Formula and preparation method of crab feed
By using crab feed formulas with ingredients such as fish meal, soybean meal, cotton meal, wheat bran, soybean oil, chitosan derivatives and makiraberry anthocyanins, the problems of nutritional imbalance and water pollution in crab farming are solved, the survival rate and weight gain rate of crabs are improved, and the health status is improved.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202510744627.6
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-06-05
- Publication Date
- 2025-08-08
AI Technical Summary
The existing crab feed has unbalanced nutritional content and poor palatability, which affects the health of crabs, reduces disease resistance, and causes pollution to the aquaculture water, making it difficult to achieve efficient and sustainable crab farming.
Fish meal, soybean meal and cotton meal are used as protein sources, wheat bran and soybean oil are used as energy sources, and chitosan derivatives, horseberry anthocyanins and sodium alginate are added to form pelleted feed through granulation mechanism, providing balanced nutrition and adsorbing water pollutants, enhancing crab immunity.
Significantly improve the survival rate of crabs and the weight gain rate of young crabs, improve the health status of crabs, reduce water pollution, and achieve efficient breeding.
Smart Images
Figure CN120436248A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of aquatic feed, and in particular to a formula and a preparation method of crab feed. Background Art
[0002] Aquaculture animals require sufficient nutrients from feed to maintain normal growth and physiological functions. The crab farming industry is currently highly dependent on feed. However, existing crab feeds are often a mixture of common plant and animal proteins, resulting in an unbalanced nutritional profile that makes it difficult to meet the specific needs of crabs at different growth stages. Furthermore, some feeds have poor palatability, and long-term feeding can affect the health of crabs, reducing their disease resistance. It can also pollute the aquaculture waters, damaging the aquatic ecosystem and failing to address the issues of efficient and sustainable crab farming. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a crab feed with a balanced nutritional structure and good palatability. Summary of the Invention
[0003] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a formula and preparation method of crab feed, so as to improve the survival rate of crabs and the weight gain rate of juvenile crabs, thereby achieving the effects of improving breeding efficiency and improving the health of crabs.
[0004] The technical solutions adopted by the present invention to achieve the above-mentioned purpose are: A crab feed comprises a protein source, an energy source, a vitamin and mineral supplement, a nutritional additive and sodium alginate; the protein source comprises fish meal, soybean meal and cottonseed meal; the energy source comprises wheat bran and soybean oil; the nutritional additive comprises at least a chitosan derivative and maqui berry anthocyanin; the chitosan derivative has a benzene ring and a methoxy group.
[0005] The present invention uses fish meal, soybean meal and cottonseed meal as protein sources, and wheat bran and soybean oil as energy sources, which help provide the essential amino acids, dietary fiber and essential fatty acids for crab growth, development and reproduction, and supply the nutrition and energy required for basal metabolism and activity; vitamin and mineral supplements help provide vitamins and minerals, maintain metabolic balance, and ensure the trace nutritional needs of crabs, thereby promoting crab growth. Chitosan derivatives and maqui berry anthocyanins are used as nutritional additives. Chitosan derivatives have cationic properties and gel-forming ability, which can not only effectively adsorb pollutants such as ammonia nitrogen in aquaculture water, but also enhance the nonspecific immune function and intestinal health of crabs; and maqui berry anthocyanins have good antioxidant activity, which can significantly reduce the oxidative stress damage of crabs and promote pigment deposition. Chitosan derivatives and maqui berry anthocyanins show significant synergistic effects in crab farming, which can reduce the oxidative stress of crabs, enhance the immunity of crabs, and improve the health level of crabs, thereby improving the survival rate of crabs and the weight gain rate of juvenile crabs.
[0006] Preferably, in the preparation of the chitosan derivative, chitosan is reacted with cinnamoyl chloride to obtain the chitosan derivative.
[0007] More preferably, the mass ratio of chitosan to cinnamoyl chloride is 1:2-8.
[0008] Preferably, the mass ratio of the protein source to the energy source is 1:0.2-0.5.
[0009] Preferably, the mass ratio of the protein source to the vitamin and mineral supplement is 1:0.02-0.1.
[0010] Preferably, the mass ratio of the protein source to the nutritional additive is 1:0.002-0.01.
[0011] Preferably, the mass ratio of the protein source to sodium alginate is 1:0.002-0.01.
[0012] Preferably, the protein source comprises 10-30 parts by mass of fish meal, 10-30 parts by mass of soybean meal and 10-30 parts by mass of cottonseed meal.
[0013] Preferably, the energy source comprises 9-36 parts by mass of wheat bran and 1-5 parts by mass of soybean oil.
[0014] Preferably, the nutritional additive comprises 1-3 parts by mass of chitosan derivatives and 1-2 parts by mass of maqui berry anthocyanins.
[0015] Preferably, the preparation of chitosan derivatives is specifically as follows: Chitosan was dissolved in acetic acid, cinnamoyl chloride was added, and the mixture was reacted under ultrasonic oscillation at 40-50°C for 2-6 hours. After the reaction, the mixture was allowed to stand for 12-24 hours. Acetone was added and stirred, and the mixture was allowed to stand for 2-5 hours. The mixture was filtered, and anhydrous ethanol and anhydrous ether were added, stirred, and soaked for 12-24 hours. The mixture was filtered, extracted by Soxhlet extraction, and dried in vacuo to obtain a chitosan derivative.
[0016] More preferably, the ratio of chitosan to acetic acid is 1 g: 10-40 mL.
[0017] More preferably, the mass ratio of chitosan to cinnamoyl chloride is 1:2-8.
[0018] More preferably, the ratio of chitosan to acetone is 1 g: 10-40 mL.
[0019] More preferably, the usage ratio of chitosan to anhydrous ethanol is 1 g: 5-20 mL.
[0020] More preferably, the usage ratio of chitosan to anhydrous ether is 1 g:5-20 mL.
[0021] Preferably, the formula of the crab feed includes a protein source, an energy source, a vitamin and mineral supplement, a nutritional additive and sodium alginate.
[0022] More preferably, the mass ratio of the protein source to the energy source is 1:0.2-0.5.
[0023] More preferably, the mass ratio of the protein source to the vitamin and mineral supplement is 1:0.02-0.1.
[0024] More preferably, the mass ratio of the protein source to the nutritional additive is 1:0.002-0.01.
[0025] More preferably, the mass ratio of the protein source to sodium alginate is 1:0.002-0.01.
[0026] More preferably, the protein source comprises 10-30 parts by mass of fish meal, 10-30 parts by mass of soybean meal and 10-30 parts by mass of cottonseed meal.
[0027] More preferably, the energy source comprises 9-36 parts by mass of wheat bran and 1-5 parts by mass of soybean oil.
[0028] More preferably, the nutritional additive comprises 1-3 parts by mass of chitosan derivatives and 1-2 parts by mass of maqui berry anthocyanins.
[0029] More preferably, the nutritional additive includes 1-3 parts by mass of a chitosan derivative, 1-2 parts by mass of maqui berry anthocyanins, and 0.5-1 parts by mass of 6-shogaol. The present invention further adds 6-shogaol to the crab feed, which helps alleviate oxidative stress in crabs and enhances their resistance to stress, thereby further improving the crabs' survival rate and juvenile crab weight gain rate.
[0030] Preferably, the crab feed is prepared by: The components are weighed in proportion according to the formula of the crab feed, and then the components are ground and mixed evenly, and the components are pressed into particles with a diameter of 1-5 mm by a granulator, and dried in the shade in a ventilated place to obtain the crab feed.
[0031] Because the crab feed of the present invention comprises a protein source, an energy source, a vitamin and mineral supplement, a nutritional additive, and sodium alginate, it has the following beneficial effects: the crab feed formula of the present invention has excellent effects in improving the survival rate and weight gain rate of juvenile crabs. The survival rate of crabs fed with the crab feed prepared by the present invention is 72.6-95.4%, and the weight gain rate of juvenile crabs fed with the crab feed prepared by the present invention is 209.7-252.4%. Therefore, the crab feed provided by the present invention can not only improve the survival rate of crabs, but also promote crab growth and increase the weight gain rate of juvenile crabs. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0032] Figure 1 This is the infrared spectrum of the chitosan derivative prepared in Example 2. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0033] The present invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with specific embodiments. The examples provided are only for illustrating the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. The examples provided below can serve as a guide for further improvements by those skilled in the art and are not intended to limit the present invention in any way.
[0034] The experimental methods in the following examples are conventional methods unless otherwise specified. The materials and reagents used in the following examples are commercially available unless otherwise specified.
[0035] Example 1: The crab feed formula includes a protein source, an energy source, a vitamin and mineral supplement, and sodium alginate. The mass ratio of the protein source to the energy source is 1:0.3, the mass ratio of the protein source to the vitamin and mineral supplement is 1:0.06, and the mass ratio of the protein source to the sodium alginate is 1:0.01. The protein source includes 20 parts by mass of fish meal, 20 parts by mass of soybean meal, and 20 parts by mass of cottonseed meal; the energy source includes 18 parts by mass of wheat bran and 2 parts by mass of soybean oil; the vitamin and mineral supplement is purchased from Centrum ® Multivitamin and mineral tablets.
[0036] Preparation of crab feed, including, According to the formula of the crab feed of this embodiment, each component was weighed in proportion, and then the components were ground and mixed uniformly, and pressed into granules with a diameter of 2 mm by a granulator, and dried in the shade in a ventilated place to obtain crab feed.
[0037] Example 2: Preparation of chitosan derivatives, comprising: Chitosan was dissolved in acetic acid, cinnamoyl chloride was added, and the reaction was carried out under ultrasonic vibration at 45°C for 4 hours. After the reaction, the mixture was allowed to stand for 12 hours, acetone was added and stirred, and the mixture was allowed to stand for 3 hours. The mixture was then filtered, and then anhydrous ethanol and anhydrous ether were added, stirred, and soaked for 24 hours. The mixture was filtered, extracted by Soxhlet extraction, and dried under vacuum to obtain a chitosan derivative. The chitosan and acetic acid ratios were 1 g:20 mL; the chitosan and cinnamoyl chloride ratios were 1:4; the chitosan and acetone ratios were 1 g:20 mL; the chitosan and anhydrous ethanol ratios were 1 g:10 mL; and the chitosan and anhydrous ether ratios were 1 g:10 mL.
[0038] The formula of crab feed includes protein source, energy source, vitamin and mineral supplement, nutritional additive and sodium alginate. The mass ratio of protein source to energy source is 1:0.3, the mass ratio of protein source to vitamin and mineral supplement is 1:0.06, the mass ratio of protein source to nutritional additive is 1:0.008; the mass ratio of protein source to sodium alginate is 1:0.01. The protein source includes 20 parts by mass of fish meal, 20 parts by mass of soybean meal and 20 parts by mass of cottonseed meal; the energy source includes 18 parts by mass of wheat bran and 2 parts by mass of soybean oil; the nutritional additive includes 3 parts by mass of chitosan derivative and 2 parts by mass of maqui berry anthocyanin; the vitamin and mineral supplement is purchased from Centrum ® Multivitamin and mineral tablets.
[0039] Preparation of crab feed, including, According to the formula of the crab feed of this embodiment, each component was weighed in proportion, and then the components were ground and mixed uniformly, and pressed into granules with a diameter of 2 mm by a granulator, and dried in the shade in a ventilated place to obtain crab feed.
[0040] Example 3: The preparation of chitosan derivatives is the same as in Example 2.
[0041] The crab feed formula is the same as that of Example 2 except that the mass part of the chitosan derivative in the nutritional additive is changed to 1 mass part. Other conditions are the same as those of Example 2.
[0042] Preparation of crab feed, including, According to the formula of the crab feed of this embodiment, each component was weighed in proportion, and then the components were ground and mixed uniformly, and pressed into granules with a diameter of 2 mm by a granulator, and dried in the shade in a ventilated place to obtain crab feed.
[0043] Example 4: The preparation of chitosan derivatives is the same as in Example 2.
[0044] The formula of the crab feed is the same as that of Example 2, except that the mass part of maqui berry anthocyanin in the nutritional additive is changed to 1 mass part. Other conditions are the same as those of Example 2.
[0045] Example 5: The preparation of chitosan derivatives is the same as in Example 2.
[0046] The formula of crab feed includes protein source, energy source, vitamin and mineral supplement, nutritional additive and sodium alginate. The mass ratio of protein source to energy source is 1:0.3, the mass ratio of protein source to vitamin and mineral supplement is 1:0.06, the mass ratio of protein source to nutritional additive is 1:0.008; the mass ratio of protein source to sodium alginate is 1:0.01. The protein source includes 20 parts by mass of fish meal, 20 parts by mass of soybean meal and 20 parts by mass of cottonseed meal; the energy source includes 18 parts by mass of wheat bran and 2 parts by mass of soybean oil; the nutritional additive includes 3 parts by mass of chitosan derivatives, 2 parts by mass of maqui berry anthocyanins and 1 part by mass of 6-gingerol. Vitamin and mineral supplements were purchased from Centrum ® Multivitamin and mineral tablets.
[0047] Preparation of crab feed, including, According to the formula of the crab feed of this embodiment, each component was weighed in proportion, and then the components were ground and mixed uniformly, and pressed into granules with a diameter of 2 mm by a granulator, and dried in the shade in a ventilated place to obtain crab feed.
[0048] Example 6: The preparation of chitosan derivatives is the same as in Example 2.
[0049] The formula of the crab feed is the same as that of Example 5, except that the mass part of 6-singerol in the nutritional additive is changed to 0.5 mass parts. Other conditions are the same as those of Example 5.
[0050] Preparation of crab feed, including, According to the formula of the crab feed of this embodiment, each component was weighed in proportion, and then the components were ground and mixed uniformly, and pressed into granules with a diameter of 2 mm by a granulator, and dried in the shade in a ventilated place to obtain crab feed.
[0051] Comparative Example 1: The crab feed formula is the same as that of Example 2 except that no chitosan derivative is used in the nutritional additives. Other conditions are the same as those of Example 2.
[0052] Preparation of crab feed, including, According to the formula of the crab feed of this embodiment, each component was weighed in proportion, and then the components were ground and mixed uniformly, and pressed into granules with a diameter of 2 mm by a granulator, and dried in the shade in a ventilated place to obtain crab feed.
[0053] Comparative Example 2: The preparation of chitosan derivatives is the same as in Example 2.
[0054] The formula of the crab feed is the same as that of Example 2, except that maqui berry anthocyanins are not used in the nutritional additives. Other conditions are the same as those of Example 2.
[0055] Preparation of crab feed, including, According to the formula of the crab feed of this embodiment, each component was weighed in proportion, and then the components were ground and mixed uniformly, and pressed into granules with a diameter of 2 mm by a granulator, and dried in the shade in a ventilated place to obtain crab feed.
[0056] Comparative Example 3: The crab feed formula is the same as that of Example 5 except that chitosan derivatives and maqui berry anthocyanins are not used in the nutritional additives. Other conditions are the same as those of Example 5.
[0057] Preparation of crab feed, including, According to the formula of the crab feed of this embodiment, each component was weighed in proportion, and then the components were ground and mixed uniformly, and pressed into granules with a diameter of 2 mm by a granulator, and dried in the shade in a ventilated place to obtain crab feed.
[0058] Experimental example: 1. Material characterization The chitosan derivative prepared in Example 2 was subjected to infrared spectroscopy analysis using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and a KBr pellet method.
[0059] Figure 1 This is the infrared spectrum of the chitosan derivative prepared in Example 2. 3420 cm -1 The absorption peak of OH appears near 2880 cm -1 The absorption peak of CH appears near 1735cm -1 There is a C=O absorption peak near 1600 cm -1 The absorption peak of C=C appears near 1080cm -1 The absorption peak of C-OH appears nearby.
[0060] 2. Crab survival rate Crabs with intact appendages and healthy body color were selected and randomly divided into 9 treatment groups, with 10 juvenile crabs allocated to each treatment group, and 3 parallel replicates were set up for each treatment group. The 9 treatment groups were numbered 1 to 9 in sequence and fed with the crab feed prepared in Examples 1-6 and Comparative Examples 1-3 in sequence. The feeding method was to feed the crabs twice a day with an interval of 8 hours each time for a total of 60 days. During the breeding period, the breeding water was changed every day, and dead crabs were removed in time. The light cycle was 12L:12D, and the water temperature was maintained at 25°C. After the treatment, the survival rate of the crabs was calculated, and the survival rate (%) = the number of crabs after treatment / the number of crabs before treatment × 100%.
[0061] Table 1 Survival rate of crabs (%)
[0062] As can be seen from Table 1, the crab feed formulas of Examples 2-4 are superior to Example 1 in terms of the effect of improving the survival rate of crabs. This is because in the crab feed formulas, chitosan derivatives and maqui berry anthocyanins are additionally added to Examples 2-4, while Example 1 does not add chitosan derivatives and maqui berry anthocyanins; the crab feed formulas of Examples 2-4 are superior to Comparative Examples 1 and Comparative Example 2 in terms of the effect of improving the survival rate of crabs. This is because in the crab feed formulas, Comparative Example 1 only additionally adds maqui berry anthocyanins, while Comparative Example 2 only additionally adds chitosan derivatives; the crab feed formula of Example 2 is superior to Examples 3 and 4 in terms of the effect of improving the survival rate of crabs. This is because the amounts of chitosan derivatives and maqui berry anthocyanins used in the crab feed formulas are different. This shows that the introduction of chitosan derivatives and maqui berry anthocyanins into the crab feed formula can effectively improve the survival rate of crabs, and compared with the use of chitosan derivatives and maqui berry anthocyanins alone, the synergistic use of chitosan derivatives and maqui berry anthocyanins makes the crab feed formula provided by the present invention more effective in improving the survival rate of crabs.
[0063] The crab feed formulas of Examples 5-6 were superior to Example 2 in improving crab survival rates because chitosan derivatives, maqui anthocyanins, and 6-shogaol were added to the crab feed formulas, while Example 2 only added chitosan derivatives and maqui anthocyanins. The crab feed formulas of Examples 5-6 were superior to Comparative Example 3 in improving crab survival rates because only 6-shogaol was added to the crab feed formula in Comparative Example 3, without chitosan derivatives or maqui anthocyanins. The crab feed formula of Example 5 was superior to Example 6 in improving crab survival rates because the amount of 6-shogaol used in the crab feed formulas was different. This demonstrates that the addition of 6-shogaol to the crab feed formula of the present invention helps further improve crab survival rates.
[0064] 3. Weight gain rate of juvenile crabs Juvenile crabs with intact appendages and healthy body color were selected and randomly divided into nine treatment groups, with 10 juvenile crabs allocated to each treatment group. Before treatment, the weight of each juvenile crab was measured, and the average weight of each group of juvenile crabs before treatment was calculated. The average weight of each group of juvenile crabs before treatment was recorded as W1. The nine treatment groups were numbered 1 to 9 and fed the crab feed prepared in Examples 1-6 and Comparative Examples 1-3, respectively. The feeding method was to feed the crabs twice daily, with an 8-hour interval between each feeding, for a total of 60 days. During the culture period, the culture water was changed daily, the light cycle was 12L:12D, and the water temperature was maintained at 25°C. After treatment, the weight of each juvenile crab was measured, and the average weight of each group of juvenile crabs after treatment was calculated. The average weight of each group of juvenile crabs after treatment was recorded as W2. Juvenile weight gain rate (%) = (W2-W1) / W1×100%.
[0065] Table 2 Weight gain rate of juvenile crabs (%)
[0066] As can be seen from Table 2, the crab feed formulas of Examples 2-4 are superior to Example 1 in terms of the effect of improving the weight gain rate of juvenile crabs. This is because in the crab feed formulas, chitosan derivatives and maqui berry anthocyanins are additionally added to Examples 2-4, while Example 1 does not add chitosan derivatives and maqui berry anthocyanins; the crab feed formulas of Examples 2-4 are superior to Comparative Examples 1 and 2 in terms of the effect of improving the weight gain rate of juvenile crabs. This is because in the crab feed formulas, Comparative Example 1 only additionally adds maqui berry anthocyanins, while Comparative Example 2 only additionally adds chitosan derivatives; the crab feed formula of Example 2 is superior to Examples 3 and 4 in terms of the effect of improving the weight gain rate of juvenile crabs. This is because the amounts of chitosan derivatives and maqui berry anthocyanins used in the crab feed formulas are different. This shows that the introduction of chitosan derivatives and maqui berry anthocyanins into the crab feed formula can effectively improve the weight gain rate of juvenile crabs, and compared with the use of chitosan derivatives and maqui berry anthocyanins alone, the synergistic use of chitosan derivatives and maqui berry anthocyanins makes the crab feed formula provided by the present invention more effective in improving the weight gain rate of juvenile crabs.
[0067] The crab feed formulas of Examples 5-6 were superior to Example 2 in terms of improving the weight gain rate of juvenile crabs because they additionally added chitosan derivatives, maqui anthocyanins, and 6-shogaol, while Example 2 only added chitosan derivatives and maqui anthocyanins. The crab feed formulas of Examples 5-6 were superior to Comparative Example 3 in terms of improving the weight gain rate of juvenile crabs because Comparative Example 3 only added 6-shogaol, without chitosan derivatives or maqui anthocyanins. The crab feed formula of Example 5 was superior to Example 6 in terms of improving the weight gain rate of juvenile crabs because the amount of 6-shogaol used in the crab feed formulas was different. This demonstrates that the addition of 6-shogaol to the crab feed formula of the present invention helps further improve the weight gain rate of juvenile crabs.
[0068] The conventional operations in the operating steps of the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art and will not be described in detail here.
[0069] The embodiments described above provide a detailed description of the technical solutions of the present invention. It should be understood that the above are only specific embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, supplements or similar substitutions made within the scope of the principles of the present invention should be included in the scope of protection of the present invention.
Claims
1. A crab feed comprising a protein source, an energy source, a vitamin and mineral supplement, a nutritional additive and sodium alginate; the protein source comprises fish meal, soybean meal and cottonseed meal; the energy source comprises wheat bran and soybean oil; the nutritional additive comprises at least a chitosan derivative and maqui berry anthocyanin; the chitosan derivative has a benzene ring and a methoxy group.
2. A crab feed according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the preparation of the chitosan derivative, chitosan is reacted with cinnamoyl chloride to obtain the chitosan derivative.
3. A crab feed according to claim 2, characterized in that: The mass ratio of the chitosan to the cinnamoyl chloride is 1:2-8.
4. A crab feed according to claim 1, characterized in that: The mass ratio of the protein source to the energy source is 1:0.2-0.
5.
5. The crab feed according to claim 1, characterized in that: The mass ratio of the protein source to the vitamin and mineral supplement is 1:0.02-0.
1.
6. The crab feed according to claim 1, characterized in that: The mass ratio of the protein source to the nutritional additive is 1:0.002-0.
01.
7. The crab feed according to claim 1, characterized in that: The mass ratio of the protein source to sodium alginate is 1:0.002-0.
01.
8. The crab feed according to claim 1, characterized in that: The protein source comprises 10-30 parts by mass of fish meal, 10-30 parts by mass of soybean meal and 10-30 parts by mass of cottonseed meal.
9. The crab feed according to claim 1, characterized in that: The energy source comprises 9-36 parts by mass of wheat bran and 1-5 parts by mass of soybean oil.
10. The crab feed according to claim 1, characterized in that: The nutritional additive comprises 1-3 parts by mass of a chitosan derivative and 1-2 parts by mass of maqui berry anthocyanin.