Microstrip patch antenna, UWB antenna and vehicle

Abstract

The invention discloses a microstrip patch antenna, a UWB antenna and a vehicle, relates to the technical field of vehicle-mounted antennas, and is used for expanding the bandwidth of the microstrip patch antenna. Comprising a radiation patch unit, a parasitic patch unit, a reference ground and a feed structure, the reference ground is opposite to the radiation patch unit and the parasitic patch unit and is arranged at intervals; the feed structure is used for feeding an excitation signal into the radiation patch unit; the parasitic patch unit is located on the peripheral side of the radiation patch unit, and the parasitic patch unit and the radiation patch unit are coplanar and arranged at intervals.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of vehicle-mounted antennas, and in particular to a microstrip patch antenna, a UWB antenna, and a vehicle. Background Art

[0002] Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology, due to its high-precision positioning, high-speed data transmission, and low power consumption, holds broad application prospects in vehicle-to-everything (V2X), intelligent driving, and high-precision in-vehicle positioning. However, in vehicle-based scenarios, microstrip patch antennas, designed based on resonant principles, typically have a bandwidth of ≤5% (for example, a 5GHz Wi-Fi antenna has a bandwidth of only 250MHz), making it difficult to cover the bandwidth requirements of the UWB band (3.1GHz-10.6GHz) exceeding 7.5GHz. Therefore, the bandwidth of microstrip patch antennas needs to be expanded.

[0003] The methods for expanding bandwidth disclosed in the related art (such as increasing the patch size and reducing the dielectric constant of the dielectric substrate) will cause the antenna volume to increase significantly and are not suitable for the narrow space of the vehicle. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The present application provides a microstrip patch antenna, a UWB antenna, and a vehicle, which are used to extend the bandwidth of the microstrip patch antenna.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, this application adopts the following technical solutions:

[0006] In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a microstrip patch antenna, comprising: a radiating patch unit, a parasitic patch unit, a reference ground and a feeding structure; the reference ground is opposite to and spaced apart from the radiating patch unit and the parasitic patch unit; the feeding structure is used to feed an excitation signal to the radiating patch unit; the parasitic patch unit is located on the circumferential side of the radiating patch unit, and is coplanar with and spaced apart from the radiating patch unit.

[0007] The microstrip patch antenna provided in the embodiment of the present application includes: a radiating patch unit, a reference ground and a feeding structure. It should be understood that the radiating patch unit is the core part of the antenna that directly radiates electromagnetic waves, and the feeding structure is a structure that transfers the energy of the signal source to the radiating patch, and is used to feed the excitation signal to the radiating patch unit so that it generates the required electromagnetic radiation. The reference ground is the metal plane at the bottom of the antenna, which provides a reflection path for the electromagnetic wave to form directional radiation. The reference ground is relative to and spaced apart from the radiating patch unit and the parasitic patch unit, so that an effective microstrip transmission line structure can be formed to ensure that the electromagnetic field resonates between the patch and the ground to generate the required radiation pattern. In addition, the electric field strength between the radiating patch unit and the reference ground varies with the spacing, affecting the equivalent capacitance and inductance of the antenna.

[0008] Furthermore, the microstrip patch antenna also includes a parasitic patch unit located on the peripheral side of the radiating patch unit. The peripheral parasitic patches form spatial coupling with the central radiating patch, thereby exciting multiple resonant frequencies and improving radiation efficiency. In addition, the parasitic patch unit and the radiating patch unit are coplanar and spaced apart. The coplanar design avoids the increase in thickness of the multi-layer structure, which is suitable for miniaturization requirements, and the near-field coupling between the coplanar patches is stronger, and the energy transmission efficiency is higher. The spacing distance during the spacing setting determines the coupling strength. The smaller the spacing, the stronger the coupling, further increasing the bandwidth of the microstrip patch antenna. It can be seen that the microstrip patch antenna provided in the embodiment of the present application forms a multi-resonance mode through the electromagnetic coupling between the parasitic patch unit and the radiating patch unit, thereby effectively expanding the bandwidth of the antenna.

[0009] In some embodiments, there are multiple parasitic patch units, and the multiple parasitic patch units are arranged along the circumference of the radiation patch unit, and are coplanar with the radiation patch unit and spaced apart.

[0010] In some embodiments, the radiating patch unit is a dual-polarized radiating patch unit; the plurality of parasitic patch units include at least one first parasitic patch unit and at least one second parasitic patch unit;

[0011] The first parasitic patch unit and the second parasitic patch unit are respectively located in two polarization directions of the dual-polarization radiation patch unit.

[0012] In some embodiments, the radiation patch unit is square in shape, the parasitic patch unit is L-shaped, and two intersecting portions of the parasitic patch unit are respectively arranged parallel to two adjacent sides of the radiation patch unit.

[0013] In some embodiments, the side length of the radiation patch unit is greater than one-third of the wavelength and less than one-half of the wavelength.

[0014] In some embodiments, the lengths of the two intersecting portions of the parasitic patch unit are both greater than or equal to 0.4 times the side length of the radiation patch unit and less than or equal to 0.6 times the side length of the radiation patch unit.

[0015] In some embodiments, the distance between the parasitic patch unit and the radiation patch unit is greater than 0.4 mm and less than 1 mm.

[0016] In some embodiments, the microstrip patch antenna further includes a plurality of first metal posts, which are arranged around a patch group consisting of the radiation patch unit and the parasitic patch unit; and the plurality of first metal posts are electrically connected to a reference ground.

[0017] In some embodiments, the microstrip patch antenna further includes a dielectric substrate, the radiation patch unit and the parasitic patch unit are disposed on the dielectric substrate; and the first metal column is a metallized via disposed in the dielectric substrate.

[0018] In some embodiments, the dielectric constant of the dielectric substrate is greater than 3 and less than 4.

[0019] In some embodiments, the thickness of the dielectric substrate is greater than 1.3 mm and less than 1.8 mm.

[0020] In some embodiments, the microstrip patch antenna further includes a circuit board, which is located on a side of the dielectric substrate facing away from the patch group; and a reference ground is provided on the circuit board.

[0021] In some embodiments, the feeding structure includes: a feeding patch unit and a feeding portion; the feeding patch unit and the radiation patch unit are arranged coplanarly, and the feeding patch unit is surrounded by the radiation patch unit, and an annular gap is arranged between the feeding patch unit and the radiation patch unit; the feeding portion is electrically connected to the feeding patch unit.

[0022] In some embodiments, the shape of the feed patch unit is: circular, square, triangular, polygonal or ring.

[0023] In some embodiments, the shape of the feeding patch unit is circular, and the radius of the feeding patch unit is greater than 0.8 mm and less than 1.4 mm.

[0024] In some embodiments, the width of the annular gap is greater than 0.1 mm and less than 0.3 mm.

[0025] In some embodiments, two feeding structures are correspondingly provided for each radiation patch unit, and the feeding patch units of the two feeding structures are arranged orthogonally relative to the radiation patch unit.

[0026] In some embodiments, the feeding portion includes a feeding terminal and a feeding post, and the feeding post is connected between the feeding terminal and the feeding patch unit.

[0027] In some embodiments, the feeding structure further includes: a plurality of second metal pillars, the plurality of second metal pillars being arranged around a periphery of the feeding terminal; and the plurality of second metal pillars being electrically connected to a reference ground.

[0028] In some embodiments, the microstrip patch antenna further includes a circuit board and a dielectric substrate, wherein a patch group consisting of a radiating patch unit and a parasitic patch unit is disposed on the dielectric substrate; the circuit board is located on the side of the dielectric substrate facing away from the patch group; the feed terminal and the reference ground are both disposed on the circuit board; the feed post is a metallized via disposed on the dielectric substrate; and a plurality of second metal posts are metallized vias disposed on the circuit board.

[0029] In some embodiments, there are multiple radiating patch units, and each radiating patch unit is correspondingly provided with at least one parasitic patch unit and at least one feeding structure; the reference ground and the multiple radiating patch units and the parasitic patch units corresponding to the multiple radiating patch units are all arranged opposite to and spaced apart from each other.

[0030] In some embodiments, the number of the radiation patch units is three, and the three radiation patch units are distributed in a herringbone shape.

[0031] In some embodiments, the center distance between two radiation patch units among the three radiation patch units is greater than or equal to 0.4 wavelengths and less than or equal to 0.6 wavelengths.

[0032] In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a UWB antenna, including the microstrip patch antenna provided by the above-mentioned first aspect and its possible implementation methods.

[0033] In a third aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a vehicle, comprising the microstrip patch antenna provided by the first aspect and its possible implementation methods, or the UWB antenna provided by the second aspect.

[0034] The technical effects brought about by any implementation method in the above-mentioned second to third aspects can refer to the technical effects brought about by the corresponding implementation method in the first aspect, and will not be repeated here. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0035] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the description of the embodiments. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present application. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without any creative work.

[0036] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the structure of a microstrip patch antenna provided in an embodiment of the present application Figure 1 ;

[0037] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the structure of a microstrip patch antenna provided in an embodiment of the present application Figure 2 ;

[0038] Figure 3 A schematic cross-sectional view of a microstrip patch antenna provided in an embodiment of the present application;

[0039] Figure 4 A schematic diagram of the structure of a microstrip patch antenna provided in an embodiment of the present application Figure 3 ;

[0040] Figure 5 A schematic diagram of the structure of a microstrip patch antenna provided in an embodiment of the present application Figure 4 ;

[0041] Figure 6 A schematic diagram of the structure of a microstrip patch antenna provided in an embodiment of the present application Figure 5 ;

[0042] Figure 7 VSWR simulation diagram of the microstrip patch antenna provided in an embodiment of the present application;

[0043] Figure 8 This is a simulation diagram of the isolation of the microstrip patch antenna provided in an embodiment of the present application;

[0044] Figure 9 The 3D gain pattern of the microstrip patch antenna provided in an embodiment of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0045] The following will be combined with the accompanying drawings to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the embodiments described are only part of the embodiments of the present application, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments provided in this application, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0046] In the embodiments of the present application, the terms "center", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inside", "outside", etc. indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing the embodiments of the present application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they cannot be understood as limiting the embodiments of the present application.

[0047] In the embodiments of this application, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of the indicated technical features. Therefore, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the features. In the description of the embodiments of this disclosure, unless otherwise specified, "plurality" means two or more.

[0048] In the embodiments of the present application, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variations thereof are intended to encompass non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus comprising a series of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not explicitly listed, or elements inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. In the absence of further limitations, an element defined by the phrase "comprising a ..." does not preclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus comprising the element.

[0049] “A and / or B” includes the following three combinations: A only, B only, and a combination of A and B.

[0050] Ultra-wideband technology, with its advantages such as centimeter-level high-precision positioning, Gbps-level high-speed data transmission, and milliwatt-level low power consumption, has shown tremendous potential for application in the field of intelligent connected vehicles. Specifically, it can achieve reliable connections between vehicles and infrastructure in Internet of Vehicles communications, support high-precision environmental perception in intelligent driving systems, and achieve centimeter-level precision positioning of passenger electronic devices and items in vehicle interiors in in-vehicle positioning applications.

[0051] However, because microstrip patch antennas are designed based on the principle of narrowband resonance, their relative bandwidth is usually limited to less than 5% (taking the 5GHz Wi-Fi band as an example, its 250MHz bandwidth is only 5% of the center frequency). This is an order of magnitude lower than the 7.5GHz ultra-wideband (3.1GHz-10.6GHz) required by UWB technology.

[0052] To address this critical technical bottleneck, the industry has proposed various bandwidth expansion methods. For example, increasing the physical size of the radiating patch or using a low-dielectric-constant (εr < 2) dielectric substrate can improve bandwidth, but this results in an exponential increase in antenna size. For example, reducing the dielectric constant from 4.3 to 2.2 in a typical design can increase the antenna area by over 150%, which is completely unacceptable in the limited installation space of a vehicle (such as in rearview mirrors and dashboards). Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new miniaturized broadband microstrip antenna design technologies that can achieve ultra-wideband characteristics while maintaining a compact structure to meet the urgent demand for high-performance UWB antennas in smart cars.

[0053] Based on this, an embodiment of the present application provides a microstrip patch antenna, comprising: a radiating patch unit, a reference ground, and a feeding structure. The radiating patch unit is the core part of the antenna that directly radiates electromagnetic waves, and the feeding structure is a structure that transfers the energy of the signal source to the radiating patch, and is used to feed an excitation signal to the radiating patch unit so that it generates the required electromagnetic radiation. The reference ground is a metal plane at the bottom of the antenna, which provides a reflection path for the electromagnetic wave to form directional radiation. The reference ground is relative to and spaced apart from the radiating patch unit and the parasitic patch unit, thereby forming an effective microstrip transmission line structure to ensure that the electromagnetic field resonates between the patch and the ground to generate the required radiation pattern. In addition, the electric field strength between the radiating patch unit and the reference ground varies with the spacing, affecting the equivalent capacitance and inductance of the antenna.

[0054] Furthermore, the microstrip patch antenna also includes a parasitic patch unit located on the peripheral side of the radiating patch unit. The peripheral parasitic patches form spatial coupling with the central radiating patch, thereby exciting multiple resonant frequencies and improving radiation efficiency. In addition, the parasitic patch unit and the radiating patch unit are coplanar and spaced apart. The coplanar design avoids the increase in thickness of the multi-layer structure, which is suitable for miniaturization requirements, and the near-field coupling between the coplanar patches is stronger, and the energy transmission efficiency is higher. When the spacing is set, the spacing distance determines the coupling strength. The smaller the spacing, the stronger the coupling, further increasing the bandwidth of the microstrip patch antenna. It can be seen that the microstrip patch antenna provided in the embodiment of the present application forms a multi-resonance mode through the electromagnetic coupling between the parasitic patch unit and the radiating patch unit, thereby being able to effectively expand the bandwidth of the microstrip patch antenna, thereby meeting the urgent needs of smart cars for high-performance UWB antennas.

[0055] The embodiments of the present application are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0056] See also Figure 1 The microstrip patch antenna provided in the embodiment of the present application includes: a radiation patch unit 11, a feeding structure 12, a parasitic patch unit 13 and a reference ground 14.

[0057] The feeding structure is used to feed an excitation signal to the radiating patch unit. In other words, the radiating patch unit 11 and the feeding structure 12 are electrically connected. It should be noted that in the antenna design, the electrical connection method between the radiating patch unit 11 and the feeding structure 12 is not limited to a direct connection. The radiating patch unit 11 and the feeding structure 12 can also be fed through slot coupling feeding, coplanar waveguide (CPW) coupling feeding, etc., and this embodiment of the application does not limit this.

[0058] It should be understood that the feeding structure 12 is used to transmit the energy of the signal source to the radiating patch unit 11. The radiating patch unit 11 is the part of the antenna that is directly coupled to the spatial electromagnetic field. When the feeding structure 12 introduces current into the radiating patch, the current distribution on the radiating patch will generate an electromagnetic field, thereby realizing the radiation of electromagnetic waves; conversely, when the spatial electromagnetic wave acts on the radiating patch, a current will be induced on the radiating patch to complete the receiving function.

[0059] like Figure 1 As shown, the reference ground is positioned relative to both the radiating and parasitic patch elements. This relative positioning can be understood as placing the reference ground parallel to the patch elements. This allows the reference ground to act as a mirror plane, forming an effective resonant cavity structure with the radiating patches, concentrating the electromagnetic field and reducing energy leakage. Furthermore, the reference ground reflects the radiating patch elements to generate reverse radiation waves, enhancing forward radiation and increasing antenna gain.

[0060] Please continue reading Figure 1 The reference ground is spaced apart from the radiating and parasitic patch elements. This spacing directly affects the effective dielectric constant; a larger spacing results in a lower resonant frequency. Increasing the spacing reduces the quality factor and increases the bandwidth (although excessive spacing increases surface wave loss). A reasonable spacing reduces surface wave loss in the dielectric substrate and improves radiation efficiency.

[0061] It should be understood that spacing can be achieved using either a dielectric substrate or an air layer, each with its own advantages. Dielectric substrate spacing offers structural stability and ease of fabrication, making it suitable for low-cost, standardized designs. However, its dielectric constant can limit bandwidth. Air spacing, on the other hand, significantly reduces the quality factor and expands bandwidth with its ultra-low dielectric constant (ε_r≈1), making it particularly suitable for high-frequency millimeter-wave applications. However, this requires additional mechanical support. Furthermore, hybrid dielectric-air spacing (e.g., foam filling) can be used to balance performance and reliability.

[0062] The reference ground, the radiating patch unit, and the parasitic patch unit are all relative and spaced apart. By strictly aligning the reference ground and the patch unit and precisely controlling the spacing, the antenna bandwidth, gain, efficiency, and size can be simultaneously optimized to achieve a high-performance miniaturized design.

[0063] In the embodiment of this application, Figure 1 As shown, the parasitic patch unit 13 is located around the radiating patch unit 11 and is coplanar and spaced apart from the radiating patch unit 11. It is understood that the parasitic patch unit has no direct electrical connection with the radiating patch and can participate in radiation through electromagnetic coupling to expand bandwidth or enhance gain.

[0064] Specifically, parasitic patch elements 13 are located around radiating patch elements 11, forming multiple resonant circuits through near-field electromagnetic coupling. For example, the central radiating patch dominates, determining the primary resonance at the center frequency. Parasitic resonances at high or low frequencies are also stimulated by the size and spacing of the parasitic patches. The fusion of these resonances creates a broadband response, significantly increasing the antenna's bandwidth.

[0065] The parasitic patch elements are coplanar with the radiating patch elements and spaced apart. This coplanar design avoids increasing the thickness of the multi-layer structure, making it suitable for miniaturization. The near-field coupling between the coplanar patches is stronger, resulting in higher energy transfer efficiency. The spacing distance determines the coupling strength; smaller spacing increases the coupling, further increasing the bandwidth of the microstrip patch antenna.

[0066] In the embodiment of the present application, the reference ground 14 is the reference potential surface of the antenna, which is usually a metal layer and is used to form a mirror current of the radiation patch to enhance the radiation efficiency. Figure 1 As shown, the reference ground 14 is opposite to the radiation patch unit 11 and the parasitic patch unit 13 and is spaced apart from each other.

[0067] Reference ground 14 maintains a certain distance from the radiating patch and parasitic patch in the vertical direction (e.g., on both sides of the dielectric substrate) or horizontal direction (e.g., at different locations within the same plane). For example, if the antenna includes a dielectric substrate, the reference ground can be located at the bottom layer of the dielectric substrate, the radiating patch at the top layer, and the dielectric layer in between.

[0068] Reference ground 14 acts as a mirror plane for the radiating patch, forming an equivalent two-arm antenna and enhancing radiation directivity. The distance between the reference ground and the radiating patch affects coupling strength. Too large a distance weakens coupling and reduces radiation efficiency; too small a distance may introduce parasitic capacitance, affecting impedance matching. Therefore, the antenna's radiation efficiency can be adjusted by adjusting the distance between reference ground 14 and the radiating patch unit.

[0069] Depend on Figure 1It can be seen that the microstrip patch antenna provided in the embodiment of the present application includes a parasitic patch unit located on the peripheral side of the radiating patch unit, and the peripheral parasitic patch forms a spatial coupling with the central radiating patch, thereby exciting multiple resonant frequencies and improving the radiation efficiency. In addition, the parasitic patch unit and the radiating patch unit are coplanar and spaced apart. The coplanar design avoids the increase in thickness of the multi-layer structure, which is suitable for miniaturization requirements, and the near-field coupling between the coplanar patches is stronger, and the energy transmission efficiency is higher. When the spacing is set, the spacing distance determines the coupling strength. The smaller the spacing, the stronger the coupling, further increasing the bandwidth of the microstrip patch antenna. It can be seen that the microstrip patch antenna provided in the embodiment of the present application forms a multi-resonance mode through the electromagnetic coupling between the parasitic patch unit and the radiating patch unit, thereby effectively expanding the bandwidth of the microstrip patch antenna, thereby meeting the urgent needs of smart cars for high-performance UWB antennas.

[0070] In some embodiments, in order to further improve the bandwidth of the microstrip patch antenna, a plurality of parasitic patch units may be provided in the microstrip patch antenna.

[0071] Specifically, as a feasible implementation method, Figure 1 As shown, there are multiple parasitic patch units 13 , which are arranged along the circumference of the radiation patch unit and are coplanar with the radiation patch unit and spaced apart.

[0072] It can be understood that multiple parasitic patch elements can form a periodic coupling structure around the radiating patch element, generating multiple resonant modes. The resonance peaks overlap with each other, forming a continuous broadband response, which significantly improves the bandwidth of the microstrip patch antenna (for example, the -10dB bandwidth is extended from 10% to 30%).

[0073] In some embodiments, dual-polarized antennas can simultaneously support two orthogonal polarization modes: vertical polarization (V-pol) and horizontal polarization (H-pol), effectively implementing two independent channels within the same physical space. Furthermore, the orthogonal polarization modes of dual-polarized antennas can reduce co-channel interference. For example, vertically polarized waves are less affected by horizontal reflection surfaces. Therefore, to improve the communication capacity and spectral efficiency of microstrip patch antennas and enhance their ability to resist multipath interference, the radiating patch element of the microstrip patch antenna can be designed as a dual-polarized radiating patch element.

[0074] As a feasible implementation, the feeding structure includes a feeding patch unit, and two feeding structures are correspondingly provided for each radiation patch unit, and the feeding patch units of the two feeding structures are orthogonally provided relative to the radiation patch unit.

[0075] like Figure 2 As shown, the feeding patch units 121 of the feeding structure 12 are respectively arranged on the diagonal lines ( Figure 2The x-axis and y-axis of the radiation patch unit 11 are parallel to the geometric edges of the patch, and the two feeding patch units are arranged on the diagonal lines of the radiation patch unit 11, that is, symmetrically arranged along the x-axis and y-axis of the radiation patch respectively.

[0076] The two feed patch units are spatially perpendicular to each other relative to the center point of the radiating patch, forming two orthogonal polarization directions. When the first port is excited, a fringe electric field distribution along the x-axis is formed at the edge of the patch, generating horizontally polarized radiation. When the second port is excited, a fringe electric field distribution along the y-axis is formed, generating vertically polarized radiation. This enables the radiating patch unit to achieve dual polarization, making it a dual-polarization radiating patch unit.

[0077] When the radiating patch unit is a dual-polarization radiating patch unit, the radiating patch unit simultaneously supports two orthogonal polarization signals (such as X polarization and Y polarization). However, if the parasitic patch unit is not arranged along the polarization direction, it will couple the two polarization signals at the same time, resulting in a decrease in antenna isolation and a deterioration in the cross-polarization ratio.

[0078] Based on this, as a feasible implementation method, when the radiating patch unit is a dual-polarized radiating patch unit, the multiple parasitic patch units include at least one first parasitic patch unit and at least one second parasitic patch unit; the first parasitic patch unit and the second parasitic patch unit are respectively located in the two polarization directions of the dual-polarized radiating patch unit.

[0079] For example, see Figure 2 When the feeding patch unit 121 is respectively arranged on the diagonal line of the radiation patch unit 11, the polarization direction formed is also the same as the diagonal direction of the radiation patch unit 11, and then the first parasitic patch unit 131 and the second parasitic patch unit 132 are respectively arranged on the two polarization directions (diagonals) of the radiation patch unit 11.

[0080] It should be understood that the parasitic patch unit can introduce additional resonance points (such as through edge coupling or slot coupling) through electromagnetic coupling with the radiating patch. By respectively arranging the first parasitic patch unit and the second parasitic patch unit in the two polarization directions of the dual-polarization radiating patch unit, the first parasitic patch unit can regulate the resonance characteristics of one polarization direction, and the second parasitic patch unit can regulate the resonance characteristics of the other orthogonal polarization direction, thereby achieving multi-resonance point superposition on both polarization ports and broadening the overall bandwidth.

[0081] Furthermore, the parasitic patch elements can be considered decoupling structures. The first parasitic patch element absorbs or reconstructs the stray field in one polarization direction (such as horizontal polarization), reducing its interference on the other polarization port (vertical polarization). Similarly, the second parasitic patch element acts in the orthogonal polarization direction, thereby enhancing the isolation between the dual-polarization ports.

[0082] In some embodiments, since the square radiation patch unit has symmetry and its symmetry can support two orthogonal polarization directions, the shape of the radiation patch unit can be set to be square.

[0083] As a feasible implementation method, the side length of the radiation patch unit is greater than one-third of the wavelength and less than one-half of the wavelength.

[0084] When the side length is less than one-third of the wavelength, the electrical dimensions of the radiating patch unit are too small, resulting in a decrease in radiation resistance, an increase in the proportion of ohmic losses, and possibly less than 50% efficiency. When the side length of the radiating patch unit is greater than one-third of the wavelength and less than one-half of the wavelength, its surface current distribution can be fully expanded, thereby ensuring radiation efficiency.

[0085] Moreover, when the side length of the radiation patch unit is greater than one-third of the wavelength and less than one-half of the wavelength, its corresponding size is smaller, and it is suitable for integration into a rearview mirror or a shark fin antenna.

[0086] In order to better realize dual-polarization control, as a feasible implementation method, such as Figure 2 As shown, the parasitic patch unit of the microstrip patch antenna may be in an L-shape, and two intersecting portions of the parasitic patch unit are respectively arranged parallel to two adjacent sides of the radiation patch unit.

[0087] The two intersecting sections of the L-shaped parasitic patch are placed parallel to two adjacent edges of the radiating patch unit, creating a strong capacitive coupling between the L-shaped parasitic patch and the edge of the radiating patch, introducing a new resonance point near the original resonant frequency. The curved section of the L-shaped structure changes the surface current distribution, balancing the current in the two polarization directions, thereby suppressing backward radiation (for example, reducing the backlobe level by 10dB) and improving forward gain.

[0088] As a feasible implementation method, the lengths of the two intersecting parts of the parasitic patch unit are both greater than or equal to 0.4 times the side length of the radiation patch unit, and less than or equal to 0.6 times the side length of the radiation patch unit.

[0089] If the arm length of the parasitic unit is too short (e.g., <0.4L, where L is the side length of the radiating patch unit), the coupling area between it and the radiating patch unit is insufficient, making it difficult to effectively introduce additional resonance points, resulting in weak bandwidth expansion, reduced decoupling capability, and limited improvement in port isolation. If the arm length is too long (e.g., >0.6L), the parasitic unit may excessively interfere with the main patch current distribution, causing the main mode resonant frequency to shift; and it also increases the risk of physical conflict with other parasitic units or feed structures.

[0090] Therefore, the lengths of the two intersecting parts of the parasitic patch unit can be greater than or equal to 0.4 times the side length L of the radiation patch unit, and less than or equal to 0.6 times the side length of the radiation patch unit.

[0091] For example, when the parasitic unit arm length is 0.5L, the L-shaped parasitic unit can introduce two additional resonances on both sides of the main resonant frequency, increasing the impedance bandwidth from 5% to over 20%. When the parasitic unit arm length is between 0.4L and 0.6L, the surface current interception area can be maximized, thereby improving isolation.

[0092] As a feasible implementation method, the spacing between the parasitic patch unit and the radiation patch unit is greater than 0.4 mm and less than 1 mm.

[0093] The spacing between the parasitic patch and the radiating patch can affect the coupling strength. When the spacing is in the range of 0.4mm to 1mm, the electromagnetic coupling between the parasitic patch and the radiating patch is moderate. The resonant frequency will not deviate due to excessive coupling, nor will the bandwidth be effectively expanded due to too weak coupling.

[0094] Furthermore, when the spacing is between 0.4mm and 1mm, the coupled electromagnetic field between the parasitic patch and the radiating patch is distributed appropriately, allowing the parasitic patch to effectively concentrate energy in the main radiation direction, increasing the antenna's gain. The parasitic patch can optimize the antenna's radiation directivity, reducing backlobe and sidelobe radiation and improving the mainlobe's radiation efficiency.

[0095] In some embodiments, the patch group requires certain isolation characteristics to ensure the performance of the antenna and avoid problems such as increased coupling between ports, decreased radiation efficiency, and pattern distortion.

[0096] As a feasible implementation method, Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the microstrip patch antenna provided in an embodiment of the present application also includes a plurality of first metal pillars 15, which are arranged around a patch group consisting of the radiation patch unit 11 and the parasitic patch unit 13; the plurality of first metal pillars 15 are electrically connected to the reference ground 14.

[0097] Multiple first metal pillars 15 connected to the reference ground 14 form a vertical conductive channel, significantly improving antenna performance through three electromagnetic control mechanisms. First, the first metal pillars surrounding the patch array generate an electromagnetic bandgap effect, effectively suppressing surface wave losses and improving the patch array's radiation efficiency. Second, the protruding pillars reshape the field distribution at the radiating edge, further expanding the operating bandwidth by introducing additional resonant points. Furthermore, they act as artificial magnetic conductors to guide radiation, increasing forward gain and improving beam purity. This results in highly efficient radiation and excellent isolation in a compact space.

[0098] As a feasible implementation method, Figure 1 As shown, the microstrip patch antenna further includes a dielectric substrate 16 , on which the radiation patch unit 11 and the parasitic patch unit 13 are disposed; and the first metal pillar 15 is a metallized via disposed in the dielectric substrate 16 .

[0099] The dielectric substrate 16 is the core support structure of the microstrip patch antenna, supporting metal layers such as the radiating patch and feed structure. Its electromagnetic properties also influence the antenna's performance. The radiating patch element 11 and the parasitic patch element 13 are mounted on the dielectric substrate 16, which provides support and secures them within the antenna.

[0100] First metal pillar 15 is a vertical metallization structure that penetrates the dielectric substrate. It enables electrical connection within the dielectric substrate. Furthermore, first metal pillar 15 is a metallized via disposed within dielectric substrate 16. This via, in other words, is a via that forms a conductive layer on the dielectric substrate wall through a metallization process.

[0101] Solid metal pillars introduce additional inductance and capacitance at high frequencies, leading to impedance mismatch. However, the metallization of the via wall can form a distributed capacitance-inductance network. By adjusting the aperture, anti-pad diameter, and substrate thickness, the characteristic impedance can be precisely controlled, while also minimizing via transmission losses.

[0102] In addition, metallized vias can form vertical reinforcement ribs with high bending resistance, and the metal structure of the vias can serve as a heat dissipation channel to quickly conduct the heat generated by the patch unit to the ground layer, reducing heat loss.

[0103] It should be understood that the dielectric substrate is a transmission medium for electromagnetic waves, and its thickness and dielectric constant directly affect the resonance characteristics of the antenna.

[0104] As a feasible implementation method, the dielectric constant of the dielectric substrate is greater than 3 and less than 4.

[0105] A higher dielectric constant slows electromagnetic wave propagation in a medium, but excessively high dielectric constants can also significantly increase dielectric loss. When the dielectric constant of a dielectric substrate is above 3 and below 4, the loss tangent is typically ≤0.003, enabling miniaturization while ensuring controllable signal attenuation.

[0106] Increasing the thickness of the dielectric substrate improves substrate rigidity, but also reduces conductor loss. Therefore, to balance mechanical strength and electrical performance, a feasible approach is to keep the dielectric substrate thickness above 1.3mm and below 1.8mm.

[0107] In some embodiments, in order to further reduce the size of the microstrip patch antenna and make the cross-sectional height of the microstrip patch antenna lower, the microstrip patch antenna can be directly integrated into the circuit board.

[0108] Specifically, as a feasible implementation method, the microstrip patch antenna further includes a circuit board, which is located on a side of the dielectric substrate facing away from the patch group; and a reference ground is set on the circuit board.

[0109] For example, see Figure 3 The patch group (radiation patch unit 11 and parasitic patch unit 13) is arranged on the top layer, the dielectric substrate 16 is arranged below the patch group, and the bottom layer is the circuit board 17.

[0110] As a way to implement Figure 3 As shown, the reference ground 14 is set on the bottom layer of the circuit board 17 (the side facing away from the patch group), thereby providing stable electromagnetic shielding and reducing the coupling between the patch group and the bottom layer circuit.

[0111] As a feasible implementation method, the dielectric constant of the circuit board is greater than 3 and less than 4.

[0112] The dielectric constant of the circuit board is above 3 and below 4, and the antenna size reduction ratio is moderate, which not only meets the miniaturization requirements but also avoids the increased processing difficulty caused by the excessively high dielectric constant.

[0113] As can be seen, the solution provided by this embodiment allows the antenna patch array and the circuit board to share a dielectric substrate, significantly reducing the overall thickness. This eliminates the need for an additional antenna bracket or separate packaging when deploying the microstrip patch antenna in a vehicle, directly utilizing the space between the circuit board layers and thus reducing the required layout space.

[0114] In some embodiments, in order to improve energy transmission efficiency, energy transfer can be achieved between the feeding patch unit and the radiating patch unit through electromagnetic coupling through a gap to avoid direct contact.

[0115] Specifically, as a feasible implementation method, please refer to Figure 4 The feeding structure 12 includes: a feeding patch unit 121 and a feeding portion 122, and the feeding portion is electrically connected to the feeding patch unit.

[0116] like Figure 4 As shown, the feeding patch unit 121 and the radiation patch unit 11 are arranged coplanarly, and the feeding patch unit 121 is surrounded by the radiation patch unit 11 , and an annular gap is provided between the feeding patch unit 121 and the radiation patch unit 11 .

[0117] The coplanar arrangement of the feed patch unit 121 and the radiating patch unit 11 eliminates the need for multiple layers of dielectric stacking in the microstrip patch antenna, reducing manufacturing complexity and avoiding losses in the interlayer dielectric. The radiating patch unit surrounds the feed patch, reducing interference from the feed network on the antenna's radiation direction and improving the symmetry and purity of the radiation pattern.

[0118] Furthermore, electromagnetic coupling across the slot enables energy transfer between the feed and radiating patches, avoiding direct contact. This creates a dual-resonance structure between the feed and radiating patches, potentially covering a wider frequency band or enabling multi-band operation. Furthermore, the slot's equivalent capacitance, combined with the patch's inductance, extends high-frequency response.

[0119] Furthermore, the annular slot blocks the propagation of surface waves generated in the feed region, reducing edge scattering and improving antenna efficiency. Annular slot coupling promotes more uniform current distribution on the radiating patch surface, reducing the influence of higher-order modes and improving gain and beam directivity. The symmetrical annular slot design helps balance orthogonal polarization components and reduce cross-polarization levels.

[0120] It should be understood that the embodiments of the present application do not limit the specific shape of the annular gap. The annular gap mentioned in the embodiments of the present application is only to illustrate that there is no direct contact between the feeding patch unit and the radiating patch unit. In actual applications, the specific shape of the annular gap can be set according to specific needs. For example, as an implementation method, the annular gap can be in the shape of a circular ring.

[0121] As a feasible implementation method, the shape of the feeding patch unit is: circular, square, triangular, polygonal or ring.

[0122] When the feed patch unit is circular, the current can flow in a circular pattern, and its resonant frequency is determined by the radius and dielectric constant. The rotational symmetry also results in an omnidirectional radiation pattern, low cross-polarization, and high manufacturing tolerance.

[0123] When the shape of the feeding patch unit is square, the current flows along the length of the side, and its resonant frequency is controlled by the side length; the radiation pattern is highly controllable and has great multi-band potential; when the shape of the feeding patch unit is triangular, its compact structure achieves miniaturization, and multi-mode resonance supports dual-band operation; when the shape of the feeding patch unit is polygonal, the number of sides can be adjusted to optimize the radiation characteristics, taking into account both directivity and bandwidth; when the shape of the feeding patch unit is ring-shaped, the ratio of the inner and outer ring widths controls the dual-frequency resonance, and the low-profile design makes it suitable for embedded ultra-wideband antennas.

[0124] Because the circular structure is symmetrical, the current distribution is more uniform, which can reduce edge diffraction and cross-polarization. Therefore, as a feasible implementation method, the shape of the feed patch unit is circular, and the radius of the feed patch unit is greater than 0.8mm and less than 1.4mm.

[0125] A too small radius for the feed patch unit will not only increase processing difficulty (such as etching accuracy and feed pad size limitations), but may also result in a smaller coupling area. Therefore, setting the radius of the feed patch unit to above 0.8mm not only avoids excessive processing difficulty but also ensures that the feed patch unit has sufficient coupling area to maintain energy transmission efficiency with the radiating patch unit.

[0126] An excessively large feed patch radius can easily lead to low-frequency shifts and mismatch the coupling length with the annular gap. Therefore, the feed patch radius is kept below 1.4mm. This not only prevents low-frequency shifts but also controls the overall size of the antenna element, adapting to array or compact layout requirements.

[0127] The gap width directly affects the strength of the magnetic field coupling (H-field) between the feed patch and the radiating patch. Wider annular gaps enhance coupling, but can lead to overcoupling, causing resonant frequency splitting (a double-peak phenomenon) and reducing matching efficiency. Narrower annular gaps weaken coupling, requiring adjustment of the gap spacing to maintain energy transfer, but this increases manufacturing complexity.

[0128] Therefore, as a feasible implementation method, the width of the annular gap is greater than 0.1 mm and less than 0.3 mm.

[0129] In order to realize the dual polarization characteristics of the microstrip patch antenna, as a feasible implementation method, such as Figure 4 As shown, each radiation patch unit 11 is correspondingly provided with two feeding structures 12 , and the feeding patch units 121 of the two feeding structures 12 are orthogonally provided relative to the radiation patch unit 11 .

[0130] like Figure 4 As shown, two circular feeding patch units 121 are respectively arranged on the diagonal lines of the radiating patch unit 11. The line connecting the centers of the two feeding patch units coincides with the diagonal line of the radiating patch, and the angle between them is 90° (for example, one is in the +45° direction and the other is in the -45° direction). They can respectively stimulate oblique current components to form +45° and -45° polarizations. Since the +45° and -45° polarizations are orthogonal, dual polarization can be achieved.

[0131] It should be understood that the path lengths from the two feeding patches to the center of the radiating patch can be equal to reduce the phase error introduced by geometric asymmetry.

[0132] As a feasible implementation method, the microstrip patch antenna can achieve better polarization matching through polarization switching during operation.

[0133] Polarization selection switching is a technique for dynamically adjusting antenna polarization to optimize signal transmission. Polarization matching involves aligning the polarization of the receiving antenna with that of the incident electromagnetic wave to maximize received signal power.

[0134] Specifically, a dual-polarized microstrip patch antenna can be used to detect channel conditions in real time and automatically select the mode that best matches the polarization direction of the incident electromagnetic wave, effectively reducing polarization loss and enhancing the ability to resist multipath interference.

[0135] As a feasible implementation method, Figure 4 As shown, the feeding portion 122 includes a feeding terminal 1221 and a feeding post 1222 , and the feeding post 1222 is connected between the feeding terminal 1221 and the feeding patch unit 121 .

[0136] It should be understood that the feed terminal 1221 is used to connect an external feed line (such as a microstrip line / coaxial line) to realize signal input, and the feed post 1222 is used to transfer energy from the terminal to the feed patch 121 to adjust the coupling strength and phase of the antenna.

[0137] As a feasible implementation method, Figure 4 As shown, the feeding structure further includes: a plurality of second metal pillars 123 , which are arranged around a periphery of the feeding terminal 1221 ; and the plurality of second metal pillars 123 are electrically connected to the reference ground.

[0138] High-frequency signals easily excite surface waves in dielectric substrates, leading to energy leakage and directional pattern distortion. By setting up multiple second metal pillars and using them as artificial electromagnetic bandgap structures, the propagation of surface waves can be blocked, edge scattering can be reduced, and radiation efficiency can be improved.

[0139] In addition, the connection between the feeding terminal and the feeding line is prone to reflection due to impedance mutation. Setting up a second metal column array can form a distributed capacitor-inductor network, compensate for parasitic parameters, and broaden the matching bandwidth.

[0140] As a feasible implementation method, combined with Figure 3 and Figure 5 As shown, when the microstrip patch antenna further includes a circuit board 17 and a dielectric substrate 16 , the feed terminal 1221 is provided on the circuit board 17 ; the feed post 1222 is a metallized via provided on the dielectric substrate 16 ; and the plurality of second metal posts 123 are metallized vias provided on the circuit board 17 .

[0141] The feeding terminal 1221 can be arranged on the bottom layer or the middle layer of the circuit board and directly connected to the external feeding line (microstrip line / coaxial line), so that it can provide a stable impedance interface and reduce signal reflection.

[0142] Feed posts 1222 are metalized through-holes that penetrate the dielectric substrate, connecting the feed terminals to the feed patch 121. They enable vertical signal transmission and interlayer energy transition. Furthermore, impedance matching can be adjusted through the via inductance / capacitance (diameter and spacing are key parameters).

[0143] Second metal pillars 123 are metallized vias (PTHs) provided on circuit board 17. Multiple PTHs serve as the boundaries of the resonant cavity, constraining the near-field distribution and focusing the main beam. Furthermore, multiple PTHs enhance the bonding strength between circuit board layers, preventing delamination caused by high-frequency vibrations (particularly in an in-vehicle environment).

[0144] In some embodiments, in order to improve the overall performance of the microstrip patch antenna, such as gain and directivity, multiple radiating patch units (such as forming an array or a composite structure) can be set in the microstrip patch antenna so that they can work together to improve the overall performance of the antenna.

[0145] As a feasible implementation method, the microstrip patch antenna provided in the embodiment of the present application has a plurality of radiating patch units, and each radiating patch unit is correspondingly provided with at least one parasitic patch unit and at least one feeding structure; the reference ground and the multiple radiating patch units and the parasitic patch units corresponding to the multiple radiating patch units are all arranged relative to and at intervals.

[0146] It's understandable that when multiple radiating patch elements are excited in phase, the radiation fields superimpose in the far field to form a narrower main beam, thereby improving the antenna's directivity. Furthermore, the antenna's gain increases approximately linearly with the number of patches. Furthermore, when there are multiple radiating patch elements, the system can still operate even if a single patch fails, thus improving the reliability of the microstrip patch antenna.

[0147] As a feasible implementation method, Figure 6 As shown, there are three radiation patch units, and the three radiation patch units are distributed in a herringbone shape.

[0148] As can be seen, the three radiating patch elements are symmetrically distributed at 120° (similar to a honeycomb structure), maximizing the use of the limited area. Independently adjusting the excitation phases of the three radiating patch elements allows for the synthesis of tilted beams (e.g., ±30° scanning) through phase differences. By feeding different phase signals to the three radiating patch elements, circular polarization or dual polarization can be achieved.

[0149] If the spacing between the three radiating patch elements is too small, it will easily lead to strong mutual coupling; if it is too large, it will easily reduce beam coherence. Therefore, as a feasible implementation method, the center spacing between two radiating patch elements in the three radiating patch elements is greater than or equal to 0.4 wavelengths and less than or equal to 0.6 wavelengths.

[0150] In some embodiments, take three radiating patch units and a dielectric substrate thickness of 1.3-1.8 mm as an example. Figure 7 , Figure 7 This is a simulation diagram of the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of the microstrip patch antenna provided in an embodiment of the present application.

[0151] Single-port tests were performed on VSWR(1-1), VSWR(1-2), VSWR(2-1), and VSWR(2-2), respectively. Frequency sweeps were performed around 8 GHz. The third-axis radial offset of the test probe (or connector) was 0.3 mm for calibration or mechanical compensation. The simulation results are shown in Table 1 below:

[0152] Table 1

[0153] X[GHz] Y m1 8.0000 1.5871 m2 7.7500 1.5026 m3 8.2500 1.7053 m4 7.6300 1.9875 m5 8.7200 1.9941

[0154] Depend on Figure 7 As can be seen from Table 1, the microstrip patch antenna provided in the embodiment of the present application has widened its bandwidth by slot coupling feeding, adding parasitic units, and adding electromagnetic coupling band gap (EBG), and can not only support the Band 9 frequency band of UWB, but also further support the 1 GHz UWB frequency band.

[0155] In some embodiments, take three radiating patch units and a dielectric substrate thickness of 1.3-1.8 mm as an example. Figure 8 , Figure 8 This is a simulation diagram of the isolation of the microstrip patch antenna provided in an embodiment of the present application.

[0156] The isolation of the three ports was tested respectively, and the obtained values ​​were dB(S(1-2,1-1)), dB(S(2-2,2-1)), and dB(S(2-2,2-1)). Figure 8 As shown, it should be understood that S(1-2,1-1) represents the transmission coefficient of the signal incident from port 1 and received at port 2 (i.e., the isolation between port 1 and port 2). Please refer to Table 2:

[0157] Table 2

[0158] X[GHz] Y m1 7.7500 -20.4654 m2 8.2500 -22.4387 m3 8.2500 -31.1176 m4 7.7500 -25.7125 m5 7.7500 -33.1975 m6 8.2500 -24.8828

[0159] Depend on Figure 8As can be seen from Table 2 above, the microstrip patch antenna provided in the embodiment of the present application has a large isolation between the two polarization ports and little mutual interference.

[0160] In some embodiments, taking one port of a microstrip patch antenna as an example, at a frequency of 8 GHz, refer to Figure 9 , Figure 9 The 3D gain pattern of the microstrip patch antenna provided in the embodiment of the present application. Figure 9 It can be seen that the microstrip patch antenna provided in the embodiment of the present application has the characteristics of high gain and high front-to-back ratio.

[0161] An embodiment of the present application further provides a UWB antenna, comprising the microstrip patch antenna provided by any of the above embodiments.

[0162] An embodiment of the present application also provides a vehicle, comprising the above-mentioned UWB antenna or the microstrip patch antenna provided by any of the above-mentioned embodiments.

[0163] Although the present application has been described with reference to specific features and embodiments thereof, it is apparent that various modifications and combinations may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application. Accordingly, this specification and the drawings are merely illustrative of the present application as defined by the appended claims and are deemed to cover any and all modifications, variations, combinations or equivalents within the scope of the present application. Obviously, those skilled in the art may make various modifications and variations to the present application without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application. Thus, the present application is intended to include such modifications and variations as fall within the scope of the claims of the present application and their equivalents.

[0164] The above are only specific embodiments of the present application, but the scope of protection of this application is not limited thereto. Any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by a person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed in this application should be included in the scope of protection of this application. Therefore, the scope of protection of this application should be based on the scope of protection of the claims.

Claims

1. A microstrip patch antenna, characterized in that: include: Radiating patch unit, parasitic patch unit, reference ground and feeding structure; The reference ground is opposite to the radiation patch unit and the parasitic patch unit and is spaced apart from each other; The feeding structure is used to feed an excitation signal to the radiation patch unit; The parasitic patch unit is located on the peripheral side of the radiation patch unit and is coplanar with and spaced apart from the radiation patch unit.

2. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 1, wherein There are multiple parasitic patch units, which are arranged along the circumference of the radiation patch unit and are coplanar with and spaced apart from the radiation patch unit.

3. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 2, wherein: The radiation patch unit is a dual-polarization radiation patch unit; The plurality of parasitic patch units include at least one first parasitic patch unit and at least one second parasitic patch unit; The first parasitic patch unit and the second parasitic patch unit are respectively located in two polarization directions of the dual-polarization radiation patch unit.

4. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 2, wherein: The radiation patch unit is in a square shape, the parasitic patch unit is in an L-shape, and two intersecting parts of the parasitic patch unit are respectively arranged parallel to two adjacent sides of the radiation patch unit.

5. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 4, wherein: The side length of the radiation patch unit is greater than one-third of the wavelength and less than one-half of the wavelength.

6. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 4, characterized in that The lengths of the two intersecting parts of the parasitic patch unit are both greater than or equal to 0.4 times the side length of the radiation patch unit, and less than or equal to 0.6 times the side length of the radiation patch unit.

7. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 1, wherein: The distance between the parasitic patch unit and the radiation patch unit is greater than 0.4 mm and less than 1 mm.

8. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 1, wherein: The microstrip patch antenna further comprises a plurality of first metal posts, which are arranged around a patch group consisting of the radiation patch unit and the parasitic patch unit; The plurality of first metal pillars are electrically connected to the reference ground.

9. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 8, characterized in that: The microstrip patch antenna further comprises a dielectric substrate, and the radiation patch unit and the parasitic patch unit are arranged on the dielectric substrate; The first metal pillar is a metallized via hole disposed in the dielectric substrate.

10. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 9, characterized in that: The dielectric constant of the dielectric substrate is greater than 3 and less than 4.

11. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 9, wherein: The thickness of the dielectric substrate is greater than 1.3 mm and less than 1.8 mm.

12. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 9, wherein: The microstrip patch antenna further includes a circuit board, which is located on a side of the dielectric substrate facing away from the patch group; The reference ground is arranged on the circuit board.

13. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 1, wherein: The feeding structure includes: a feeding patch unit and a feeding part; The feeding patch unit is coplanar with the radiating patch unit, and the feeding patch unit is surrounded by the radiating patch unit, and an annular gap is provided between the feeding patch unit and the radiating patch unit; The feeding portion is electrically connected to the feeding patch unit.

14. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 13, wherein: The shape of the feeding patch unit is: circular, square, triangular, polygonal or ring.

15. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 13, wherein: The feeding patch unit is circular in shape, and a radius of the feeding patch unit is greater than 0.8 mm and less than 1.4 mm.

16. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 13, wherein: The width of the annular gap is greater than 0.1 mm and less than 0.3 mm.

17. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 13, wherein: Two feeding structures are correspondingly provided for each of the radiation patch units, and the feeding patch units of the two feeding structures are arranged orthogonally relative to the radiation patch unit.

18. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 13, wherein: The feeding portion includes a feeding terminal and a feeding post, and the feeding post is connected between the feeding terminal and the feeding patch unit.

19. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 18, wherein: The feeding structure further includes: a plurality of second metal pillars, wherein the plurality of second metal pillars are arranged around a periphery of the feeding terminal; The plurality of second metal pillars are electrically connected to the reference ground.

20. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 19, wherein: The microstrip patch antenna further includes a circuit board and a dielectric substrate, wherein a patch group consisting of the radiation patch unit and the parasitic patch unit is arranged on the dielectric substrate; the circuit board is located on a side of the dielectric substrate facing away from the patch group; The feeding terminal and the reference ground are both provided on the circuit board; the feeding post is a metallized via provided on the dielectric substrate; The plurality of second metal pillars are metallized vias disposed on the circuit board.

21. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 1, wherein: There are multiple radiation patch units, and each radiation patch unit is correspondingly provided with at least one parasitic patch unit and at least one feeding structure; The reference ground and the plurality of radiation patch units and the parasitic patch units corresponding to the plurality of radiation patch units are all arranged opposite to each other and spaced apart.

22. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 21, wherein: The number of the radiation patch units is three, and the three radiation patch units are distributed in a herringbone shape.

23. The microstrip patch antenna according to claim 22, wherein: The center distance between two of the three radiation patch units is greater than or equal to 0.4 wavelengths and less than or equal to 0.6 wavelengths.

24. A UWB antenna, characterized in that: Comprising the microstrip patch antenna according to any one of claims 1-23.

25. A vehicle, characterized in that: It includes the UWB antenna as claimed in claim 24, or the microstrip patch antenna as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 23.

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