Breeding method of dairy and meat dual-purpose cattle

Abstract

The invention discloses a breeding method of dairy and meat dual-purpose cattle, and belongs to the technical field of cattle genetic breeding. The method comprises the following steps: respectively screening Shuxuan Hua cattle in five stages of birth, 6 months old, 12 months old, 18 months old and 24 months old; according to the screening method during birth, the body shape and appearance meet the variety characteristic requirements, the birth weight reaches 27 kg or above, double-fetal individuals are prevented from being selected, the source and blood relationship are clear, archive pedigree records are complete, and genetic defects do not exist; and respectively screening out breeding bulls of which the weight and the body shape are not lower than those of the first stage of the stage and breeding cows of which the comprehensive evaluation is not lower than those of the second stage of the stage at the age of 6 months, the age of 12 months, the age of 18 months and the age of 24 months. According to the method, the Shuxuan Hua cattle breeding method is standardized, determination, measurement and statistics are carried out on each stage, and on-site seed selection and data analysis are combined, so that a scientific dairy and meat dual-purpose cattle breeding system is established, directional breeding is carried out, and the genetic progress is continuously improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of cattle genetic breeding, in particular to a breeding method for dual-purpose dairy and beef cattle. Background Art

[0002] The breeding of dual-purpose dairy and beef cattle holds strategic importance in the current beef cattle industry, but it also faces numerous challenges. First, there are unclear breeding objectives and directions, and the difficulty of balancing multiple objectives. Dual-purpose cattle must pursue both high milk production and good beef performance, while also considering other traits such as reproductive performance and stress resistance. However, these traits often conflict and correlate with each other, making it difficult to achieve optimal performance simultaneously. For example, increasing milk production may result in a decrease in body condition, impacting reproductive performance and beef value.

[0003] At the same time, Shuxuanhua cattle breeding techniques are generally extensive, essentially relying on visual inspection to determine the quality of the breed. Without a unified standard, the quality of the selected cattle varies greatly, hindering the improvement of the overall herd's production performance. Therefore, it is crucial to provide a quantitative breeding method for dual-purpose dairy and beef cattle. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for breeding dual-purpose dairy and beef cattle to solve the problems existing in the above-mentioned prior art.

[0005] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following solutions:

[0006] One of the technical solutions of the present invention is a method for breeding dual-purpose dairy and meat cattle, which screens Shuxuanhua cattle at five stages: birth, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, and 24 months of age.

[0007] The screening method at birth is: body shape and appearance meet the breed characteristics requirements, birth weight reaches 27kg, twins are avoided, the origin and blood relationship are clear, the pedigree records are complete, and there are no genetic defects;

[0008] At the ages of 6, 12, 18 and 24 months, the breeding bulls with weight and body appearance ratings not lower than level one of that stage, and the breeding cows with comprehensive ratings not lower than level two of that stage are screened out respectively.

[0009] Based on the above technical solution, the present invention has the following technical effects:

[0010] The present invention screens Shuxuanhua cattle at five stages, namely birth, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months and 24 months, and carries out targeted breeding (primarily for meat and milk) according to the goals. Stage measurement indicators and plans are formed respectively, and after comprehensive evaluation, precise breeding is achieved, thereby accelerating the breeding progress of dual-purpose dairy and meat cattle. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0011] Various exemplary embodiments of the present invention are now described in detail. Unless otherwise specified, the methods in the examples are conventional methods. Unless otherwise specified, the reagents used are conventional commercially available reagents or reagents prepared using conventional methods. This detailed description should not be considered a limitation of the present invention, but rather should be understood as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features, and embodiments of the present invention.

[0012] It should be understood that the terms described herein are intended only to describe particular embodiments and are not intended to limit the present invention. In addition, for numerical ranges herein, it should be understood that each intermediate value between the upper and lower limits of the range is also specifically disclosed. The intermediate value within any stated value or stated range, and each smaller range between any other stated value or intermediate value within the stated range, is also encompassed within the present invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may be independently included or excluded within the scope.

[0013] Unless otherwise indicated, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art. Although only preferred methods and materials are described herein, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may also be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference to disclose and describe the methods and / or materials associated with the documents. In the event of any conflict with any incorporated document, the contents of this specification shall prevail.

[0014] The words “include,” “including,” “have,” “contain,” etc. used in this document are open-ended terms, meaning including but not limited to.

[0015] Unless otherwise specified, the technical solutions described in the present invention are all conventional solutions in the field, and the reagents or raw materials used, unless otherwise specified, are purchased from commercial channels or have been disclosed.

[0016] The embodiment of the present invention provides a method for breeding dual-purpose dairy and meat cattle, wherein Shuxuanhua cattle are screened at five stages: birth, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, and 24 months.

[0017] The screening method at birth is: body shape and appearance meet the breed characteristics requirements, birth weight reaches 27kg, twins are avoided, the origin and blood relationship are clear, the pedigree records are complete, and there are no genetic defects;

[0018] At the ages of 6, 12, 18 and 24 months, the breeding bulls with weight and body appearance ratings not lower than level one of that stage, and the breeding cows with comprehensive ratings not lower than level two of that stage are screened out respectively.

[0019] In some specific embodiments, the method for determining whether the body shape and appearance meet the breed characteristic requirements is: meeting the characteristic description of the industry standard NY / T 2828-2015 "Shuxuan Flower Cattle";

[0020] The method for determining whether the origin and bloodline are clear is as follows: a complete pedigree file is established, the bloodline origin is clear, the genetic performance is stable, and the bloodline contains 81.25% Simmental cattle, 12.5% Holstein cattle, and 6.25% Xuanhan cattle; single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertion / deletion variations or copy number variations and structural variation analysis in the genetic information can be used to identify whether it is the Shu Xuanhua cattle breed.

[0021] In some specific embodiments, the step of supplementing the offspring determination results at 32 months of age is also included;

[0022] The progeny test results include reproductive performance of cows, milk production during peak lactation, birth weight of calves and growth and development information at 6 months of age.

[0023] In some specific embodiments, the peak lactation period is 21-100 days after delivery.

[0024] Example 1

[0025] Selection at birth: The body shape and appearance meet the breed characteristics requirements (in line with the industry standard characteristic description of NY / T 2828-2015 "Shuxuan Flower Cattle"), the birth weight is measured and is required to reach more than 27kg, twins are avoided, the origin and bloodline are clear (complete pedigree files are established, the bloodline source is clear, the genetic performance is stable, including 81.25% Simmental cattle bloodline, 12.5% Holstein cattle bloodline, and 6.25% Xuanhan Yellow Cattle bloodline; single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertion / deletion variations or copy number variations and structural variation analysis in the genetic information can be used to identify whether it is the Shuxuan Flower Cattle breed), the pedigree records in the files are complete, and there are no genetic defects. Those who meet the above conditions can be reserved and ear-tagged to distinguish them.

[0026] The first evaluation of breeding cattle is carried out at 6 months of age:

[0027] 1. Appearance Assessment: Medium build, well-proportioned, and sturdy. Coat coloration varies from yellow-and-white to red-and-white. The head is white or spotted, and the tail tip, limbs, and belly are white. The head is of moderate size, with horns extending forward and upward. The horns and hooves are primarily waxy yellow, and the nose is flesh-colored or has black spots. The body is deep and broad, with a well-connected neck and shoulders, a straight back, and a broad hindquarters. Limbs are straight, and hooves are solid. Appearance assessment and scoring are conducted for six-month-old Shuxuan Hua cattle.

[0028] 2. Measure body height, oblique length, chest circumference, tube circumference, and weight. For bulls, body height, oblique length, chest circumference, and tube circumference must be no less than 95.0cm, 115.0cm, 126.0cm, and 15.0cm, respectively; for cows, body height, oblique length, chest circumference, and tube circumference must be no less than 90.0cm, 110.0cm, 120.0cm, and 14.5cm, respectively.

[0029] Breeders are selected based on their rapid growth rate and high feed conversion rate. Cows with serious diseases or genetic defects such as monorchidism or cryptorchidism are eliminated. Cows must have normal reproductive organ development, symmetrical development of all four udder areas, and evenly distributed teats. Bulls must be rated no lower than Level 1 in weight, body shape, and appearance for their respective stages; cows must be rated no lower than Level 2 for their respective stages.

[0030] The weight, body shape and appearance evaluation of the breeding bulls are shown in Tables 1 and 2, and the comprehensive evaluation of the breeding cows is shown in Table 3.

[0031] Second evaluation at 12 months:

[0032] During this stage, sexual maturity is achieved and performance indicators are basically stable. Body height, body oblique length, chest circumference, tube circumference, weight, and average daily weight gain are measured. For bulls, body height, body oblique length, chest circumference, and tube circumference should not be less than 113.0cm, 136.0cm, 158.0cm, and 17.5cm respectively; for cows, body height, body oblique length, chest circumference, and tube circumference should not be less than 112.0cm, 132.0cm, 150.0cm, and 16.0cm respectively.

[0033] The selected bulls must meet the breed's physical and physical characteristics, exhibit excellent growth performance, and have well-developed reproductive organs. The weight, physical and physical appearance ratings of bulls must be no lower than Level 1 for that stage; the overall rating of cows must be no lower than Level 2 for that stage.

[0034] The weight, body shape and appearance evaluation of the breeding bulls are shown in Tables 1 to 4, and the comprehensive evaluation of the breeding cows is shown in Table 5.

[0035] Increase the breeding standards for calves and replacement cattle:

[0036] The offspring of the core herd are measured for growth and development, and their appearance and shape are assessed at various stages from birth to 12 months of age. The best individuals are selected as breeding cattle and intensively cultivated. The remaining cattle are allowed to enter the fattening or culling stages. The seed retention standards established during this breeding plan are as follows.

[0037] Table 1 Seed retention standards for Shuxuan flower cattle at different stages

[0038]

[0039] At 18 months of age, a supplemental evaluation will be conducted for bulls. Selection of bulls will be strengthened, using the same criteria as for bulls aged 12 months. Semen volume must reach 5.0 ml / ejaculate, be cloudy, have a motility greater than 0.65, a density greater than 1 billion / ml, and acrosome dysmorphism rate less than 6%. Simultaneously, selection of both male and female bulls will be conducted. Cows must be at least 16 months old for first mating and weigh at least 70% of their adult weight, or 330 kg. Bulls must be at least 18 months old for first mating and weigh at least Grade 1, or 460 kg. See Table 6 for the selection plan.

[0040] Table 2 Weight grades of male and female cows at different ages

[0041]

[0042]

[0043] Table 3 Appearance identification scores of Shuxuan flower cattle

[0044]

[0045] Table 4 Appearance ratings of male and female cows

[0046] grade male mother Special ≥85 ≥80 Level 1 ≥80 ≥75 Level 2 ≥75 ≥70

[0047] Table 5 Comprehensive evaluation grade of cows

[0048] Milk production performance weight appearance Comprehensive Assessment Special Special grade, first grade Special grade, first grade Special Level 1 Special grade, first grade Special grade, first grade, second grade Level 1 Level 2 Special grade, first grade, second grade Special grade, first grade, second grade Level 2

[0049] Table 6: Grade selection of Shuxuan flower cattle

[0050]

[0051] Note: “√” indicates optional, “×” indicates not optional.

[0052] The final assessment of breeding bulls is carried out at 24 months of age, that is, adults: the breeding bulls must be over 2 years old, and the weight, body shape and appearance assessment must not be lower than the first level of this stage; the comprehensive assessment of breeding cows must not be lower than the second level of this stage.

[0053] Targeted breeding of adult cows was conducted, introducing a 9-point linear conformation assessment method for Shuxuanhua cattle. The assessment method is described in "Analysis of the 9-point Linear Conformation Assessment Method for Shuxuanhua Cattle" (Wang Wei et al., doi: 10.3969 / j.issn.2095-3887.2022.04.007). Common breeding indicators included: cross height, body depth, body height, chest width, rump length, and rump width. Intensified breeding of Shuxuanhua cattle for lactation performance focused on udder width, udder depth, udder balance, and teat location. Intensified breeding of cows for beef performance focused on hind leg circumference.

[0054] The data of the supplementary offspring at 32 months of age, including the reproductive performance of the cows, milk production during the peak lactation period (21-100 days), birth weight of the calves, and growth and development information at 6 months of age, are shown in Tables 7-8.

[0055] Table 7 Milk production performance and milk quality

[0056]

[0057] Table 8 Milk production grades

[0058]

[0059] The present invention standardizes the Shuxuanhua cattle breeding method, conducts determination, measurement and statistics at each stage, combines on-site selection with data analysis, establishes a scientific dairy and meat dual-purpose cattle breeding system, carries out targeted breeding, and continuously improves genetic progress.

[0060] Obviously, the above embodiments of the present invention are merely examples for the purpose of clearly illustrating the present invention and are not intended to limit the implementation methods of the present invention. A person skilled in the art will be able to make other variations or modifications based on the above description. It is not necessary and impossible to enumerate all implementation methods here. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention shall be included within the scope of protection of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for breeding dual-purpose dairy and beef cattle, characterized in that: The Shuxuanhua cattle were screened at five stages: birth, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, and 24 months. The screening method at birth is: body shape and appearance meet the breed characteristics requirements, birth weight reaches 27kg, twins are avoided, the origin and blood relationship are clear, the pedigree records are complete, and there are no genetic defects; At the ages of 6, 12, 18 and 24 months, the breeding bulls with weight and body appearance ratings not lower than level one of that stage, and the breeding cows with comprehensive ratings not lower than level two of that stage are screened out respectively.

2. The breeding method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method for judging whether the body shape and appearance meet the breed characteristics requirements is: compliance with the industry standard characteristics description of NY / T 2828-2015 "Shuxuan Flower Cattle"; The method for determining whether the origin and bloodline are clear is as follows: a complete pedigree file is established, the bloodline origin is clear, the genetic performance is stable, and the bloodline contains 81.25% Simmental cattle, 12.5% Holstein cattle, and 6.25% Xuanhan cattle; single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertion / deletion variations or copy number variations and structural variation analysis in the genetic information can be used to identify whether it is the Shu Xuanhua cattle breed.

3. The breeding method according to claim 1, characterized in that: Also included is a step of supplementing the offspring determination results at 32 months of age; The progeny test results include reproductive performance of cows, milk production during peak lactation, birth weight of calves and growth and development information at 6 months of age.

4. The breeding method according to claim 3, characterized in that: The peak lactation period is 21-100 days after delivery.

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