Multi-source collaborative spray cooling concentrating frequency division photovoltaic hydrogen production system and regulation and control method

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of photovoltaic cooling hydrogen production, and particularly provides a multi-source synergistic spray cooling concentrating frequency division photovoltaic hydrogen production system and a regulation and control method. Accurate separation of solar spectrums is achieved through jacketed pipe frequency division and a reaction pipe, visible light wave bands are converted into electric energy through a photovoltaic module, infrared wave bands are subjected to photo-thermal conversion through a catalytic reaction pipe, surplus heat energy is directly used for the activation process of hydrogen production through water electrolysis, and gradient utilization of solar energy is achieved. And precise temperature control is realized, and the temperature of the photovoltaic panel is stabilized in an optimal interval in combination with a closed-loop temperature control strategy. The wind-solar complementary power supply and the waste heat cascade recovery device synergistically improve the energy utilization rate, and the multifunctional integrated electric control system realizes hydrogen-electricity-heat multi-target scheduling through a dynamic game optimization algorithm and a digital twin simulation platform. The working temperature of a solar cell is stabilized in the optimal efficiency interval, meanwhile, heat energy loss of a traditional system is converted into hydrogen production effective energy, and an efficient and stable solar energy-hydrogen energy conversion system is constructed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of photovoltaic cooling, and particularly relates to a multi-source collaborative spray cooling concentrating frequency-dividing photovoltaic hydrogen production system and a regulation method thereof. Background Art

[0002] With the rapid development of the new energy industry, solar energy, with its clean and renewable characteristics, shows great development potential. The efficiency of multi-junction solar cells can reach 46%, which is much higher than that of traditional silicon photovoltaic cells (16%-21%). The concentrating technology can increase the light energy density and improve the conversion efficiency of solar cells; the frequency-dividing technology can selectively absorb and convert sunlight in different bands to ensure the efficient utilization of sunlight. In addition, by adjusting the position and angle of the lens, flexible focusing and deflection of light can be achieved to adapt to different lighting conditions and working environments.

[0003] However, during the process of concentrating and frequency-dividing sunlight, a certain degree of heat will still be generated on the surface of multi-junction photovoltaic cells, seriously affecting the photoelectric conversion efficiency of multi-junction solar cells and shortening their service life. Currently, the main form of cooling solar cells is microchannel cooling, but the pressure drop and temperature gradient along the channel direction will lead to an increase in power consumption and uneven heat dissipation. Experiments show that at a higher Reynolds number, a large pressure drop along the channel direction will make the pumping power account for 40% of the total power generation. In a highly concentrated photovoltaic system, the contact thermal resistance in multi-junction solar cells is also a major problem, which not only affects the stability of solar cells but also reduces the thermal gain of the system.

[0004] In efficient two-phase active cooling, spray cooling is a cooling method that has the potential to overcome the above defects. Spray cooling technology can provide a higher heat transfer coefficient, a higher critical heat flux density, and improve the surface temperature uniformity over a larger surface area. Spray cooling has many advantages, such as small flow demand, high heat dissipation capacity, low overheating degree, and avoiding the influence of overshoot temperature and contact thermal resistance. Previous studies mainly focused on exploring the effect of spray cooling in the case of single photoelectric energy conversion, such as the influence of factors such as different concentration ratios, spray heights, nozzle installation angles, positions and numbers, and the size of the ejected droplets on the cooling efficiency of multi-junction solar cells. However, the energy and mass conversion, heat transfer and flow laws of spray cooling in a complex system of solar concentrating frequency-dividing photothermal hydrogen and electricity, which involves multi-physical field coupling and multi-energy conversion, have not been fully studied. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of the deficiencies of the current technology, the present invention aims to propose a concentrating frequency-dividing photovoltaic hydrogen production system and a control method with multi-source collaborative spray cooling. By effectively and uniformly cooling multi-junction solar cells, the present invention improves the power generation efficiency of multi-junction solar cells, extends their service life, and further enhances the performance and stability of the entire photovoltaic hydrogen production system.

[0006] To achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions: In a first aspect, the present invention provides a concentrating frequency-dividing photovoltaic hydrogen production system with multi-source collaborative spray cooling, including a Fresnel lens, a jacketed frequency-dividing and reaction tube, a spray angle adjustment device, an electrolyte storage tank, a multi-functional integrated electronic control system, multi-junction solar cells, a hydrogen production device, a hydrogen storage device, and an ultra-small wind turbine; The Fresnel lens is connected with a telescopic rod and a rotating support shaft; the light of the Fresnel lens passes through the jacketed frequency-dividing and reaction tube and then focuses on the CPC concentrating plate; the CPC concentrating plate surrounds the multi-junction solar cells; the spray water recovery device is placed on the other side of the CPC concentrating plate, and the spray angle adjustment device is arranged pointing to the spray water recovery device; The electrolyte storage tank is connected to the hydrogen production device and the hydrogen storage device through the jacketed frequency-dividing and reaction tube; the spray angle adjustment device is connected to the multi-functional integrated electronic control system through a first regulating valve; The multi-junction solar cells and the ultra-small wind turbine are connected to the multi-functional integrated electronic control system, the hydrogen production device, and the hydrogen storage device through a UPS unit.

[0007] As a further improvement of the present invention, the spray water recovery device is connected to the spray angle adjustment device through a spray condensate recovery pipe, a circulation water tank, a first regulating valve, and a first water pump in sequence; The spray condensate recovery pipe is used to recover the unevaporated liquid water; a ceramic membrane is arranged at the water recovery inlet of the circulation water tank to filter the liquid water, and an automatic liquid replenishment module is equipped.

[0008] As a further improvement of the present invention, the inner and outer walls of the inner tube of the jacketed frequency-dividing and reaction tube are coated with a jacket tube coating that absorbs wavelengths of 1100-2500 nm, and the inner tube internal photothermal fluid is NaOH or KOH; a photonic crystal thin film, a dynamic liquid crystal dimming layer, and a graphene superconducting film are sequentially arranged on the inner wall of the outer tube of the jacket tube.

[0009] The dynamic liquid crystal dimming layer is used to adjust the arrangement direction of liquid crystal molecules through an electrical signal according to the real-time light intensity to change the transmission band, so that light waves of 300-1100 nm are preferentially introduced into the multi-junction solar cells, while the band of 1100-2500 nm is absorbed by the jacket tube coating; the graphene superconducting film is connected to the hierarchical phase change energy storage module.

[0010] As a further improvement of the present invention, the electrolyte storage tank is equipped with an online conductivity monitoring unit and a dual-channel automatic liquid replenishing device.

[0011] As a further improvement of the present invention, the spray angle adjustment device adopts a single nozzle or a nozzle array arrangement, including an automatic hollow cone nozzle, a bionic anti-fouling nozzle and a microfluidic atomization chip; the coolant used in the automatic hollow cone nozzle is water.

[0012] As a further improvement of the present invention, the multifunctional integrated electronic control system includes a multi-junction solar cell infrared thermal imaging full-area monitoring temperature control spray adjustment subsystem, a solar position tracking subsystem, a safety threshold monitoring and emergency response subsystem, and a light intensity driven flow rate adjustment subsystem; the multi-junction solar cell infrared thermal imaging full-area monitoring temperature control spray adjustment subsystem controls the water flow rate and the angle of the nozzle and spray by detecting the temperature on the photovoltaic panel; the solar position tracking subsystem adjusts the jacketed frequency division and the flow rate of the fluid in the reaction tube by detecting different light intensities; the safety threshold monitoring and emergency response subsystem detects the power generation of the ultra-small wind turbine, so that the control system automatically adjusts the photovoltaic panel to a horizontal or windproof angle; the light intensity driven flow rate adjustment subsystem is used to adjust the rotating base and the telescopic rod to automatically track the maximum power point of the sun.

[0013] As a further improvement of the present invention, the multifunctional integrated electronic control system is used to power the electrolytic cell with waste heat power generation power, and the remaining power is stored in the UPS unit; the multifunctional integrated electronic control system is connected to the UPS unit, the first regulating valve, and the second regulating valve; the solar position tracking subsystem determines the solar position through longitude and latitude, time, and light intensity information, and feeds back to the telescopic rod and the rotating support shaft to change the position and orientation of the Fresnel lens; the safety threshold monitoring and emergency response subsystem presets the multi-junction solar cell temperature threshold and wind speed threshold, and drives the first water pump to cool down or shut down the ultra-small wind turbine if the limit is exceeded; the light intensity driven flow rate adjustment subsystem determines the light intensity through a photosensor, and feeds back to the second regulating valve according to the preset light intensity-flow rate relationship, which is used to change the jacketed frequency division and the liquid flow rate in the reaction tube.

[0014] As a further improvement of the present invention, the hierarchical phase change energy storage module includes a high-temperature layer and a low-temperature layer; the high-temperature layer is used to absorb the waste heat of solar thermal hydrogen production, and the low-temperature layer is used to store the waste cold of the spray cooling medium. A heat pipe network is provided between the high-temperature layer and the low-temperature layer to achieve dynamic coupling of hot and cold dual energy storage through the heat pipe network. The hierarchical phase change energy storage module has a built-in material performance degradation monitoring unit; The multi-source waste heat cascade recovery device includes an electrolyzer exhaust waste heat exchanger and a waste heat steam recovery pipe; the evaporation heat energy is introduced into the multi-source waste heat cascade recovery device through the waste heat steam recovery pipe, and the waste heat is compressed in stages to drive the organic Rankine cycle generator set.

[0015] In a second aspect, the present invention provides a control method for a concentrating frequency - division photovoltaic hydrogen production system with multi - source collaborative spray cooling, including: Through wind - light - heat coupling control, the temperature field, light intensity, and wind speed vector of the multi - junction solar cell are monitored in real - time. A finite - element model is established to dynamically adjust the spray, nozzle angle, and flow rate to minimize temperature non - uniformity and cooling power consumption, and to optimize system safety. Adopt hydrogen - electricity - heat collaborative scheduling. When the demand for hydrogen surges, wind - solar power is preferentially allocated to the electrolyzer, and the phase - change energy storage module is enabled to supply heat. When the grid electricity price is at a peak, the hydrogen production is dynamically reduced.

[0016] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: The core technology of the present invention is to utilize the coupling technology of concentrating frequency - division and spray cooling. The system constructs an optical - electrical - thermal - hydrogen energy conversion chain to realize the cascade utilization of solar energy, and through the uniform cooling of the multi - junction solar cell, the efficient operation of photovoltaic conversion is achieved. This technology has the advantages of being clean and pollution - free, low - cost, high conversion efficiency, and huge energy storage utility. At the same time, the addition of the spray cooling system and the adaptive thermal control strategy can keep the multi - junction solar cell within the optimal working temperature range, significantly improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency. In this project, due to the addition of the spray cooling system, the temperature of the multi - junction solar cell decreases, and the average temperature and temperature non - uniformity are generally lower than those of the water - cooled plate cooling, and the energy - saving efficiency is significantly improved. The decrease in temperature increases the efficiency of the system's photoelectric conversion, so that the power generation of the system increases under the same conditions, obtaining greater economic benefits.

[0017] Furthermore, in the concentrating frequency - division power generation unit, the Fresnel lens concentrating coupling spectral frequency - division technology is adopted to construct a full - spectrum energy cascade utilization architecture, realizing the efficient transfer and utilization of excess heat. After the sunlight is highly concentrated by the Fresnel lens, it is then frequency - divided by the photo - thermal fluid to absorb the far - infrared light for photo - thermal conversion. At the same time, an efficient multi - junction solar cell is used to absorb ultraviolet, visible, and near - infrared band light for power generation, and a photovoltaic energy storage module is used to store the electric energy, thereby realizing a photo - thermal - hydrogen - electricity co - production cycle system.

[0018] Furthermore, the device of the present invention adds a jacket - type frequency - division and reaction tube between the multi - junction solar cell and the Fresnel lens to convert the energy in the infrared band into heat energy, which is used to improve the subsequent electrolysis water efficiency, and can also avoid the multi - junction solar cell from getting too hot to a certain extent.

[0019] Furthermore, the present invention constructs a single - nozzle / nozzle - array - type spray cooling system on the backplane of the multi - junction solar cell, effectively solving the problems of contact thermal resistance and temperature gradient, which is of great significance for improving the overall performance and efficiency of the new photovoltaic hydrogen production system.

[0020] Furthermore, the control part of the present invention is to install a spray angle adjustment device and a multi-functional integrated electronic control system behind the solar panel, enabling the system to sense the temperature change on the surface of the multi-junction solar cell and achieve precise adjustment of the opening and closing degree of the nozzle. Thus, while maintaining the multi-junction solar cell operating within the optimal temperature range, the overall economy of the system reaches the optimal value.

[0021] Furthermore, the spray cooling technology of the present invention has a wide range of applications and can be combined with building integration, urban dust removal, greenhouse cooling, etc., thereby achieving the effect of multi-purpose use of one machine. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022] The concept, specific structure and technical effects of the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the drawings to fully understand the purpose, features and effects of the present invention.

[0023] Figure 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a multi-source collaborative spray cooling concentrating frequency division photovoltaic hydrogen production system and a control method thereof according to the present invention; Figure 2 is a schematic flow diagram of the system control method of the present invention; Figure 3 is Figure 1 a schematic structural diagram of the circulating water tank in Figure 4 is Figure 1 a schematic diagram of the jacketed frequency division and reaction tube in Figure 5 is Figure 1 a schematic diagram of the spray angle adjustment device tube in DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0024] In order to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the technical solutions in the present invention, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all the embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative work shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0025] Those skilled in the art can clearly understand that for the convenience and brevity of description, the specific working processes of the above-described systems, devices and units can refer to the corresponding processes in the foregoing method embodiments and will not be described herein again.

[0026] In the description of the present application and the above-mentioned accompanying drawings, terms such as "first", "second", "third", "fourth", etc., if any, are used to distinguish similar objects and do not necessarily describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that the data used in this way can be interchanged under appropriate circumstances so that the embodiments of the present application described herein can be implemented in an order other than those illustrated or described herein. In addition, the terms "comprising" and "having" and any variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, system, product or device comprising a series of steps or units does not necessarily have to be limited to those steps or units clearly listed, but may include other steps or units not clearly listed or inherent to these processes, methods, products or devices.

[0027] It should be understood that in the present application, "at least one item" means one or more, and "a plurality" means two or more. "And / or" is used to describe the association relationship of associated objects and indicates that three relationships may exist. For example, "A and / or B" may mean: only A exists, only B exists, and both A and B exist at the same time. Among them, A and B can be singular or plural. The character " / " generally means that the associated objects before and after are in an "or" relationship. "At least one of the following" or similar expressions refer to any combination of these items, including any combination of single items or plural items. For example, at least one of A, B, or C can mean: A, B, C, "A and B", "A and C", "B and C", or "A and B and C", where A, B, and C can be single or multiple.

[0028] In several embodiments provided in the present application, it should be understood that the disclosed systems, devices, and methods can be implemented in other ways. For example, the device embodiments described above are merely illustrative. For example, the division of the units is only a logical function division, and there may be other division methods in actual implementation. For example, multiple units or components can be combined or integrated into another system, or some features can be ignored or not executed. Another point is that the displayed or discussed coupling, direct coupling, or communication connection to each other can be through some interfaces, and the indirect coupling or communication connection of devices or units can be in an electrical, mechanical, or other form.

[0029] The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separated, and the components displayed as units may or may not be physical units, that is, they may be located in one place or distributed to multiple network units. Some or all of the units can be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the solution of this embodiment.

[0030] The present invention realizes efficient cooling of a multi-junction solar cell by adopting a spray cooling method, thereby improving the efficiency of the solar cell, extending its service life, reducing costs, and having a positive impact on the entire solar concentrating frequency-divided solar-thermal hydrogen-electricity co-generation system. At the same time, to save water resources and ensure that the multi-junction solar cell operates at the optimal working temperature, good adjustability is required.

[0031] The object of the present invention is to provide a concentrating frequency-divided photovoltaic hydrogen production system with multi-source collaborative spray cooling and a control method. The present invention can independently adjust various influencing factors such as the fluid temperature of spray cooling, spray pressure, temperature of the solar panel, spray vertical distance, nozzle type, etc., control the opening and closing degree of the spray, and meet the requirements of precise temperature control and uniform cooling of the solar panel. In addition, by adopting the concentrating frequency-divided technology, the effects of cascaded energy utilization and high-efficiency and stable operation of the system are achieved.

[0032] In the first aspect, as Figure 1 shown, the present invention provides a concentrating frequency-divided photovoltaic hydrogen production system with multi-source collaborative spray cooling, including a Fresnel lens 1, a jacketed frequency-dividing and reaction tube 2, a spray angle adjusting device 3, a multi-functional integrated electronic control system 14, a multi-junction solar cell 4, a hydrogen production device 11, a hydrogen storage device 12, and an ultra-small wind turbine 17.

[0033] The Fresnel lens 1 adopts a point-focusing / linear-focusing Fresnel lens, and its angle is adjusted by a telescopic rod 13 and a rotating support shaft 16. The jacketed frequency-dividing and reaction tube 2 connects an electrolyte storage tank 10, a second regulating valve 21, a second water pump 7, the hydrogen production device 11, and the hydrogen storage device 12. The spray angle adjusting device 3 is connected to the multi-functional integrated electronic control system 14 through a first regulating valve 20 and a first water pump 6. The multi-junction solar cell 4 and the ultra-small wind turbine 17 are connected to the multi-functional integrated electronic control system 14, the hydrogen production device 11, and the hydrogen storage device 12 through a UPS unit 9. The light of the Fresnel lens 1 passes through the jacketed frequency-dividing and reaction tube 2 and then focuses on a CPC concentrating plate 15; the CPC concentrating plate 15 surrounds the multi-junction solar cell 4; a spray water recovery device 5 is placed on the other side of the CPC concentrating plate 15, and the spray angle adjusting device 3 is arranged pointing to the spray water recovery device 5; by cascaded energy utilization and multi-complex physical field energy coupling, the cooling method of the multi-junction solar cell is optimized, and combined with the concentrating frequency-dividing module and the wind-solar complementary technology, the high-efficiency and stable operation of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system is realized.

[0034] The present invention realizes the adjustability of multiple parameters through two circuits, namely, the current circuit from the solar panel to the hydrogen production device and the water flow circuit from the spray to the spray water recovery device, multiple regulating valves, circulation components, and intelligent electronic control. It can independently adjust various influencing factors such as the fluid temperature of spray cooling, spray pressure, solar panel temperature, spray vertical distance, nozzle type, etc., and control the opening and closing degree of the spray, so as to meet the requirements of precise temperature control and uniform cooling of the solar panel. In addition, the concentrator frequency division technology is adopted to achieve the effects of cascaded energy utilization and high-efficiency and stable system operation.

[0035] The technical solution of the present invention is specifically as follows: It consists of a concentrator frequency division unit, a spray cooling subsystem, a wind power generation unit, a photovoltaic power generation system, a multi-functional integrated electronic control system, a hydrogen production and storage system, an external power supply, and several spray condensate recovery pipes.

[0036] Among them, the concentrator frequency division unit includes a Fresnel lens 1, a jacketed frequency division and reaction tube 2, and a second water pump 7. The spray cooling subsystem includes a spray angle adjustment device 3, a spray water recovery device 5, and a first water pump 6. The photovoltaic power generation system includes a multi-junction solar cell 4 and a UPS unit 9. The multi-functional integrated electronic control system 14 includes a multi-junction solar cell infrared thermal imaging global monitoring temperature control spray adjustment subsystem 14-1, a solar azimuth tracking subsystem 14-3, a safety threshold monitoring and emergency response subsystem 14-4, and a light intensity-driven flow rate adjustment subsystem 14-5. The multi-junction solar cell infrared thermal imaging global monitoring temperature control spray adjustment subsystem 14-1 controls the flow rate of the first water pump and the angle of the nozzle and spray by detecting the temperature on the photovoltaic panel; the solar azimuth tracking subsystem 14-3 adjusts the second water pump by detecting different light intensities (the power of photovoltaic power generation), and then adjusts the flow rate of the fluid in the jacketed frequency division and reaction tube; the safety threshold monitoring and emergency response subsystem 14-4 controls the system to automatically adjust the photovoltaic panel to the horizontal or windward angle by detecting the power generation power of the ultra-small wind turbine, reducing wind load damage; the light intensity-driven flow rate adjustment subsystem 14-5 changes the rotating base and the telescopic rod through the light intensity prediction algorithm, so as to automatically track the maximum power point of the sun.

[0037] Among them, the light intensity prediction consists of a sensor module and a data processing module, which are respectively responsible for converting the optical signal into a digital signal and eliminating environmental noise. The specific algorithm process is to first determine the initial azimuth angle and pitch angle through the sensor, then periodically collect the light intensity data in each direction, perform noise processing through the filtering algorithm, then calculate the gradient value of the light intensity, determine the location of the maximum light intensity, and finally change the pitch angle and azimuth angle of the photovoltaic panel mechanical equipment according to the obtained maximum value to realize tracking the sun's trajectory according to the light intensity prediction.

[0038] Through the solar azimuth tracking subsystem 14-3, the telescopic rod 13 and the rotating support shaft 16 are adjusted to change the included angle between the Fresnel lens 1 and the sunlight rays. When the sunlight rays enter through the Fresnel lens 1, they pass through the jacketed frequency division and reaction tube 2, absorb the 1100-2500 nm band in the solar spectrum, and then perform photoelectric conversion on the multi-junction solar cell 4. The photothermal fluid flows through the jacketed frequency division and reaction tube 2 to the hydrogen production device 11. The photothermal fluid serves as the electrolyte, and its specific components are NaOH or KOH.

[0039] Furthermore, when the temperature detected by the infrared thermal imaging global monitoring temperature control spray adjustment subsystem 14-1 in the multifunctional integrated electric control system 14 reaches a certain threshold, the first water pump 6 is started, and the spray angle adjustment device 3 uniformly cools the multi-junction solar cell 4; the water after spray cooling is recovered by the spray water recovery device 5 along the spray condensate recovery pipe a and recycled to the circulation water tank 8. The spray angle adjustment device 3 can adopt a single nozzle or a nozzle array type, so as to be able to adapt to the cooling of different working conditions; the coolant used in the hollow cone nozzle 3-1 can be tap water, and the type of coolant is adjusted according to needs and costs.

[0040] As Figure 1 shown, the present invention further includes a spray water recovery device 5; the spray water recovery device 5 is connected to the spray angle adjustment device 3 through the spray condensate recovery pipe a, the circulation water tank 8, the first regulating valve 20 and the first water pump 6. The spray condensate recovery pipe a only recovers the unevaporated liquid water; as Figure 3 shown, a ceramic membrane 8-1 is arranged at the water recovery inlet b of the circulation water tank 8 for filtering the liquid water, and an automatic liquid supplement module 8-2 is equipped. When the coolant is lower than 19% of the total capacity, the coolant is automatically supplemented to the preset value.

[0041] The inner and outer walls of the inner tube of the jacketed frequency division and reaction tube 2 are coated with a jacket tube coating that absorbs wavelengths of 1100-2500 nm. The jacket tube coating uses nano tungsten bronze powder SS-CW20, and the specific component of the photothermal fluid inside the inner tube is one of NaOH or KOH. As Figure 4 shown, the inner wall of the outer tube of the jacket tube contains a photonic crystal thin film 2-1, a dynamic liquid crystal dimming layer 2-2, and a graphene superconducting film 2-3. The dynamic liquid crystal dimming layer 2-2 adjusts the arrangement direction of liquid crystal molecules through an electric signal according to the real-time light intensity to change the transmission band, ensuring that light waves of 300-1100 nm are preferentially introduced into the multi-junction solar cell 4, and the 1100-2500 nm band is absorbed by the jacket tube coating; the graphene superconducting film 2-3 is connected to the hierarchical phase change energy storage module 18.

[0042] Among them, the specific content of the photonic crystal thin film 2-1 is introduced as follows: A photonic crystal is a material with a periodic dielectric structure. By designing different lattice constants and dielectric arrangements, a photonic bandgap is formed, which can selectively reflect or transmit light of specific wavelengths. In this system, the photonic crystal thin film is designed to optimize the transmission efficiency in the ultraviolet to near-infrared band (300 - 1100 nm), while reflecting or absorbing infrared light in the band of 1100 - 2500 nm. Working principle: The periodic structure of the photonic crystal (such as alternating layers of silicon / silicon dioxide) forms a photonic bandgap, allowing light in the target band (300 - 1100 nm) to pass through efficiently, while long-wave infrared light is blocked or guided to the jacket coating for absorption. By adjusting the lattice period and dielectric material of the photonic crystal, precise control of spectral frequency division can be achieved, reducing light energy loss.

[0043] Applications in the system: As the first layer structure for frequency division, it assists the dynamic liquid crystal dimming layer to achieve spectral separation. It enhances the utilization rate of visible light and near-infrared light by multi-junction solar cells, improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0044] Definition and function of the dynamic liquid crystal dimming layer 2-2: The dynamic liquid crystal dimming layer is composed of electro-controlled liquid crystal materials. By applying a voltage, the arrangement direction of liquid crystal molecules is changed, thereby dynamically adjusting the wavelength band of transmitted light. In this system, this layer preferentially transmits light in the 300 - 1100 nm band to the photovoltaic cell according to the real-time light intensity, while guiding the 1100 - 2500 nm band to the jacket coating for photothermal conversion. Working principle: Liquid crystal molecules are disordered without an electric field, and the transmitted wavelength band is relatively wide; after applying an electric field, the molecules are arranged orderly, forming a specific grating structure, selectively transmitting short-wavelength light (such as visible light). By adjusting the orientation of liquid crystal molecules in real time through an electro-controlled signal, dynamic switching of the transmitted wavelength band is achieved, ensuring the optimal distribution of spectral frequency division under different lighting conditions. It works in coordination with the photonic crystal thin film to achieve dynamic spectral frequency division. It responds to the instructions of the multi-functional integrated electro-controlled system and adaptively adjusts the transmission characteristics according to the light intensity change, improving the energy utilization efficiency.

[0045] The graphene superconducting film 2-3 is described as follows: The graphene superconducting film is a thin film composed of graphene and high-thermal-conductivity metals (such as copper, silver), with ultra-high thermal conductivity (the thermal conductivity coefficient can reach 5000 W / m·K) and electrical conductivity. In this system, this film is used to quickly conduct out the infrared photothermal energy absorbed by the jacket and transfer it to the hierarchical phase change energy storage module 18 to avoid local overheating. Working principle: The two-dimensional structure of graphene provides a path with extremely low thermal resistance, enabling the heat absorbed by the jacketed pipe to be quickly and evenly conducted to the phase change material. Combining with superconducting properties (such as being compounded with copper) further reduces resistance loss, ensuring efficient conversion of thermal energy into energy storage or for hydrogen production. As the core component of thermal management, it connects the jacketed pipe and the phase change energy storage module to achieve instant transfer and storage of thermal energy. By maintaining stable temperature of the jacketed pipe through efficient heat conduction, it prolongs the material life and improves the photothermal conversion efficiency.

[0046] As Figure 5 As shown, the spray angle adjustment device 3 adopts a single nozzle / nozzle array type, specifically a two-degree-of-freedom spray angle self-adaptive adjustment device, including an automatic hollow cone nozzle 3-1, a bionic anti-fouling nozzle 3-2, and a microfluidic atomization chip 3-3; the coolant used in the automatic hollow cone nozzle 3-1 can be water, specifically tap water. Among them, the CPC concentrator 15 (compound parabolic concentrator) surrounds the multi-junction solar cell 4 for secondary reflection. The telescopic rod 13 is connected to the Fresnel lens 1 through the slideway a to adjust the angle between the Fresnel lens 1 and the sunlight.

[0047] The multifunctional integrated electronic control system 14 includes a multi-junction solar cell infrared thermal imaging global monitoring temperature control spray adjustment subsystem 14-1, a solar azimuth tracking subsystem 14-3, a safety threshold monitoring and emergency response subsystem 14-4, and a light intensity-driven flow rate adjustment subsystem 14-5. The multifunctional integrated electronic control system 14 is connected to the UPS unit 9, the first regulating valve 20, and the second regulating valve 21, and can preferentially use the waste heat power generation for electrolyzer power supply, and store the remaining power in the UPS unit 9. The solar azimuth tracking subsystem 14-3 determines the solar azimuth through longitude, latitude, time, and light intensity information, and feeds back to the telescopic rod 13 and the rotating support shaft 16 to change the azimuth and orientation of the Fresnel lens 1, ensuring that the sunlight can be focused at the maximum vertical incidence point / linear Fresnel lens 1 to increase the energy input of the system and improve the system efficiency; the safety threshold monitoring and emergency response subsystem 14-4 presets the temperature threshold of the multi-junction solar cell, such as ≤85 °C, and the wind speed threshold, such as ≤14 m / s. When the temperature exceeds the limit, it drives the first water pump 6 to work to cool the multi-junction solar cell 4. When the wind speed exceeds the limit, it feeds back to the ultra-small wind turbine 17 to stop; the light intensity-driven flow rate adjustment subsystem 14-5 determines the light intensity through the photosensitive sensor, and feeds back to the second regulating valve 21 according to the preset light intensity-flow rate relationship to change its opening and closing degree, thereby changing the liquid flow rate in the jacketed frequency division and reaction tube 2 to ensure uniform heating of the photothermal fluid and ensure the stable progress of the hydrogen production process.

[0048] As a further improvement, the hierarchical phase change energy storage module 18 is composed of high / low temperature phase change materials stacked together. The high temperature layer 18-1 absorbs the waste heat from photo-thermal hydrogen production, and the low temperature layer 18-2 stores the remaining cold of the spray cooling working medium. The dynamic coupling of cold and heat double energy storage is realized through the heat pipe network 18-3, and a built-in material performance degradation monitoring unit 18-4 is provided; the multi-source waste heat cascade recovery device 19 includes an electrolytic cell exhaust waste heat heat exchanger 19-1 and a waste heat steam recovery pipe 19-2; the evaporation heat energy is introduced into the multi-source waste heat cascade recovery device 19 through the waste heat steam recovery pipe 19-2, and the waste heat is driven to the organic Rankine cycle power generation unit 19-3 after being compressed in stages. Generally, the power generation is preferentially allocated to the hydrogen production device 11, and the remaining electricity is fed back to the UPS unit 9.

[0049] Among them, the material composition of the high temperature layer 18-1 is as follows: The high temperature layer is used to absorb the waste heat generated during the photo-thermal hydrogen production process (usually in the range of 150°C - 300°C). Its core material is a high temperature phase change material (PCM), specifically including: Molten salt: such as sodium nitrate-potassium nitrate (NaNO3-KNO3, melting point about 220°C), which has high thermal stability, high latent heat (about 200 - 300 kJ / kg) and low cost.

[0050] Metal alloy: such as aluminum-silicon alloy (Al-Si, melting point about 577°C), suitable for higher temperature scenarios, with high thermal conductivity (~200 W / m·K), suitable for rapid heat storage.

[0051] Ceramic composite material: such as graphite-based phase change material (graphite / NaNO3 composite), combining the high thermal conductivity of graphite (~400 W / m·K) with the heat storage capacity of molten salt.

[0052] The waste heat of the photo-thermal hydrogen production system is stored by phase change endotherm for subsequent use in electrolyzing water or hydrogen production at night.

[0053] The honeycomb structure or porous medium design is adopted to increase the heat exchange area and improve the heat storage / discharge efficiency.

[0054] The material composition of the low temperature layer 18-2: The low temperature layer is used to store the remaining cold of the spray cooling working medium (usually in the range of 0°C - 20°C). Its core material is a low temperature phase change material (PCM), specifically including: Hydrate: such as sodium acetate trihydrate (CH3COONa·3H2O, phase change temperature about 58°C, can be modified to lower temperatures), with high latent heat (~250 kJ / kg), suitable for medium and low temperature energy storage.

[0055] Paraffin organic compounds: such as n-octadecane (C 18 H 38, with a melting point of approximately 28°C), the phase change temperature can be adjusted to a lower range (such as 0°C–10°C) through modification (such as adding nanoparticles).

[0056] Eutectic salt solution: such as calcium chloride - water eutectic salt (CaCl2·6H2O, with a phase change temperature of approximately 29°C), and lower temperature energy storage can be achieved by adjusting the concentration.

[0057] Store the remaining cold of the spray cooling system and use it to pre - cool the photovoltaic cells during the high - temperature period the next day, reducing the cooling power consumption. The micro - capsule encapsulation technology is used to prevent the leakage of the phase - change material and enhance the cycle stability.

[0058] The structure and principle of the heat pipe network 18 - 3 are as follows: The heat pipe network is composed of multiple capillary heat pipes, and each heat pipe includes the following parts: Shell: made of copper or aluminum alloy, corrosion - resistant and with strong thermal conductivity.

[0059] Wick: multiple layers of sintered metal powder or metal wire mesh, providing capillary force to drive the circulation of the working fluid.

[0060] Working fluid: ammonia (NH3) or water (H2O), selected according to the temperature range (sodium is used in the high - temperature layer and acetone is used in the low - temperature layer).

[0061] The dynamic coupling mechanism means that when the high - temperature layer absorbs heat, the working fluid in the heat pipe evaporates, and the vapor flows to the low - temperature layer to condense and release heat. At the same time, the cold is reversely transferred to the low - temperature layer for storage. Through the design of a two - way thermal diode, the heat flow direction is automatically adjusted to avoid heat and cold interference.

[0062] The monitoring technology and sensors of the material performance degradation monitoring unit 18 - 4: Embedded optical fiber sensors: Real - time monitor the temperature distribution, latent heat change of phase - change materials, and attenuation of thermal conductivity.

[0063] Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS): Analyze the chemical stability of phase - change materials and detect corrosion or decomposition products.

[0064] Ultrasonic flaw detector: Evaluate the internal porosity or crack propagation of materials through the change in sound velocity.

[0065] Data feedback and warning: The monitoring data is sent to the multi - functional integrated electric control system 14 through the wireless transmission module, triggering the following responses: When the performance of the phase - change material drops by more than 20%, prompt replacement or regeneration. When a heat pipe blockage or working fluid leakage is detected, start the standby heat pipe and give an alarm.

[0066] Figure 2It is a schematic diagram of the system control method. In the electric control part, the infrared thermometer 14-1 regularly inputs the temperature signal into the main control board 14-2 of the multifunctional integrated electric control system 14 through the i2c communication method. The main control board 14-2 calculates the working state of the motor through the PID controller and generates a control signal. The main control board 14-2 feeds back the instruction to the first water pump through the CAN signal transmission to change the opening and closing degree of the nozzle of the spray angle adjusting device 3. At the same time, the temperature signal input into the main control board 14-2 is used by the safety threshold monitoring and emergency response subsystem 14-4 to check in real time whether the temperature exceeds the preset threshold ≤85°C. If it exceeds the limit, the shutdown or windward mode will be triggered.

[0067] The main control board receives the temperature data from the infrared thermometer and inputs it into the PID controller. The PID controller calculates the control error based on the actual temperature value and the set target temperature value. The proportional P term responds immediately to the temperature deviation to provide a quick response; the integral I term accumulates the past deviations to eliminate the steady-state error; the derivative D term predicts the future deviations to reduce the overshoot and oscillation of the system. The PID controller combines these three terms and calculates the deflection angle or rotational speed value of the motor from the temperature deviation through the given quantitative value.

[0068] The PID algorithm described in this embodiment is as follows: The main control board collects the original temperature data through the infrared thermometer at a fixed period (every 100 milliseconds) and first performs a moving average filtering process to suppress environmental noise. The specific method is to mix the current measured value and the previous filtering result according to the weight, smoothing the instantaneous fluctuations while retaining the trend. The filtered temperature is compared with the target value set by the user to calculate the real-time deviation. The PID controller adjusts according to this deviation: the proportional term directly outputs a multiple of the current deviation to quickly respond to temperature changes; the integral term continuously accumulates the historical deviations and multiplies them by the integral coefficient and the sampling time to gradually eliminate the long-term steady-state error; the derivative term divides the difference between the current deviation and the previous deviation by the sampling time and then multiplies it by the derivative coefficient to predict the temperature change trend to suppress overshoot. To prevent the integral term from accumulating excessively when the deviation is too large, the system will pause the integration when the error exceeds the threshold to avoid the control quantity exceeding the reasonable range. The calculated PID comprehensive output value is subjected to a limit processing and constrained between 0% and 100% to ensure the safe operation of the actuator. The final control quantity will be mapped to the PWM signal duty cycle or the motor rotation angle according to the device type.

[0069] During the parameter tuning stage, the Ziegler-Nichols method is adopted: first, the integral and derivative are turned off, and the proportional coefficient is gradually increased until the system exhibits equal-amplitude oscillation. Based on the critical gain and oscillation period at this time, the three PID parameters are calculated. To further optimize the dynamic performance, the system calculates the derivative term only for the change in the actual temperature value (to avoid disturbances caused by sudden changes in the set value), applies a slope limit to the change in the target temperature to achieve a smooth transition, and performs low-pass filtering on the derivative signal to reduce noise interference. The control effect is finally quantitatively evaluated through indicators such as the steady-state error (the average deviation after the system stabilizes) and the overshoot rate (the maximum instantaneous overshoot), ensuring fast and stable temperature tracking under complex working conditions.

[0070] Then, the main control board sends the control signal calculated by the PID controller to the motor controller through the CAN signal transmission device. After receiving the control signal, the motor controller adjusts the operating state of the motor to adjust the operation of the heating or cooling element, thereby affecting the temperature of the photovoltaic power generation panel. After the motor is adjusted, the temperature of the system will change, and the infrared thermometer measures the temperature again and sends the new data back to the main control board, forming a closed loop. This cycle will continue to ensure that the temperature remains near the set value.

[0071] In a second aspect, the present invention provides a control method for a concentrating frequency-dividing photovoltaic hydrogen production system with multi-source collaborative spray cooling, including: This system adopts a multi-physical field coupling optimization strategy. On the one hand, it uses wind-light-thermal coupling control, that is, by real-time monitoring of the temperature field, light intensity, and wind speed vector of the multi-junction solar cell, establishing a finite element model, and dynamically adjusting the spray and nozzle angles and flow rates to minimize the temperature uniformity and cooling power consumption and optimize the system safety; on the other hand, it uses hydrogen-electricity-thermal collaborative scheduling, that is, when the hydrogen energy demand surges, the wind-solar power is preferentially allocated to the electrolyzer, and the phase change energy storage module 18 is enabled to supply heat; when the grid electricity price peaks, it switches to the power selling mode, and the hydrogen production is dynamically reduced. In addition, combined with the real-time monitoring of the multi-functional integrated electronic control system 14, the dynamic adjustment of the overall state of the system is realized, further enhancing the overall efficiency and stability of the photovoltaic hydrogen production system.

[0072] The control method for concentrating frequency-dividing photovoltaic hydrogen production with multi-source collaborative spray cooling adopts the coupling method of frequency-dividing heat absorption and spray cooling, combined with the multi-physical field collaborative optimization strategy of wind-light-thermal-hydrogen-electricity, to achieve efficient cooling of the solar cell and cascaded utilization of energy, including the following steps: The system adopts a combination of frequency-divided heat absorption and spray cooling to achieve efficient cooling of solar cells. The frequency-divided heat absorption module absorbs the thermal energy in the infrared band of 1100 - 2500 nm in the solar spectrum through jacketed frequency division and reaction tube 2, and converts it into thermal energy for the process of electrolyzing water to produce hydrogen. Thus, the cascade utilization of energy is realized. This process not only reduces the heat accumulation on the surface of the solar cell, but also improves the energy utilization efficiency.

[0073] The spray cooling system sprays a coolant, such as tap water, onto the back panel of the solar cell through the spray angle adjustment device 3 to form uniform and fine water mist. The spray cooling system has advantages such as high heat transfer coefficient, high critical heat flux density, and surface temperature consistency, and can effectively reduce the operating temperature of the solar cell and improve its photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0074] The system is equipped with a multi-functional integrated electronic control system 14. The multi-junction solar cell infrared thermal imaging global monitoring temperature control spray adjustment subsystem 14-1 collects temperature data in real time. The safety threshold monitoring and emergency response subsystem 14-4 verifies whether the temperature exceeds the limit, ≤85°C. The main control board 14-2 inputs the temperature data into the PID controller, calculates the control error by combining the proportional P, integral I, and differential D terms, and generates the motor deflection angle or rotation speed command to optimize the spray angle and flow rate. The main control board drives the motor to adjust the opening and closing degree of the nozzle through the CAN signal, and the infrared thermometer 14-1 feeds back the new temperature data in real time to ensure that the temperature of the solar cell is maintained within the optimal range, improve the cooling efficiency, and avoid equipment damage.

[0075] In addition to the precise control of the solar cell temperature, the multi-functional integrated electronic control system can also dynamically adjust other key parameters in the system. For example, optimize the coolant circulation, control the spray coolant circulation efficiency by adjusting the flow rate of the first water pump 6; adjust the flow rate of the photothermal fluid through the second water pump 7 to optimize the heat absorption rate of the jacketed frequency division and reaction tube 2. The light collection angle is self-adaptive, and the light collection angle of the Fresnel lens 1 is adjusted through the telescopic rod 13 and the rotating support shaft 16 to adapt to seasonal and real-time illumination changes.

[0076] In addition, the system is also equipped with a spray water recovery device 5. The unevaporated coolant is recovered through the spray condensate recovery pipe a, and a ceramic membrane 8-1 is arranged at the inlet of the circulation water tank 8 to filter impurities, and an automatic liquid supplement module 8-2 is equipped. The trigger threshold: the coolant capacity ≤19%. While saving water resources, the operating cost of the system is reduced.

[0077] Therefore, in view of the bottleneck problems such as efficiency decay and shortened lifespan caused by the temperature rise effect of solar cells in the existing photovoltaic hydrogen production system, the present invention constructs an energy management system with triple-effect coordination of spectral frequency division - cascade energy utilization - intelligent cooling. This system precisely separates the solar spectrum through a jacketed pipe frequency division and reaction tubes. Among them, the visible light band is converted into electrical energy via photovoltaic modules, while the infrared band undergoes photothermal conversion through a catalytic reaction tube, and the surplus thermal energy is directly used for the activation process of electrolytic water hydrogen production, realizing the cascade utilization of solar energy. On this basis, a single nozzle / nozzle array spray cooling system and a multi-functional integrated electronic control system are used to achieve precise temperature control. Combining with a closed-loop temperature control strategy, the temperature of the photovoltaic panel is stabilized within the optimal range. Wind-solar complementary power supply and waste heat cascade recovery devices cooperate to improve the energy utilization rate. The multi-functional integrated electronic control system realizes multi-objective scheduling of hydrogen - electricity - heat through a dynamic game optimization algorithm and a digital twin simulation platform. This collaborative design not only keeps the operating temperature of solar cells stable within the optimal efficiency range but also converts the thermal energy loss of the traditional system into effective energy for hydrogen production, providing an innovative solution for constructing an efficient and stable solar - hydrogen energy conversion system.

[0078] The application scope of the present invention includes at least the following aspects: 1) The field of solar hydrogen production: applicable to electrolytic water hydrogen production systems based on photovoltaic power generation. Through concentrating frequency division technology, spray cooling, and wind-solar complementary power supply, the hydrogen production efficiency and system stability are improved.

[0079] 2) Comprehensive utilization of renewable energy: Integrating solar energy, wind energy, and waste heat recovery technologies to achieve multi-energy collaborative conversion and cascade utilization of light - electricity - heat - hydrogen, applicable to distributed energy systems, microgrids, and off-grid hydrogen energy supply scenarios.

[0080] 3) High-efficiency photovoltaic cooling technology: Aiming at the high-temperature problem of multi-junction solar cells, precise temperature control is achieved through an intelligent spray cooling system, which can be extended and applied to high-concentration photovoltaic power stations, space photovoltaic devices, and other photovoltaic scenarios that require efficient heat dissipation.

[0081] 4) Industrial and civil energy-saving fields: Combining spray cooling water recovery and waste heat cascade utilization technologies, applicable to industrial waste heat recovery, building integrated cooling systems, agricultural greenhouse temperature control, and urban dust removal and other fields.

[0082] 5) Intelligent energy management system: Achieving dynamic optimization of multiple physical fields through a multi-functional integrated electronic control system, applicable to scenarios such as hydrogen - electricity - heat collaborative scheduling, power grid peak shaving and valley filling, and flexible allocation of renewable energy power.

[0083] 6) Applications of special materials and devices: Involving photothermal conversion devices of advanced materials such as photonic crystal thin films, dynamic liquid crystal dimming layers, and graphene superconducting films, which can be applied to photocatalytic reactors, infrared thermal energy collection devices, and high-efficiency energy storage modules.

[0084] With the system of the present invention, for 100 devices, the annual power generation can be increased by 553,810 KWh, and 237.6 tons of carbon dioxide can be reduced. According to the power generation of the system, a subsidy of 110,760 yuan per year can be obtained, and 10,800 kg of hydrogen can be produced per year. The benefit obtained from hydrogen production by each device is approximately 6,400 yuan per year. This benefit is obtained by converting the solar energy that would otherwise be directly scattered on the ground into hydrogen energy.

[0085] As described above, the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present application, rather than to limit them; although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions recorded in the foregoing embodiments, or perform equivalent replacements for some of the technical features; and these modifications or replacements do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application.

[0086] The above content is only to illustrate the technical idea of the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention cannot be limited thereby. Any modifications made on the basis of the technical solutions according to the technical idea proposed by the present invention fall within the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A multi-source collaborative spray cooling concentrating and frequency-dividing photovoltaic hydrogen production system, characterized in that It includes a Fresnel lens (1), a jacketed frequency divider and reaction tube (2), a spray angle adjustment device (3), an electrolyte storage tank (10), a multi-functional integrated electronic control system (14), a multi-junction solar cell (4), a hydrogen production device (11), a hydrogen storage device (12), and an ultra-small wind turbine (17); The Fresnel lens (1) is connected to a telescopic rod (13) and a rotating support shaft (16); the light of the Fresnel lens (1) passes through the jacketed frequency divider and reaction tube (2) and then focuses on the CPC concentrator (15); the CPC concentrator (15) surrounds the multi-junction solar cell (4); the spray water recovery device (5) is placed on the other side of the CPC concentrator (15), and the spray angle adjustment device (3) is arranged pointing to the spray water recovery device (5); The electrolyte storage tank (10) is connected to the hydrogen production device (11) and the hydrogen storage device (12) through the jacketed frequency divider and reaction tube (2); the spray angle adjustment device (3) is connected to the multi-functional integrated electronic control system (14) through a first regulating valve (20); The multi-junction solar cell (4) and the ultra-small wind turbine (17) are connected to the multi-functional integrated electronic control system (14), the hydrogen production device (11), and the hydrogen storage device (12) through a UPS unit (9).

2. The multi-source collaborative spray cooling concentrating frequency-dividing photovoltaic hydrogen production system according to claim 1, wherein The spray water recovery device (5) is connected to the spray angle adjustment device (3) through a spray condensed water recovery pipe (a), a circulation water tank (8), a first regulating valve (20), and a first water pump (6) in sequence; The spray condensed water recovery pipe (a) is used to recover the unevaporated liquid water; a ceramic membrane (8-1) is arranged at the recovery inlet (b) of the circulation water tank (8) for filtering the liquid water, and an automatic liquid supplement module (8-2) is equipped.

3. A multi-source collaborative spray cooling concentrating and frequency-dividing photovoltaic hydrogen production system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The outer wall of the inner tube of the jacketed frequency divider and reaction tube (2) is coated with a jacketed tube coating that absorbs wavelengths of 1100-2500 nm, and the photothermal fluid inside the inner tube is NaOH or KOH; a photonic crystal thin film (2-1), a dynamic liquid crystal dimming layer (2-2), and a graphene superconducting film (2-3) are sequentially arranged on the inner wall of the outer tube of the jacketed tube.

4. A multi-source collaborative spray-cooled concentrating and frequency-dividing photovoltaic hydrogen production system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The dynamic liquid crystal dimming layer (2-2) is used to adjust the arrangement direction of liquid crystal molecules through an electrical signal according to the real-time light intensity to change the transmission band, so that light waves of 300-1100 nm are preferentially introduced into the multi-junction solar cell (4), while the band of 1100-2500 nm is absorbed by the jacketed tube coating; the graphene superconducting film (2-3) is connected to the hierarchical phase change energy storage module (18).

5. A multi-source collaborative spray cooling concentrating and frequency-dividing photovoltaic hydrogen production system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The electrolyte storage tank (10) is internally provided with an on-line conductivity monitoring unit (10-1) and a dual-channel automatic liquid supplement device (10-2).

6. A multi-source collaborative spray-cooled concentrating and frequency-dividing photovoltaic hydrogen production system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The spray angle adjustment device (3) is arranged in a single nozzle or nozzle array form, including an automatic hollow cone nozzle (3-1), a bionic anti-fouling nozzle (3-2), and a microfluidic atomization chip (3-3); the coolant used inside the automatic hollow cone nozzle (3-1) is water.

7. A multi-source collaborative spray-cooled concentrating and frequency-dividing photovoltaic hydrogen production system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The multifunctional integrated electronic control system (14) comprises a multi-junction solar cell infrared thermal imaging full-area monitoring temperature control spray adjustment subsystem (14-1), a solar position tracking subsystem (14-3), a safety threshold monitoring and emergency response subsystem (14-4) and a light intensity driven flow rate adjustment subsystem (14-5); the multi-junction solar cell infrared thermal imaging full-area monitoring temperature control spray adjustment subsystem (14-1) controls the water flow rate and the angle of the nozzle and the spray by detecting the temperature on the photovoltaic panel; the solar position tracking subsystem (14-3) adjusts the flow rate of the fluid in the jacketed frequency division and reaction tube (2) by detecting different light intensities; the safety threshold monitoring and emergency response subsystem (14-4) controls the system to automatically adjust the photovoltaic panel to a horizontal or wind-proof angle by detecting the power generated by the ultra-small wind turbine; the light intensity driven flow rate adjustment subsystem (14-5) is used to adjust the rotating base and the telescopic rod to automatically track the maximum power point of the sun.

8. A multi-source collaborative spray cooling concentrating frequency-dividing photovoltaic hydrogen production system according to claim 7, characterized in that The multifunctional integrated electric control system (14) is used to supply power to the electrolyzer with waste heat power generation power, and the remaining power is stored in the UPS unit (9); the multifunctional integrated electric control system (14) is connected to the UPS unit (9), the first regulating valve (20), and the second regulating valve (21); the solar position tracking subsystem (14-3) determines the solar position through longitude and latitude, time, and light intensity information, and feeds back to the telescopic rod (13) and the rotating support shaft (16) to change the position and direction of the Fresnel lens (1); the safety threshold monitoring and emergency response subsystem (14-4) presets the multi-junction solar cell temperature threshold and wind speed threshold, and drives the first water pump (6) to cool down or shut down the ultra-small wind turbine (17) when the threshold is exceeded; the light intensity driven flow rate regulating subsystem (14-5) determines the light intensity through a photosensor, and feeds back to the second regulating valve (21) according to the preset light intensity flow rate relationship, and is used to change the flow rate of the liquid in the jacketed frequency division and reaction tube (2).

9. A multi-source collaborative spray cooling concentrating frequency-dividing photovoltaic hydrogen production system according to claim 1, wherein, The hierarchical phase change energy storage module (18) includes a high temperature layer (18-1) and a low temperature layer (18-2); the high temperature layer (18-1) is used to absorb the waste heat of photothermal hydrogen production, and the low temperature layer (18-2) is used to store the waste cold of the spray cooling medium. A heat pipe network (18-3) is provided between the high temperature layer (18-1) and the low temperature layer (18-2), and dynamic coupling of hot and cold dual energy storage is achieved through the heat pipe network (18-3). The hierarchical phase change energy storage module (18) has a built-in material performance degradation monitoring unit (18-4); The multi-source waste heat cascade recovery device (19) comprises an electrolyzer exhaust waste heat exchanger (19-1) and a waste heat steam recovery pipe (19-2); evaporation heat is introduced into the multi-source waste heat cascade recovery device (19) through the waste heat steam recovery pipe (19-2), and the waste heat is compressed in stages to drive an organic Rankine cycle generator set (19-3).

10. A control method for a multi-source collaborative spray cooling concentrating frequency-dividing photovoltaic hydrogen production system according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that, include: Through wind-light-thermal coupling control, the temperature field, light intensity, and wind speed vector of a multi-junction solar cell are monitored in real time, a finite element model is established, and the spray, nozzle angle, and flow rate are dynamically adjusted to minimize temperature non-uniformity and cooling power consumption, and to optimize system safety; Hydrogen-electric-thermal coordinated scheduling is adopted. When the demand for hydrogen surges, wind and solar power are preferentially allocated to the electrolyzer, and the phase change energy storage module (18) is enabled for heat supply; when the grid electricity price is at a peak, the hydrogen production is dynamically reduced.

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