Expressway toll collection system based on quantum safety communication

Abstract

The invention discloses an expressway toll collection system based on quantum security communication, and relates to the technical field of expressway toll collection. Comprising a quantum key management module, a quantum authentication and session key management module, a quantum secure data transmission module, a quantum secure storage module, a quantum calculation charging accounting module and a quantum intelligent risk control module. A secret key for charging communication is generated through a quantum random number generator, and an uncracked quantum secret key is transmitted among a charging management center, a road side unit and a vehicle-mounted unit through a quantum secret key distribution technology, so that the absolute security of data transmission is ensured. According to the invention, the QKD technology is adopted to ensure the safety of charging data, and quantum storage and intelligent risk control are combined, so that the anti-attack capability, stability and abnormal transaction prevention capability of the system are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of highway toll collection, and particularly to a highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication. Background Art

[0002] In modern highway toll collection systems, electronic toll collection without stopping (ETC) and networked toll collection systems have become the mainstream. These systems mainly rely on technologies such as radio frequency identification (RFID), license plate recognition, satellite navigation, and data encryption for automatic identification and deduction of vehicle tolls. In the networked toll collection mode, data exchange is carried out between toll stations, on-board units (OBUs), bank payment systems, and data centers through the Internet or a dedicated network to achieve seamless toll collection services across regions and provinces. However, with the continuous development of network attack technologies, traditional encryption communication schemes (such as symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption) may fail when dealing with quantum computing threats, resulting in potential security risks for data transmission and user information in highway toll collection systems. Therefore, exploring toll collection schemes based on quantum secure communication to address future information security challenges has become an important research direction.

[0003] The prior art has the following deficiencies: There are multiple deficiencies in the security of existing highway toll collection systems. First, the traditional key management system relies on the public key infrastructure (PKI). Once the key is leaked or cracked by quantum computing, the security of the entire toll collection network will be severely threatened. Second, existing encryption algorithms (such as RSA and ECC) face challenges from quantum computing and may be quickly cracked in the future, resulting in sensitive information (such as vehicle identities and bank account data) being easily stolen by malicious parties. In addition, existing networked toll collection systems rely on centralized servers for data processing and are easily targeted by hackers, such as through man-in-the-middle attacks, DDoS attacks, or data tampering, causing toll collection errors, financial losses, or even system paralysis. Therefore, there are major hidden dangers in the security and quantum attack resistance of traditional toll collection systems, and it is urgent to introduce quantum secure communication technology to build a more robust highway toll collection scheme.

[0004] The above information disclosed in the background art section is only used to enhance the understanding of the background of the present disclosure, and thus it may include information that does not constitute the prior art known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The objective of the present invention is to provide a highway toll collection system based on quantum-secure communication. By adopting quantum key distribution (QKD) technology to replace traditional encryption algorithms (such as RSA, ECC), it fundamentally solves the potential risk that quantum computing may crack the encryption technology of the toll collection system, ensuring the security of vehicle identity, driving route, and payment data. QKD utilizes the characteristics of quantum states to make the key transmission eavesdropping-proof, ensuring end-to-end encryption protection. In addition, the system adopts erasure coding storage based on quantum keys and a distributed quantum-secure database to enhance data persistence and anti-attack capabilities. Even if some storage nodes are damaged, the complete data can still be restored, and abnormal transactions are prevented through quantum identity authentication and intelligent risk control, ensuring the security, stability, and reliability of the toll collection system to solve the problems in the above-mentioned background technology.

[0006] To achieve the above objective, the present invention provides the following technical solution: A highway toll collection system based on quantum-secure communication, including a quantum key management module, a quantum authentication and session key management module, a quantum-secure data transmission module, a quantum-secure storage module, a quantum computing toll accounting module, and a quantum intelligent risk control module: The quantum key management module: In the highway networked toll collection system, a quantum key distribution network is established. A key for toll communication is generated through a quantum random number generator, and through quantum key distribution technology, an unbreakable quantum key is transmitted among the toll management center, roadside units, and on-vehicle units to ensure the absolute security of data transmission; The quantum authentication and session key management module: Based on the distributed quantum key, the toll management center conducts two-way identity authentication with each terminal device, and negotiates a session key through the quantum-secure handshake protocol. The session key adopts the "one-time pad" mechanism, which is only used for the current communication session and is immediately destroyed after use, thus avoiding the key leakage risk existing in the traditional public key infrastructure; The quantum-secure data transmission module: When a vehicle passes through a highway toll station, the ETC on-vehicle unit sends the vehicle identity information, driving route data, and payment account information encrypted with a quantum key to the roadside unit. After receiving the data, the roadside unit decrypts and verifies it with the quantum key, and then transmits the data to the toll management center to achieve quantum-encrypted data interaction throughout the process; The quantum-secure storage module: After receiving the toll data, the toll management center encrypts the transaction records with a quantum-secure key and stores them in a distributed quantum-secure database. This database adopts an erasure coding storage mechanism based on quantum keys to ensure that even if the data is partially attacked, the complete information can still be restored through the quantum key, thereby improving the anti-attack capabilities and data persistence of the system; Quantum computing toll accounting module. In the toll management center, a vehicle toll accounting algorithm based on quantum computing is adopted. This algorithm utilizes the parallel advantages of quantum computing brought by the superposition and entanglement of quantum states to calculate for different types of vehicles, driving routes, and toll policies, and dynamically adjusts the toll strategy to adapt to the toll requirements in different time periods and regions, ensuring the efficiency and immutability of toll calculation. Quantum intelligent risk control module. In the toll system, an anomaly detection algorithm based on quantum machine learning is used to model historical toll data, and through the high-dimensional data processing ability of quantum computing, it can detect abnormal transaction behaviors in the toll process in real time, improving the security and intelligence level of the toll system, thereby effectively reducing the losses caused by fraud risks and system vulnerabilities.

[0007] Preferably, in the highway network toll system, a quantum key distribution network is established. The specific steps to generate keys for toll communication through a quantum random number generator and transmit unbreakable quantum keys between the toll management center, roadside units, and on-vehicle units through quantum key distribution technology to ensure the absolute security of data transmission are as follows: Use a quantum random number generator in the toll management center to generate unpredictable quantum security keys and store them classified to prepare for subsequent key distribution and secure communication. Through quantum key distribution technology, securely transmit the quantum key to the toll terminal, and use error correction and privacy amplification technologies to improve the key security. Each terminal device stores the received quantum key in a secure hardware module and adopts key rotation and access control strategies to prevent key leakage and abuse. The toll management center and terminal devices perform two-way identity authentication using the quantum key and negotiate a unique session key to ensure the security and integrity of toll data transmission.

[0008] Preferably, based on the distributed quantum key, the toll management center and each terminal device perform two-way identity authentication and negotiate a session key through the quantum secure handshake protocol. The session key adopts the "one-time pad" mechanism, which is only used for the current communication session and is immediately destroyed after use, thus avoiding the key leakage risk existing in the traditional public key infrastructure. The specific steps are as follows: Before initiating a toll transaction, the toll management center sends an encrypted identity authentication request to the toll management center and uses the pre-distributed quantum key to ensure the security and authenticity of the request. After the toll management center decrypts and verifies the terminal identity, it sends an encrypted authentication challenge, requiring the terminal device to decrypt and return an identity authentication response to ensure that it holds a valid quantum key and prevent access with a forged identity. After the terminal device is authenticated, it executes a quantum-secure handshake protocol with the toll management center to negotiate a unique session key and ensure key consistency to prevent tampering and replay attacks; The negotiated session key is used for encrypting the current toll transaction. After the transaction is completed, the key is immediately destroyed and the record is updated in the key management system to prevent key leakage and reuse.

[0009] Preferably, when a vehicle passes through a highway toll station, the ETC on-vehicle unit sends the vehicle identity information, driving route data, and payment account information encrypted with a quantum key to the roadside unit. After receiving the data, the roadside unit decrypts it with the quantum key and verifies it, and then transmits the data to the toll management center. The specific steps for realizing quantum-encrypted data interaction throughout the process are as follows: When the vehicle passes through the toll station, the ETC on-vehicle unit encrypts the key data of the vehicle identity, driving route, and payment information with the session key and securely transmits it to the roadside unit through a short-range communication protocol to prevent data eavesdropping and tampering; After receiving the encrypted data, the roadside unit decrypts it with the session key and verifies the data integrity, verifies the ETC device identity through digital signature, and checks the timestamp and anti-replay flag at the same time to prevent data forgery or replay attacks; The verified data is re-encrypted by the roadside unit and securely transmitted to the toll management center through a quantum-secure network, using quantum encryption technology to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks and data tampering, and ensure the integrity and confidentiality of toll data; After decrypting and verifying the data, the toll management center performs secondary encryption storage using a quantum key and analyzes abnormal transaction behaviors in combination with intelligent risk control algorithms to improve the security and reliability of the toll system.

[0010] Preferably, after receiving the toll data, the toll management center encrypts the transaction record with a quantum-secure key and stores it in a distributed quantum-secure database. This database adopts an erasure code storage mechanism based on quantum keys to ensure that even if part of the data is attacked, the complete information can still be restored through quantum keys, thereby improving the anti-attack ability and data persistence of the system. The specific steps are as follows: After decrypting and verifying the received toll data, the toll management center performs secondary encryption with a new quantum key and assigns a unique transaction identifier to ensure the integrity and security of the data; The encrypted toll data is fragmented and stored through an erasure code algorithm derived from quantum keys to ensure that even if part of the data is lost or damaged, the complete data can be restored through redundant information; The encrypted data blocks are distributed and stored in multiple quantum-secure database nodes, and the quantum key distribution technology is used to ensure data access security, improving the anti-attack ability and system availability; The toll management center uses the quantum key indexing system to restore toll data and combines with the intelligent risk control system to analyze abnormal transaction behaviors, improving the security of the toll system and the traceability of data.

[0011] Preferably, in the toll management center, a vehicle toll accounting algorithm based on quantum computing is adopted. This algorithm utilizes the parallel advantages of quantum computing brought by the superposition and entanglement of quantum states to calculate for different types of vehicles, driving routes, and toll policies, and dynamically adjusts the toll strategy to adapt to the toll demands in different time periods and regions, ensuring the efficiency and immutability of toll calculation. The specific steps are as follows: In the highway network, different driving routes have an impact on tolls. Therefore, first calculate the path weighted toll function. To achieve quantum secure computing, utilize the superposition of quantum states to construct a path toll calculation model, defined by the following formula: , where, is the path weighted toll value, is the total number of path segments, is the path segment 's dynamic weight coefficient, is the path segment 's quantum security factor, is the path segment 's quantum state weight, is the adjustment parameter used to balance the contribution of path tolls and toll station tolls to the total toll, is the shortest travel time used to dynamically adjust the toll value in case of congestion, is the number of toll stations, is the toll station 's toll entanglement factor, is the toll station 's quantum entanglement factor; After determining the path weighted toll value , calculate the final dynamic toll value. Utilize the quantum computing model to ensure the efficiency and anti-tampering ability of toll calculation. The formula is as follows: , where, is the final dynamic toll value, is the path toll adjustment factor, is the quantum path entanglement factor, is the vehicle toll adjustment coefficient, is the th type of vehicle's toll benchmark value, is the th type of vehicle's quantum correction factor, is the classification number of vehicle types. Different types of vehicles have different toll coefficients, is the regional charging weight, is the normalization parameter for regional charging, is the quantum entanglement correction value of the th region,

[0012] Preferably, in the charging system, the following are the specific steps to use an anomaly detection algorithm based on quantum machine learning to model historical charging data and, through the high-dimensional data processing ability of quantum computing, to detect abnormal transaction behaviors in real time during the charging process, improve the security and intelligence level of the charging system, and thus effectively reduce the losses caused by fraud risks and system vulnerabilities: First, extract features from the historical charging data and construct a high-dimensional data representation using the characteristics of quantum state superposition and entanglement. Let the charging data set be where represents the feature vector of the th transaction, is the total number of historical charging data. Define a quantum feature mapping function to embed classical data into the quantum state space for subsequent calculation of anomaly scores. The quantum feature mapping is implemented through a parameterized quantum circuit, and the specific formula is as follows: , where is the representation of the th historical charging transaction data in the baryon state space, is a transformation operation in quantum computing, represents the set of trainable parameters of this circuit, is the initial state of the quantum system. Before loading data, all qubits are in the state, is the dimension in the quantum system, corresponding to the number of features in the data set, is the feature weight coefficient, used to represent the importance of the th-dimensional feature in anomaly detection, is the data conversion function, is the quantum phase factor, is the quantum basis state, representing the th state of the quantum computing basis.

[0013] Preferably, when detecting a new transaction, map the new transaction data to the quantum state space, calculate its quantum state similarity with the historical data distribution, and calculate the anomaly score based on the quantum divergence. First, embed the new transaction data into the quantum state: , where is the quantum state representation of the new transaction data, is the feature weight coefficient, is the quantum phase factor, is the data conversion function; Then, define the quantum anomaly scoring function , based on the quantum divergence, which is used to measure the deviation degree of the new transaction data from the historical data distribution. The formula is as follows: , where, is the quantum anomaly score, which is used to measure the anomaly degree of the new transaction data, is the transaction data and the th transaction data in the historical data set. The formula for the quantum state similarity is as follows: is the mean similarity within the historical transaction data, which is used to construct the overall distribution of the historical transactions. The formula is as follows: , where, is the th quantum state of the historical transaction data.

[0014] In the above technical solution, the technical effects and advantages provided by the present invention are as follows: The present invention adopts the quantum key distribution (QKD) technology to replace the traditional public key encryption algorithms based on mathematical complexity (such as RSA, ECC), fundamentally solving the security risk that quantum computing may crack the existing encryption technology. In the highway toll system, the vehicle's identity information, driving route, payment account data, etc. all belong to highly sensitive data. Once leaked, it will lead to serious privacy and financial risks. QKD utilizes the superposition and measurement collapse characteristics of quantum states, making it impossible to eavesdrop on the key transmission. Even if an attacker tries to intercept the key, both communication parties can immediately detect it and abandon the key to prevent data leakage. In addition, the toll data is encrypted with quantum-secure keys during transmission, storage, and identity authentication. Even if a hacker intercepts the encrypted data, they cannot decrypt its content, thus achieving end-to-end quantum security protection. This solution effectively improves the security level of the toll system, enabling it to resist the threats brought by future quantum computing technology and providing security guarantees for long-term stable operation.

[0015] The present invention greatly improves the persistence and anti - attack ability of toll data through erasure - code storage based on quantum keys and a distributed quantum - secure database. Traditional toll systems use centralized databases for storage, which have risks such as single - point failures, hacker attacks, and data tampering. Once suffering from malicious attacks or server failures, toll data may be lost, affecting the traffic efficiency. Through this solution, toll data is encrypted and fragmented for storage on multiple physical nodes. Even if some nodes are attacked or the hardware is damaged, the complete data can still be restored through the remaining data blocks and redundant check information, ensuring data integrity. At the same time, the system adopts a quantum - key indexing mechanism to strictly control data access rights. Only devices and users that have passed quantum identity authentication can access, avoiding unauthorized access and data tampering. In addition, the intelligent risk - control system combines quantum computing to analyze historical transaction data, detect abnormal toll - collection behaviors in real - time, and prevent problems such as duplicate deductions and identity - forgery transactions, further enhancing the stability and reliability of the toll - collection system. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application or the prior art, the following will briefly introduce the drawings required in the embodiments. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments recorded in the present invention. For those of ordinary skill in the art, other drawings can also be obtained based on these drawings.

[0017] Figure 1 FIG. is a schematic diagram of the modules of a highway toll - collection system based on quantum - secure communication according to the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0018] Now, the exemplary embodiments will be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the exemplary embodiments can be implemented in various forms and should not be construed as limited to the examples set forth herein; rather, these examples are provided so that this disclosure will be more thorough and complete, and will fully convey the concept of the exemplary embodiments to those skilled in the art.

[0019] The present invention provides a highway toll - collection system based on quantum - secure communication as shown in Figure 1 FIG., including a quantum - key management module, a quantum authentication and session - key management module, a quantum - secure data - transmission module, a quantum - secure storage module, a quantum - computing toll - accounting module, and a quantum - intelligent risk - control module: The quantum - key management module establishes a quantum - key distribution network in the highway networked toll - collection system, generates keys for toll - collection communication through a quantum random - number generator and, through quantum - key distribution technology, distributes keys among the toll - collection management center, roadside units and on - vehicle units Transfer uncrackable quantum keys to ensure the absolute security of data transmission; In the highway network toll collection system, establish a quantum key distribution network, and generate keys for toll communication through a quantum random number generator and, through quantum key distribution technology, transfer uncrackable quantum keys among the toll management center, roadside units and on-vehicle units to ensure the absolute security of data transmission. The specific steps are as follows: At the toll management center, use a quantum random number generator to generate unpredictable quantum security keys, classify and store them to prepare for subsequent key distribution and secure communication; First, deploy a quantum random number generator (QRNG) at the toll management center to generate a completely unpredictable random key sequence using the characteristics of quantum physics. These keys are generated by quantum noise or the uncertainty of photon quantum states. Different from traditional pseudo-random algorithms, their randomness is based on physical laws rather than mathematical calculations, so they cannot be speculated or cracked through calculation. The generated quantum keys are initially stored in the key management system (KMS) and segmented and stored according to security policies to ensure the integrity and security of the keys. In addition, the toll management center will initially classify the generated quantum keys, such as for different purposes like identity authentication, session encryption, data integrity verification, etc., to prepare for subsequent key applications.

[0020] Through quantum key distribution technology, securely transmit the quantum keys to the toll terminals and use error correction and privacy amplification technologies to improve key security; After the quantum keys are generated, the system transmits the keys securely to each networked toll terminal, including roadside units and 、 on-vehicle units and the toll station system through the quantum key distribution protocol. Utilize the superposition and measurement collapse characteristics of quantum states to ensure that any eavesdropping behavior on key transmission will be immediately detected, thereby avoiding the man-in-the-middle attack or key leakage risks that may be suffered by traditional public key infrastructures. The keys received by each terminal are unique and non-reusable, and the toll management center will record the usage status of the keys to ensure key synchronization among the correct devices. During this process, the system will also perform error correction and privacy amplification technologies to eliminate errors in the physical channel and further enhance the security of the keys to fully meet the requirements of secure applications.

[0021] Each terminal device stores the received quantum keys in a secure hardware module and adopt key rotation and access control strategies to prevent key leakage and abuse; After each terminal device receives the quantum key, the system stores the key in a secure hardware module or a trusted execution environment to prevent external attacks or unauthorized access. Each terminal device is equipped with an exclusive key storage module to ensure that the key cannot be tampered with, leaked, or reused. In addition, the system adopts a key rotation strategy. According to the usage frequency of the key, communication requirements, and security policies, new keys are generated and old keys are replaced regularly to minimize the possibility of the key being attacked. At the same time, the toll management center strictly controls the access rights to the key, and only allows authenticated devices to obtain the key within a specific time window to prevent potential malicious access or information leakage.

[0022] The toll management center and the terminal device use the quantum key for two-way authentication and negotiate a unique session key to ensure the security and integrity of the toll data transmission; After the key distribution is completed, the toll management center and each terminal device (including the on-vehicle unit and the toll station system) will perform two-way authentication based on the distributed quantum key to ensure that each device is a trusted entity. First, each terminal will generate an authentication token using the quantum key and transmit it to the toll management center through an encrypted channel. The management center then uses the corresponding quantum key for decryption and identity comparison to verify the legitimacy of the terminal. After the identity authentication is completed, the toll management center and the terminal device further negotiate a session key, which is used for data encryption of this transaction to ensure that the toll information is not eavesdropped or tampered with during transmission. The generation and distribution of the session key will rely on the quantum key system to ensure the uniqueness and security of the key, and it will be updated immediately after each communication session ends to establish a security barrier for subsequent data interactions, thereby undertaking subsequent encrypted data transmission, distributed storage, and intelligent risk control analysis, etc.

[0023] Based on the distributed quantum key, the quantum authentication and session key management module enables the toll management center and each terminal device (including the ETC on-vehicle unit and the toll station system) to perform two-way authentication and negotiate a session key through the quantum secure handshake protocol. The session key adopts the "one-time pad" mechanism, which is only used for the current communication session and is destroyed immediately after use, thus avoiding the key leakage risk existing in the traditional public key infrastructure ; Based on the distributed quantum key, the toll management center and each terminal device (including the on-vehicle unit and the toll station system) perform two-way authentication and negotiate a session key through the quantum secure handshake protocol. The session key adopts the "one-time pad" A mechanism that is only used for the current communication session and is immediately destroyed after use, thus avoiding the key leakage risks existing in traditional public key infrastructures The specific steps to avoid the key leakage risks are as follows: Before initiating a toll transaction, the toll management center sends an encrypted identity authentication request to the toll management center and uses the pre-distributed quantum key to ensure the security and authenticity of the request; At the on-vehicle unit or the roadside unit is about to initiate a toll transaction, the terminal first sends an identity authentication request to the toll management center. The request contains information such as the unique device identifier of the terminal (such as the hardware ID or device public key), timestamp, random number, etc., to prevent replay attacks or forged requests. Before the request is sent, the terminal device encrypts the identity authentication data using the pre-distributed quantum key to prevent the data from being eavesdropped or tampered with during transmission. At the same time, the toll management center will retrieve the corresponding quantum key from the key management system and initialize the identity authentication process to prepare for verifying the legitimacy of the request.

[0024] After the toll management center decrypts and verifies the terminal identity, it sends an encrypted authentication challenge, requiring the terminal device to decrypt and return an identity authentication response to ensure that it holds a valid quantum key and prevent forged identities from accessing; After receiving the identity authentication request from the terminal, the toll management center decrypts the encrypted data using the distributed quantum key and verifies whether the identity information of the terminal device matches the system registration information. If the authentication passes, the toll management center will send an authentication challenge to the terminal device. The challenge contains a newly generated random number, the unique identifier of the toll management center, and the timestamp, and is encrypted using the quantum key and then returned to the terminal. The purpose of this challenge is to ensure that the terminal device indeed holds a valid quantum key and prevent man-in-the-middle attacks from forging identities to access the system. After receiving the challenge, the terminal device needs to decrypt it using the corresponding quantum key and return an identity authentication response calculated based on the challenge data to prove its legitimacy.

[0025] After the terminal device passes the authentication, it executes a quantum-secure handshake protocol with the toll management center to negotiate a unique session key and ensure key consistency to prevent tampering and replay attacks; When the terminal device successfully passes the identity authentication, the toll management center and the terminal device will enter the quantum-secure handshake protocol Phase: Negotiate the session key for this toll transaction. The two parties use quantum keys to generate a shared session key and perform key consistency verification to ensure that the session keys held by both parties are exactly the same and have not been tampered with. In addition, the toll management center will mark the session key once-only, allowing it to be used only for the encryption and decryption of current transaction data to prevent the key from being reused in future communications. This step ensures that even if an attacker intercepts the communication data of a certain time, they cannot reuse the data for attacks, improving the anti-attack ability of the entire toll system.

[0026] The negotiated session key is used for the encryption of this toll transaction. After the transaction is completed, the key is immediately destroyed, and the record is updated in the key management system to prevent key leakage and reuse. After the session key negotiation is completed, the toll management center will distribute the key to the terminal device and immediately enable the key to encrypt the data of this toll transaction. After the terminal device completes the toll transaction, the session key will be securely destroyed to ensure that it will not be maliciously exploited or stored in the device, further reducing the risk of key leakage. At the same time, the toll management center will update the key status record of the key management system to ensure that the session key will not be reused in subsequent transactions. This process ensures the security and efficiency of key management, provides a solid foundation for subsequent data encryption transmission, storage security, and intelligent risk prevention and control, and effectively improves the security level of the entire networked toll system.

[0027] Quantum secure data transmission module. When a vehicle passes through a highway toll station, The on-vehicle unit sends the vehicle identity information, driving route data, and payment account information encrypted with quantum keys to the roadside unit. After receiving the data, the roadside unit decrypts and verifies the data with quantum keys and then transmits the data to the toll management center to achieve quantum-encrypted data interaction throughout the process. When a vehicle passes through a highway toll station, The specific steps for the on-vehicle unit to send the vehicle identity information, driving route data, and payment account information encrypted with quantum keys to the roadside unit, and for the roadside unit to decrypt and verify the data with quantum keys and then transmit the data to the toll management center to achieve quantum-encrypted data interaction throughout the process are as follows: When the vehicle passes through the toll station, the on-vehicle unit encrypts the key data of the vehicle identity, driving route, and payment information using the session key and securely transmits it to the roadside unit through a short-range communication protocol to prevent the data from being eavesdropped and tampered with. When the vehicle is about to pass through a highway toll station, The on-vehicle unit first encrypts the toll data for this time using the negotiated session key. The encrypted data includes the vehicle identity , key information such as driving route, license plate number, payment account information, timestamp, and anti-replay flag. In addition, The device will also append a digital signature to ensure the authenticity of the data source and prevent malicious forgery. After encryption, the device transmits the data to the roadside unit through a short-range communication protocol (such as ). Since the key is negotiated based on quantum security technology, even if an attacker intercepts the data during wireless communication, they cannot crack the ciphertext, thus ensuring the confidentiality of data transmission.

[0028] After receiving the encrypted data, the roadside unit decrypts it using the session key and verifies the data integrity, and verifies the device identity through the digital signature, and at the same time checks the timestamp and anti-replay flag to prevent data forgery or replay attacks; When the roadside unit receives the encrypted toll data sent by the on-vehicle unit, it first decrypts it using the session key stored locally and parses the data content. To ensure data integrity, the decrypted information will be verified by its hash value to confirm that the data has not been tampered with. Then, using the public key issued by the toll management center or the quantum signature authentication mechanism, verify the digital signature of the device to confirm the legal source of the data. At this time, the timestamp and anti-replay flag in the data will also be checked to ensure that the data is the latest legal request and not historical data exploited by hackers, thus preventing the occurrence of replay attacks. If the data verification passes, a receipt confirmation message will be generated, encrypted again using the session key, and returned to the on-vehicle unit, informing it that the toll data has been successfully received and verified.

[0029] The verified data is re-encrypted by the roadside unit and securely transmitted to the toll management center through a quantum-secure network, using quantum encryption technology to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks and data tampering, ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of toll data; After completing the decryption and verification of the on-vehicle unit's data, the roadside unit transmits the authenticated toll data to the toll management center through a quantum-secure network. During this process, quantum keys will be used for end-to-end encryption to ensure that the data will not be subject to man-in-the-middle attacks or traffic eavesdropping during wide-area transmission. In addition, the link-layer encryption of the quantum-secure network (such as quantum or quantum ) further strengthens the transmission security, so that even if there are malicious nodes in the network, attackers cannot crack or tamper with the data content. After receiving the data, the charging management center uses The negotiated session key is decrypted and re-verified to ensure that the data has not been tampered with or lost during transmission, providing reliable input data for the next step of charging calculation.

[0030] After the toll collection management center decrypts and verifies the data, it uses quantum keys for secondary encryption and storage, and combines intelligent risk control algorithms to analyze abnormal transaction behaviors to improve the security and reliability of the toll collection system. When the charging management center completes the decryption and verification of the received data, the system will store the data in the quantum security database and perform anomaly detection in combination with the intelligent risk control system. First, the charging data will be re-encrypted using the quantum key and stored in the distributed storage system to improve the data's anti-attack and recovery capabilities. Secondly, the charging management center will call the intelligent risk control algorithm based on quantum computing to compare historical data and identify potential risks such as repeated deductions, forged identity transactions, and abnormal path changes. If an abnormality is detected, the system will automatically mark the transaction and trigger a manual review mechanism, thereby improving the security of the charging system. At this point, the entire data encryption, transmission, storage, and risk control detection process is completed, providing reliable data support for subsequent payment settlements.

[0031] After receiving the toll data, the quantum security storage module and the toll management center will encrypt the transaction records with quantum security keys and store them in a distributed quantum security database. The database uses a quantum key-based erasure code storage mechanism to ensure that even if the data is partially attacked, the complete information can still be restored through the quantum key, thereby improving the system's anti-attack capability and data persistence; After receiving the charging data, the charging management center encrypts the transaction records with quantum security keys and stores them in a distributed quantum security database. The database uses a quantum key-based erasure code storage mechanism to ensure that even if the data is partially attacked, the complete information can still be restored through the quantum key, thereby improving the system's anti-attack capability and data persistence. The specific steps are as follows: After the charging management center decrypts and verifies the received charging data, it uses the new quantum key to perform secondary encryption and assigns a unique transaction identifier to ensure the integrity and security of the data; After the toll collection management center receives the encrypted toll data transmitted from the roadside unit, it first uses Decrypt the negotiated quantum session key and perform integrity verification on the decrypted data. Integrity verification is performed by comparing hash values or verifying quantum digital signatures to ensure that the data has not been tampered with or lost. At the same time, the toll management center classifies the data according to a predefined format, including vehicle identity information, driving route, toll amount, payment account association information, and timestamp, and assigns a unique transaction identifier . Subsequently, the system uses the new quantum key to encrypt the toll data a second time and prepares to store it in a distributed quantum-secure database to ensure the security and attack resistance of subsequent data management.

[0032] The encrypted toll data is stored in fragments through an erasure code algorithm derived from the quantum key, ensuring that even if some data is lost or damaged, the complete data can be restored through redundant information; To improve the security and recovery ability of the stored data, before storage, the toll management center will use an erasure code based on the quantum key to fragment the encrypted data. This method splits the toll transaction data into multiple small pieces and generates a check code derived from the quantum key for each data block. In this way, even if some data blocks are damaged during storage, they can still be restored through redundant information. The storage strategy of the erasure code adopts mode, where represents the total number of data fragments, represents the minimum number of fragments required to restore the data. For example, if the (6, 4) mode is adopted, even if 2 data blocks are damaged, the system can still successfully restore the complete data through the quantum key and redundant check information. In addition, each data fragment has an independent quantum key index to ensure efficient location of the required information during subsequent queries and recovery.

[0033] The encrypted data blocks are distributed and stored in multiple quantum-secure database nodes, and quantum key distribution technology is used to ensure data access security, enhance attack resistance and system availability; After the erasure code processing is completed, the encrypted data blocks will be distributed and stored in a multi-node quantum-secure database to avoid the security risks brought by centralized data storage. The database nodes are interconnected using quantum key distribution . Each node only stores partial data fragments and does not store complete information, thereby enhancing overall security. In addition, an access control mechanism is introduced during storage, and only devices and users that have passed quantum authentication can decrypt and access the specified data, further reducing the possibility of data leakage. The storage nodes are located in different physical locations, such as the main server of the toll management center, the data disaster recovery center, and the cloud encryption storage unit, etc. While improving data availability, it is ensured that even if some storage nodes fail or are attacked, the complete data can still be restored through other nodes.

[0034] The toll management center uses the quantum key indexing system to restore toll data and combines it with the intelligent risk control system to analyze abnormal transaction behaviors, improving the security and data traceability of the toll system; When the toll system needs to query or restore data, the distributed database will call the quantum key indexing system to locate and recombine the required encrypted data blocks. The toll management center decrypts the data using the quantum key matching the storage node and automatically repairs the possibly damaged data fragments through the erasure code algorithm to ensure data integrity. In addition, the restored toll data will be input into the intelligent risk control system based on quantum computing for analyzing abnormal toll behaviors, such as duplicate deductions, forged identities, abnormal path transactions, etc., improving the security and reliability of the entire highway toll system. Finally, the data can be used in different business scenarios such as financial settlement, historical query, and legal evidence collection, providing solid data support for highway network toll collection.

[0035] Quantum computing toll accounting module. In the toll management center, a vehicle toll accounting algorithm based on quantum computing is adopted. This algorithm utilizes the parallel advantages of quantum computing brought by the superposition and entanglement of quantum states to calculate for different types of vehicles, driving paths, and toll policies, and dynamically adjusts the toll strategy to adapt to the toll requirements in different time periods and regions, ensuring the efficiency and immutability of toll calculation; In the toll management center, the specific steps of adopting a vehicle toll accounting algorithm based on quantum computing, which utilizes the parallel advantages of quantum computing brought by the superposition and entanglement of quantum states to calculate for different types of vehicles, driving paths, and toll policies, and dynamically adjusts the toll strategy to adapt to the toll requirements in different time periods and regions, ensuring the efficiency and immutability of toll calculation, are as follows: In the highway network, different driving paths have an impact on tolls. Therefore, first calculate the path weighted toll function. To achieve quantum secure calculation, utilize the superposition of quantum states to construct a path toll calculation model, and define the following formula: , where, is the path weighted toll value, used for subsequent dynamic toll calculation, is the total number of path segments, and the toll for each path segment will be calculated independently, is the path segment 's dynamic weight coefficient, adjusted according to road congestion, time period, etc., with the value range , is the path segment 's quantum security factor, generated based on quantum key distribution to ensure the security of path toll calculation, is the path segment The quantum state weight, representing the relative weight of the path after quantum state superposition, is determined by the measurement results of the quantum computer during calculation. is a regulation parameter used to balance the contributions of path tolls and toll station tolls to the total toll. The shortest travel time is used to dynamically adjust the toll value in case of congestion, with the unit being minutes. is the number of toll stations. After the tolls of each toll station are calculated separately, they are weighted and summed up. is the toll station 's toll entanglement factor, which depends on the toll policy and time period. is the toll station 's quantum entanglement factor, used to ensure the non-tamperability of toll calculation, which is derived from the measurement results of the entangled state of the quantum computer; After determining the path weighted toll value Combined with factors such as vehicle type, time period, and regional toll policy, the final dynamic toll value is calculated. Using the quantum computing model, the efficiency and anti-tampering ability of toll calculation are ensured. The formula is as follows: , where in the formula, is the final dynamic toll value, that is, the toll that the vehicle needs to pay. is the path toll adjustment factor, used to adjust according to the government toll policy. is the quantum path entanglement factor, used to prevent data tampering in path toll calculation. is the vehicle toll adjustment coefficient, used to adjust the toll impact of different vehicle types. is the toll benchmark value for the th type of vehicle. is the quantum correction factor for the th type of vehicle, which is dynamically adjusted according to the quantum calculation results to improve the calculation accuracy. is the classification number of vehicle types. The toll coefficients of different types of vehicles are different. is the regional toll weight, controlling the influence degree of the regional policy on the final toll. is the th quantum entanglement correction value for the region, used to ensure the non-calculability of toll calculation in different regions. is the number of partitions of the regional toll strategy, which is adjusted according to the policies of different cities or regions.

[0036] Quantum intelligent risk control module. In the charging system, an anomaly detection algorithm based on quantum machine learning is used to model historical charging data, and through the high-dimensional data processing ability of quantum computing, abnormal transaction behaviors during the charging process are detected in real time, such as repeated deductions, illegal vehicle identity forgery, abnormal route changes, etc., to improve the security and intelligence level of the charging system, thereby effectively reducing the losses caused by fraud risks and system vulnerabilities; In the charging system, the specific steps to use the anomaly detection algorithm based on quantum machine learning to model historical charging data and, through the high-dimensional data processing ability of quantum computing, detect abnormal transaction behaviors during the charging process, such as repeated deductions, illegal vehicle identity forgery, abnormal route changes, etc., to improve the security and intelligence level of the charging system, thereby effectively reducing the losses caused by fraud risks and system vulnerabilities are as follows: First, extract features from historical charging data and construct a high-dimensional data representation using the characteristics of quantum state superposition and entanglement. Let the charging data set be , where represents the feature vector of the th transaction, including key attributes such as transaction time, charging amount, vehicle ID, driving route, payment method, etc., is the total number of historical charging data. Define a quantum feature mapping function to embed classical data into the quantum state space for subsequent calculation of anomaly scores. The quantum feature mapping is implemented through a parameterized quantum circuit, and the specific formula is as follows: , where, represents the representation of the th historical charging transaction data in the baryon state space. After quantum feature mapping, each transaction data will become a high-dimensional quantum state for subsequent calculation, is a transformation operation in quantum computing, which is a set of parameterized quantum gates that control how to transform classical data into the quantum state , represents the set of trainable parameters of this circuit, is the initial state of the quantum system. Before loading data, all qubits are in the state, is the dimension (or number of features) in the quantum system, corresponding to the number of features in the data set, usually determined by the key features of the transaction data (such as amount, time, vehicle ID, route, etc.), is the feature weight coefficient, which is used to represent the importance of the th-dimensional feature in anomaly detection and can be adjusted through training to optimize the detection accuracy, is a data conversion function, which is used to convert classical transaction data Convert to values suitable for quantum computing, usually using non-linear mapping functions (such as trigonometric functions or exponential functions) to ensure that the data can meet the requirements of quantum state encoding. is the quantum phase factor, which is used to introduce phase information into the quantum state, enabling the data to be more effectively embedded into the quantum computing space. Since quantum computing relies on phase interference, this term ensures that the data can be correctly processed. is the quantum basis state, representing the th state of the quantum computing basis. ranges from 1 to , that is, the transaction data is mapped to a linear combination of multiple quantum states; At this time, we map all historical data to form a quantum data set as the training set for the subsequent anomaly detection model.

[0037] When detecting new transactions, map the new transaction data to the quantum state space, calculate its quantum state similarity with the historical data distribution, and calculate the anomaly score based on the quantum divergence. First, embed the new transaction data into the quantum state: , where is the quantum state representation of the new transaction data, which represents the representation of the new transaction data in the quantum state space. Each transaction data corresponds to a unique quantum state for subsequent calculations and classifications. Feature weight coefficient, which is used to represent the importance of the -dimensional feature in anomaly detection and can be optimized through training to improve the detection accuracy. is the quantum phase factor, which is used to introduce phase information into the quantum state, enabling the data to be more effectively embedded into the quantum computing space. Since quantum computing relies on phase interference, this term ensures that the data can be correctly processed. is the data conversion function, which is used to convert classical data into values suitable for quantum computing, usually using non-linear mapping functions (such as trigonometric functions or exponential functions) to ensure that the data can meet the requirements of quantum state encoding; Then, define the quantum anomaly scoring function , based on the quantum divergence (Quantum Kullback-Leiblen Divergence, QKL), which is used to measure the deviation degree of the new transaction data from the historical data distribution. The formula is as follows: , where is the quantum anomaly score, which is used to measure the anomaly degree of the new transaction data. It is transaction data and the quantum state similarity with the th transaction data in the historical dataset is as follows: , where is the mean similarity within the historical transaction data, which is used to construct the overall distribution of historical transactions, and the formula is as follows: , where in the formula is the th quantum state of the historical transaction data.

[0038] If exceeds the set threshold , the system determines that the transaction is abnormal and triggers a real-time warning or manual review mechanism, thereby enhancing the security and anti-fraud ability of the highway toll system.

[0039] Implementation Method 1: The current highway toll system relies on traditional encryption algorithms (such as RSA, ECC) for data protection. However, in the face of the potential threat of quantum computing, these algorithms may be quickly cracked in the future, resulting in the vulnerability of toll data to attacks. Therefore, this implementation method adopts quantum key distribution (QKD) technology to ensure that toll data is not eavesdropped or tampered with during transmission. The QKD technology uses the principles of quantum mechanics (such as single-photon transmission, the uncertainty principle, and the measurement collapse effect) to generate unbreakable keys, thereby providing the strongest security guarantee for data transmission.

[0040] In this implementation method, a quantum key distribution network is established among the toll management center, roadside unit (RSU), and ETC on-board unit (OBU), and a highly secure quantum key is generated through a quantum random number generator (QRNG). The distribution of the key adopts the QKD protocol (such as BB84 or E91) to ensure that during the transmission process, even if an attacker attempts to eavesdrop, the collapse characteristics of the quantum state will immediately expose the eavesdropping behavior, making it impossible for the attacker to obtain the key content.

[0041] Specifically, when a vehicle approaches a highway toll station, the OBU first encrypts the transaction data using the pre-distributed quantum session key. The transaction data includes vehicle identity information (license plate number, OBUID), driving route, passing time, toll amount, payment account information, etc. The OBU also calculates the hash value and attaches a digital signature to ensure the integrity and authenticity of the data. Then, the OBU securely transmits the encrypted toll data to the RSU through a short-range communication protocol (such as DSRC, C-V2X). Since the data is encrypted with a quantum key, even if an attacker intercepts the data during the wireless communication process, they cannot decrypt its content.

[0042] After the roadside unit (RSU) receives the encrypted data sent by the OBU, it first decrypts the data using the pre-distributed quantum key and verifies the data integrity, such as comparing the hash value, verifying the digital signature, checking the timestamp and anti-replay flag, to ensure that the transaction data has not been tampered with or forged. If the verification is successful, the RSU will re-encrypt the data and securely transmit it to the toll management center via the QKD network. After receiving the data, the toll management center decrypts it using the corresponding quantum key and analyzes it in combination with the intelligent risk control system to confirm the legitimacy of the toll. Through this embodiment, the security of the toll transaction data during the transmission process is ensured, and security threats such as man-in-the-middle attacks, data eavesdropping, and tampering are prevented.

[0043] Embodiment 2: In the highway network toll system, the identity authentication and key negotiation among terminal devices (such as ETC on-board units, roadside units, and toll management centers) are key links to ensure the security of the system. However, traditional identity authentication schemes rely on the public key infrastructure (PKI). Once the key is leaked or cracked by quantum computing, attackers can forge legitimate identities, resulting in the tampering or theft of toll data. Therefore, this embodiment adopts a two-way identity authentication and handshake protocol (QSHP) based on quantum keys to ensure the authenticity of the identity of terminal devices and negotiate secure session keys.

[0044] Before the toll transaction starts, the OBU sends an identity authentication request to the RSU, which contains the device unique identifier (such as OBUID), timestamp, random number, etc., and encrypts it using the quantum key to prevent replay attacks or forged requests. After receiving the request, the RSU decrypts it using the key distributed by QKD and verifies whether the identity information of the OBU matches the system registration data. If the identity authentication passes, the RSU generates an authentication challenge (Challenge), which contains a newly generated random number, the unique identifier of the toll management center, and the timestamp, and returns it to the OBU after encrypting it again using the quantum key. After receiving the challenge, the OBU decrypts the data and returns an authentication response calculated based on the challenge data to prove its own legitimacy.

[0045] After completing the two-way identity authentication, the OBU and the RSU negotiate a session key through the quantum secure handshake protocol (QSHP). Both parties generate a shared session key using the quantum key and perform a key consistency check to prevent tampering or interception during the key negotiation process. In addition, the toll management center will also perform identity authentication to ensure that the communication between the OBU and the RSU is secure and trustworthy. This embodiment effectively prevents forged identity attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, and ensures the data integrity and non-repudiation of toll transactions.

[0046] Embodiment 3: To further enhance the security and data persistence of the toll system, this embodiment uses quantum-secure key encryption and stores it in a distributed quantum-secure database. Meanwhile, combined with an intelligent risk control system, it realizes secure storage and abnormal transaction analysis.

[0047] When the toll management center receives toll data, it first encrypts the data using a new quantum key and assigns a unique transaction identifier (TransactionID) to each transaction record. Then, the data undergoes Quantum Erasure Coding based on the quantum key, splitting the toll data into multiple small pieces and generating independent quantum key indexes for each data block to ensure that even if some data blocks are attacked or damaged, the system can still recover the complete data through redundant information.

[0048] Subsequently, the encrypted data blocks are distributed and stored in multiple physical nodes, such as the main server of the toll management center, the data disaster recovery center, cloud storage units, etc., and a secure interconnection is established through Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) technology to ensure the security of data storage and access. Only devices and users authenticated by quantum can access and decrypt the specified data, thus preventing data leakage or being tampered with by unauthorized users.

[0049] In addition, the toll management center uses an intelligent risk control system based on quantum computing to perform real-time analysis on the stored data and detect abnormal transaction behaviors. For example, the system compares historical transaction data to identify potential security risks such as repeated deductions, forged identity transactions, and abnormal route changes. Once an abnormal transaction is detected, the system will automatically trigger an alarm and conduct a manual review to ensure the security and reliability of the toll system. Finally, the data can be used in business scenarios such as financial settlement, historical query, and legal evidence collection, providing a solid security guarantee for the highway toll system.

[0050] The present invention uses Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) technology to replace traditional public-key encryption algorithms based on mathematical complexity (such as RSA, ECC), fundamentally solving the security risk that quantum computing may crack existing encryption technologies. In the highway toll system, vehicle identity information, driving routes, payment account data, etc. are all highly sensitive data. Once leaked, it will lead to serious privacy and financial risks. QKD utilizes the superposition and measurement collapse characteristics of quantum states, making key transmission eavesdropping impossible. Even if an attacker attempts to intercept the key, both communicating parties can immediately detect and abandon the key to prevent data leakage. In addition, quantum-secure keys are used for encryption during the transmission, storage, and identity authentication of toll data. Even if a hacker intercepts the encrypted data, they cannot decrypt its content, thus achieving end-to-end quantum security protection. This solution effectively improves the security level of the toll system, enabling it to withstand the threats brought by future quantum computing technology and providing security guarantees for long-term stable operation.

[0051] Through the erasure code storage based on quantum keys and the distributed quantum-secure database, the present invention greatly improves the persistence and anti-attack ability of toll data. The traditional toll system uses a centralized database for storage, which has risks such as single-point failures, hacker attacks, and data tampering. Once encountering malicious attacks or server failures, it may lead to the loss of toll data and affect the passing efficiency. Through this solution, the toll data is encrypted and fragmented and stored on multiple physical nodes. Even if some nodes are attacked or the hardware is damaged, the complete data can still be restored through the remaining data blocks and redundant check information, ensuring data integrity. At the same time, the system adopts a quantum key indexing mechanism to strictly control data access permissions. Only devices and users that have passed quantum identity authentication can access, avoiding unauthorized access and data tampering. In addition, the intelligent risk control system combines quantum computing to analyze historical transaction data, real-time detects abnormal toll behaviors, and prevents problems such as duplicate deductions and identity forgery transactions, further improving the stability and reliability of the toll system.

[0052] The above formulas are all dimensionless and take their numerical values for calculation. The formulas are obtained by collecting a large amount of data for software simulation to get a formula that is closest to the real situation. The preset parameters in the formulas are set by those skilled in the art according to the actual situation.

[0053] Only some exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been described by way of illustration above. Undoubtedly, for those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, the described embodiments can be modified in various different ways. Therefore, the above drawings and descriptions are illustrative in nature and should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the claims of the present invention.

[0054] It should be noted that in this article, if there are relational terms such as first and second, they are only used to distinguish one entity or operation from another entity or operation, and do not necessarily require or imply any such actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. Moreover, the term "comprising", "including" or any other variant thereof is intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, so that a process, method, article or device including a series of elements not only includes those elements, but also includes other elements not expressly listed, or also includes elements inherent to such process, method, article or device. Without further limitation, an element defined by the statement "including one..." does not exclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article or device including the element.

[0055] It should be understood that in various embodiments of the present application, the sequence numbers of the above processes do not imply the order of execution, and the order of execution of each process should be determined by its function and internal logic, and should not constitute any limitation to the implementation process of the embodiments of the present application.

[0056] Those of ordinary skill in the art can realize that the units and algorithm steps of each example described in combination with the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented by electronic hardware, or a combination of computer software and electronic hardware. Whether these functions are executed in a hardware or software manner depends on the specific application and design constraints of the technical solution. Professional technicians can use different methods to implement the described functions for each specific application, but such implementation should not be considered to exceed the scope of the present application.

[0057] Those skilled in the art can clearly understand that for the convenience and brevity of description, the specific working processes of the systems, devices, and units described above can refer to the corresponding processes in the foregoing method embodiments, and will not be repeated here.

[0058] The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separated, and the components shown as units may or may not be physical units, that is, they may be located in one place, or may be distributed to multiple network units. Some or all of the units can be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the solution of this embodiment.

[0059] In addition, the functional units in various embodiments of the present application can be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit can exist physically alone, or two or more units can be integrated into one unit.

[0060] The above is only the specific implementation manner of the present application, but the protection scope of the present application is not limited thereto. Any person skilled in the art can easily think of changes or substitutions within the technical scope disclosed by the present application, and all should be covered by the protection scope of the present application. Therefore, the protection scope of the present application should be subject to the protection scope of the claims.

[0061] Only some exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been described above by way of illustration. Undoubtedly, for those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, the described embodiments can be modified in various different ways. Therefore, the above drawings and description are illustrative in nature and should not be construed as limiting the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication, characterized in that: It includes quantum key management module, quantum authentication and session key management module, quantum secure data transmission module, quantum secure storage module, quantum computing fee accounting module and quantum intelligent risk control module: Quantum key management module: In the highway network toll collection system, a quantum key distribution network is established to generate keys for toll collection communication through a quantum random number generator, and to transmit unbreakable quantum keys between the toll collection management center, roadside units and vehicle-mounted units through quantum key distribution technology to ensure the absolute security of data transmission; Quantum authentication and session key management module, based on the distributed quantum key, the charging management center and each terminal device perform two-way identity authentication, and negotiate the session key through the quantum secure handshake protocol. The session key adopts the "one-time one-key" mechanism, which is only used for the current communication session and is destroyed immediately after use, thereby avoiding the key leakage risk existing in the traditional public key infrastructure; Quantum secure data transmission module: When a vehicle passes through a highway toll station, the ETC on-board unit sends the vehicle identity information, driving route data and payment account information encrypted by quantum keys to the roadside unit. After receiving the data, the roadside unit decrypts and verifies it with the quantum key, and then transmits the data to the toll management center, realizing full quantum encrypted data interaction; After receiving the toll data, the quantum security storage module and the toll management center will encrypt the transaction records with quantum security keys and store them in a distributed quantum security database. The database uses a quantum key-based erasure code storage mechanism to ensure that even if the data is partially attacked, the complete information can still be restored through the quantum key, thereby improving the system's anti-attack capability and data persistence; The quantum computing toll accounting module uses a quantum computing-based vehicle toll accounting algorithm in the toll management center. The algorithm uses the parallel advantages of quantum computing brought about by the superposition and entanglement of quantum states to calculate for different types of vehicles, driving routes, and toll policies, and dynamically adjusts the toll strategy to adapt to the toll needs of different time periods and regions, ensuring the efficiency and immutability of toll calculations; The quantum intelligent risk control module uses anomaly detection algorithms based on quantum machine learning in the toll collection system to model historical toll collection data. It also uses the high-dimensional data processing capabilities of quantum computing to detect abnormal transaction behaviors in the toll collection process in real time, thereby improving the security and intelligence level of the toll collection system and effectively reducing the risk of fraud and losses caused by system vulnerabilities. After receiving the charging data, the charging management center encrypts the transaction records with quantum security keys and stores them in a distributed quantum security database. The database uses a quantum key-based erasure code storage mechanism to ensure that even if the data is partially attacked, the complete information can still be restored through the quantum key, thereby improving the system's anti-attack capability and data persistence. The specific steps are as follows: After the charging management center decrypts and verifies the received charging data, it uses the new quantum key to perform secondary encryption and assigns a unique transaction identifier to ensure the integrity and security of the data; The encrypted charging data is stored in shards using a quantum key-derived erasure code algorithm, ensuring that even if part of the data is lost or damaged, the complete data can be restored through redundant information; The encrypted data blocks are distributed and stored in multiple quantum-safe database nodes and distributed through quantum key distribution. Technology ensures data access security, improves anti-attack capabilities and system availability; The charging management center uses the quantum key indexing system to restore charging data, and combines it with the intelligent risk control system to analyze abnormal transaction behavior, thereby improving the security of the charging system and data traceability.

2. According to claim 1, a highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication is characterized in that: In the highway network toll collection system, the specific steps of accessing the quantum key distribution network or generating the key for toll communication through the quantum random number generator, and transmitting the unbreakable quantum key between the toll management center, the roadside unit and the vehicle-mounted unit through the quantum key distribution technology to ensure the absolute security of data transmission are as follows: Use quantum random number generators to generate unpredictable quantum security keys in the toll collection management center and store them in a classified manner to prepare for subsequent key distribution and secure communication; Access the quantum key distribution network, distribute quantum keys between toll terminals and toll management centers through quantum key distribution technology, and use error correction and privacy amplification technology to improve key security; Each terminal device stores the received quantum key in a secure hardware module and adopts key rotation and access control strategies to prevent key leakage and abuse; The charging management center and the terminal equipment use quantum keys for two-way identity authentication and negotiate a unique session key to ensure the security and integrity of charging data transmission.

3. According to claim 1, a highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication is characterized in that: Based on the distributed quantum key, the toll management center conducts two-way identity authentication with each terminal device and negotiates the session key through the quantum secure handshake protocol. The session key adopts a "one-time one-key" mechanism, is only used for the current communication session, and is destroyed immediately after use. The specific steps to avoid the key leakage risk of traditional public key infrastructure are as follows: Before initiating a charging transaction, the charging management center sends an encrypted identity authentication request to the charging management center and uses a pre-distributed quantum key to ensure the security and authenticity of the request; After the charging management center decrypts and verifies the terminal identity, it sends an encrypted authentication challenge, requiring the terminal device to decrypt and return an authentication response to ensure that it holds a valid quantum key and prevent forged identity access; After the terminal device passes the authentication, it executes the quantum secure handshake protocol with the charging management center to negotiate a unique session key and ensure key consistency to prevent tampering and replay attacks; The negotiated session key is used to encrypt the current charging transaction. After the transaction is completed, the key is immediately destroyed and the record is updated in the key management system to prevent key leakage and reuse.

4. According to claim 1, a highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication is characterized in that: When a vehicle passes through a highway toll station, the ETC onboard unit sends the vehicle identity information, driving route data and payment account information encrypted by quantum keys to the roadside unit. After receiving the data, the roadside unit decrypts and verifies it with the quantum key, and then transmits the data to the toll management center. The specific steps to achieve full quantum encrypted data interaction are as follows: When a vehicle passes through a toll booth, the ETC on-board unit uses a session key to encrypt key data such as vehicle identity, driving route, and payment information, and securely transmits it to the roadside unit through a short-range communication protocol to prevent data from being eavesdropped or tampered with. After receiving the encrypted data, the roadside unit uses the session key to decrypt and verify the data integrity, verifies the ETC device identity through the digital signature, and checks the timestamp and anti-replay mark to prevent data from being forged or replayed; The verified data is re-encrypted by the roadside unit and securely transmitted to the toll management center through a quantum-secure network, using quantum encryption technology to prevent middleman attacks and data tampering, ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of toll data; After the charging management center decrypts and verifies the data, it uses quantum keys for secondary encryption storage and combines intelligent risk control algorithms to analyze abnormal transaction behaviors to improve the security and reliability of the charging system.

5. According to claim 1, a highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication is characterized in that: In the toll management center, a vehicle toll calculation algorithm based on quantum computing is used. This algorithm uses the parallel advantages of quantum computing brought about by the superposition and entanglement of quantum states to calculate for different types of vehicles, driving routes, and toll policies, and dynamically adjusts the toll strategy to adapt to the toll needs of different time periods and regions. The specific steps to ensure the efficiency and immutability of toll calculation are as follows: In the highway network, different driving paths have an impact on the toll, so the path weighted charging function is calculated first. In order to achieve quantum secure computing, the quantum state superposition is used to construct a path charging calculation model, and the following formula is defined: , where is the path weighted charge value, is the total number of path segments, Path Segment The dynamic weight coefficient of Is a path segment The quantum safety factor Is a path segment The quantum state weight of It is a regulatory parameter used to balance the contribution of path charges and toll station charges to the total charges. It is the shortest travel time used to dynamically adjust the toll value in congestion situations. is the number of toll booths, It's a toll booth The charge entanglement factor, It's a toll booth The quantum entanglement factor of After determining the weighted charging value of the path Finally, the final dynamic charging value is calculated, and the quantum computing model is used to ensure the efficiency and tamper-proof ability of charging calculation. The formula is as follows: , where is the final dynamic charge value, is the path charge adjustment factor, is the quantum path entanglement factor, is the vehicle charging adjustment factor, It is The charging base value for vehicles of this category, It is Quantum correction factors for vehicles of this type, is the number of vehicle types, and different types of vehicles have different charging coefficients. is the regional charging weight, is the normalized parameter of regional charges, It is The quantum entanglement correction value of the region, is the number of zones for the regional charging strategy.

6. A highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the toll collection system, an anomaly detection algorithm based on quantum machine learning is used to model historical toll collection data. The high-dimensional data processing capability of quantum computing is used to detect abnormal transaction behaviors in the toll collection process in real time, thereby improving the security and intelligence level of the toll collection system, thereby effectively reducing the risk of fraud and losses caused by system vulnerabilities. The specific steps are as follows: First, features are extracted from historical charging data, and high-dimensional data representation is constructed using the superposition and entanglement characteristics of quantum states. Suppose the charging data set is ,in Representative The feature vector of the transaction, is the total amount of historical charging data. Define the quantum feature mapping function, embed the classical data into the quantum state space, and perform subsequent calculation of abnormal scores. The quantum feature mapping is implemented through parameterized quantum circuits. The specific formula is as follows: , where It means The representation of historical fee transaction data in the baryon space, is a transformation operation in quantum computing. represents the set of trainable parameters of the circuit, is the initial state of the quantum system. Before data is loaded, all quantum bits are in state, is the dimension in the quantum system, corresponding to the number of features in the dataset, is the feature weight coefficient, which is used to represent the The importance of dimensional features in anomaly detection, is the data conversion function, is the quantum phase factor, is the quantum basis state, representing the first status.

7. A highway toll collection system based on quantum secure communication according to claim 6, characterized in that: When detecting new transactions, the new transaction data Map it to the quantum state space, calculate its quantum state similarity with the historical data distribution and Divergence calculates the anomaly score by first embedding the new transaction data into the quantum state: , where is the quantum state representation of the new transaction data, is the feature weight coefficient, is the quantum phase factor, is a data conversion function; Then, define the quantum anomaly scoring function , based on quantum Divergence is used to measure the degree of deviation between the new transaction data and the historical data distribution. The formula is as follows: , where is the quantum anomaly score, which is used to measure the degree of anomaly of new transaction data. It is transaction data Compared with the historical data set Transaction data The quantum state similarity of is as follows: , It is the mean similarity within the historical transaction data, which is used to construct the overall distribution of historical transactions. The formula is as follows: , where It is The quantum state of historical transaction data.

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