagon also includes a central axis parallel to the second direction; the third sub-pixel group 3 includes two third sub-pixels 31, the third sub-pixels 31 are isosceles triangles, the two third sub-pixels 31 are mirrored relative to the central axis, the bases of the two isosceles triangles are respectively on the same straight line as the first outline L1 and the fourth outline L4, and the waists of the two isosceles triangles close to the second sub-pixel group 2 are respectively parallel to the second outline L2 and the third outline L3.

[0047] In this embodiment, the sub-pixels are closely arranged to achieve a maximum aperture ratio, thereby reducing the power consumption of the display device while ensuring the resolution of the display device and increasing the life of the display device.

[0048] In another specific embodiment, Figure 2As shown, the pixel repeating unit includes a first sub-pixel group 1, a second sub-pixel group 2 and a third sub-pixel group 3. The first sub-pixel group 1 is rectangular and includes a first sub-pixel 11, which is rectangular; the second sub-pixel group 2 is a regular hexagon, which includes a first outline L1, a second outline L2, a third outline L3, a fourth outline L4, a fifth outline L5 and a sixth outline L6 which are sequentially connected end to end, wherein the first outline L1 and the fourth outline L4 are parallel to the second direction, the second outline L2 and the third outline L3 are close to the third sub-pixel group 3, and the regular hexagon also includes a central axis parallel to the second direction; the third sub-pixel group 3 includes two third sub-pixels 31, which are isosceles triangles, and the two third sub-pixels 31 are mirror-imaged relative to the central axis, the bases of the two isosceles triangles are respectively on the same straight line as the first outline L1 and the fourth outline L4, and the waists of the two isosceles triangles close to the second sub-pixel group 2 are respectively parallel to the second outline L2 and the third outline L3.

[0049] In this embodiment, the sub-pixels are closely arranged to achieve a maximum aperture ratio, thereby reducing the power consumption of the display device while ensuring the resolution of the display device and increasing the life of the display device.

[0050] In another specific embodiment, Figure 3 As shown, the pixel repeating unit includes a first sub-pixel group 1, a second sub-pixel group 2 and a third sub-pixel group 3. The first sub-pixel group 1 is rectangular, including two first sub-pixels 11 arranged in a mirror image, and the first sub-pixel 11 is rectangular; the second sub-pixel group 2 is a regular hexagon, including two second sub-pixels 21 arranged in sequence along the second direction, the two second sub-pixels 21 are arranged in a mirror image, and the second sub-pixel 21 is a pentagon, and the pentagon includes a first side B1, a second side B2, a third side B3, a fourth side B4 and a fifth side B5 connected end to end in sequence, the first side B1 and the fourth side B4 are parallel to the second direction, the fifth side B5 is parallel to the first direction, and the fifth side B5 is parallel to the first direction. The angle between the second side B2 and the third side B3 is 120°, and the fifth sides B5 of the two second sub-pixels 21 are arranged adjacent to each other; the third sub-pixel group 3 includes two third sub-pixels 31, and the third sub-pixels 31 are isosceles triangles. The two third sub-pixels 31 are mirror-imaged relative to the central axis, and the bases of the two isosceles triangles are respectively on the same straight line as the first contour L1 and the fourth contour L4, and the waists of the two isosceles triangles close to the second sub-pixel group 2 are respectively parallel to the second contour L2 and the third contour L3.

[0051] In this embodiment, the sub-pixels are closely arranged to achieve a maximum aperture ratio, thereby reducing the power consumption of the display device while ensuring the resolution of the display device and increasing the life of the display device.

[0052] In another specific embodiment, Figure 4 As shown, the pixel repeating unit includes a first sub-pixel group 1, a second sub-pixel group 2 and a third sub-pixel group 3. The first sub-pixel group 1 is rectangular and includes a first sub-pixel 11, and the first sub-pixel 11 is rectangular; the second sub-pixel group 2 is a regular hexagon, including two second sub-pixels 21 arranged in sequence along the second direction, the two second sub-pixels 21 are mirror-imaged, and the second sub-pixel 21 is a pentagon, and the pentagon includes a first side B1, a second side B2, a third side B3, a fourth side B4 and a fifth side B5 connected end to end in sequence, the first side B1 and the fourth side B4 are parallel to the second direction, the fifth side B5 is parallel to the first direction, and the second side The angle between B2 and the third side B3 is 120°, and the fifth sides B5 of the two second sub-pixels 21 are arranged adjacent to each other; the third sub-pixel group 3 includes two third sub-pixels 31, and the third sub-pixels 31 are isosceles triangles. The two third sub-pixels 31 are mirror-imaged relative to the central axis, and the bases of the two isosceles triangles are respectively on the same straight line as the first contour L1 and the fourth contour L4, and the waists of the two isosceles triangles close to the second sub-pixel group 2 are respectively parallel to the second contour L2 and the third contour L3.

[0053] In this embodiment, the sub-pixels are closely arranged to achieve a maximum aperture ratio, thereby reducing the power consumption of the display device while ensuring the resolution of the display device and increasing the life of the display device.

[0054] like Figure 5 As shown, the pixel arrangement structure of this embodiment includes a plurality of pixel repeating units, and the plurality of pixel repeating units are repeatedly arranged along a first direction and a second direction.

[0055] In the embodiment of the present invention, when manufacturing the first sub-pixel 11, the second sub-pixel 21 and the third sub-pixel 31, as shown in FIG. Figure 6 As shown, the first sub-pixel 11 can be prepared by evaporation first; then Figure 7 As shown, the third sub-pixel 31 is prepared by evaporation; Figure 8 As shown, the second sub-pixel 21 is prepared by evaporation.

[0056] In some embodiments, Fig. 9 and Fig.10As shown, the side of the first sub-pixel 11 close to the second sub-pixel 21 is parallel to the second direction, the first contour L1 is close to the first sub-pixel 11, the distance between the first contour L1 and the side is b, the distance between the base of the isosceles triangle close to the first sub-pixel 11 and the side is a, and the distance between the waist of the isosceles triangle close to the second sub-pixel 21 and the parallel second contour L2 or the third contour L3 is c. In order to increase the pixel aperture ratio as much as possible, while meeting the minimum distance of the evaporation process, the values ​​of a, b, and c are as small as possible, and a=b=c.

[0057] In order to achieve color display, in this embodiment, the first sub-pixel 11, the second sub-pixel 21 and the third sub-pixel 31 are respectively one of a blue sub-pixel, a red sub-pixel and a green sub-pixel. In some embodiments, the first sub-pixel 11 can be a blue sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel 21 can be a red sub-pixel, and the third sub-pixel 31 can be a green sub-pixel.

[0058] Since the lifespan and luminous efficiency of organic materials that emit blue light and red light are lower than those of organic materials that emit green light, in this embodiment, the area of ​​the blue sub-pixel is larger than the area of ​​the green sub-pixel, and the area of ​​the red sub-pixel is larger than the area of ​​the blue sub-pixel, so that the luminous efficiency of blue light and red light can be guaranteed.

[0059] An embodiment of the present invention further provides a high-precision metal mask for manufacturing the pixel arrangement structure as described above, comprising: a plurality of opening areas, wherein the opening areas correspond to the shape and position of the first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel or the third sub-pixel.

[0060] It should be noted that when the sub-pixel group includes two sub-pixels, the organic light-emitting layers of the two sub-pixels can be connected together, and the anodes of the two sub-pixels are independent of each other. Therefore, the shape of the opening area in the corresponding high-precision metal mask is consistent with the shape of the outer edges of the two sub-pixels, that is, consistent with the shape of the outer edges of the sub-pixel group.

[0061] Specifically, when the above-mentioned high-precision metal mask is used to form the above-mentioned pixel arrangement structure, the high-precision metal mask is first combined with the cover mask, the howling mask and the align mask to form an MFA, and then the combined MFA is placed in the corresponding evaporation chamber to evaporate the organic light-emitting material corresponding to the sub-pixel. In the specific implementation, only one sub-pixel pattern can be formed at a time. After forming one sub-pixel pattern, another sub-pixel pattern is formed. After the three sub-pixel patterns are formed in sequence, the following is obtained. Figure 1-Figure 4 Pixel arrangement structure.

[0062] An embodiment of the present invention further provides a display device, comprising the pixel arrangement structure as described above.

[0063] The display device includes but is not limited to: a radio frequency unit, a network module, an audio output unit, an input unit, a sensor, a display unit, a user input unit, an interface unit, a memory, a processor, and a power supply. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the structure of the above-mentioned display device does not constitute a limitation on the display device, and the display device may include more or less of the above-mentioned components, or a combination of certain components, or different component arrangements. In an embodiment of the present invention, the display device includes but is not limited to a display, a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a television, a wearable electronic device, a navigation display device, and the like.

[0064] The display device may be any product or component with a display function, such as a television, a monitor, a digital photo frame, a mobile phone, a tablet computer, etc., wherein the display device further includes a flexible circuit board, a printed circuit board and a backplane.

[0065] It should be noted that each embodiment in this specification is described in a progressive manner, and the same or similar parts between the embodiments can be referred to each other, and each embodiment focuses on the differences from other embodiments. In particular, for the embodiments, since they are basically similar to the product embodiments, the description is relatively simple, and the relevant parts can be referred to the partial description of the product embodiments.

[0066] Unless otherwise defined, the technical terms or scientific terms used in the present disclosure should be understood by people with ordinary skills in the field to which the present disclosure belongs. The "first", "second" and similar words used in the present disclosure do not indicate any order, quantity or importance, but are only used to distinguish different components. "Include" or "comprise" and similar words mean that the elements or objects appearing before the word cover the elements or objects listed after the word and their equivalents, without excluding other elements or objects. "Connect" or "connected" and similar words are not limited to physical or mechanical connections, but can include electrical connections, whether direct or indirect. "Up", "down", "left", "right" and the like are only used to indicate relative positional relationships. When the absolute position of the described object changes, the relative positional relationship may also change accordingly.

[0067] It will be understood that when an element such as a layer, film, region, or substrate is referred to as being “on” or “under” another element, it can be “directly on” or “under” the other element or intervening elements may be present.

[0068] In the description of the above embodiments, specific features, structures, materials or characteristics may be combined in a suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples.

[0069] The above is only a specific embodiment of the present disclosure, but the protection scope of the present disclosure is not limited thereto. Any person skilled in the art who is familiar with the technical field can easily think of changes or substitutions within the technical scope disclosed in the present disclosure, which should be included in the protection scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, the protection scope of the present disclosure should be based on the protection scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A pixel arrangement structure, characterized in that: comprising a plurality of pixel repeating units arranged along a first direction; Each of the pixel repeating units comprises: a first sub-pixel group extending along a second direction, the first sub-pixel group including at least one first sub-pixel, the second direction being perpendicular to the first direction; a second sub-pixel group, the second sub-pixel group including at least one second sub-pixel, and both ends of the second sub-pixel group in the second direction have protrusions; a third sub-pixel group, the third sub-pixel group comprising at least one third sub-pixel, the third sub-pixel group being arranged adjacent to the second sub-pixel group in the second direction, and both ends of the third sub-pixel group in the second direction having recesses matching the protrusions; The second sub-pixel group and the third sub-pixel group are located on the same side of the first sub-pixel group in the first direction.

2. The pixel arrangement structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The first sub-pixel group includes one first sub-pixel, or includes two first sub-pixels arranged in sequence along the second direction, and the two first sub-pixels are arranged in a mirror image.

3. The pixel arrangement structure according to claim 2, characterized in that: The first sub-pixel is rectangular.

4. The pixel arrangement structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The second sub-pixel group is in a regular hexagon, the regular hexagon includes a first outline, a second outline, a third outline, a fourth outline, a fifth outline and a sixth outline which are sequentially connected end to end, wherein the first outline and the fourth outline are parallel to the second direction, the second outline and the third outline are close to the third sub-pixel group, and the regular hexagon also includes a central axis parallel to the second direction; The third sub-pixel group includes two third sub-pixels, and the third sub-pixels are in the form of an isosceles triangle. The two third sub-pixels are mirror-imaged relative to the central axis, and the bases of the two isosceles triangles are respectively on the same straight line as the first contour and the fourth contour, and the waists of the two isosceles triangles close to the second sub-pixel group are respectively parallel to the second contour and the third contour.

5. The pixel arrangement structure according to claim 4, characterized in that: The side of the first sub-pixel close to the second sub-pixel is parallel to the second direction, the first contour is close to the first sub-pixel, the distance between the first contour and the side is b, the distance between the base of the isosceles triangle close to the first sub-pixel and the side is a, the distance between the waist of the isosceles triangle close to the second sub-pixel and the parallel second contour or the third contour is c, and a=b=c.

6. The pixel arrangement structure according to claim 4, characterized in that: The second sub-pixel group includes one second sub-pixel, or includes two second sub-pixels arranged in sequence along the second direction, and the two second sub-pixels are arranged in a mirror image.

7. The pixel arrangement structure according to claim 6, characterized in that: The second sub-pixel is in the shape of a pentagon, and the pentagon includes a first side, a second side, a third side, a fourth side and a fifth side which are connected end to end in sequence, the first side and the fourth side are parallel to the second direction, the fifth side is parallel to the first direction, the angle between the second side and the third side is 120°, and the fifth sides of two second sub-pixels are adjacently arranged.

8. The pixel arrangement structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel and the third sub-pixel are respectively one of a blue sub-pixel, a red sub-pixel and a green sub-pixel.

9. The pixel arrangement structure according to claim 8, characterized in that: The area of ​​the blue sub-pixel is larger than that of the green sub-pixel, and the area of ​​the red sub-pixel is larger than that of the blue sub-pixel.

10. A high-precision metal mask for making the pixel arrangement structure according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that: include: A plurality of opening regions, wherein the opening regions correspond to shapes and positions of the first sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel or the third sub-pixel.

11. A display panel, characterized in that: Comprising the pixel arrangement structure as described in any one of claims 1-9.

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