Two-dimensional wide-angle scanning phased array based on electromagnetic metasurface

Abstract

The invention particularly relates to a two-dimensional wide-angle scanning phased array based on an electromagnetic metasurface, which comprises a radiation antenna and an electromagnetic band gap structure, the radiation antenna and the electromagnetic band gap structure are in coplanar design, the radiation antenna is positioned in the middle of the electromagnetic band gap structure, the upper layer of the electromagnetic band gap structure is metal with a hexagon and a rectangular branch, and the lower layer of the electromagnetic band gap structure is metal. The lower layer is the bottom of the dielectric substrate and is also made of metal, and the middle is a metalized via hole penetrating through the upper and lower layer metal. Wide beams are realized by utilizing leaky wave characteristics of an electromagnetic band gap structure and a left-right hand mode regulation and control line antenna beam in dispersion analysis, the whole antenna is of a planar structure and is only composed of a layer of dielectric substrate, the antenna array is arranged in a rectangular shape to form a two-dimensional antenna array surface, and the antenna has the characteristics of low profile, wide beam, wide angle scanning and low cost, and is suitable for large-scale popularization and application. And the structure is simple and the debugging difficulty is low.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of phased array antennas, and particularly to a phased array with wide-angle scanning ability based on electromagnetic metasurface, which can be widely applied to many fields with requirements for wide-angle signal coverage, such as 5G / 6G communication, satellite communication, radar detection and imaging, etc. Background Art

[0002] In the rapid development process of modern wireless communication and radar detection and other fields, phased array antennas have become key core components in these fields due to their excellent characteristics of being able to quickly and flexibly change the beam direction. However, with the continuous expansion and deepening of the application scenarios of related technologies, the performance requirements for phased array antennas in wide-angle scanning are becoming increasingly stringent.

[0003] From the perspective of the wireless communication field, in 5G and even future 6G communication systems, in order to achieve wider area coverage, higher data transmission rates, and stronger signal stability, phased array antennas are required to have a wider-angle beam scanning ability. For example, in a dense urban environment, communication base stations need to perform wide-angle scanning to ensure that signals can penetrate complex building groups and achieve efficient coverage of user terminals in different directions and distances. At the same time, in mobile scenarios such as vehicle-to-vehicle communication and aviation communication, phased array antennas are also required to quickly and accurately adjust the beam direction to adapt to the rapidly changing communication environment and maintain a stable communication connection. However, when traditional phased array antennas perform wide-angle scanning, due to their inherent technical principle limitations, there will be a significant decrease in gain. This means that as the scanning angle increases, the signal intensity radiated by the antenna in the target direction will be greatly weakened, resulting in a shortened communication distance and poor signal quality, making it difficult to meet the requirements of modern high-speed and large-capacity communication. Moreover, the sidelobe level will increase when traditional phased array antennas perform wide-angle scanning, and these higher sidelobes will generate additional electromagnetic radiation, which will not only interfere with other communication channels, reduce the spectral efficiency of the entire communication system, but also may cause electromagnetic interference to surrounding electronic devices and affect the normal operation of the system.

[0004] In the field of radar detection and imaging, the wide-angle scanning ability is crucial for improving the detection range and target recognition accuracy of radar. For example, in target tracking radars in the aerospace field, it is necessary to be able to quickly and comprehensively scan a vast airspace to detect and track multiple targets in a timely manner. When traditional phased array radars perform wide-angle scanning, the beam pointing accuracy will decrease, resulting in errors in the positioning and recognition of targets by the radar, and it is impossible to accurately obtain key information such as the position and speed of the target, seriously affecting the performance and reliability of the radar system. In addition, traditional phased array antennas usually only have a scanning range of 90°. If the scanning range can be extended to 120° or a wider scanning range, the hardware cost of the antenna can be reduced.

[0005] In summary, there are many problems to be solved urgently in the existing traditional phased array antenna technology in terms of wide-angle scanning performance, and it can no longer meet the increasing technical requirements in fields such as modern wireless communication and radar detection. Therefore, developing a new phased array antenna technology that can effectively overcome the limitations of traditional phased array antennas and achieve efficient and stable wide-angle scanning has become the research focus and urgent need in this field currently.

[0006] It should be noted that the information disclosed in the above background art section is only used to enhance the understanding of the background of the present invention, and thus may include information that does not constitute the prior art known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The present invention provides a two-dimensional wide-angle scanning phased array based on electromagnetic metasurface, which can realize the wide-angle scanning function of the phased array antenna, thereby effectively overcoming the defects existing in the prior art to a certain extent.

[0008] Other characteristics and advantages of the present invention will become apparent through the following detailed description, or will be learned partially through the practice of the present invention.

[0009] According to the first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a two-dimensional wide-angle scanning phased array based on electromagnetic metasurface, including a plurality of antenna elements arranged according to a certain array layout rule. The antenna element includes a radiating wire antenna and an electromagnetic bandgap structure, and the radiating wire antenna and the electromagnetic bandgap structure adopt a coplanar design. Among them, the electromagnetic bandgap structure is symmetrically distributed on both sides of the radiating wire antenna, and the number and arrangement mode of the electromagnetic bandgap structure can be adjusted according to the size of the antenna element. By using the leaky wave characteristics of the electromagnetic bandgap structure and the left-handed and right-handed mode regulation in dispersion analysis to control the beam width of the wire antenna, the radiation performance of the antenna is optimized.

[0010] In some exemplary embodiments, the electromagnetic bandgap structure includes an upper metal layer, a lower metal layer, and metallized vias penetrating through the upper and lower layers of metal in the middle. The metallized vias and the upper and lower layers of metal together form a resonant structure similar to an inductor-capacitor, which is used to control the propagation of surface waves and enhance the wide-beam radiation performance of the antenna.

[0011] In some exemplary embodiments, the upper metal layer is composed of hexagons and rectangles with different sizes and arrangement modes, and there are gaps between the upper metal layers.

[0012] In some exemplary embodiments, it further includes loading active devices on the electromagnetic bandgap structure, and adjusting the electromagnetic parameters by changing the working state of the active devices.

[0013] In some exemplary embodiments, the active device is a varactor diode or a switching transistor.

[0014] In some exemplary embodiments, the electromagnetic parameters are regulated by adjusting the geometric dimensions of the electromagnetic bandgap structure.

[0015] In some exemplary embodiments, the arrangement of the antenna elements includes a linear array, a planar array or a three-dimensional array, and the number of antenna elements is specifically designed according to the scanning angle range, operating frequency band, required gain, sidelobe level requirements and overall performance indicators of the actual application scenario.

[0016] In some exemplary embodiments, the radiating wire antenna and the electromagnetic bandgap structure are coplanarly designed on a dielectric substrate with a profile height of only 0.09 times the center frequency.

[0017] According to the second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a target tracking radar, including the two-dimensional wide-angle scanning phased array based on electromagnetic metasurface described in the first aspect above, which can quickly and comprehensively scan a vast airspace and timely detect and track multiple targets.

[0018] The two-dimensional wide-angle scanning phased array based on electromagnetic metasurface provided by the embodiments of the present invention has the following beneficial effects compared with the prior art:

[0019] 1. Low-profile design: The antenna element of the present invention is composed of only one layer of dielectric substrate, which greatly reduces the overall profile height compared with the antennas with multilayer complex structures in traditional phased array radars. This design enables the antenna to fit various platforms more closely during installation and application, especially suitable for scenarios with strict space size limitations, such as unmanned aerial vehicles, satellites, etc., reducing the requirement for installation space and improving the space utilization rate of the platform.

[0020] 2. Wide-beam characteristic: The unique leaky wave characteristic of the electromagnetic bandgap structure and the left-handed and right-handed modes in the dispersion analysis are used to regulate the beam width of the wire antenna, successfully achieving a wide-beam effect. Compared with the antenna of a traditional phased array radar, within the same scanning angle range, the present invention can cover a wider airspace, effectively improving the signal coverage range and reducing the detection blind area. When the radar detects targets, it can more quickly detect targets in different directions, improving the early warning ability and target search efficiency of the radar system.

[0021] 3. Wide-angle scanning ability: Through the coplanar optimization design of the electromagnetic bandgap structure and the radiating line antenna, combined with the rectangular arrangement of the antenna array, the phased array can achieve two-dimensional wide-angle scanning. It is worth mentioning that the present invention can stably achieve wide-angle scanning almost throughout the X-band (8-12 GHz). When traditional phased array radars perform wide-angle scanning, problems such as beam distortion and gain reduction often occur, especially in specific frequency bands. However, relying on the innovative structural design and electromagnetic regulation mechanism, the present invention can still maintain a high signal gain and beam pointing accuracy during the wide-angle scanning in the X-band, ensuring the stable tracking and accurate detection of targets by the radar system in complex environments, and greatly expanding the application scope of phased arrays in the fields of X-band communication and radar detection.

[0022] 4. Low-cost advantage: On the one hand, the design of a single-layer dielectric substrate and the electromagnetic bandgap structure composed of hexagonal and rectangular matching stubs with different sizes and arrangement methods reduce the types and quantities of raw materials used, thus reducing the material cost; on the other hand, the simplification of the structure simplifies the manufacturing process of the antenna, reduces the complex processes and debugging difficulties during manufacturing, and reduces the labor and material costs during the production process. Compared with the high manufacturing cost of traditional phased array radars, the present invention has a significant cost advantage while ensuring high performance, which is conducive to large-scale popularization and application.

[0023] 5. Simple structure and low debugging difficulty: The overall structure only includes a radiating line antenna and an electromagnetic bandgap structure, and adopts a coplanar design without complex multi-layer structures and cumbersome connecting components. This simple structural design is not only easy to understand and manufacture, but also during the actual debugging process, since there are fewer parameters and components to be adjusted, the debugging difficulty and workload are greatly reduced. Technicians can debug and optimize the antenna more quickly and accurately, improving the production efficiency and reliability of the product.

[0024] It should be understood that the above general description and the following detailed description are only exemplary and explanatory, and cannot limit the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] The drawings here are incorporated into the specification and form a part of this specification, showing embodiments consistent with the present invention, and are used together with the specification to explain the principles of the present invention. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and those of ordinary skill in the art can obtain other drawings based on these drawings without creative efforts.

[0026] Figure 1 It is a top view of the two-dimensional wide-angle scanning phased array based on electromagnetic metasurface of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 2It is a top view of the antenna unit;

[0028] Figure 3 It is a side view of the antenna unit;

[0029] Figure 4 It is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of the antenna unit;

[0030] Figure 5 It is a schematic diagram of the mushroom-shaped electromagnetic bandgap structure according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0031] Figure 6 It is a schematic diagram of the simulation of large-angle scanning of the high, medium, and low frequency phased arrays of the phased array according to an embodiment of the present invention: (a) large-angle scanning of the low-frequency E-plane; (b) large-angle scanning of the low-frequency H-plane; (c) large-angle scanning of the medium-frequency E-plane; (d) large-angle scanning of the medium-frequency H-plane; (e) large-angle scanning of the high-frequency H-plane; (f) large-angle scanning of the high-frequency H-plane;

[0032] The descriptions of the reference numerals in the figures are as follows:

[0033] 1 - radiating wire antenna; 2 - electromagnetic bandgap structure; 3 - feeding point; 4 - metallized via; 5 - upper metal layer; 6 - slot; 7 - dielectric substrate; 8 - lower metal layer. Specific embodiments

[0034] Now, example embodiments will be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the example embodiments can be implemented in various forms and should not be construed as limited to the examples set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this invention will be more complete and comprehensive, and will fully convey the concept of the example embodiments to those skilled in the art. The features, structures, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

[0035] In addition, the accompanying drawings are only schematic illustrations of the present invention and are not necessarily drawn to scale. The same reference numerals in the figures denote the same or similar parts, and thus repeated descriptions thereof will be omitted. Some of the block diagrams shown in the drawings are functional entities and do not necessarily correspond to physically or logically independent entities. These functional entities may be implemented in software form, or in one or more hardware modules or integrated circuits, or in different networks and / or processor devices and / or microcontroller devices.

[0036] In view of the drawbacks and deficiencies of the prior art, in this example embodiment, a two-dimensional wide-angle scanning phased array based on electromagnetic metasurface is provided, which is composed of a plurality of antenna units with unique functions arranged and combined according to specific array layout rules. By feeding different phases to each antenna unit, the wide-angle scanning function of the phased array antenna is realized.

[0037] The arrangement of antenna elements includes linear arrays, planar arrays or three-dimensional arrays, and the number of antenna elements is specifically designed according to the scanning angle range, operating frequency band, required gain, side lobe level requirements, and overall performance indicators of the actual application scenario.

[0038] The phased array of the present invention is applicable to fields such as 5G / 6G communication, satellite communication, radar detection and imaging, etc., and can achieve wide-angle signal coverage and high-precision beam control in these fields.

[0039] Next, the structure of the two-dimensional wide-angle scanning phased array antenna array based on electromagnetic metasurface in this exemplary embodiment will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0040] As Figure 1 shown, the two-dimensional wide-angle scanning phased array antenna array based on electromagnetic metasurface is composed of 64 antenna elements with unique functions arranged and combined according to the rectangular array layout rules.

[0041] As Figure 2 shown, each antenna element includes two core parts, namely a radiating wire antenna 1 and an electromagnetic bandgap structure 2, and adopts a coplanar design concept. This design method makes the structure of the entire antenna element more compact, effectively reduces the volume of the antenna, and at the same time reduces the electromagnetic coupling interference between different components, improving the performance stability of the antenna. The radiating wire antenna 1 is located in the middle of the electromagnetic metasurface 2, which can make full use of the characteristics of the electromagnetic metasurface to optimize the radiation pattern and radiation efficiency.

[0042] Furthermore, the entire antenna element is only supported and integrated with all structural components by a single-layer dielectric substrate 7. The radiating wire antenna 1 and the metasurface 2 are designed coplanarly on the dielectric substrate 7 with a cross-sectional height of only 0.09 times the center frequency, and the dielectric substrate 7 is only one layer, so the antenna has a low-profile characteristic.

[0043] Specifically, the dielectric substrate 7 can be selected as a low-loss or low-cost dielectric substrate according to requirements, which can not only provide mechanical support for the antenna element, but also have an important impact on the propagation characteristics of electromagnetic waves. By reasonably selecting the thickness and dielectric constant of the dielectric substrate, the impedance matching and radiation characteristics of the antenna can be further optimized, improving the overall performance of the antenna.

[0044] As Figure 3As shown, the electromagnetic bandgap structure 2 is composed of a metasurface with a unique shape. Both the upper metal layer 5 and the lower metal layer 8 are made of metal materials with high electrical conductivity. The upper metal layer 5 is composed of hexagons and rectangular matching stubs of different sizes and arrangements, and there are gaps 6 between the upper metal layers 5. This metal layer can effectively reflect and guide electromagnetic waves. There are metallized vias 4 in the middle, and the metallized vias 4 penetrate the upper and lower metal layers. The metallized vias and the upper and lower metal layers together form a resonant structure similar to an inductor-capacitor. This special structure endows the electromagnetic bandgap structure 2 with the bandgap characteristics for electromagnetic waves in a specific frequency band, which can suppress the propagation of surface waves, reduce energy loss, and enhance the radiation performance of the antenna. In addition, by optimizing the geometric parameters (such as height, diameter, etc.) of the metasurface, the frequency range and bandwidth of the electromagnetic bandgap can be flexibly adjusted to meet the requirements of different application scenarios.

[0045] Furthermore, the selected metasurface for the electromagnetic bandgap structure 2 is composed of hexagons and rectangular matching stubs of different sizes and arrangements. The height, length, and width can be determined according to the equivalent LC principle and the resonant frequency, and each electromagnetic bandgap structure 2 is arranged according to the overall size of the antenna.

[0046] Specifically, in this embodiment, the electromagnetic bandgap structure 2 adopts a mushroom-shaped electromagnetic metasurface structure, as Figure 5 shown, where the mushroom-shaped electromagnetic metasurface structure is distributed on both sides of the radiating wire antenna in a 2×6 manner. The antenna radiation unit selects the most basic radiating wire antenna 1 to highlight the simplicity and universality of the design, and the feeding point 3 is adjusted on the radiating wire antenna according to impedance matching.

[0047] The mushroom-shaped electromagnetic bandgap structure in the antenna unit needs to be analyzed for dispersion, which is mainly divided into the eigenmode and the driven mode. The eigenmode determines that surface waves exist above 6.5 GHz, and the driven mode specifically analyzes the surface waves in the entire X-band. By judging the left-handed and right-handed modes, it can be determined whether the beam propagates forward or backward, thereby improving the beam width of the wire antenna. Specifically, the radiating wire antenna 1 has a low-frequency beam width on the negative semi-axis. By adjusting the electromagnetic metasurface to be in the right-handed mode at low frequencies, the low-frequency beam width of the wire antenna can be corrected to be on the positive semi-axis, thereby expanding the beam width of the radiating antenna. Reasonable design of the electromagnetic metasurface can enable the beam width to be adjusted in this way throughout the operating frequency band, thereby realizing a wide beam for the unit.

[0048] Furthermore, the methods for controlling the electromagnetic parameters of each unit on the electromagnetic bandgap structure 2 also include loading active devices, such as varactor diodes, switching transistors, etc., and adjusting the electromagnetic parameters by changing the operating state of the active devices; or adjusting the geometric dimensions of the electromagnetic bandgap structure 2, such as parameters such as the height and diameter of the mushroom-shaped metasurface, to achieve the regulation of electromagnetic parameters.

[0049] Refer toFigure 1 According to the requirements of the scanning angle range, beam width, and gain for actual applications, the size of the antenna element is less than 0.5 times the high-frequency wavelength, and it is arranged into an 8×8 two-dimensional wide-angle scanning phased array according to the antenna element size. Considering the mutual coupling effect, by adjusting the element spacing and optimizing the element arrangement, the electromagnetic interference between adjacent antenna elements is reduced. The phased array can achieve large-angle scanning of ±60° in azimuth and elevation within a relative bandwidth of 36%, and the gain fluctuation range is controlled within 3 dB, demonstrating the characteristics of wide frequency band, high gain, and wide-angle scanning. The phased array of the present invention realizes the application scenario of wide-angle scanning, which can not only meet the scanning angle requirements but also effectively suppress mutual coupling.

[0050] The present invention utilizes the electromagnetic wave regulation ability of the electromagnetic metasurface to achieve wide-angle scanning. By controlling the electromagnetic parameters of each unit on the electromagnetic metasurface (such as by loading active devices or changing the geometric dimensions of the metasurface structure), the phase of the electromagnetic wave radiated by each antenna element can be precisely adjusted. In the phased array antenna, equivalent LC analysis is performed to determine the size of the electromagnetic bandgap 2 at the resonant frequency, the surface wave propagation range is determined through eigenmode dispersion analysis, and then the left-handed and right-handed modes of the surface wave are determined through driving mode solution, which forms a complement with the beam width of the radiating line antenna 1, thereby broadening the two-dimensional beam width of the entire metasurface antenna; the wide-angle scanning phased array can achieve stable and efficient beam scanning within a wider angle range.

[0051] Conduct a comprehensive electrical performance test on the connected antenna array surface to ensure that the connection quality meets the requirements. Use a vector network analyzer to conduct preliminary tests on the reflection coefficient, transmission coefficient, etc. of the entire array surface, and promptly discover and solve possible problems during the connection process. Perform a protective treatment on the antenna array surface by coating a protective coating with waterproof, dustproof, and anti-corrosion properties on the surface of the array, such as three-proof paint. The coating thickness is controlled within an appropriate range, which not only does not affect the electromagnetic performance of the antenna but also effectively protects the array surface from the erosion of the harsh environment, improving the reliability and service life of the antenna array surface.

[0052] Install the assembled and protected antenna array surface on a professional test platform, and use equipment such as a signal generator, power amplifier, receiving antenna, and microwave anechoic chamber to conduct a comprehensive performance test on the array surface. In the microwave anechoic chamber, measure key performance indicators such as the radiation pattern, gain, beam width, and beam pointing accuracy within the scanning angle range of the antenna array surface at different frequencies.

[0053] Such as Figure 6As shown, it is the wide-angle scanning situation of a rectangular phased array consisting of 64 elements. Figures (a)-(f) respectively show different scanning angles of the E-plane and H-plane at high, medium, and low frequencies. The results show that when the phased array scans at large angles of ±60°, without considering the influence of mutual coupling, the antenna gain fluctuation is relatively low, less than 3 dB. Even when considering the influence of mutual coupling, the antenna gain fluctuation is less than 4.3 dB during large-angle scanning. The antenna as a whole satisfies the characteristic of low gain fluctuation during large-angle scanning.

[0054] It should be noted that the above-mentioned drawings are only schematic illustrations of the processes included in the exemplary embodiments of the present invention, rather than for limiting purposes. Additionally, it is also easy to understand that these processes can be executed synchronously or asynchronously in, for example, multiple modules.

[0055] It should be noted that although several modules or units of the device for action execution are mentioned in the above detailed description, such a division is not mandatory. In fact, according to the embodiments of the present invention, the features and functions of the two or more modules or units described above can be embodied in one module or unit. Conversely, the features and functions of one module or unit described above can be further divided and embodied by multiple modules or units.

[0056] Those skilled in the art will readily think of other embodiments of the present invention after considering the specification and practicing the invention herein. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the present invention, which follow the general principles of the present invention and include the common general knowledge or conventional technical means in the technical field not disclosed by the present invention. The specification and embodiments are only regarded as exemplary, and the true scope and spirit of the present invention are pointed out by the claims.

[0057] It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the exact structure already described and shown in the drawings, and various modifications and changes can be made without departing from its scope. The scope of the present invention is only defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A two-dimensional wide-angle scanning phased array based on electromagnetic metasurface, characterized in that, It includes multiple antenna elements arranged according to a certain array layout rule. The antenna element includes a radiating wire antenna (1) and an electromagnetic bandgap structure (2), and the radiating wire antenna (1) and the electromagnetic bandgap structure (2) adopt a coplanar design. Among them, the electromagnetic bandgap structure (2) is symmetrically distributed on both sides of the radiating wire antenna (1). The number and arrangement of the electromagnetic bandgap structure (2) can be adjusted according to the size of the antenna element. The beam width of the wire antenna is regulated through the leaky wave characteristics of the electromagnetic bandgap structure (2) and the left - hand and right - hand mode control in dispersion analysis, so as to optimize the radiation performance of the antenna.

2. The two-dimensional wide-angle scanning phased array based on electromagnetic metasurface according to claim 1, wherein The electromagnetic bandgap structure (2) includes an upper metal layer (5) and a lower metal layer (8), and there are metallized vias (4) penetrating the upper and lower metal layers in the middle. The metallized vias (4) and the upper and lower metal layers together form a resonant structure similar to an inductor - capacitor, which is used to regulate the surface wave propagation and enhance the wide - beam radiation performance of the antenna.

3. The two-dimensional wide-angle scanning phased array based on electromagnetic metasurface according to claim 2, wherein The upper metal layer (5) is composed of hexagons and rectangles with different sizes and arrangement patterns, and there are gaps (6) between the upper metal layers (5).

4. The two-dimensional wide-angle scanning phased array based on electromagnetic metasurface according to claim 2, wherein It also includes loading active devices on the electromagnetic bandgap structure (2) to adjust the electromagnetic parameters by changing the working state of the active devices.

5. The two-dimensional wide-angle scanning phased array based on electromagnetic metasurface according to claim 4, wherein The active device is a varactor diode or a switching transistor.

6. The two-dimensional wide-angle scanning phased array based on electromagnetic metasurface according to claim 2, wherein By adjusting the geometric size of the electromagnetic bandgap structure (2), the regulation of electromagnetic parameters is realized.

7. The two-dimensional wide-angle scanning phased array based on electromagnetic metasurface according to claim 1, wherein The arrangement of the antenna elements includes a linear array, a planar array or a three - dimensional array, and the number of antenna elements is specifically designed according to the scanning angle range, operating frequency band, required gain, sidelobe level requirements and overall performance indicators of the actual application scenario.

8. The two-dimensional wide-angle scanning phased array based on electromagnetic metasurface according to claim 1, wherein The radiating wire antenna (1) and the electromagnetic bandgap structure (2) are coplanarly designed on a dielectric substrate (7) with a cross - section height of only 0.09 times the center frequency.

9. A target tracking radar, characterized in that, It includes the two - dimensional wide - angle scanning phased array based on electromagnetic metasurface according to any one of claims 1 - 7, which can quickly and comprehensively scan a vast airspace and timely detect and track multiple targets.

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